Thanks for this. As a greek this bring tears. The greek history and influence to the world is such a long one, going from classical times to the Macedonia era and then byzantine empire. A history practically stopped with the ottoman expansion. After that we never made it back. But we are still here aren't we?
Peace from Lebanon - We continue to use Greek in our Divine Liturgy ⳩ Trivia : Greek orthodox and Greek Catholic people are still called "Rum", which translates to "Romans"
@perakole Lol what you mean by we are here before you! I am not even turk nor byzantine nor greek. I am saying its called rum by turks who invaded the byzantine rome. So you need to read like it or not its a fact. The origin of Rum is from Rome.
Byzantine empire was like the Soviet Union, The major influential country is the succesor. When someone thinks USSR he thinks Russia not Georgia . The same goes for the Byzantines, Greece is the "true" successor.
@@innosanto yes exaclty. already anna komnini mentioned that.. especially after 11th century gradually the term greek was used more and more. we can find examples in the sources of many people. after the fall of byzantium, the term Graecus, Romios and Hellen is equal. we can see these three terms in the same time in traditional poets of 17th 16th century for example.
Actually you missed a great cause of the collapse Which was the 4th crusade the sack of Constantinople from the Crusaders in 1204 and the splitting of the empire into smaller occupied regions. The "allies" are the ones who always backstab you. The bronze horses of the hippodrome of Constantinople are atop the gate of st Mark in Venice
XplaneZ Yeah, I'm Italian and I am deeply ashamed of this. And the very same church also kept st. Marcus relics till modern age. Now they're i Egypt. It would be very honest to return that chariot to Greece
XplaneZ what about the terrible rulers of Konstantinople at the time of the crusade? A guy called them to come to help him throw out the king and become king and then didn’t have money to pay them.
@@innosanto The Crusaders were the scum of the Earth. They attacked fellow christian cities before coming to Constantinople. Also there was an Emperor in Constantinople. They guy the crusaders chose was an Usurper - so they basically conspired with a criminal and acted as CIA acts today by removing leaders from power and installing their own people. So when the usurper came in power - he was hated by the people and killed by them. All the crusaders waited for was a lame excuse to sack the city. The reason was obvious . They were criminals and nothing more
The great cause of the collapse was much before the crusade. The crusaders would never have conquered a constantinople that was in good state. The empire started going rapidly into shit after Basil II. This is also why 1071 Manzikert. The empire was in very bad condition from before 1204. 1000-1200 was constant decline.
Didn't the fall of the Byzantines in the East spur the Renaissance in the West? Mostly due to the influx of traders/thinkers/scientists fleeing the fallen East?
Well, then why didn't the Renaissance occur in the Byzantine world itself? They had the raw materials for it; but they didn't value the right ancient Greek philosophers. They preferred the mysticism of Plato over the earthly common sense rationality of Aristotle. The reconciliation of Aristotle with Christianity (Thanks Aquinas!) in the 12th and 13th centuries, in the Latin West, paved the way for the later Italian Renaissance of the 14th and 15th centuries. ....The Byzantine Greeks failed to re-assimilate Aristotle into their own culture.
You are wrong. The church had no problems with idealist philosophers like Plato, Socrates or Aristotle. It was the materialists like Herakleitos, Diogenis, Dimokritos etc that were questioning the existence of God that vanished. And you don't take into account that the economy of the West was thriving, while ERE economy was dried out due to wars...
It was unfortunetaly and they didn't done nothing but stealing from the government and filling up their personal accounts in other countries..We are lucky we menage to get rid of them finally.. anyone who respect to the Turkish government and Turkish community from any ethnic origin is all ways welcome to the Turkey and Istanbul..but we don't need anymore double faced bitches who is smiling to our faces but being dodgy and being unrespectfull to the community..
@@erhandurden7083 i agree with you, i was in Turkey for three times. Beautiful country and some nice people. But thats the point. Im from Austria and we also have Turks in Austria. The problem is, i know Turks from Turkey, there all nice and friendly people. But the Turks in Austria are very seald people who dont Respect our Cultur. Of cource there also exist "good" Turks, some Friends of mine. But when we Austrians say "we dont wanna change our Cultur, because of them", we all Nazis. That isn't fair, im not a racist, i have Turks as Friends. The only thing i want, is that there also Respect our Cultur. We all need to Respect us more! :)
Actually it was in 1921/1922 After greece being with the side that won ww1 they made a deal to retake the shores of Minor Asia and ofc Constantinople After Venizelos landed troops thay retook those areas he was in England where they tried to assasinate him, but fake news spread that he died and so King Constantinos was in charge, he broke the deal and pushed further into M.Asia and tried to reach Ankara but ofc the big powers where upset of the sudden political change that they helped the Ottomans to take over the greeks so turkey could be formed.(idk if something else is correct because that's what my history books write) Personally? Biggest failure of the Hellenic Ethnos since 1453
My great grandmother as my grandmother from my fathers side, who survived the mass execution of Greeks in Pontus and Asia Minor, spoke medieval greek dialect nearly identical to the common greek language spoken in Byzantine times. Still spoken by ~300.000 speakers in northern parts of Greece like Macedonia and Epirus.
+Taha Eren You just reproduce the thesis of post-war turkish state avoiding all history facts. The genocide against Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians etc is a fact, a fact that can be interpreted but not altered. Greeks were not sent back to Greece in peacfull terms but with war. Try reading history in a more objective way rather than a subjective as a turkish nationalist.
+Taha Eren I think you tottaly misunderstand and mis-interpret my comments, thus you state things like "you dont know our history like me"...It happens that i know and study much history in order to be able to make a statement like the one above that clearly says that there was a genocide.It has nothing to do with you personally. The "peacefull" exchange you may refer is probably the eviction of Greeks from Constantinopole 30 years after the war. If you insist on not recognizing the genocide vs Armenians/Greeks/Assyrians, either you blindly deny facts(you know you can also search for them, facts are facts) due to...reasons...either you just are incapable of studying objective history. Would make no surprise to me for any person growing up in a semi-totalitarian state like modern day Turkey. 1million Armenians and nearly 400.000 executed Greeks is NOT something to discuss upon as if it was a genocide. Please...
+Tasos Filippos Of course we must look towards the future and leave the events of the past not feed on hate and extreme nationalism, i never ment to do that in any of my comments. I also yearn to see the balkan nations becoming better places...but you know that modern state of Turkey is too aggressive towards that. Ask Greeks and Bulgarians for ilegal border activity from turkish troops and you ll get the idea of whats going on.
Turkey has 20 million Greeks especially in minor Asia. They turkified them in order to believe that they are Turks. But their characterìstìcs has nothing to do with the classic turkomans from Mongolia steppes
Turkey only has 2000-3000 Greeks after genocides pogroms Greek Nuremberg laws prohibiting them from practicing over 70 trades and owning land.Greece has 100.000 Turks in Thrace and even2 MPs are represented in Greek Parliament What does that tell you? https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_pogroms en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smrna
I dont hate turkey because they conquered constantinople, they were just expanding, I hate THE WESTmfor not helping us, as fellow christians and romans, and they did nothing, I will forever hate them
The Byzantine Empire was basically Greek based as the heart of the empire was populated by Greek speaking people. In regard to the notion of Greece as a united country under Philip of Macedonia, with the exception of the Macedonian's tribal Doric cousins, the Spartans, all of Greece was in fact united under the guise of the League of Corinth. When Philip was assassinated, Alexander the Great made a final entreaty to the Spartans to join in the 'HOLY WAR' for the Persian sacrileges committed against Greece in the 2nd Persian Empire Invasion of Greece when the Acropolis and the temple to Athena was burned to the ground. This then was the original premise of the 'Asian Expedition.' When approached, the Spartans responded that their forefathers instructed them "To be leaders and not followers" hence the premise for their refusal to join Alexander. Ultimately Sparta was defeated at the battle of Megalopolis by General Antipater, the Macedonian left in charge by Alexander with the title of the ' Greek Regent.' As for Alexander, after his 1st victory over the Persians at the battle of Granicus, he made it clear that this victory was a unified Greek victory. 300 suits of Persian armour were singled out for dedication at Athens to the city's goddess Athena, and the following inscription was ordered to be attached to them: "Alexander, son of Philip and the Greeks, except the Spartans, from the barbarians who live in Asia." With this simple wording Alexander must be given credit for one of the most brilliantly diplomatic slogans in antiquity; Alexander, he called himself, not King Alexander nor leader nor general, but merely the son of Philip, in impeccably humble style; from the Greeks he wrote, not the Macedonians, not the Agrianians nor the tribes of Europe who had won a battle in which Greeks had only figured prominently on the enemy side; from barbarians whose outrages he was avenging, but whose leaders he had none the less buried: from a victory, above all, of the Greeks 'except the Spartans," three words which summoned up all emotions from all of Greek history of the past two hundred years. On the one hand, no Spartans present, none of Greece's best trained soldiers, none of the Spartans who had turned back Xerxes long ago at Thermopylae, caring nothing for arrows which darkened the sun, because "Sparta did not consider it to be her father's practice to follow, but to lead"; but none of the Spartans whom the smaller cities of southern Greece still feared and detested, whose unpopularity had been shrewdly exploited by Philip, whose shadow had darkened the history of democracies not only of Athens but also throughout the Greek world, Spartans who had come to free the Greeks of Asia seventy years before and cynically signed them away to a Persian King; it was a message of clear meaning, and it tells much that it went to Athens, the city whose culture Alexander and his father Philip had respected, but whose misconduct they had fought and feared for two decades.
wrong , the south orthodox are called Arbanites , the west orthodox Arbresh the north orthodox Arbanas and the muslim so called Byzantines Arnaut , modern nationalities are inventions of 19th century
If course.same language same belief(orthodox)same traditions, same land.who can be the descendants except of us?we make the revolution at 1821 after 370years under ottoman control.we celebrate 25march as our independent day.1453-1821!
the romans saw the greeks as teachers, this idea for romans conquering greace its just stupid if you look at real history you will realise that some greek states aked the romans to help them against the macedonians and the seleucids.
and by the way the romans where very opend to other cultures and ideas until the late empire, anybody born into the empire can be and administrator, a vicarius, a magister militum or emperor, and by the way greek was just one of the secondary langauges the romans used, latin greek and coptic in egypt phenician and latin in carthage, in gaul there was latin and varions celitic gaulish dialects etc. the romans fused cultures and ethnicity like no others yet from 220 AD everybody born free into the empire was ROMAN!!! maybe multiculturalim killed the empire like the western world today!!!! who knows
Nope it didn't kill them. Socialism killed Rome. They started with nearly zero taxes (0.01% - 0.03%) and complete freedom. It was a robust society, so rich that local comunities were building infrastructure themselves and governing on every level was a service and a honour not a way to earn money. It ended exactly when they started providing free grain for human-trash in Rome - multiplying them and inviting more and more what created budget deficit, demoralisation, rule of mob and this caused previously unheard increase in taxes and so corruption of state started and this method was used more and more to fix any problem - the more they devalued coin the more inflation of prices was crashing trade and normal discovery of prices (saving money was unpredictable and caused loss not capital accumulation). You can compare it exactly with USA and the moment when Greenspan came to FED and discovered printing dollar press later spreading this madness everywhere over the world. Rome became great because of win of Octavian August who provided freedoms unseen ever in human world (or at least we don't have any knowledge about it from earlier times). Maybe also a bit because of robust expansion. Besides socialism and destroying denar value (money devaluation ) the other big problem that caused Rome to fall was no other way fix economic degeneration by state by innovation which couldn't flourish because of unlimited supply of cheap slave labour and no incentive to improve any industry by mechanisation or other new inventions. BTW if Mark Antonius and Cleopatra would won most likely Rome would never become so great and wast. Egyptian ways were much more etatist and not free market at all. So multiculturalism didn't kill the Rome - it was economical stupidity, cultural corruption (modernisation by eroding old system rules f.e. giving mod right to corule or spoiling patriarchy, normal family balance of roles ) also using barbarians in place of decreasing own work power. All the same we can see today. History likes to repeat so often. Then being a Roman was a great identity - later because it was debased from original character, role and virtues became a caricature of itself.
The westerners actually destroyed the Byzantine Empire long before Mehmet II. The Norman attacks in Southern Italy and Epirus, naval-merchantile competition with Venice and Genoa and, finally, the Forth Crusade devastated Byzantium and after all these blows it could never recover.
The Westerners hurt the Byzantine Empire... but that is was the Ottomans that finally destroyed Byzantine with the taking and Turkifying of Constantinople. Did you even listen/watch the video? :/
Corruption of late Rome was so much in roman blood plus byzantian autocracy and beaurocracy that they just could only wait for being wiped out from face of earth by anybody.
Andronicus the terrible was responsible for the massacre of the latins, he was a usurper who seize power by murdering his nephew, he was so hated by his subjects that he was beaten to death in the streets by a angry mob. The whole country took the blame for the deeds of an evil tyrant.
Not true the Nicaean Empire retook much of the land and killed the Sultan of Rum in battle. The situation was largely stable until they started having civil wars and an earthquake allowed the turks to settle in gallipoli
Love this topic! I have ancestry from Calabria which remained part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire when Italy was taken by Lombards. Still some remote villages there that speak a greek dialect to this day
Christopher Grillo Do you speak Grico?Also we (Greeks from the mainland)love you and hope to reunite.Also you consider yourself as a Greek or as an Italian?
Τυπος Α Λαικη Πειραια I'm actually Italian-American so do not speak Griko. I don't really consider myself greek since it was many centuries ago that Calabria was under Greek influence. Although did an ancestry dna test and came up abt 25% greek so maybe i shud consider it one of my ethnicities?
Christopher Grillo I guess greeks in Italia came there in ancient times. Mostly inhabited in south. Not ottoman era. And that Grico language is heritage of those ancient tribes colonised southern italy.
Without Tsarist Russia , France and the UK then Greece wouldn't be a country today. Greeks would be a people from the history books. Of course there were many philhellenes from all over Europe who wanted to free Greeks and gave there life for it.
Paul wrote his epistle to the Romans (i.e. Roman Church) in Greek, also. And Paul wrote to the plebs, not the Roman elites. So, either there were (a) numerous Greek slaves in the city who had converted to Christianity, or (b) the Roman hoi polloi in the 1st c were bilingual (spoke Greek and Latin fluently).
i mean they were romans, when they fell they were the eastern half of the roman empire, the name byzantine wasn't applied to them until much later after their fall.
Best wishes and a Happy New Year to my fellow Ortodoxian Greek brothers from a Mexican (Roman Catholic) guy!! My heart goes to the Christian Eastern Roman Empire!!
Hello I'm Turkish. I think differently than many Turks. I don't think we should be very proud of conquering Byzantine / Istanbul. I think Byzantine was vastly advanced in comparison of Ottomans, on art, maths, geometry, and so on. It was the ages the quantities were winning the war and military power was depended on quantities. I'm myself a Nationalistic Turkish, as rest of us, however I think for a modern-Turk, hating Greeks is ridiculous. Let's accept the truth we also learn many things from the Greeks.
you idiot! i don't have to hate greeks or other son of bitches which used to be Ottoman Vassal States! You are as a parrot keep repeating the same shits such as pkk, kurds, greek helping them etc. I don't fucking care if they help or not! In the times we conquered Istanbul, if were they way advanced in comparison us? YES. There were no kurds at a time, but greeks. Don't fucking mix up the today's unsolved issues to the historical ones. you idiot!
ine nsi My Mongolian Ancestors crushed yours OK 👌. I'm Mongolian and Chinese mixed Woman. both my ancestors fucked you. Turkey is harsh on the Kurds. you hurt Women and children. so Fuck Turkey's Government. the Common Person is innocent. the Rulers are Corrupt
"western history" the byzantines were actually considered as easterners by the westerners, and outsiders. thats why they had so many wars with them, also it was catholics that sacked Constantinople. they were different in religion, culture etc. not the same people. the west never truly recognized them as romans, thats why they are even called byzantines, instead the west got themselves the lovely "holy roman empire"
Alexandré Girev Zeblan do u know if they practised slavery fought an inocent country if no then dont judge if yes put a usb in youre brain and put the usb in my head and give me all youre knowledge
+jklahsd32 laksd13 Western History is not just the history of Western Europe. Scandinavia for example is north Europe. Are scandinavians not part of the western world? The Western world includes the history of all European peoples and their ex-colonies (USA, Australia). Easterner means someone who is east. So for the Spaniards, Italians are easterners. But today when you're talking about world culture, easterner means asian, brown, islamic. That's not the case with the Byzantines, nor did the western Europeans considered Byzantines to be the same as Arabs. The "west" didn't exist to recognize them as Romans. Once the western roman empire fell the only "romans" left (only in title of course) were the byzantines. When charlomagne was named roman emperor by the pope in 800AD that's the first time since the fall of the Roman empire that there was roman empire other than the byzantine. Of course charlomagne's empire was roman only in name and he called the Byzantine empire "Imperium Graecorum" as to not use the Roman name for a rival empire. It's just politics.
jklahsd32 laksd13 I know crusaders sacked Constantinople, asshole. I'm not f*cking blind, mate, I have read history books... i know what happened. I just said the fall of Constantinople was sad because that was the beginning of the Balkan kingdoms decline and the Roman Empire's legacy in those lands. Bosphorus channel is one of the major seats of power in Europe. I'm not an Orthodox Christian nor Slavic and of course, I'm not a idiotic fan of white supremacy, but in the bottom of my heart, I know I'd rather leave Constantinople in the hands of a Christian than in the hands of Muslim fanatics. I have always wondered what would have happened if orthodox Christians and Coptic Christians had the chance to grow as Catholics did. What would have happened with the Austro Hungarian empire, the Greeks, the Russians, the Romanians? How would have the world looked like right now? But this is just alternate history nerd stuff. This is as naïve as wondering "what if Genghis Khan died", "what if the Black Death never occurred"... it's just fiction county and the way I feel about History. So stop nagging about it.
The Greeks of Constantinopole till 1955 where 400,000 . The 1955 incident that Turkey brought kicked the Greeks in the same way Nazi Germany haunted Jews . There are only 3,000 Greek Constantinopolitans remain .
I don't know about 1955, but in 1920 they were 30% of Constantinople population and I think officially around 200,000-250,000 and unofficially maybe more. But, in 1955, they would probably be lower than that and would be gradually leaving, not more than in 1920. Even if the true number in the city was 300,000 or more in 1920, in 1955 it would be significantly lower with people leaving. Of course in 1950s and 1960s the decline became very fast since they were thrown out.
mourad 227, yes but Anatolian was Greek for nearly 2000 years before the Muslim Turks came and wiped them out. Greeks were defending the lands of there ancestors.
"FOUR THOUSAND YEARS OF GREEK HISTORY have produced four Greek heritages, each of which has had an effect on the life of the Greeks in later stages of their history. The Hellenic Greeks received a heritage from the Mycenean Greeks, the Byzantine Greeks received on from the Hellenic Greeks, the Modern Greeks have received one heritage from the Byzantines and a second from the Hellenes.” The Greeks and their Heritage, A.J Toynbee, 1st Korais Professor of Greek Studies
By the way. The first Turk to rule over what is called Byzantium today had Greek royal blood. Something to think about for everyone who thinks this topic is easy to explain. In fact many sultans had Greek mothers. The empire was mixed but the majority was Greek as far as none Turkish sultans.
Tomas Razelo many Ottoman dynasty members had concubines from all over Eastern Europe ,so to say most had Greek moms is not correct.Same goes for the ppl of Turkey now.they are mixture of many local folk[ Greek,Armenian,Persian,Arab,Circassian,Kurds,etc.)and central Asian Turkish tribes.
The Romans are truly amazing. Before the final light was finally snuffed out, they paved the way for a new era. The age of discovery. And kick start the Renaissance with Greek refugees bringing well reserved scrolls and studies from the classical era.
You could say that the fall of Constantinople was the day the light of Rome disappeared forever, but not before giving that one last spark to guide the rest of Europe from the Medieval times and into the Rennaissance. Quite a way to go.
Chef Rafi's Awesome World They also left the biggest church in the world but then you made it a mosqe (I am prety sure I spelled that wrong), just like the thing you did with Jerusalem.
XYU You are right. Tipical turkic tactic: 1. military invasion 2. enslavement of the entire local population 3. forced assimilation 4. steal their technology, history That's why finns are "turkic", hungarians are "turkic", romans are "turkic", iranic scythians are "turkic", ancient anatolians are "turkic" so pathetic...
you joined the war that was already won to take your peace of cake where were you in 2015 when isis occupied most of syria? i tell you where you were, busy shooting russian jets and selling isis weapons to fight kurds
Thank you. As Serbian Orthodox I can say that stories of Romans and Latins ( for our ancestors they were different) are still alive. More and more people are interested in this topic. I was really surprised when I found out that people from USA & Canada new nothing about Eastern Rome and Christianity( known to you as Orthodoxy).
The saddest thing was that only Greeks and some Genovese defended heroicly Constantinoupolis against the massive Ottoman army. Help never came from the West
elena sotnikova 1- Byzantium was already dead by the time Constantinople got besieged. It was literally a small pocket in the middle of the Turkish realm! 2- Persians (Not as an ethnicity, but as an exonym for all Iranian peoples including Azeris, Kurds etc) also fought with the Ottomans at the same time, without ANY foreign help and even without having any cannons/firearms, but kicked the Ottomans out! Greeks shouldn't have relied on the always treacherous west!
The Genovese were from the West. Generally help probably didn't come because the pope asked for the Orthodox to go to the pope and not the patriarch. Everything around the city was already conquered. Generally, also, the west didn't realize how important the event would be. They were perhaps a little happy that Constantinople would fall because that would end the who is number one Rome or conctantinople and who is the leader of christians thing. But later they were shocked after it happened.
The term 'Byzantine' makes my history-loving skin crawl. They never called themselves that, that term, before the 1500s, was literally restricted to refer to the people who lived in Byzantium before it was renamed to Constantinople. They were Romans, they called themselves Romans, and they held many Roman traditions. They even reconquered Rome and held it until around 760. /rant *Still a great video, Mason! And I'm glad you acknowledged this issue in the opening, this is just a side tangent.
LagiNaLangAko23, but they, nor anybody else at the time, never considered themselves (the Romans in the East) "Byzantines" , for them they were simply Romans (Romanoi), and the Empire was simply "the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia tôn Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum). "Byzantine Empire" is an anachronism. Although I can understand why people use the term (to easily differentiate from the classical Roman Empire), using it underrates the total accomplishments of the Roman Empire, which lasted almost 1500 years.
krz0ne1 Thank you, this is what I always tell people on the matter! And if Mason reads this, this is still a good video! But this one issue bothers me a lot lol
Exactly, Byzantine is just a modern term that historians use to clarify between the two groups. They were very much Romans, they were the direct continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, which ceased to be Eastern once the West fell. The Roman Empire didn't fall in 476 AD only the Western Roman Empire did, it truly fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks. You could also consider the Fourth Crusade of 1204 with the sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire the end, at least temporarily though as the Romans survived as the Nicaean Empire and did take back Constantinople reestablishing their Empire in 1259.
It was not a good thing to be sure. If not for the winged hazars at Vienna and Charles the hammer Martel in France we’d all be bowing to Mecca and we would not know whether the women we marry were beautiful or built like Roseanne Barr until the wedding night. That would suck all the women wearing what equates to a pup tent with their faces covered. Oh, and forget about enjoying a cold beer with your buddies while watching the big game. Islam doesn’t allow that.
@@nole8923 idiot, in Islam you need the what the woman looks like before marraige, anyways you wont do anything with your 1.6 birth rate and culture that hates marriage and family
What happened..... Exhausted by constant wars. _Persians, Arabs, Slavs, Bulgarians, Latins, Crusaders, Hungarians, Seljuks and few civil wars._ 5th century 421-422: War with Sassanid Persia 6th century 502-506 Anastasian War with Sassanid Persia. 526-532: Iberian War with Sassanid Persia. 533-534: Vandalic War in Northern Africa. 534-548: Moorish Wars in Africa. 535-554: Gothic War in Dalmatia and Italy. 541-562: Lazic War with Sassanid Persia. 552-555: Byzantine intervention in the Visigoth civil war in Spain, formation of Spania province. 560s-578: War with the Romano-Moorish kingdom of Garmul. 572-591: War with Persia over the Caucasus. 582-602: War against the Avars and Slavs in the Balkans. 7th century 602-628: Final Byzantine-Persian war. 626: Avar siege of Constantinople. 633-642: Beginning of the Muslim conquests. Fall of Syria (634-638) and Egypt (639-642). 645-656: Renewed war with the Caliphate, loss of Cyprus and most of Armenia. The Muslim onslaught towards Constantinople was halted following the outbreak of the First Fitna. 647-709: Umayyad conquest of North Africa. 668-678: Renewed attacks on the Byzantine Empire by Muawiyah, leading to the First Arab Siege of Constantinople. Following its failure, a truce was agreed, providing for payment of tribute, men and horses to the Empire. 680-681: Constantine IV's campaign against the Bulgar khan Asparukh ends in defeat, forcing the Empire to recognize the establishment of Bulgaria in Moesia. 686-688: Successful Byzantine offensive established Byzantine control over Armenia and Caucasian Iberia, followed by favourable peace agreement with the Umayyad Caliphate, in return for the withdrawal of the Mardaites into the Empire. 688-689: Balkan campaign of Justinian II secured the coast between Thrace and Macedonia. Many Slavs were captured and resettled in imperial territory. Over 30,000 were incorporated into the Byzantine army. 688/689: Byzantine offensive into Syria and Lebanon leads to a new truce, and the withdrawal of more Mardaites. 692-718: Almost constant war with the Arabs in various fronts. The defeat at the Battle of Sebastopolis and internal instability led to the gradual loss of Armenia and Cilicia, and despite some successes by Heraclius the Byzantines generally maintained a defensive stance against the annual Arab raids into Anatolia. Carthage fell in 697. Recovered soon after, it was again lost in 698, marking the end of Byzantine North Africa. From 712 on, the Arab raids penetrated ever deeper into Anatolia, with the final objective of mounting an assault on Constantinople. The repulsion of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717-718) was a major Byzantine success, and halted Arab attacks against the Empire for a few years. 8th century 708: War with Bulgaria ends in defeat at Anchialus. 720-740 : Annual Arab raiding expeditions (ṣawā'if) against Byzantine Anatolia resume. Stiffening Byzantine resistance leads to the victory at Akroinon at 740. 741-752: Campaigns of Constantine V against the Arabs, who were embroiled in civil war, leading to the recovery of all of Armenia and Cyprus. 755-767: War with the Bulgars. Constantine V defeats the Bulgar khan Telets, leading to the conclusion of a favourable peace treaty in 767. 772-775: War with the Bulgars under Telerig, launched as a pre-emptive strike by Constantine V. 775-783: War with the Abbasids. After the death of Constantine V in 775, Arab raids resumed. After a heavy defeat at Germanicopolis in 779/780, the Abbasids launched a series of major invasions under Harun al-Rashid, which led to the conclusion of a truce in 783. 780-783: Raids by the Bulgars under Kardam, leading to an agreement of non-aggression in exchange for annual payments. 783: Expedition of Staurakios against the Sclaviniae of Greece. 791-792 and 796: Campaigns against the Bulgarians under Constantine VI end in defeat at the Battle of Marcellae. 797-798: Large-scale invasion by Harun al-Rashid leads to the resumption of annual payments to the Caliphate in return for peace. 9th century 803-809: War with the Abbasids, resulting from Nikephoros I's cessation of annual tribute payments. The Arabs under Harun al-Rashid achieved significant early successes, but the outbreak of a revolt in Khorasan facilitated a Byzantine counter-offensive in 807-809. A truce in 809 restored the territorial status quo. 808-816: Wars with the Bulgars, beginning with the Bulgarian capture of Sofia. A large-scale retaliatory campaign ended in the disastrous battle of Pliska (811), following which Krum of Bulgaria raided Eastern Thrace and secured a major victory at Versinikia. Following his death in 814, Leo V the Armenian defeated the Bulgars at Mesembria and secured a 30-year peace. 827-902: Muslim conquest of Sicily. 830-841: War with the Abbasids, with large-scale invasions launched by caliphs al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim. Despite a crushing defeat at the Battle of Dazimon and the sack of Amorium in 838, Emperor Theophilos was able to conclude a truce in 841 without territorial losses, although raids by the Muslim border emirates continued. 830s: Rus' raid in Paphlagonia. ca. 844-878: Wars with the Paulicians of Tephrike end with the destruction of the Paulician state and its incorporation into the Empire. 851-863: War with the Abbasids and their clients. Successful Byzantine raids in Syria, Mesopotamia and Egypt are checked by a series of Muslim invasions of Anatolia in 860. Another invasion in 863 sees the complete annihilation of the Muslim army at the Battle of Lalakaon. 860: Rus' raid against Constantinople. 852, 855-856: Short wars with Bulgaria, ending in the recovery of several cities in northern Thrace. 871-885: Campaigns led by Basil I in person against northern Mesopotamia (871-873) are followed by a series of expeditions against the Muslims in Sicily and Southern Italy. The final loss of Sicily could not be averted, but the Arabs are driven from Southern Italy and Dalmatia, laying the foundations of the Catepanate of Italy. 894-896/897: War with Bulgaria under Tsar Simeon erupts over trade rights. It ends with a Bulgarian victory after the Battle of Bulgarophygon. The Byzantines agree to pay tribute and restore the market for Bulgarian goods to Constantinople. 10th century 907: Rus' raid against Constantinople. 913-927: War with Bulgaria under Tsar Simeon. 926-944: Byzantine offensive in the East under John Kourkouas, fall of Melitene and Theodosiopolis. 941: Rus' raid against Constantinople. 948-962: Constant large-scale raids and counter-raids along the Byzantine-Arab border, chiefly against the Handmaid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Daula. 961-962: Huge amphibious expedition against the Emirate of Crete under Nikephoros Phokas, resulting in the recapture of the island. 964-965: Byzantine conquest of Cilicia 964-975: Sustained Byzantine offensive in the East, under Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes, leads to the conquest of Cilicia, Cyprus, much of western Armenia and northern Syria. Aleppo becomes an imperial vassal. 970-971: War against the Kievan Rus' in Bulgaria. 976-1018: War against Bulgaria led by the Cometopuli dynasty. 986: Battle of the Gates of Trajan major defeat of Basil II at the hands of Samuel of Bulgaria 992-999: War with the Fatimids over Aleppo. Initial Fatimid victories over Michael Bourtzes lead to the direct intervention of Basil II, who clears northern Syria of the Fatimids and secures a ten-year truce 11th century 1014: Battle of Kleidion decisive victory over the Bulgarians under Samuel. 1018: End of the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria. 1027: Pecheneg raid in the Balkans is defeated by Constantine Diogenes. 1030-1032: War against the Muslims in Syria. Emperor Romanos III is defeated, but George Maniakes captured Edessa. 1032-1036: Operations against renewed Muslim piratical raids. The Byzantine fleet, including a large Varangian contingent, is victorious. 1038-1043: Campaigns of George Maniakes in Sicily and Southern Italy, until his own revolt against Constantine IX. 1040-1041: Uprising of Peter Delyan in Bulgaria failed. 1043: Rus' attack against Constantinople. 1048: First confrontation between Byzantines and the Seljuk Turks results in an indecisive battle at Kapetron. 1049-1053: Pecheneg Revolt in Thrace. 1071: Siege of Bari The Normans conquered Bari and put an end to the Catepanate of Italy. 1071: Battle of Mantzikert The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and began the invasion of Anatolia. 1078: Suleyman creates the Sultanate of Rum after conquering Nicaea. 1081-1085: War against the first Norman invasion of the Balkans. Early Byzantine defeat at Dyrrhachium (1081), but the successful defence of Thessaly and naval victories with Venetian aid led to the eventual abandonment of the invasion after the death of Robert Guiscard. 1081-1095: Seljuk campaigns in the Aegean: Tzachas of Smyrna launches fleets in the Aegean and seizes a number of islands, but is eventually defeated by the Byzantines. 1086-1091: Uprising of the Bogomils in the Balkans, aided by the Cumans and Pechenegs. Early Byzantine defeat at Dristra (1086), but the Pechenegs were decisively defeated at the Battle of Levounion in 1091. 1096-1097: The First Crusade passed through Byzantium on its way to the Holy Land. Recovery of Nicaea with the Crusaders' aid, and subsequent reconquest of much of western Asia Minor by John Doukas. 1091-1108: Renewed war with the Normans under Bohemond I of Antioch, both in Cilicia against the Principality of Antioch and in Epirus. The war ended with Bohemond recognizing Byzantine suzerainty over Antioch.
12th century 1110-1117: Renewed war with the Seljuk Turks. Initial Turkish advances are reversed in a treaty concluded after the Byzantine victory at the Battle of Philomelion. 1122-1126: War with Venice over the non-renewal of trading privileges by John II Komnenos. The Venetian fleet ravaged the coasts of Greece, forcing the emperor to back down. 1127-1129: War with Hungary. 1134-1138: Conquest of Armenian Cilicia and vassalization of the Principality of Antioch. 1147-1148: Roger II of Sicily attacks and occupies Euboea, Thebes and Corinth 1149-1152: Serbian rebellion is subdued by Manuel I Komnenos. Manuel also defeats a Hungarian army that came to aid the Serbs. 1155-1156: War with Hungary ends in Byzantine victory. 1155-1158: Italian expedition of Manuel I Komnenos. Despite initial success, the expedition fails. 1158-1161: Expeditions against the Seljuks 1163-1168: War with Hungary. It ends in a Byzantine victory with the Battle of Sirmium, after which the Empire regains most of the Western Balkans. 1169: Joint Byzantine-Crusader raid on Damietta fails. 1171-1177: War with Venice. Initial Venetian moves in the Aegean checked by the Byzantine fleet. Truce concluded in 1177, peace treaty in 1183. 1176-1180: War with the Seljuks. Initial campaign against ends in the defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon, resulting in the gradual loss of territory in Anatolia. 1185: Norman invasion of the Balkans. The Normans take Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica before being defeated. 1185: Uprising of Asen and Peter. Reestablishment of the Bulgarian Empire. 13th century 1203-1204: Fourth Crusade, culminating in the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders. 1204-1214: Wars between the Empire of Nicaea and the Latin Empire. Ended by the Treaty of Nymphaeum. 1215-1227: Expansion of Epirus under Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Epirote forces conquer the Kingdom of Thessalonica and much of Thrace from the Empire of Nicaea. Theodore of Epirus is crowned emperor at Thessalonica. 1230: Theodore of Epirus invades Bulgaria but is defeated and captured at the Battle of Klokotnitsa. 1235: Joint Nicaean-Bulgarian siege of Constantinople fails 1254-1256: Bulgaria attacks Nicaea after the death of John III Vatatzes, in an attempt to recover lost territory. Emperor Theodore II Laskaris campaigns against the Bulgarians and drives them back. 1257-1259: War between Nicaea and Epirus. After the Battle of Pelagonia (1259), most of Epirus and Thessaly fall to the Nicaeans, but the conquest proves temporary. 1260: Unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by the Empire of Nicaea. 1263-1266: Campaign in the Morea against the Principality of Achaea. Initial successes undone by defeats in the battles of Prinitza and Makryplagi. ca. 1272-1280: Campaigns of Licario recover Euboea and many Aegean islands for the Empire. sometime in 1273-1275: Large-scale campaign against John I Doukas of Thessaly. The Byzantine army is defeated at Neopatras, but the navy scores a major victory at Demetrias. 1274-1275: Byzantine offensive against Angevin holdings in Albania drive the Angevin forces out of most of the country, although repeated assaults on their last two strongholds of Dyrrhachium and Valona fail. 1279: Unsuccessful campaigns against Bulgaria, defeat at Devina. 1280-1281: Angevin offensive in Albania is repulsed at Berat, and most of Albania is retaken. 1294-1302: Byzantine-Venetian War, fought mostly in the Aegean and Marmara seas. 14th century 1302-1305: War with the Ottoman Turks. After a defeat in the Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantines hire the Catalan Company. After a series of victories against the Turks, the Catalans turn against Byzantium following the murder of their leader. 1304-1305: The Bulgarians attack Byzantium, and manage to recover the port cities on the Black Sea coast. 1321-1328: Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328. 1326-1338: Gradual capture of the remaining Byzantine cities in northwestern Anatolia by the Ottomans. Defeats of the Byzantines in battles at Pelekanon and Philokrene. 1332: Battle of Rusokastro, the last major battle of the Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars ends with a Bulgarian victory. 1333-1340: Andronikos III Palaiologos recovers Epirus and Thessaly. 1334: Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos. 1343-1348: Taking advantage of the ongoing Byzantine civil war, Serbian ruler Stefan Dushan conquers Albania, Macedonia and Epirus. 1348-1349: Byzantine-Genoese War, fought over control of custom duties and tariffs on the Bosporus. 1352-1357: Byzantine civil war of 1352-1357. 1373-1379: Byzantine civil war of 1373-1379. 15th century 1422: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople. 1453: Final Ottoman siege and fall of Constantinople to Mehmed II. 1460: Mehmed II's conquest of the Despotate of the Morea. 1461: Mehmed II's conquest of the Empire of Trebizond, the last Byzantine Greek successor state.
Most of the wars after the 600’s are defensive, constant attack drains the imperial treasury and the lack of further defenses and extended borders weakened the empire until it was too late
I'm Greek and the byzantine empire is largely considered Greek (from what I learned in school) because of the influence it had on the culture and language
You didn't mention the 4th crusade (1202-1204) as an important reason for the demise of Byzantium. Mehmed II only picked the half-rotten fruit. Venice played a malevolent role in this tragedy.
Its possible to understand the Greco-Roman "Byzantium" by looking at the Anglo-American USA. The USA is united by a common English language and American culture that other types of people assimilate into. Same with Byzantium....Greek language and Orthodox Christianity provided the baseline for different ethnic groups to assimilate into. They were all "Romans", just as people today are "Americans". If you spoke Greek, were Orthodox Christian, lived under the Roman Emperor ruling from Constantinople, you were Roman.
It's sort of like how all the Western Hemisphere is called the Americas, and there's North America, Central America, and South America, and yet the United States of America alone is called "America" (in English at least) and its people are called "Americans".
"The "Byzantines" referred to themselves as Rhomaioi to retain both their Roman citizenship and their ancient Hellenic heritage. In fact, the overwhelming majority of the "Byzantines" themselves were also very conscious of their uninterrupted continuity with the ancient Greeks. Even though the ancient Greeks were not Christians, the "Byzantines" still regarded them as their ancestors. A common substitute for the term Hellene, other than Rhomaios, was the term Graikos (Γραικός), a term that was used often by the "Byzantines" (along with Rhomaios) for ethnic self-identification. Evidence of the use of the term Graikos can be found in the works of Priscus, a historian of the 5th century AD. He stated in one of his accounts that on an unofficial embassy to Attila the Hun, he had met at Attila's court someone who dressed like a Scythian but spoke Greek. When Priskos asked the person where he had learned the language, the man smiled and said that he was a Graekos by birth. Many other "Byzantine" authors speak of the Empire's natives as Greeks [Graikoi] or Hellenes such as Constantine Porphyrogennitos of the 10th century. His accounts discuss about the revolt of a Slavic tribe in the district of Patras in the Peloponnese. Constantine states that the Slavs who revolted first proceeded to sack the dwellings of their neighbors, the Greeks (ton Graikon) and then moved against the inhabitants of the city of Patras. Overall, ancient Hellenic continuity was evident throughout the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The "Byzantines" were not merely a general Orthodox Christian populace that referred to themselves as merely "Romans". They used the term for legal and administrative purposes, but other terms were used to distinguish themselves ethnically. In short, the Greek inhabitants of the Eastern Roman Empire were very conscious of their ancient Hellenic heritage and could preserve their identity while they adapted to the changes that the world was undergoing.[85] " en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks
"The secular use of Hellene revived in the 9th century, after paganism had been eclipsed and was no longer a threat to Christianity's dominance. The revival followed the same track as its disappearance. The name had originally declined from a national term in antiquity, to a cultural term in the Hellenistic years, to a religious term in the early Christian years. With the demise of paganism and the revival of learning in the Byzantine Empire it had regained its cultural meaning, and finally, by the 11th century it had returned to its ancient national form of an "ethnic Greek", synonymous at the time to "Roman"." "Accounts from the 11th century onward (from Anna Komnena, Michael Psellos, John III Vatatzes, George Pletho Gemistos and several others) prove that the revival of the term Hellene (as a potential replacement for ethnic terms like Graekos and Romios) did occur. For example, Anna Komnena writes of her contemporaries as Hellenes, but does not use the word as a synonym for a pagan worshiper. Moreover, Anna boasts about her Hellenic classical education, and she speaks as a native Greek and not as an outsider/foreigner who learned Greek." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks
Some of the "byzantines" actually ended up in Calabria, southern Italy. Greek light cavalry fighting against the ottomans, was given land in Calabria as a payment/recognition for their services. This was also the fact with albanians under Skanderbeg (Very different people from today's albanians...). Still today there are villages speaking old greek and albanian, keeping their customs, in Calabria.
nice to read a comment that sounds like coming from someone with real historic knowledge, in the middle of so many other comments coming clearly from ignorant idiots...
skanderbeg is basically a mistake in Ottoman Empire anyway His hero name came from the Turkish pronunciation of Alexander Great (Iksander Beg) and he renounced Islam and basically helped establish Albania
@@Synthillator You see, Calabria, Apulia and Sicily was part of (east) Roman empire, people there spoke greek from the ancient times and was Orthodox (even until 17th century and more)
Error: Egyptian Greeks did not thoroughly "assimilate" into Arab culture. They remained a distinct and prosperous mercantile minority based in Alexandria until ... the 1950's, when Nasser's nationalist uprising targeted them and forced them out, through force and violence.
@jhon carry during the Egyptian nationalism period many minorities were forced to leave the country, and many others were scared about what would happen (since nationalism has shown how rough could be on minorities) and left on their own. Don't confuse the periods, @Secular reflecter is not talking about today.
@@nikhtose present day what? 😂😂😂😂 bro please stop waffling we just built the largest church in Africa and the middle east, stop lying seriously you're genuinely embarrassing yourself
The Germanic people are more at fault for the destruction of both parts of the Roman Empire especially since they were allied both times and both times stabbed the Roman Empire in the back, the Muslims just finished them off. The Goths - Visigoths, Ostrogoths and their descendents, Venetians, Franks etc. are more to blame.
And than what? Who do you give it to? What do you do with the 10million people that live there? How do you even defeat the Turks and muslim allies that would come help?
Thank you, many years. Loved the video, but the daughters of Byzantium were left out, them being Greece and Cyprus. Since the Eastern Roman influence on modern Greek culture is so profound.
and any Turk would be against it today. Let's take a look at the numbers between the both countries, shall we? 81 million (minus 6 million of HDP supporters), 75 million against a barely 11 million. Keep the rhetoric of "Non of you are actual Turks", because the folk here aren't buying it. The military upper hand is ours. Even if it weren't, the people here would fight the Greeks to death as they did a century ago. We'd find a new Ataturk to drive such intruders back eventually.
@@Azoth86730 And who says that all Turks would be against this? What you're forgetting is that a large number of people in Turkey aren't Turks. A lot of them are Greeks, Kurds and Armenians.
Byzantines were Greeks. It doesn’t matter what kind of empire it was, Byzantines were directly related to the ancient Greeks and they had Greek Orthodox religion, they spoke Greek and they had Greek education. Also the today’s Greeks are related to the Byzantines.
Byzantines were Catholics because Orthodox did not exist until the end of their empire.I am Byzantine Catholic and ALL of the bishops of Constantinople were Catholic and in full union with the papacy.There are 22 Eastern Catholic Churches(Rites) in the world with various languages and liturgical traditions,but still in union with Rome.
I was hoping you'd touch on the many Greeks who still identified as Romans until a while after Greece got it's independence but this was a good video regardless. Maybe you have talked about it before and I just haven't seen it but if not maybe you could make a video about it?
the true of huns in Europe is=0 R1 genetic sow as that all S-E and hungary same genetic ,the Flavius Aetius distroy them and the gots -germans deleted on Lechfeld the 2% remains huns 45 % vlahs 33% slavs 18% germans and 2% huns in panonia..Aquicum'' daco roman land was under Mongols and 40% of population was killed If hungarian language is 20% slavic ,10% turcik ,10% romance, 10 % ugric ,10% unknow 10%german 10% ......,greek .......what huns ?? they day 1500 years ago.
Roman in the form Ρωμιος or Ρωμανος means Greek now and in the past centuries perhaps for many centuries now because it is different from Ρωμαίος. In the last centuries of Byzantium Roman and Greek meant the same thing because after around 1100 and especially 1200 the only romans left were Greeks.
I've become a big fan of Byzantine and eastern Orthodox music through RUclips. I recognize the hymn at the beginning as the well-known Orthodox hymn "Agni Parthene."
Congrats Masaman for your well documented historical video! Eastern Roman Empire was a very vivid state with huge cultural and scientific development that has gone unfortunately, greatly unnoticed. It succumbed finally due to its inability to modernize and its death -to great extend- was accelerated by the Crusaders invasion of 1204.
Loved the video - but maybe you could extend this topic into making another video about Greece and Cyprus? Especially cyprus - there are many interesting points you raised in this video that could be used in talking about the byzantine/ottoman legacy in Cyprus.
I just call it "The city of the 4 names" because it actually has 4 names: Byzantion, Constantinople, Miklagard and Isatmbul. How about "Dörnompolis"? -Dör, form the turkish word "dört" meaning "4" -nom, form the latin word "nomina" meaning "names" and -polis, form the greek word meaning "city" !!!!Majulah Dörnompolia¡¡¡¡
"The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims of universality; instead it was now termed the 'EMPIRE OF THE GREEKS'." Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640-720. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, p. 345
By the time of the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire had effectively been on life support for about 200 years. The Imperial ambitions were shattered in 1071 in the battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk turks, which cost them the majority of Anatolia. In 1204 the Empire was dealt a terminal blow, when the Venetians redirected the Fouth Crusade from Jerusalem to Constantinople, sacking the city and temporarily dividing the Empire into four states: Epirus, Nikaea, the Latin Empire, and Trebizond, the latter of which outlived Byzantium itself for a few decades before ultimately falling to the Ottomans in 1461. Constantinople was retaken from the catholic Latins by the Empire of Nikaea in 1261 and the Byzantine Empire was reestablished. But the damage was already done. Their influence in the Balkans was eroded by a resurgent Bulgarian and later Serbian Empire, and in Anatolia a young Ottoman Sultanate absorbed everything around it. By 1453, Constantinople was a ghost town, home to only 50,000 people, a far cry from the half a million residents at the Empire's height under Justinian.
False, that's a misconception. The Battle of Manzikert never resulted in the loss of Asia Minor. Only Armenia and a few border cities were lost after Roman IV's treaty with Alp Arslan. After the former's murder in 1072 by the rival Ducas family, a Roman civil war erupted in Asia Minor and the Seljuks invaded at the same time, due to this violation. The latter didn't hold most of AM until 1081.
That is a very great video, I'm a Hellenic Lebanese, and proud, we the Hellens of all the Levant have lost our language but never our heritage nor identity. And now more than ever we are determined to restore it.
It is interesting that while western roman empire went down with a wimp, the eastern, Greco-roman went down sword in hand. Churchill had said that nations that fall fighting are destined to rise again, and you can see that with modern Greece. As for the fall, astute students of history will note that the blame goes to Latin Christians and especially the Venetians, and what has correctly been called, the biggest act of perfidy in whole history, the sacking of Constantinople in the 4th crusade. Byzantium would have never fallen to the turks had it not been for its children the Venetians who stabbed it in the back.
It was also big mistakes by the empire. Venice became powerful because the empire was giving ports and trade routes to Venice and Genoa. And why? Because the empire was weakening. From its own management.
Lysander S Dude (this comment is old i know) but its like 1000 years apart how the fuck you think this will effect fall pf byzantium like when it happened Turks where not even in Europe.
"As heirs to the Greeks and Romans of old, the Byzantines thought of themselves as Rhomaioi, or Romans, though THEY KNEW FULL WELL THAT THEY WERE ETHNICALLY GREEKS." see also: Savvides & Hendricks 2001). Niehoff 2012, Margalit Finkelberg, "Canonising and Decanonising Homer: Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernity", p. 20 or Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum 2003, p. 482
"The Byzantine empire was CLEARLY, despite its multinational dimension, A GREEK EMPIRE while its neighbours considered it so, and whose unity was based on the power of authority, in the dominance of Orthodoxy and the use of Greek as the official language." Sylvain Gouguenheim, "La gloire des Grecs", 2017, pp. 73
Interesting video, but it's strange you never mentioned the Crusades here and their repeated sacking of Constantinople. They had a huge role to play in its downfall.
we say η Ρωμανία και αν πέρασεν ανθεί και φέρει και άλλο (and if Romania was past it bloom like a flower and one time resurrected) isnt correct 100% at english the romania was in mind to Greeks in Greek revolutions the fighters say we are romioi and want the romeiko restoretion even today the culture is alive! sorry about my english
Mason, you do a great job of teaching the ancient history of Europe and the Middle East. The editing and quick cuts make it easier to understand what is going on. Part of the problem that I had with the area and timeline was essentially the overlaps of different populations at different times in the same area. Like Anatolia, the Levant (my instructor pronounced it as Lay-vaunt) and the Arabian peninsula and what is considered Persia today. Again thank you. From one history buff to another, keep up the great work!👍
Masaman Btw, i'm referring to a link from a source you used from the site called khazar(ian). They had a link to the source of an 23andme study which showed that the genetics of your average maltese are around 88% European
Batman Beyond Right, I believe I stated in my video that they are around 12% MENA and the rest Euro, which was backed up by multiple other studies, but perhaps a site called "Khazaria" is not the best source to cite. Thanks for keeping me to task :^)
Masaman No, the site called "khazaria" isn't the problem, it's the link they used *on their site* to back up the data regarding the statement they made(saying that the average maltese has around 88% European dna)
Anatolian Greeks were forced to convert to Islam and therefore labeled as Turks. That is why some “Turks” look more European than Asian. The rest were slaughtered along with the Armenians/Assyrians.
lol thats incorrect if that were the case there would not be any Christians left in the Balkans and Greece Also the Armenians genocide occurred right at the end of Ottoman rule during the revolution perpetrated by the Turks moment which was largely secular and nationalistic
golden foxa I understand that Turks wanted to keep a certain amount of the population as Christian for taxing purposes. However, when Christians are imprisoned, enslaved, kidnapped as janissaries, taxed, and oppressed for generations, many chose to convert (making them “Turks”). In parts of Anatolia the choice was simpler: “convert or you and your family will be killed.” Members of my own family were taken as Janissaries and forced to convert so don’t tell me that isn’t true.
The bizantines were Greeks who took control of the Roman empire. They were spoken Greek their Dynasties were Greek (Macedonia dynasty) and even the church song in the beggin is Greek and we still use it in church and the lyrics is Greek also the Turks when they conqered all byzantine used to call the Greeks Romians ( Greek Ρομίος)
The Roman Empire in the east (Byzantine) was the rest of the Roman Empire that survive with latin and Greek influence, both cultures held the empire to the end.
The reason why modern day Romania has the name it has which is shared by the Eastern Roman Empire is due to the very nature of the Romanian nation. Historically, Romanians were mostly identified by their neighbours for their Latin speech. "Wallachian" for example is a cognate of "Vlach" and "Welsh". So when their Romanian national identity came forth, the ethnonym "Roman" was used because this was the sociolinguistic heritage by which they had lived. In general terms, the name "Romania" simply implies the land of the Romans, which the ERE was. By the way, the "official" descendants of the Eastern Romans already have a classification: The Ottoman "Rum Millet" (Roman "nation"). That included Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians, Albanians, Orthodox Arabs etc. Technically, being Eastern/Greek Orthodox is equivalent to being a Roman. This can be kind of perplexing as well, since Orthodox Turks (like the Karamanlides) were considered "Rum", but Muslim Greeks were not; they were considered "Turks" instead e.g. Cretan Muslims were called "Τουρκοκρητικοί" (Cretan Turks).
Sort of correct. It's actually a proto-Germanic word "walhaz" I believe. The Welsh and Romance speakers were foreign to the Germanic peoples, so the various terms from this root came up. Similarly, Brescia was known in German as "Welsche Brixen" and HRE rulers would often present themselves also as kings of "Welsche Lande" meaning northern Italy.
ON THE NATURE OF THE BYZANTINES THE NIKA RIOTS. "NIKA" actually is the imperative form of the Greek verb ΝΙΚΩ (to win) and proves that the crowd at that time spoke Greek. "Win! Win!" is the shout we could hear today in a modern hippodrome full of English-speakers. "Vinci! Vinci!" it would be the cry of a Latin-speaking crowd. But at the 6th century AD, the Eastern Empire was totally hellenized and the crowd shouted "NIKA! NIKA!"; that is "win!" in Greek. This is also the case with the most illustrious buildings in the capital. HIPPODROME was the official name of Constantinople's race track (meaning "horse-track" in Greek) and not CIRCUS, its Latin counterpart. As we further know, all parts of that Hippodrome had also Greek names. SPHENDONE was called the far end and means "slinger" in Greek (because its form resembles a slinger pocket) and KATHISMA ("seat" in Greek) was the name of the Emperor's throne. Furthermore, the most iconic building of Constantinople - the Hagia Sophia cathedral - had its name in Greek (literally meaning "Holy Wisdom" and consequently God's Wisdom). Sophia and Sophy is a common female name today; it means exactly that: Wisdom. A variety of words also exists using that same prefix "sopho-" (Greek for wisdom): Sophomore, sophist, Sophocles etc. If Hagia Sophia was built by Romans she would be named "Santa Sapienza" or something like that. THE GREEK LANGUAGE DURING THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE It is not a chance that about 4 decades after the Nika riots, Emperor Mavrikios aknowledged exactly that fact: That the people of the Byzantine Empire were not speaking Latin at all; so he decreed that all official documents were to be issued in both Latin (to mantain continuity with the old Roman Empire) and Greek "because this is the language of the people". In the same direction, Emperor Heracleios decreed 20 years later, that all official documents should be issued exclusively in Greek and not in both Greek and Latin "because the people doesn't speak it (the Latin) any more". Indeed, there are no recorded official documents in Latin since 610 (10 years after his decree). This process however (i.e. the bilingual issue of the imperial decrees) had begun centuries earlier. For example the famous "Edict of maximum prices" of Emperor Diocletian was carved in Latin to the west and in Greek to the east. The year was 301 AD. (Both stones have been recovered today). ROMAN CONQUEST OF GREECE The conquest of the then Greek world (modern Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt etc.) by the Romans was a gradual process that lasted about three centuries. It was a copmplex approach in order to succumb all the kingdoms of the Diadochoi (Alexander the Great's successors) by the famous Roman policy of "freedom of Greece". It was not a process that lasted a lone decisive battle or a single war. After that process was completed, around the begining of the first century AD, a new reality emmerged: A unified Roman world with two cultural components: One Latin-speaking in the Western Empire and another Greek-speaking in the Eastern part. Most Roman aristocrats at the time spoke Greek too. This fact was recognized (amongst others) by famous Roman poet and philosopher Horace in his Epistles, book II, epistle I, line 63: “Graecia capta ferum victorem capot et arts intuit agrestic Latino”. (Conquered Greece took captive her savage conqueror and brought her arts into rustic Latium). FROM ROME TO BYZANTION For that reason, when in 330 AD Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (a Romanised Illyrian-Greek) transferred the Imperial capital from Rome to a prosperous Greek settlement named Byzantion (founded by Greek king Byzas almost a millennium before) he knew he was entering a territory that everyone were speaking Greek and had virtually no natural Latin-speakers. That's why historians (since 15th century AD) begun calling the Constantinople-centered Empire "Byzantine" and not "Roman": Because, especially after the fall of Rome to the Germanic tribes (476 AD) nothing "Roman" or "Latin" was left into it. For that reason, modern linguistics also adopt this thesis. The language of that era is classified as "Constantinopolitan Greek" and not as "Constantinopolitan Latin". The term "Byzantine-Greeks" is also coined to describe the dominant ethnicity of the Byzantine Empire. THE TIME MACHINE If, using a time machine, a modern person had travelled to the Byzantine Empire and had asked a Byzantine-Greek the question "What are you?" he would have received one of the two following answers: 1. If this was a citizen of the Capital, he would have gotten the answer "ΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ/POLITES" short form in Greek of the word "Constantinopolitan" (CONSTANTINOPOLITES). 2. But if the Byzantine was coming from anywhere else in the empire, he would have said: "Eemae Romios" ("I'm a Roman" in Greek). If that time traveler had gone to a medieval European middle-class citizen and pointing towards a Byzantine-Greek had asked the former: "Who is he?" the European would have easily replied "This is a Greek". If the same time traveller comes to modern Greece and asks randomly a Greek "Eesae Romios?" (“Are you Roman?” In Greek) he will get the stunning answer "Yes!". If furthermore he asks a modern Greek from Instabul (modern Constantinople) “Eesae Politis?” he will also get the same positive answer as 1500 years ago. EUROPEANS WERE CALLING BYZANTINES "GREEKS" Meanwhile, everyone in Europe were calling them "Greeks", their emperor "Greek king" and so on. In 800, Pope Innocent crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor and decreed "Romanorum imperium in persona magnifici Caroli a Grecis transtuli in Germanos" (transferred Roman imperial authority from the Greeks to the Germans, in the name of His Greatness, Charles). In 991 AD, Byzantine princess Theophano died as the Dowager Empress of the (German) Holy Roman Empire. Her mother-in-law, Adelaide, according to Abbot Odilo of Cluny, was very happy when "that Greek woman" died. Many Scandinavian warriors that have served as the Emperor's bodyguards at the famous Varangian Guard, carved on their tombstones back in North Europe that they "have served with the Greeks" and not with the Romans. The confusion on the national identity of the Byzantines has roots in the early Christianity. In ancient Greece, Greeks were calling themselves "Hellenes". In Byzantine Empire this was unacceptable because was to mean "Pagan Greeks". "Romioi" (Romans) instead was associated with "Christian Greeks". This distinction ceased as the centuries passed and gradually all Greeks became Christian. ROMANIANS OR GERMANS ARE ROMANS? So, are modern Greeks Romans? Of course not. As modern Romanians are not Roman just because they still run a country named “Romania”. As modern Germans are not Romans too, just because their medieval empire was named for a thousand years “Holy ROMAN Empire”. One’s true nature is not determined by how he calls himself; but instead by objective elements. I may call myself a neurosurgeon but just this does not make me one. Mycenaean-Greeks never call themselves “Greeks”. But everyone in the world today agrees that the army that Agamemnon landed on Troy were Greeks. RUMS AND ROMIOI MEANING CHRISTIANS, NOT ROMANS At the early stages of the Byzantine Empire, when Christianity was spreading, the demonym HELLENES was reserved only to pagan Greeks in order to distinguish them from ROMIOI who were the "Christian Greeks". When gradualy all Greeks became Christians and Rome was lost from the Empire, that distinction became meaningless and the term ROMIOI became a descriptive demonym for all Greeks that lasts untill today. In fact, Rum (Romans) was the word that also medieval Arabs used for Christians, not Romans. CONCLUSION For all the above reasons and in order to lift the confusion of the true essence of the Byzantine-Greeks, modern historians still call them Byzantines or Byzantine-Greeks but never Romans. The demise of Rome (that at the time of its conquest by the Goths was a shrinking city of 50 thousand) and the contemporaneous growth of the Greek east (note: in the same era Constantinople - formerly known as Byzantion - was a thriving Greek city heading towards its first million in population) led historians to this shift of name: Because all the imperial decisions were not anymore made in Latin Rome but in Greek Byzantion (Constantinople). NON CONSTANTINOPOLITAN BYZANTINES WERE USING THE DEMONYM “ROMIOI” FOR POLITICAL (SUCCESSION LINE) AND RELIGIOUS REASONS, WHILE EVERYONE ELSE IN EUROPE WERE CALLING THEM “GREEKS” AND THEIR KINGDOM “GREEK EMPIRE”! SO, IT IS AN IMPORTANT ERROR TO CALL “ROMAN” THE BYZANTION-CENTERED EMPIRE WHO SPOKE GREEK AND HAD GREEK ANCHESTRY. THIS NAME SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THE ROME-CENTERED EMPIRE WHO SPOKE LATIN AND HAD LATIN ANCHESTRY. THANKS FOR READING.-
650iE63 Yes but those were the Greeks of Asia Minor, the Black Sea and Cappadocia. There were Greeks in Egypt, Italy, France and of course what is Classical Greek lands. With the newly formed country of turkey they sent the Greeks of the land to what is today Greece and those immigrants brought with them the music and cooking and other cultural aspects of the Greeks of the east into today's Greece. See with Rome the focus was the city of Rome and the region of Italy and as the empire moved to Byzantium what is today Greece was neglected. The focus was on those two areas. Italians took the Corinthian grapes, Cretan wine and other aspects of Greece and turned them into something more Italian then Greek. Just like how Greek flatbread was. Thought to the Greek colony of Nea Poli (New Town later called Napoli) and from there it became pizza. Greek history in its modern times is intertwined with Italian and Turkish culture and some of what we thing as pure Turkish or pure Italian are rooted in Greece. The power of Greece though had shifted and taken over those who conquered them. Greek culture captured Rome from classical times and even during its Byzantine era. The same with the Ottomans. Greek culture is rooted and dispersed through them both.
Watching this video only reinforces my belief that for the most part religion is more about tribalism and less about god. Good luck to the person who decides he doesn't want to identify with one tribe or another.
PetrosB4, but your just some though the Anatolian Greeks that made up most of the empire have been turkenized just like the Greeks of Italy have been Italicized.
I realy like your videos, they combine hard, historic facts with a brief history of linguistics and cultural and social changes. Keep up the good work!
Somehow true. Many Byzantine peoples, like Bulgarians, Armenians, Serbs etc. at times rebelled against the Empire. The Greeks, their culture and language, kept it intact. If you remove the Greeks from Byzantium, you are left with no empire.
They weren't an ethnic group, but they were a culture, plus many countries such as England and Egypt has dynasties that didn't represent their main ethnic groups.
Nah. Greek was spoken widely all over the Roman Empire by the Middle and Upper Classes. Latin was also spoken widely by the Lower Classes and there were an awful lot of them everywhere. For example, Iulius Caesar was born a Greek speaker from the town of Thurii in the heel of Italiy, and he didn't speak Latin that well, but succeeded in Rome because he spoke very good Italic Greek. Most Emperors always spoke Greek as a sign of status (some also spoke Etruscan) and Greek was also spoken in the Forum up until about 400AD so Constantinople/Byzantium was just an extension of Rome in an area that predominantly spoke Greek, more than Latin anyway. Napoleon Bonaparte's family were Greek-speaking Ambassadors of Byzantium living in Genoa in 1453 and they quickly and easily switched to speaking Latin after the fall of Byzantium because they became penniless and stateless when their income dried up; and this made them working class.
My Greek ancestry is from Constantinople, Anatolia, Bulgaria and Egypt. Each part of my family comes with stories of ethnic cleansing. We will rise again!
Tulpar Kül Tigin Tengrikut Istanbul will fall and the Greeks & Copts will rise again, even though the rates of the people in the region who are Greek/Coptic/Christian are decreasing, its because they’re moving to the western world to get an education for themselves and upcoming generations with the steady belief that they will one day go back and restore their ideologies and faith in the region; I should know I’m one of them... be prepared😈😈 it has already begun
1200 years of christian history lost, forgotten by so many that should cherish it. Thank you Masaman for remembering a culture that gave us so much and very likely in its dieing days delivered to the shores of Italy .. the Renaissance.
Thanks for this. As a greek this bring tears. The greek history and influence to the world is such a long one, going from classical times to the Macedonia era and then byzantine empire. A history practically stopped with the ottoman expansion. After that we never made it back. But we are still here aren't we?
Peace from Lebanon - We continue to use Greek in our Divine Liturgy ⳩
Trivia : Greek orthodox and Greek Catholic people are still called "Rum", which translates to "Romans"
WHO THE HELL calls them "Rum"? That must be REALLY trivial trivia.
Rum is named by Seljukes refer to the muslim sultanate who control the invaded byzantine land.
rum now in central south of turkey
@perakole
Lol what you mean by we are here before you!
I am not even turk nor byzantine nor greek.
I am saying its called rum by turks who invaded the byzantine rome.
So you need to read like it or not its a fact.
The origin of Rum is from Rome.
Greek orthodox? Wot
@perakole noebody calls it Greek orthodox or Greek Catholic its Orthodox and Roman catholic
Byzantine empire was like the Soviet Union, The major influential country is the succesor. When someone thinks USSR he thinks Russia not Georgia . The same goes for the Byzantines, Greece is the "true" successor.
Even the Byzantines after 1250, so the last 2 centuries, even emperors, clearly and openly said that they were Greek, even in letters to the pope.
@@innosanto yes exaclty. already anna komnini mentioned that.. especially after 11th century gradually the term greek was used more and more. we can find examples in the sources of many people.
after the fall of byzantium, the term Graecus, Romios and Hellen is equal. we can see these three terms in the same time in traditional poets of 17th 16th century for example.
I am Byzantine from Anatolia and i agree with you 100%
Greece, Armenia, and the Kurds. Greece can claim most of it, but Armenia and Kurds have a rightful claim on parts of it as well.
@Chan Kideoke
That’s because you don’t know your history.
Actually you missed a great cause of the collapse Which was the 4th crusade the sack of Constantinople from the Crusaders in 1204 and the splitting of the empire into smaller occupied regions. The "allies" are the ones who always backstab you. The bronze horses of the hippodrome of Constantinople are atop the gate of st Mark in Venice
XplaneZ Yeah, I'm Italian and I am deeply ashamed of this. And the very same church also kept st. Marcus relics till modern age. Now they're i Egypt. It would be very honest to return that chariot to Greece
XplaneZ what about the terrible rulers of Konstantinople at the time of the crusade? A guy called them to come to help him throw out the king and become king and then didn’t have money to pay them.
Indeed, however check what happened in Constantinople in 1192
@@innosanto The Crusaders were the scum of the Earth. They attacked fellow christian cities before coming to Constantinople. Also there was an Emperor in Constantinople. They guy the crusaders chose was an Usurper - so they basically conspired with a criminal and acted as CIA acts today by removing leaders from power and installing their own people.
So when the usurper came in power - he was hated by the people and killed by them. All the crusaders waited for was a lame excuse to sack the city.
The reason was obvious . They were criminals and nothing more
The great cause of the collapse was much before the crusade. The crusaders would never have conquered a constantinople that was in good state. The empire started going rapidly into shit after Basil II. This is also why 1071 Manzikert. The empire was in very bad condition from before 1204. 1000-1200 was constant decline.
Loving your videos. I focus quite a lot on the Romans and the Byzantines in my videos :)
Didn't the fall of the Byzantines in the East spur the Renaissance in the West? Mostly due to the influx of traders/thinkers/scientists fleeing the fallen East?
Asian trade to Europe more to be more precise, especially manufactured good/silk from china and spices from India
Well, then why didn't the Renaissance occur in the Byzantine world itself?
They had the raw materials for it; but they didn't value the right ancient Greek philosophers. They preferred the mysticism of Plato over the earthly common sense rationality of Aristotle. The reconciliation of Aristotle with Christianity (Thanks Aquinas!) in the 12th and 13th centuries, in the Latin West, paved the way for the later Italian Renaissance of the 14th and 15th centuries. ....The Byzantine Greeks failed to re-assimilate Aristotle into their own culture.
MrJm323, I sense liberal arts education, or might be completely wrong.
No, this is just a myth.
You are wrong. The church had no problems with idealist philosophers like Plato, Socrates or Aristotle. It was the materialists like Herakleitos, Diogenis, Dimokritos etc that were questioning the existence of God that vanished. And you don't take into account that the economy of the West was thriving, while ERE economy was dried out due to wars...
Not so long time ago, until 1955 in Constantinopolis was 300.000 greeks and 100.000 armeneans
It was unfortunetaly and they didn't done nothing but stealing from the government and filling up their personal accounts in other countries..We are lucky we menage to get rid of them finally.. anyone who respect to the Turkish government and Turkish community from any ethnic origin is all ways welcome to the Turkey and Istanbul..but we don't need anymore double faced bitches who is smiling to our faces but being dodgy and being unrespectfull to the community..
In 1955 the Greeks in Constantinople suffered their own version of a "Kristallnacht" and left en masse for other destinations.
Check your spelling; it's ARMENIAN. And why did you capitalize Constantinople, a city, and NOT two entire NATIONS of Greeks and Armenians. Caramba!
@@erhandurden7083 i agree with you, i was in Turkey for three times. Beautiful country and some nice people. But thats the point. Im from Austria and we also have Turks in Austria. The problem is, i know Turks from Turkey, there all nice and friendly people. But the Turks in Austria are very seald people who dont Respect our Cultur. Of cource there also exist "good" Turks, some Friends of mine. But when we Austrians say "we dont wanna change our Cultur, because of them", we all Nazis. That isn't fair, im not a racist, i have Turks as Friends. The only thing i want, is that there also Respect our Cultur. We all need to Respect us more! :)
Actually it was in 1921/1922
After greece being with the side that won ww1 they made a deal to retake the shores of Minor Asia and ofc Constantinople
After Venizelos landed troops thay retook those areas he was in England where they tried to assasinate him, but fake news spread that he died and so King Constantinos was in charge, he broke the deal and pushed further into M.Asia and tried to reach Ankara but ofc the big powers where upset of the sudden political change that they helped the Ottomans to take over the greeks so turkey could be formed.(idk if something else is correct because that's what my history books write)
Personally?
Biggest failure of the Hellenic Ethnos since 1453
My great grandmother as my grandmother from my fathers side, who survived the mass execution of Greeks in Pontus and Asia Minor, spoke medieval greek dialect nearly identical to the common greek language spoken in Byzantine times. Still spoken by ~300.000 speakers in northern parts of Greece like Macedonia and Epirus.
Tasos Filippos
Cool
+Taha Eren You just reproduce the thesis of post-war turkish state avoiding all history facts. The genocide against Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians etc is a fact, a fact that can be interpreted but not altered. Greeks were not sent back to Greece in peacfull terms but with war. Try reading history in a more objective way rather than a subjective as a turkish nationalist.
+Taha Eren I think you tottaly misunderstand and mis-interpret my comments, thus you state things like "you dont know our history like me"...It happens that i know and study much history in order to be able to make a statement like the one above that clearly says that there was a genocide.It has nothing to do with you personally.
The "peacefull" exchange you may refer is probably the eviction of Greeks from Constantinopole 30 years after the war. If you insist on not recognizing the genocide vs Armenians/Greeks/Assyrians, either you blindly deny facts(you know you can also search for them, facts are facts) due to...reasons...either you just are incapable of studying objective history. Would make no surprise to me for any person growing up in a semi-totalitarian state like modern day Turkey. 1million Armenians and nearly 400.000 executed Greeks is NOT something to discuss upon as if it was a genocide. Please...
+Tasos Filippos Of course we must look towards the future and leave the events of the past not feed on hate and extreme nationalism, i never ment to do that in any of my comments. I also yearn to see the balkan nations becoming better places...but you know that modern state of Turkey is too aggressive towards that. Ask Greeks and Bulgarians for ilegal border activity from turkish troops and you ll get the idea of whats going on.
Taha do a DNA test you may be surprized as many many turks that found out that they had 50plus% Greek blood
1453: Worst year of my life.
The Keksadler you never lived it :)
that's the joke.
Should have had that alliance with Poland and Hungary.
I know right???
1204 was worse.
Turkey has 20 million Greeks especially in minor Asia. They turkified them in order to believe that they are Turks. But their characterìstìcs has nothing to do with the classic turkomans from Mongolia steppes
Turkey only has 2000-3000 Greeks after genocides pogroms Greek Nuremberg laws prohibiting them from practicing over 70 trades and owning land.Greece has 100.000 Turks in Thrace and even2 MPs are represented in Greek Parliament What does that tell you?
https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide
https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_pogroms
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smrna
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_fire_of_Smyrna
Turks are the citizens of Turkey. They are still not Oghuz Turks
I dont hate turkey because they conquered constantinople, they were just expanding, I hate THE WESTmfor not helping us, as fellow christians and romans, and they did nothing, I will forever hate them
Yeah, right. And those Greeks are themselves hellenised Hittites. It's nothing new, it's called assimilation, it has happened a thousand times.
The Byzantine Empire was basically Greek based as the heart of the empire was populated by Greek speaking people. In regard to the notion of Greece as a united country under Philip of Macedonia, with the exception of the Macedonian's tribal Doric cousins, the Spartans, all of Greece was in fact united under the guise of the League of Corinth. When Philip was assassinated, Alexander the Great made a final entreaty to the Spartans to join in the 'HOLY WAR' for the Persian sacrileges committed against Greece in the 2nd Persian Empire Invasion of Greece when the Acropolis and the temple to Athena was burned to the ground. This then was the original premise of the 'Asian Expedition.' When approached, the Spartans responded that their forefathers instructed them "To be leaders and not followers" hence the premise for their refusal to join Alexander. Ultimately Sparta was defeated at the battle of Megalopolis by General Antipater, the Macedonian left in charge by Alexander with the title of the ' Greek Regent.' As for Alexander, after his 1st victory over the Persians at the battle of Granicus, he made it clear that this victory was a unified Greek victory. 300 suits of Persian armour were singled out for dedication at Athens to the city's goddess Athena, and the following inscription was ordered to be attached to them: "Alexander, son of Philip and the Greeks, except the Spartans, from the barbarians who live in Asia." With this simple wording Alexander must be given credit for one of the most brilliantly diplomatic slogans in antiquity; Alexander, he called himself, not King Alexander nor leader nor general, but merely the son of Philip, in impeccably humble style; from the Greeks he wrote, not the Macedonians, not the Agrianians nor the tribes of Europe who had won a battle in which Greeks had only figured prominently on the enemy side; from barbarians whose outrages he was avenging, but whose leaders he had none the less buried: from a victory, above all, of the Greeks 'except the Spartans," three words which summoned up all emotions from all of Greek history of the past two hundred years. On the one hand, no Spartans present, none of Greece's best trained soldiers, none of the Spartans who had turned back Xerxes long ago at Thermopylae, caring nothing for arrows which darkened the sun, because "Sparta did not consider it to be her father's practice to follow, but to lead"; but none of the Spartans whom the smaller cities of southern Greece still feared and detested, whose unpopularity had been shrewdly exploited by Philip, whose shadow had darkened the history of democracies not only of Athens but also throughout the Greek world, Spartans who had come to free the Greeks of Asia seventy years before and cynically signed them away to a Persian King; it was a message of clear meaning, and it tells much that it went to Athens, the city whose culture Alexander and his father Philip had respected, but whose misconduct they had fought and feared for two decades.
They are still with us, in Greece.
Their name are "Romioi".
Correct! We call ourselves Greeks (Γραικοί), Hellenes (Ελληνες) Romii (Ρωμιοί) etc
wrong , the south orthodox are called Arbanites , the west orthodox Arbresh the north orthodox Arbanas and the muslim so called Byzantines Arnaut , modern nationalities are inventions of 19th century
If course.same language same belief(orthodox)same traditions, same land.who can be the descendants except of us?we make the revolution at 1821 after 370years under ottoman control.we celebrate 25march as our independent day.1453-1821!
Also in the Western Roman Empire, apparently only rich families were able to send their kids to learn Greek.
the romans saw the greeks as teachers, this idea for romans conquering greace its just stupid if you look at real history you will realise that some greek states aked the romans to help them against the macedonians and the seleucids.
and by the way the romans where very opend to other cultures and ideas until the late empire, anybody born into the empire can be and administrator, a vicarius, a magister militum or emperor, and by the way greek was just one of the secondary langauges the romans used, latin greek and coptic in egypt
phenician and latin in carthage, in gaul there was latin and varions celitic gaulish dialects etc.
the romans fused cultures and ethnicity like no others yet from 220 AD everybody born free into the empire was ROMAN!!! maybe multiculturalim killed the empire like the western world today!!!! who knows
Nope it didn't kill them. Socialism killed Rome. They started with nearly zero taxes (0.01% - 0.03%) and complete freedom. It was a robust society, so rich that local comunities were building infrastructure themselves and governing on every level was a service and a honour not a way to earn money. It ended exactly when they started providing free grain for human-trash in Rome - multiplying them and inviting more and more what created budget deficit, demoralisation, rule of mob and this caused previously unheard increase in taxes and so corruption of state started and this method was used more and more to fix any problem - the more they devalued coin the more inflation of prices was crashing trade and normal discovery of prices (saving money was unpredictable and caused loss not capital accumulation). You can compare it exactly with USA and the moment when Greenspan came to FED and discovered printing dollar press later spreading this madness everywhere over the world. Rome became great because of win of Octavian August who provided freedoms unseen ever in human world (or at least we don't have any knowledge about it from earlier times). Maybe also a bit because of robust expansion. Besides socialism and destroying denar value (money devaluation ) the other big problem that caused Rome to fall was no other way fix economic degeneration by state by innovation which couldn't flourish because of unlimited supply of cheap slave labour and no incentive to improve any industry by mechanisation or other new inventions. BTW if Mark Antonius and Cleopatra would won most likely Rome would never become so great and wast. Egyptian ways were much more etatist and not free market at all. So multiculturalism didn't kill the Rome - it was economical stupidity, cultural corruption (modernisation by eroding old system rules f.e. giving mod right to corule or spoiling patriarchy, normal family balance of roles ) also using barbarians in place of decreasing own work power. All the same we can see today. History likes to repeat so often. Then being a Roman was a great identity - later because it was debased from original character, role and virtues became a caricature of itself.
"Apparently."
Very bad idea.
Here in India, we have great respect for Alexander!
Nanda Nemwang what do this have to do with Rome
Alexander wasn't roman war the emperor of Macedonia Empire and he even take a region of India of what I know.
Uncle Bruce lol a puppy nice
Same to the Indians from the Greeks.
الياس فرحات nothing
You forgot to mention the 4th Crusade which by many accounts was a key point in the destruction of the Byzantine Empire.
Westerners are usually put it under the carpet or accuse byzadines for that.
The westerners actually destroyed the Byzantine Empire long before Mehmet II.
The Norman attacks in Southern Italy and Epirus, naval-merchantile competition with Venice and Genoa and, finally, the Forth Crusade devastated Byzantium and after all these blows it could never recover.
The Westerners hurt the Byzantine Empire... but that is was the Ottomans that finally destroyed Byzantine with the taking and Turkifying of Constantinople. Did you even listen/watch the video? :/
That will teach them for massacring Catholics in Constantinople in 1182
Corruption of late Rome was so much in roman blood plus byzantian autocracy and beaurocracy that they just could only wait for being wiped out from face of earth by anybody.
Andronicus the terrible was responsible for the massacre of the latins, he was a usurper who seize power by murdering his nephew, he was so hated by his subjects that he was beaten to death in the streets by a angry mob.
The whole country took the blame for the deeds of an evil tyrant.
Not true the Nicaean Empire retook much of the land and killed the Sultan of Rum in battle. The situation was largely stable until they started having civil wars and an earthquake allowed the turks to settle in gallipoli
Love this topic! I have ancestry from Calabria which remained part of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire when Italy was taken by Lombards. Still some remote villages there that speak a greek dialect to this day
Christopher Grillo Do you speak Grico?Also we (Greeks from the mainland)love you and hope to reunite.Also you consider yourself as a Greek or as an Italian?
Τυπος Α Λαικη Πειραια I'm actually Italian-American so do not speak Griko. I don't really consider myself greek since it was many centuries ago that Calabria was under Greek influence. Although did an ancestry dna test and came up abt 25% greek so maybe i shud consider it one of my ethnicities?
Christopher Grillo If you feel Greek and you are ready to honer tha title yes you can consider your self 25% Greek.Thank for your reply.
there are 19 Greek villages still there today I have friends from Calabria that have been there
Christopher Grillo I guess greeks in Italia came there in ancient times. Mostly inhabited in south. Not ottoman era. And that Grico language is heritage of those ancient tribes colonised southern italy.
God, Greeks gave too much to the world from ancient years and who helped them in difficult times?
No one ever helped us officially, and if they did... they did it for their own twisted goals.
limnmark no one. Latin christians were against them
Never have a people given so much to a world that has offered nothing to it Niezche
No one...
Without Tsarist Russia , France and the UK then Greece wouldn't be a country today. Greeks would be a people from the history books. Of course there were many philhellenes from all over Europe who wanted to free Greeks and gave there life for it.
Byzantines called themselves "Romans" despite being Greek in culture.
Paul wrote his epistle to the Romans (i.e. Roman Church) in Greek, also. And Paul wrote to the plebs, not the Roman elites. So, either there were (a) numerous Greek slaves in the city who had converted to Christianity, or (b) the Roman hoi polloi in the 1st c were bilingual (spoke Greek and Latin fluently).
Greek meant CHRISTIAN...ffs.
i mean they were romans, when they fell they were the eastern half of the roman empire, the name byzantine wasn't applied to them until much later after their fall.
we are the last romans xD
rome was based on creek culture, modern european latin culture ( not south american latino) is based on greek culture.
Best wishes and a Happy New Year to my fellow Ortodoxian Greek brothers from a Mexican (Roman Catholic) guy!! My heart goes to the Christian Eastern Roman Empire!!
halfgeekpartyboy1968 greetings to the macho mexico from greece !
Nice, haha!, I wish it wasn't that macho, it causes some trouble!
halfgeekpartyboy1968 I think it's time for us to stop fighting and to reunite. I just hope that Vatican II will be discarded before unification
Happy new year 2019
Wall
Hello I'm Turkish. I think differently than many Turks. I don't think we should be very proud of conquering Byzantine / Istanbul. I think Byzantine was vastly advanced in comparison of Ottomans, on art, maths, geometry, and so on. It was the ages the quantities were winning the war and military power was depended on quantities.
I'm myself a Nationalistic Turkish, as rest of us, however I think for a modern-Turk, hating Greeks is ridiculous. Let's accept the truth we also learn many things from the Greeks.
you idiot! i don't have to hate greeks or other son of bitches which used to be Ottoman Vassal States! You are as a parrot keep repeating the same shits such as pkk, kurds, greek helping them etc. I don't fucking care if they help or not! In the times we conquered Istanbul, if were they way advanced in comparison us? YES. There were no kurds at a time, but greeks.
Don't fucking mix up the today's unsolved issues to the historical ones. you idiot!
ine nsi
My Mongolian Ancestors crushed yours OK 👌.
I'm Mongolian and Chinese mixed Woman.
both my ancestors fucked you.
Turkey is harsh on the Kurds.
you hurt Women and children.
so Fuck Turkey's Government.
the Common Person is innocent.
the Rulers are Corrupt
stephan m
the US government is trying to crush Islam a evil religion of trash
stephan m
Islam must be crushed by all means necessary.
Islam messed up other parts of Asia.
it can not be allowed to spread.
stephan m
Europe is also not a separate Continent it is connected to Asia.
Europe is West Asia 😂.
What a tragedy! Constantinople falling has been one of the saddest events of western history. I wish it had never happened.
"western history"
the byzantines were actually considered as easterners by the westerners, and outsiders.
thats why they had so many wars with them, also it was catholics that sacked Constantinople.
they were different in religion, culture etc. not the same people.
the west never truly recognized them as romans, thats why they are even called byzantines, instead the west got themselves the lovely "holy roman empire"
Alexandré Girev Zeblan do u know if they practised slavery fought an inocent country if no then dont judge if yes put a usb in youre brain and put the usb in my head and give me all youre knowledge
+jklahsd32 laksd13
Western History is not just the history of Western Europe. Scandinavia for example is north Europe. Are scandinavians not part of the western world? The Western world includes the history of all European peoples and their ex-colonies (USA, Australia). Easterner means someone who is east. So for the Spaniards, Italians are easterners. But today when you're talking about world culture, easterner means asian, brown, islamic. That's not the case with the Byzantines, nor did the western Europeans considered Byzantines to be the same as Arabs. The "west" didn't exist to recognize them as Romans. Once the western roman empire fell the only "romans" left (only in title of course) were the byzantines. When charlomagne was named roman emperor by the pope in 800AD that's the first time since the fall of the Roman empire that there was roman empire other than the byzantine. Of course charlomagne's empire was roman only in name and he called the Byzantine empire "Imperium Graecorum" as to not use the Roman name for a rival empire. It's just politics.
jklahsd32 laksd13 I know crusaders sacked Constantinople, asshole. I'm not f*cking blind, mate, I have read history books... i know what happened.
I just said the fall of Constantinople was sad because that was the beginning of the Balkan kingdoms decline and the Roman Empire's legacy in those lands.
Bosphorus channel is one of the major seats of power in Europe. I'm not an Orthodox Christian nor Slavic and of course, I'm not a idiotic fan of white supremacy, but in the bottom of my heart, I know I'd rather leave Constantinople in the hands of a Christian than in the hands of Muslim fanatics.
I have always wondered what would have happened if orthodox Christians and Coptic Christians had the chance to grow as Catholics did. What would have happened with the Austro Hungarian empire, the Greeks, the Russians, the Romanians?
How would have the world looked like right now?
But this is just alternate history nerd stuff. This is as naïve as wondering "what if Genghis Khan died", "what if the Black Death never occurred"... it's just fiction county and the way I feel about History. So stop nagging about it.
Alexandré Girev Zeblan so you know if constantinople enslaved people or killed inoccemt people if no then id say be queit
IM LOYAL TO THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE!
bring it back !!!!
Ok 😀
Good they Turk now
Come and get it
Yeah! Revive rome!
The Greeks of Constantinopole till 1955 where 400,000 . The 1955 incident that Turkey brought kicked the Greeks in the same way Nazi Germany haunted Jews . There are only 3,000 Greek Constantinopolitans remain .
Dean Sheppard it didn’t happen in ww2
@@deansheppard1104 this event was not during the WW2, but after in 1955. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom
I don't know about 1955, but in 1920 they were 30% of Constantinople population and I think officially around 200,000-250,000 and unofficially maybe more.
But, in 1955, they would probably be lower than that and would be gradually leaving, not more than in 1920. Even if the true number in the city was 300,000 or more in 1920, in 1955 it would be significantly lower with people leaving. Of course in 1950s and 1960s the decline became very fast since they were thrown out.
+1 for the reference to the Greek genocide by the Turks, my respect
For start: greek-genocide.net/. Don't tell me you don't believe about Armenian Genocide or Jews Holocaust either?
hrisk72 this yankee Son of a bitch Should be talking About the genocide of the native americans by europeans
Kako Mohammed and your point is? turks killed millions of greeks in a very short amount of time the reason they did this is hate
greeeks killes alot of turks tho this is load of bullshit
mourad 227, yes but Anatolian was Greek for nearly 2000 years before the Muslim Turks came and wiped them out. Greeks were defending the lands of there ancestors.
"FOUR THOUSAND YEARS OF GREEK HISTORY have produced four Greek heritages, each of which has had an effect on the life of the Greeks in later stages of their history. The Hellenic Greeks received a heritage from the Mycenean Greeks, the Byzantine Greeks received on from the Hellenic Greeks, the Modern Greeks have received one heritage from the Byzantines and a second from the Hellenes.”
The Greeks and their Heritage, A.J Toynbee, 1st Korais Professor of Greek Studies
May the grandeur of Byzantium stand pristine! Long live the noble Hellenes!
Respect from India.
Every inch of Hellenic soil is sacred.
Swarnadeep Sen
May India beat Pakistan if war ever happens.
from Mongolian and Chinese Mixed Woman
Respect from Greece to your nation and its culture. India NEVER invaded anyone's land
fuck u
Swarnadeep Sen mind you business streets pooper
and not india?
By the way. The first Turk to rule over what is called Byzantium today had Greek royal blood. Something to think about for everyone who thinks this topic is easy to explain.
In fact many sultans had Greek mothers. The empire was mixed but the majority was Greek as far as none Turkish sultans.
Tomas Razelo many Ottoman dynasty members had concubines from all over Eastern Europe ,so to say most had Greek moms is not correct.Same goes for the ppl of Turkey now.they are mixture of many local folk[ Greek,Armenian,Persian,Arab,Circassian,Kurds,etc.)and central Asian Turkish tribes.
The Romans are truly amazing. Before the final light was finally snuffed out, they paved the way for a new era. The age of discovery. And kick start the Renaissance with Greek refugees bringing well reserved scrolls and studies from the classical era.
You could say that the fall of Constantinople was the day the light of Rome disappeared forever, but not before giving that one last spark to guide the rest of Europe from the Medieval times and into the Rennaissance. Quite a way to go.
Lich King it’s really inspiring and one of my favourite parts of history, just such a beautiful topic I can’t put it into words
The Greeks not Romans
? have u ever studied the renaissance?
Where Romans greek?
They left us some nice architecture! 😊I must go back to Greece!
Chef Rafi's Awesome World They also left the biggest church in the world but then you made it a mosqe (I am prety sure I spelled that wrong), just like the thing you did with Jerusalem.
Mr. Dr. Genius it's a museum
Spaniards turned beautiful Andalusian mosques into churches
Muslims tore up most of the Eastern Roman artwork such a shame. The Ottomans stored munitions in the acropolis and it detonated.
XYU You are right. Tipical turkic tactic:
1. military invasion
2. enslavement of the entire local population
3. forced assimilation
4. steal their technology, history
That's why finns are "turkic", hungarians are "turkic", romans are "turkic", iranic scythians are "turkic", ancient anatolians are "turkic"
so pathetic...
Rest in peace Constantine XI Palaiologos.
Greetings to our brothers & sisters in middle east who are constantly being tested.
you joined the war that was already won to take your peace of cake where were you in 2015 when isis occupied most of syria? i tell you where you were, busy shooting russian jets and selling isis weapons to fight kurds
Greetings to you too Άνακτα.
as an antiochian arab i feel roman and these lands need to rise again Deus Vult !
? I though we were ur brothers.
@@cedrikullrich4298 Turkey is shit. An Islamic shit
Thank you. As Serbian Orthodox I can say that stories of Romans and Latins ( for our ancestors they were different) are still alive. More and more people are interested in this topic. I was really surprised when I found out that people from USA & Canada new nothing about Eastern Rome and Christianity( known to you as Orthodoxy).
The saddest thing was that only Greeks and some Genovese defended heroicly Constantinoupolis against the massive Ottoman army. Help never came from the West
elena sotnikova
1- Byzantium was already dead by the time Constantinople got besieged. It was literally a small pocket in the middle of the Turkish realm!
2- Persians (Not as an ethnicity, but as an exonym for all Iranian peoples including Azeris, Kurds etc) also fought with the Ottomans at the same time, without ANY foreign help and even without having any cannons/firearms, but kicked the Ottomans out! Greeks shouldn't have relied on the always treacherous west!
Well the first crusade did help them get back some of their lost lands in Western Anatolia. Still not enough to compensate for the fourth crusade tho.
So... Thats means Europe hate Greece too. :D
And venecians
The Genovese were from the West. Generally help probably didn't come because the pope asked for the Orthodox to go to the pope and not the patriarch. Everything around the city was already conquered. Generally, also, the west didn't realize how important the event would be. They were perhaps a little happy that Constantinople would fall because that would end the who is number one Rome or conctantinople and who is the leader of christians thing. But later they were shocked after it happened.
The term 'Byzantine' makes my history-loving skin crawl. They never called themselves that, that term, before the 1500s, was literally restricted to refer to the people who lived in Byzantium before it was renamed to Constantinople. They were Romans, they called themselves Romans, and they held many Roman traditions. They even reconquered Rome and held it until around 760. /rant
*Still a great video, Mason! And I'm glad you acknowledged this issue in the opening, this is just a side tangent.
OB Kid100 No we can not handle an extra vowel
LagiNaLangAko23, but they, nor anybody else at the time, never considered themselves (the Romans in the East) "Byzantines" , for them they were simply Romans (Romanoi), and the Empire was simply "the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia tôn Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum).
"Byzantine Empire" is an anachronism. Although I can understand why people use the term (to easily differentiate from the classical Roman Empire), using it underrates the total accomplishments of the Roman Empire, which lasted almost 1500 years.
krz0ne1 Thank you, this is what I always tell people on the matter!
And if Mason reads this, this is still a good video! But this one issue bothers me a lot lol
Exactly, Byzantine is just a modern term that historians use to clarify between the two groups. They were very much Romans, they were the direct continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, which ceased to be Eastern once the West fell. The Roman Empire didn't fall in 476 AD only the Western Roman Empire did, it truly fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks. You could also consider the Fourth Crusade of 1204 with the sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire the end, at least temporarily though as the Romans survived as the Nicaean Empire and did take back Constantinople reestablishing their Empire in 1259.
have you watched the video at all?
The fall of the Byzantine empire was one of the greatest geopolitical disasters in history.
It was the greatest thing to happend
It was not a good thing to be sure. If not for the winged hazars at Vienna and Charles the hammer Martel in France we’d all be bowing to Mecca and we would not know whether the women we marry were beautiful or built like Roseanne Barr until the wedding night. That would suck all the women wearing what equates to a pup tent with their faces covered. Oh, and forget about enjoying a cold beer with your buddies while watching the big game. Islam doesn’t allow that.
nole 89 do I care?
@@zakthebigmac1431 based germanic
@@nole8923 idiot, in Islam you need the what the woman looks like before marraige, anyways you wont do anything with your 1.6 birth rate and culture that hates marriage and family
What happened..... Exhausted by constant wars.
_Persians, Arabs, Slavs, Bulgarians, Latins, Crusaders, Hungarians, Seljuks and few civil wars._
5th century
421-422: War with Sassanid Persia
6th century
502-506 Anastasian War with Sassanid Persia.
526-532: Iberian War with Sassanid Persia.
533-534: Vandalic War in Northern Africa.
534-548: Moorish Wars in Africa.
535-554: Gothic War in Dalmatia and Italy.
541-562: Lazic War with Sassanid Persia.
552-555: Byzantine intervention in the Visigoth civil war in Spain, formation of Spania province.
560s-578: War with the Romano-Moorish kingdom of Garmul.
572-591: War with Persia over the Caucasus.
582-602: War against the Avars and Slavs in the Balkans.
7th century
602-628: Final Byzantine-Persian war.
626: Avar siege of Constantinople.
633-642: Beginning of the Muslim conquests. Fall of Syria (634-638) and Egypt (639-642).
645-656: Renewed war with the Caliphate, loss of Cyprus and most of Armenia. The Muslim onslaught towards Constantinople was halted following the outbreak of the First Fitna.
647-709: Umayyad conquest of North Africa.
668-678: Renewed attacks on the Byzantine Empire by Muawiyah, leading to the First Arab Siege of Constantinople. Following its failure, a truce was agreed, providing for payment of tribute, men and horses to the Empire.
680-681: Constantine IV's campaign against the Bulgar khan Asparukh ends in defeat, forcing the Empire to recognize the establishment of Bulgaria in Moesia.
686-688: Successful Byzantine offensive established Byzantine control over Armenia and Caucasian Iberia, followed by favourable peace agreement with the Umayyad Caliphate, in return for the withdrawal of the Mardaites into the Empire.
688-689: Balkan campaign of Justinian II secured the coast between Thrace and Macedonia. Many Slavs were captured and resettled in imperial territory. Over 30,000 were incorporated into the Byzantine army.
688/689: Byzantine offensive into Syria and Lebanon leads to a new truce, and the withdrawal of more Mardaites.
692-718: Almost constant war with the Arabs in various fronts. The defeat at the Battle of Sebastopolis and internal instability led to the gradual loss of Armenia and Cilicia, and despite some successes by Heraclius the Byzantines generally maintained a defensive stance against the annual Arab raids into Anatolia. Carthage fell in 697. Recovered soon after, it was again lost in 698, marking the end of Byzantine North Africa. From 712 on, the Arab raids penetrated ever deeper into Anatolia, with the final objective of mounting an assault on Constantinople. The repulsion of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717-718) was a major Byzantine success, and halted Arab attacks against the Empire for a few years.
8th century
708: War with Bulgaria ends in defeat at Anchialus.
720-740 : Annual Arab raiding expeditions (ṣawā'if) against Byzantine Anatolia resume. Stiffening Byzantine resistance leads to the victory at Akroinon at 740.
741-752: Campaigns of Constantine V against the Arabs, who were embroiled in civil war, leading to the recovery of all of Armenia and Cyprus.
755-767: War with the Bulgars. Constantine V defeats the Bulgar khan Telets, leading to the conclusion of a favourable peace treaty in 767.
772-775: War with the Bulgars under Telerig, launched as a pre-emptive strike by Constantine V.
775-783: War with the Abbasids. After the death of Constantine V in 775, Arab raids resumed. After a heavy defeat at Germanicopolis in 779/780, the Abbasids launched a series of major invasions under Harun al-Rashid, which led to the conclusion of a truce in 783.
780-783: Raids by the Bulgars under Kardam, leading to an agreement of non-aggression in exchange for annual payments.
783: Expedition of Staurakios against the Sclaviniae of Greece.
791-792 and 796: Campaigns against the Bulgarians under Constantine VI end in defeat at the Battle of Marcellae.
797-798: Large-scale invasion by Harun al-Rashid leads to the resumption of annual payments to the Caliphate in return for peace.
9th century
803-809: War with the Abbasids, resulting from Nikephoros I's cessation of annual tribute payments. The Arabs under Harun al-Rashid achieved significant early successes, but the outbreak of a revolt in Khorasan facilitated a Byzantine counter-offensive in 807-809. A truce in 809 restored the territorial status quo.
808-816: Wars with the Bulgars, beginning with the Bulgarian capture of Sofia. A large-scale retaliatory campaign ended in the disastrous battle of Pliska (811), following which Krum of Bulgaria raided Eastern Thrace and secured a major victory at Versinikia. Following his death in 814, Leo V the Armenian defeated the Bulgars at Mesembria and secured a 30-year peace.
827-902: Muslim conquest of Sicily.
830-841: War with the Abbasids, with large-scale invasions launched by caliphs al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim. Despite a crushing defeat at the Battle of Dazimon and the sack of Amorium in 838, Emperor Theophilos was able to conclude a truce in 841 without territorial losses, although raids by the Muslim border emirates continued.
830s: Rus' raid in Paphlagonia.
ca. 844-878: Wars with the Paulicians of Tephrike end with the destruction of the Paulician state and its incorporation into the Empire.
851-863: War with the Abbasids and their clients. Successful Byzantine raids in Syria, Mesopotamia and Egypt are checked by a series of Muslim invasions of Anatolia in 860. Another invasion in 863 sees the complete annihilation of the Muslim army at the Battle of Lalakaon.
860: Rus' raid against Constantinople.
852, 855-856: Short wars with Bulgaria, ending in the recovery of several cities in northern Thrace.
871-885: Campaigns led by Basil I in person against northern Mesopotamia (871-873) are followed by a series of expeditions against the Muslims in Sicily and Southern Italy. The final loss of Sicily could not be averted, but the Arabs are driven from Southern Italy and Dalmatia, laying the foundations of the Catepanate of Italy.
894-896/897: War with Bulgaria under Tsar Simeon erupts over trade rights. It ends with a Bulgarian victory after the Battle of Bulgarophygon. The Byzantines agree to pay tribute and restore the market for Bulgarian goods to Constantinople.
10th century
907: Rus' raid against Constantinople.
913-927: War with Bulgaria under Tsar Simeon.
926-944: Byzantine offensive in the East under John Kourkouas, fall of Melitene and Theodosiopolis.
941: Rus' raid against Constantinople.
948-962: Constant large-scale raids and counter-raids along the Byzantine-Arab border, chiefly against the Handmaid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Daula.
961-962: Huge amphibious expedition against the Emirate of Crete under Nikephoros Phokas, resulting in the recapture of the island.
964-965: Byzantine conquest of Cilicia
964-975: Sustained Byzantine offensive in the East, under Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes, leads to the conquest of Cilicia, Cyprus, much of western Armenia and northern Syria. Aleppo becomes an imperial vassal.
970-971: War against the Kievan Rus' in Bulgaria.
976-1018: War against Bulgaria led by the Cometopuli dynasty.
986: Battle of the Gates of Trajan major defeat of Basil II at the hands of Samuel of Bulgaria
992-999: War with the Fatimids over Aleppo. Initial Fatimid victories over Michael Bourtzes lead to the direct intervention of Basil II, who clears northern Syria of the Fatimids and secures a ten-year truce
11th century
1014: Battle of Kleidion decisive victory over the Bulgarians under Samuel.
1018: End of the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria.
1027: Pecheneg raid in the Balkans is defeated by Constantine Diogenes.
1030-1032: War against the Muslims in Syria. Emperor Romanos III is defeated, but George Maniakes captured Edessa.
1032-1036: Operations against renewed Muslim piratical raids. The Byzantine fleet, including a large Varangian contingent, is victorious.
1038-1043: Campaigns of George Maniakes in Sicily and Southern Italy, until his own revolt against Constantine IX.
1040-1041: Uprising of Peter Delyan in Bulgaria failed.
1043: Rus' attack against Constantinople.
1048: First confrontation between Byzantines and the Seljuk Turks results in an indecisive battle at Kapetron.
1049-1053: Pecheneg Revolt in Thrace.
1071: Siege of Bari The Normans conquered Bari and put an end to the Catepanate of Italy.
1071: Battle of Mantzikert The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and began the invasion of Anatolia.
1078: Suleyman creates the Sultanate of Rum after conquering Nicaea.
1081-1085: War against the first Norman invasion of the Balkans. Early Byzantine defeat at Dyrrhachium (1081), but the successful defence of Thessaly and naval victories with Venetian aid led to the eventual abandonment of the invasion after the death of Robert Guiscard.
1081-1095: Seljuk campaigns in the Aegean: Tzachas of Smyrna launches fleets in the Aegean and seizes a number of islands, but is eventually defeated by the Byzantines.
1086-1091: Uprising of the Bogomils in the Balkans, aided by the Cumans and Pechenegs. Early Byzantine defeat at Dristra (1086), but the Pechenegs were decisively defeated at the Battle of Levounion in 1091.
1096-1097: The First Crusade passed through Byzantium on its way to the Holy Land. Recovery of Nicaea with the Crusaders' aid, and subsequent reconquest of much of western Asia Minor by John Doukas.
1091-1108: Renewed war with the Normans under Bohemond I of Antioch, both in Cilicia against the Principality of Antioch and in Epirus. The war ended with Bohemond recognizing Byzantine suzerainty over Antioch.
12th century
1110-1117: Renewed war with the Seljuk Turks. Initial Turkish advances are reversed in a treaty concluded after the Byzantine victory at the Battle of Philomelion.
1122-1126: War with Venice over the non-renewal of trading privileges by John II Komnenos. The Venetian fleet ravaged the coasts of Greece, forcing the emperor to back down.
1127-1129: War with Hungary.
1134-1138: Conquest of Armenian Cilicia and vassalization of the Principality of Antioch.
1147-1148: Roger II of Sicily attacks and occupies Euboea, Thebes and Corinth
1149-1152: Serbian rebellion is subdued by Manuel I Komnenos. Manuel also defeats a Hungarian army that came to aid the Serbs.
1155-1156: War with Hungary ends in Byzantine victory.
1155-1158: Italian expedition of Manuel I Komnenos. Despite initial success, the expedition fails.
1158-1161: Expeditions against the Seljuks
1163-1168: War with Hungary. It ends in a Byzantine victory with the Battle of Sirmium, after which the Empire regains most of the Western Balkans.
1169: Joint Byzantine-Crusader raid on Damietta fails.
1171-1177: War with Venice. Initial Venetian moves in the Aegean checked by the Byzantine fleet. Truce concluded in 1177, peace treaty in 1183.
1176-1180: War with the Seljuks. Initial campaign against ends in the defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon, resulting in the gradual loss of territory in Anatolia.
1185: Norman invasion of the Balkans. The Normans take Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica before being defeated.
1185: Uprising of Asen and Peter. Reestablishment of the Bulgarian Empire.
13th century
1203-1204: Fourth Crusade, culminating in the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders.
1204-1214: Wars between the Empire of Nicaea and the Latin Empire. Ended by the Treaty of Nymphaeum.
1215-1227: Expansion of Epirus under Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Epirote forces conquer the Kingdom of Thessalonica and much of Thrace from the Empire of Nicaea. Theodore of Epirus is crowned emperor at Thessalonica.
1230: Theodore of Epirus invades Bulgaria but is defeated and captured at the Battle of Klokotnitsa.
1235: Joint Nicaean-Bulgarian siege of Constantinople fails
1254-1256: Bulgaria attacks Nicaea after the death of John III Vatatzes, in an attempt to recover lost territory. Emperor Theodore II Laskaris campaigns against the Bulgarians and drives them back.
1257-1259: War between Nicaea and Epirus. After the Battle of Pelagonia (1259), most of Epirus and Thessaly fall to the Nicaeans, but the conquest proves temporary.
1260: Unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by the Empire of Nicaea.
1263-1266: Campaign in the Morea against the Principality of Achaea. Initial successes undone by defeats in the battles of Prinitza and Makryplagi.
ca. 1272-1280: Campaigns of Licario recover Euboea and many Aegean islands for the Empire.
sometime in 1273-1275: Large-scale campaign against John I Doukas of Thessaly. The Byzantine army is defeated at Neopatras, but the navy scores a major victory at Demetrias.
1274-1275: Byzantine offensive against Angevin holdings in Albania drive the Angevin forces out of most of the country, although repeated assaults on their last two strongholds of Dyrrhachium and Valona fail.
1279: Unsuccessful campaigns against Bulgaria, defeat at Devina.
1280-1281: Angevin offensive in Albania is repulsed at Berat, and most of Albania is retaken.
1294-1302: Byzantine-Venetian War, fought mostly in the Aegean and Marmara seas.
14th century
1302-1305: War with the Ottoman Turks. After a defeat in the Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantines hire the Catalan Company. After a series of victories against the Turks, the Catalans turn against Byzantium following the murder of their leader.
1304-1305: The Bulgarians attack Byzantium, and manage to recover the port cities on the Black Sea coast.
1321-1328: Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328.
1326-1338: Gradual capture of the remaining Byzantine cities in northwestern Anatolia by the Ottomans. Defeats of the Byzantines in battles at Pelekanon and Philokrene.
1332: Battle of Rusokastro, the last major battle of the Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars ends with a Bulgarian victory.
1333-1340: Andronikos III Palaiologos recovers Epirus and Thessaly.
1334: Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos.
1343-1348: Taking advantage of the ongoing Byzantine civil war, Serbian ruler Stefan Dushan conquers Albania, Macedonia and Epirus.
1348-1349: Byzantine-Genoese War, fought over control of custom duties and tariffs on the Bosporus.
1352-1357: Byzantine civil war of 1352-1357.
1373-1379: Byzantine civil war of 1373-1379.
15th century
1422: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople.
1453: Final Ottoman siege and fall of Constantinople to Mehmed II.
1460: Mehmed II's conquest of the Despotate of the Morea.
1461: Mehmed II's conquest of the Empire of Trebizond, the last Byzantine Greek successor state.
And they say Muslims are violent
Most of the wars after the 600’s are defensive, constant attack drains the imperial treasury and the lack of further defenses and extended borders weakened the empire until it was too late
everything has an end
Chuck in a few plagues
"All through the Middle Ages the Byzantines considered themselves the guardians and heirs of the Hellenic tradition."
Runciman 1970, p. 14
I'm Greek and the byzantine empire is largely considered Greek (from what I learned in school) because of the influence it had on the culture and language
They only spoke greek
@@leonardodavid2842 shut up
byzantine what is the last emperor
(bulgarian,arab,turk,serb,persian)
The Roman Empire in the east (Byzantine) was the rest of the Roman empire that between Latin and Greek culture held the empire to the end.
theodorus pantelidis English , or Angeloi / Angelos
You didn't mention the 4th crusade (1202-1204) as an important reason for the demise of Byzantium. Mehmed II only picked the half-rotten fruit. Venice played a malevolent role in this tragedy.
Its possible to understand the Greco-Roman "Byzantium" by looking at the Anglo-American USA. The USA is united by a common English language and American culture that other types of people assimilate into. Same with Byzantium....Greek language and Orthodox Christianity provided the baseline for different ethnic groups to assimilate into. They were all "Romans", just as people today are "Americans". If you spoke Greek, were Orthodox Christian, lived under the Roman Emperor ruling from Constantinople, you were Roman.
That was the logic by which the Roman emprie itself worked.
It's sort of like how all the Western Hemisphere is called the Americas, and there's North America, Central America, and South America, and yet the United States of America alone is called "America" (in English at least) and its people are called "Americans".
That’s an interesting viewpoint, not entirely the same system, but very similar
"The "Byzantines" referred to themselves as Rhomaioi to retain both their Roman citizenship and their ancient Hellenic heritage. In fact, the overwhelming majority of the "Byzantines" themselves were also very conscious of their uninterrupted continuity with the ancient Greeks. Even though the ancient Greeks were not Christians, the "Byzantines" still regarded them as their ancestors. A common substitute for the term Hellene, other than Rhomaios, was the term Graikos (Γραικός), a term that was used often by the "Byzantines" (along with Rhomaios) for ethnic self-identification. Evidence of the use of the term Graikos can be found in the works of Priscus, a historian of the 5th century AD. He stated in one of his accounts that on an unofficial embassy to Attila the Hun, he had met at Attila's court someone who dressed like a Scythian but spoke Greek. When Priskos asked the person where he had learned the language, the man smiled and said that he was a Graekos by birth. Many other "Byzantine" authors speak of the Empire's natives as Greeks [Graikoi] or Hellenes such as Constantine Porphyrogennitos of the 10th century. His accounts discuss about the revolt of a Slavic tribe in the district of Patras in the Peloponnese. Constantine states that the Slavs who revolted first proceeded to sack the dwellings of their neighbors, the Greeks (ton Graikon) and then moved against the inhabitants of the city of Patras. Overall, ancient Hellenic continuity was evident throughout the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The "Byzantines" were not merely a general Orthodox Christian populace that referred to themselves as merely "Romans". They used the term for legal and administrative purposes, but other terms were used to distinguish themselves ethnically. In short, the Greek inhabitants of the Eastern Roman Empire were very conscious of their ancient Hellenic heritage and could preserve their identity while they adapted to the changes that the world was undergoing.[85] "
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks
"The secular use of Hellene revived in the 9th century, after paganism had been eclipsed and was no longer a threat to Christianity's dominance. The revival followed the same track as its disappearance. The name had originally declined from a national term in antiquity, to a cultural term in the Hellenistic years, to a religious term in the early Christian years. With the demise of paganism and the revival of learning in the Byzantine Empire it had regained its cultural meaning, and finally, by the 11th century it had returned to its ancient national form of an "ethnic Greek", synonymous at the time to "Roman"."
"Accounts from the 11th century onward (from Anna Komnena, Michael Psellos, John III Vatatzes, George Pletho Gemistos and several others) prove that the revival of the term Hellene (as a potential replacement for ethnic terms like Graekos and Romios) did occur. For example, Anna Komnena writes of her contemporaries as Hellenes, but does not use the word as a synonym for a pagan worshiper. Moreover, Anna boasts about her Hellenic classical education, and she speaks as a native Greek and not as an outsider/foreigner who learned Greek."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks
Some of the "byzantines" actually ended up in Calabria, southern Italy. Greek light cavalry fighting against the ottomans, was given land in Calabria as a payment/recognition for their services. This was also the fact with albanians under Skanderbeg (Very different people from today's albanians...). Still today there are villages speaking old greek and albanian, keeping their customs, in Calabria.
nice to read a comment that sounds like coming from someone with real historic knowledge, in the middle of so many other comments coming clearly from ignorant idiots...
skanderbeg is basically a mistake in Ottoman Empire anyway
His hero name came from the Turkish pronunciation of Alexander Great (Iksander Beg) and he renounced Islam and basically helped establish Albania
@@Synthillator You see, Calabria, Apulia and Sicily was part of (east) Roman empire, people there spoke greek from the ancient times and was Orthodox (even until 17th century and more)
Guy Calabrese how do you mean ‘very different from modern Albanians’
Error: Egyptian Greeks did not thoroughly "assimilate" into Arab culture. They remained a distinct and prosperous mercantile minority based in Alexandria until ... the 1950's, when Nasser's nationalist uprising targeted them and forced them out, through force and violence.
@jhon carry during the Egyptian nationalism period many minorities were forced to leave the country, and many others were scared about what would happen (since nationalism has shown how rough could be on minorities) and left on their own. Don't confuse the periods, @Secular reflecter is not talking about today.
They weren't violently targeted I'm Egyptian stop waffling m8
And yes many Greeks have already assimilated into Egypt and other areas so you wouldn't even know
@@Heo_Ashrafenko Ha! So the expulsions were purely accidental? Just like present-day burnings of Copt churches...
@@nikhtose present day what? 😂😂😂😂 bro please stop waffling we just built the largest church in Africa and the middle east, stop lying seriously you're genuinely embarrassing yourself
I think it's so cool that an empire could last that long, and the way they went out just gives me more respect for them.
I’m totally impessed! Your work and education is awesome
Thank you for understanding that Macedonia is Greek!
Христо Луков, those balkan coalitions never stop to amaze me. Greek guy with bulgarian ~ ortodox brothers :)
What are you on? I want puff of it
Your Friendly Neighborhood Communist yes
Breenud39 TV what yuo talking about blyat!? Makedonija is slav like glorious Russia
Breenud39 TV
Macedonia is not Greek, lol.
The Germanic people are more at fault for the destruction of both parts of the Roman Empire especially since they were allied both times and both times stabbed the Roman Empire in the back, the Muslims just finished them off. The Goths - Visigoths, Ostrogoths and their descendents, Venetians, Franks etc. are more to blame.
You forgot to mention Serbs who ruled over Byzantine empire from 5th till 13th century and Serbs were Goths back then not slavs
Byzantia is now our brothers greeks..greetings from serbia
from Stephan Nemanjia untill today we are still here brother hvala !
Long live Serbia from your Balkan friend Greece
Free Constantinople - 565 years is long enough!
combatjumpmaster89
Turkey sucks t
combatjumpmaster89 🤣🤣🤣 little too late now
And than what? Who do you give it to? What do you do with the 10million people that live there? How do you even defeat the Turks and muslim allies that would come help?
200 years is long enough give the athens!
Hahahahaha
Thank you, many years. Loved the video, but the daughters of Byzantium were left out, them being Greece and Cyprus. Since the Eastern Roman influence on modern Greek culture is so profound.
Το Βυζάντιο ήταν Ελλάδα. Η Κύπρος είναι κομμάτι του ελληνικού έθνους, αλλά είναι ανεξάρτητο κράτος επειδή οι Εγγλέζοι δεν ήθελαν να γίνει Ένωσις.
Do genetic history of Egypt as it would be a very interesting video, due to being influenced by so many different cultures and empires.
Matty Enright yessss please, I’m a copt and would love to knoe
Well any Greek today would still be loyal to the Byzantine empire xd
(easter) Roman * empire
@@mevlanisufi2100 Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are the same
@@mevlanisufi2100 It was also called Romania. (Ρωμανία vs Ρουμανία that we use for Romania in Greek) Romania was Wallachia I think.
and any Turk would be against it today. Let's take a look at the numbers between the both countries, shall we? 81 million (minus 6 million of HDP supporters), 75 million against a barely 11 million. Keep the rhetoric of "Non of you are actual Turks", because the folk here aren't buying it. The military upper hand is ours. Even if it weren't, the people here would fight the Greeks to death as they did a century ago. We'd find a new Ataturk to drive such intruders back eventually.
@@Azoth86730 And who says that all Turks would be against this? What you're forgetting is that a large number of people in Turkey aren't Turks. A lot of them are Greeks, Kurds and Armenians.
Byzantines were Greeks. It doesn’t matter what kind of empire it was, Byzantines were directly related to the ancient Greeks and they had Greek Orthodox religion, they spoke Greek and they had Greek education. Also the today’s Greeks are related to the Byzantines.
Byzantines were Catholics because Orthodox did not exist until the end of their empire.I am Byzantine Catholic and ALL of the bishops of Constantinople were Catholic and in full union with the papacy.There are 22 Eastern Catholic Churches(Rites) in the world with various languages and liturgical traditions,but still in union with Rome.
I was hoping you'd touch on the many Greeks who still identified as Romans until a while after Greece got it's independence but this was a good video regardless. Maybe you have talked about it before and I just haven't seen it but if not maybe you could make a video about it?
the true of huns in Europe is=0 R1 genetic sow as that all S-E and hungary same genetic ,the Flavius Aetius distroy them and the gots -germans deleted on Lechfeld the 2% remains huns
45 % vlahs 33% slavs 18% germans and 2% huns in panonia..Aquicum'' daco roman land was under Mongols and 40% of population was killed
If hungarian language is 20% slavic ,10% turcik ,10% romance, 10 % ugric ,10% unknow 10%german 10% ......,greek .......what huns ?? they day 1500 years ago.
NOI daky vlaky I have no idea what you are talking about.
Roman in the form Ρωμιος or Ρωμανος means Greek now and in the past centuries perhaps for many centuries now because it is different from Ρωμαίος. In the last centuries of Byzantium Roman and Greek meant the same thing because after around 1100 and especially 1200 the only romans left were Greeks.
Merry Christmas to all chritians orthodox and Catholic God bless you 😘
Leo ооо no more religius wars between Christians
Polish free market soldier slava brat Слава славяном
Leo ооо Sława bracie :)
Leo ооо
Protestant.. .
jalen Pee nice. Some of slavs are protestant. I am Catcholic and I am Slav :D
I've become a big fan of Byzantine and eastern Orthodox music through RUclips. I recognize the hymn at the beginning as the well-known Orthodox hymn "Agni Parthene."
Didn't expect to hear Ἁγνὴ Παρθένε / Agni Parthene. One of my favorite hymns
Make Istanbul Constantinople Again!
Make Istanbul Greece Again
Nathalie Golding
hey White Girl send some White Boys to Asia.
oh make sure their Blue eyed too
Nice dream..
Are you dreaming?
Sadly that will never back again
Keep dreaming
Congrats Masaman for your well documented historical video!
Eastern Roman Empire was a very vivid state with huge cultural and scientific development that has gone unfortunately, greatly unnoticed. It succumbed finally due to its inability to modernize and its death -to great extend- was accelerated by the Crusaders invasion of 1204.
Loved the video - but maybe you could extend this topic into making another video about Greece and Cyprus? Especially cyprus - there are many interesting points you raised in this video that could be used in talking about the byzantine/ottoman legacy in Cyprus.
Make Constantinople Greek again!
you are right. lets just make a peaceful alliance. nobody has to die
midnight blue lol True
Make Constantinople Bizantium again ;)
I just call it "The city of the 4 names"
because it actually has 4 names:
Byzantion, Constantinople, Miklagard and Isatmbul.
How about "Dörnompolis"?
-Dör, form the turkish word "dört" meaning "4"
-nom, form the latin word "nomina" meaning "names" and
-polis, form the greek word meaning "city"
!!!!Majulah Dörnompolia¡¡¡¡
Turks are only for 51 pro cent musalman. The rest is atheist. Atatürk changed the Aya Sophia in a museum.
10:57 Thank you Mason. You are the only RUclipsr I am subscribed to who said it.
I am Catholic, but I pray that Byzantium would be back again...
I'm Catholic and go to a Byzantine catholic Church
"The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims of universality; instead it was now termed the 'EMPIRE OF THE GREEKS'."
Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640-720. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, p. 345
By the time of the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire had effectively been on life support for about 200 years. The Imperial ambitions were shattered in 1071 in the battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk turks, which cost them the majority of Anatolia. In 1204 the Empire was dealt a terminal blow, when the Venetians redirected the Fouth Crusade from Jerusalem to Constantinople, sacking the city and temporarily dividing the Empire into four states: Epirus, Nikaea, the Latin Empire, and Trebizond, the latter of which outlived Byzantium itself for a few decades before ultimately falling to the Ottomans in 1461.
Constantinople was retaken from the catholic Latins by the Empire of Nikaea in 1261 and the Byzantine Empire was reestablished. But the damage was already done. Their influence in the Balkans was eroded by a resurgent Bulgarian and later Serbian Empire, and in Anatolia a young Ottoman Sultanate absorbed everything around it. By 1453, Constantinople was a ghost town, home to only 50,000 people, a far cry from the half a million residents at the Empire's height under Justinian.
False, that's a misconception. The Battle of Manzikert never resulted in the loss of Asia Minor. Only Armenia and a few border cities were lost after Roman IV's treaty with Alp Arslan. After the former's murder in 1072 by the rival Ducas family, a Roman civil war erupted in Asia Minor and the Seljuks invaded at the same time, due to this violation. The latter didn't hold most of AM until 1081.
That is a very great video, I'm a Hellenic Lebanese, and proud, we the Hellens of all the Levant have lost our language but never our heritage nor identity. And now more than ever we are determined to restore it.
It is interesting that while western roman empire went down with a wimp, the eastern, Greco-roman went down sword in hand. Churchill had said that nations that fall fighting are destined to rise again, and you can see that with modern Greece. As for the fall, astute students of history will note that the blame goes to Latin Christians and especially the Venetians, and what has correctly been called, the biggest act of perfidy in whole history, the sacking of Constantinople in the 4th crusade. Byzantium would have never fallen to the turks had it not been for its children the Venetians who stabbed it in the back.
Btw, Venice was not a child of Byzantiutm.
It was also big mistakes by the empire. Venice became powerful because the empire was giving ports and trade routes to Venice and Genoa. And why? Because the empire was weakening. From its own management.
@@innosanto They did have to get their goods to the franks somehow (and the franks wouldn't buy it directly from hem).
Lysander S Dude (this comment is old i know) but its like 1000 years apart how the fuck you think this will effect fall pf byzantium like when it happened Turks where not even in Europe.
"As heirs to the Greeks and Romans of old, the Byzantines thought of themselves as Rhomaioi, or Romans, though THEY KNEW FULL WELL THAT THEY WERE ETHNICALLY GREEKS."
see also: Savvides & Hendricks 2001). Niehoff 2012, Margalit Finkelberg, "Canonising and Decanonising Homer: Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernity", p. 20 or Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum 2003, p. 482
Good job, accurate research Masaman, keep up the good work ... a friend from Athens...
"The Byzantine empire was CLEARLY, despite its multinational dimension, A GREEK EMPIRE while its neighbours considered it so, and whose unity was based on the power of authority, in the dominance of Orthodoxy and the use of Greek as the official language."
Sylvain Gouguenheim, "La gloire des Grecs", 2017, pp. 73
I like the way you talk about history, Thanks for the info!
Interesting video, but it's strange you never mentioned the Crusades here and their repeated sacking of Constantinople. They had a huge role to play in its downfall.
The Ottomans were just Islamized Greeks. Change my mind
Chris Cardona i agree. . I always thought the ottomans resembled europeans and not arabs
Bullshit , the byzantines were the only ones protecting christianity in eastern europe from islam , go and spread your catholic bullshit elsewhere
we say η Ρωμανία και αν πέρασεν ανθεί και φέρει και άλλο (and if Romania was past it bloom like a flower and one time
resurrected) isnt correct 100% at english the romania was in mind to Greeks in Greek revolutions the fighters say we are romioi and want the romeiko restoretion even today the culture is alive! sorry about my english
christodoulos petrou
are you Greek?
Your 100% Vlahos
and why? if i may ask he didnt say anything wrong it is fact that most of greek revolution fighters considered themselves as romaioi
Vas Gr yes the original name for eastern roman empire was romania
Vas Gr yep but it actually has nothing to with the todays country rumania
I'm a Greek, and i'd take allegience to Byzantium any day
or would you take allegiance to the old Hellenistic power of non christian Greece of old. The native old culture of Alexander thew great.
Mason, you do a great job of teaching the ancient history of Europe and the Middle East. The editing and quick cuts make it easier to understand what is going on. Part of the problem that I had with the area and timeline was essentially the overlaps of different populations at different times in the same area. Like Anatolia, the Levant (my instructor pronounced it as Lay-vaunt) and the Arabian peninsula and what is considered Persia today. Again thank you. From one history buff to another, keep up the great work!👍
Mason, why did you link a sketchy source regarding the genetics of the maltese ?
No need to use such language. Also, I will look into it. Keep in mind, any sources I include do not necessarily reflect my own views.
Masaman Btw, i'm referring to a link from a source you used from the site called khazar(ian). They had a link to the source of an 23andme study which showed that the genetics of your average maltese are around 88% European
Batman Beyond Right, I believe I stated in my video that they are around 12% MENA and the rest Euro, which was backed up by multiple other studies, but perhaps a site called "Khazaria" is not the best source to cite. Thanks for keeping me to task :^)
Masaman No, the site called "khazaria" isn't the problem, it's the link they used *on their site* to back up the data regarding the statement they made(saying that the average maltese has around 88% European dna)
He does that usually, he did it with the Lebanese part of some of his videos.
Make istanbul Constantinople again.
Anatolian Greeks were forced to convert to Islam and therefore labeled as Turks. That is why some “Turks” look more European than Asian. The rest were slaughtered along with the Armenians/Assyrians.
G T that's false Turks didn't care about converting due to economic reasons
lol thats incorrect if that were the case there would not be any Christians left in the Balkans and Greece Also the Armenians genocide occurred right at the end of Ottoman rule during the revolution perpetrated by the Turks moment which was largely secular and nationalistic
golden foxa I understand that Turks wanted to keep a certain amount of the population as Christian for taxing purposes. However, when Christians are imprisoned, enslaved, kidnapped as janissaries, taxed, and oppressed for generations, many chose to convert (making them “Turks”). In parts of Anatolia the choice was simpler: “convert or you and your family will be killed.” Members of my own family were taken as Janissaries and forced to convert so don’t tell me that isn’t true.
G T why greek hate turkey.
Because "Turkey" means Land of Satan, Anti-Christ. So the inhabitants are called "Turks" in other words Satanists and Anti-Christs.
Great vid. You've got a pretty good knack for outlining many of the complexities involved, but still tying it all up into a coherent explanation.
The knowledge that you always share with us have been inspiring and this one was truly sad for such a great empire
They changed their name back to Greeks
The bizantines were Greeks who took control of the Roman empire. They were spoken Greek their Dynasties were Greek (Macedonia dynasty) and even the church song in the beggin is Greek and we still use it in church and the lyrics is Greek also the Turks when they conqered all byzantine used to call the Greeks Romians ( Greek Ρομίος)
The Roman Empire in the east (Byzantine) was the rest of the Roman Empire that survive with latin and Greek influence, both cultures held the empire to the end.
Dude I thank you you are the only non Greek youtuber who really understand the history and the origins of Greece or in Greeks ευχαριστώ πολύ
The reason why modern day Romania has the name it has which is shared by the Eastern Roman Empire is due to the very nature of the Romanian nation. Historically, Romanians were mostly identified by their neighbours for their Latin speech. "Wallachian" for example is a cognate of "Vlach" and "Welsh". So when their Romanian national identity came forth, the ethnonym "Roman" was used because this was the sociolinguistic heritage by which they had lived. In general terms, the name "Romania" simply implies the land of the Romans, which the ERE was.
By the way, the "official" descendants of the Eastern Romans already have a classification: The Ottoman "Rum Millet" (Roman "nation"). That included Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians, Albanians, Orthodox Arabs etc. Technically, being Eastern/Greek Orthodox is equivalent to being a Roman. This can be kind of perplexing as well, since Orthodox Turks (like the Karamanlides) were considered "Rum", but Muslim Greeks were not; they were considered "Turks" instead e.g. Cretan Muslims were called "Τουρκοκρητικοί" (Cretan Turks).
Welsh comes from the Saxon for 'stranger' = 'wealhas' - according to uk scholars
Sort of correct. It's actually a proto-Germanic word "walhaz" I believe. The Welsh and Romance speakers were foreign to the Germanic peoples, so the various terms from this root came up. Similarly, Brescia was known in German as "Welsche Brixen" and HRE rulers would often present themselves also as kings of "Welsche Lande" meaning northern Italy.
ON THE NATURE OF THE BYZANTINES
THE NIKA RIOTS.
"NIKA" actually is the imperative form of the Greek verb ΝΙΚΩ (to win) and proves that the crowd at that time spoke Greek. "Win! Win!" is the shout we could hear today in a modern hippodrome full of English-speakers. "Vinci! Vinci!" it would be the cry of a Latin-speaking crowd. But at the 6th century AD, the Eastern Empire was totally hellenized and the crowd shouted "NIKA! NIKA!"; that is "win!" in Greek.
This is also the case with the most illustrious buildings in the capital. HIPPODROME was the official name of Constantinople's race track (meaning "horse-track" in Greek) and not CIRCUS, its Latin counterpart. As we further know, all parts of that Hippodrome had also Greek names. SPHENDONE was called the far end and means "slinger" in Greek (because its form resembles a slinger pocket) and KATHISMA ("seat" in Greek) was the name of the Emperor's throne.
Furthermore, the most iconic building of Constantinople - the Hagia Sophia cathedral - had its name in Greek (literally meaning "Holy Wisdom" and consequently God's Wisdom). Sophia and Sophy is a common female name today; it means exactly that: Wisdom. A variety of words also exists using that same prefix "sopho-" (Greek for wisdom): Sophomore, sophist, Sophocles etc. If Hagia Sophia was built by Romans she would be named "Santa Sapienza" or something like that.
THE GREEK LANGUAGE DURING THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
It is not a chance that about 4 decades after the Nika riots, Emperor Mavrikios aknowledged exactly that fact: That the people of the Byzantine Empire were not speaking Latin at all; so he decreed that all official documents were to be issued in both Latin (to mantain continuity with the old Roman Empire) and Greek "because this is the language of the people". In the same direction, Emperor Heracleios decreed 20 years later, that all official documents should be issued exclusively in Greek and not in both Greek and Latin "because the people doesn't speak it (the Latin) any more".
Indeed, there are no recorded official documents in Latin since 610 (10 years after his decree).
This process however (i.e. the bilingual issue of the imperial decrees) had begun centuries earlier. For example the famous "Edict of maximum prices" of Emperor Diocletian was carved in Latin to the west and in Greek to the east. The year was 301 AD. (Both stones have been recovered today).
ROMAN CONQUEST OF GREECE
The conquest of the then Greek world (modern Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt etc.) by the Romans was a gradual process that lasted about three centuries. It was a copmplex approach in order to succumb all the kingdoms of the Diadochoi (Alexander the Great's successors) by the famous Roman policy of "freedom of Greece". It was not a process that lasted a lone decisive battle or a single war.
After that process was completed, around the begining of the first century AD, a new reality emmerged: A unified Roman world with two cultural components: One Latin-speaking in the Western Empire and another Greek-speaking in the Eastern part. Most Roman aristocrats at the time spoke Greek too.
This fact was recognized (amongst others) by famous Roman poet and philosopher Horace in his Epistles, book II, epistle I, line 63:
“Graecia capta ferum victorem capot et arts intuit agrestic Latino”.
(Conquered Greece took captive her savage conqueror and brought her arts into rustic Latium).
FROM ROME TO BYZANTION
For that reason, when in 330 AD Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (a Romanised Illyrian-Greek) transferred the Imperial capital from Rome to a prosperous Greek settlement named Byzantion (founded by Greek king Byzas almost a millennium before) he knew he was entering a territory that everyone were speaking Greek and had virtually no natural Latin-speakers.
That's why historians (since 15th century AD) begun calling the Constantinople-centered Empire "Byzantine" and not "Roman": Because, especially after the fall of Rome to the Germanic tribes (476 AD) nothing "Roman" or "Latin" was left into it.
For that reason, modern linguistics also adopt this thesis. The language of that era is classified as "Constantinopolitan Greek" and not as "Constantinopolitan Latin".
The term "Byzantine-Greeks" is also coined to describe the dominant ethnicity of the Byzantine Empire.
THE TIME MACHINE
If, using a time machine, a modern person had travelled to the Byzantine Empire and had asked a Byzantine-Greek the question "What are you?" he would have received one of the two following answers:
1. If this was a citizen of the Capital, he would have gotten the answer "ΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ/POLITES" short form in Greek of the word "Constantinopolitan" (CONSTANTINOPOLITES).
2. But if the Byzantine was coming from anywhere else in the empire, he would have said: "Eemae Romios" ("I'm a Roman" in Greek).
If that time traveler had gone to a medieval European middle-class citizen and pointing towards a Byzantine-Greek had asked the former: "Who is he?" the European would have easily replied "This is a Greek".
If the same time traveller comes to modern Greece and asks randomly a Greek "Eesae Romios?" (“Are you Roman?” In Greek) he will get the stunning answer "Yes!".
If furthermore he asks a modern Greek from Instabul (modern Constantinople) “Eesae Politis?” he will also get the same positive answer as 1500 years ago.
EUROPEANS WERE CALLING BYZANTINES "GREEKS"
Meanwhile, everyone in Europe were calling them "Greeks", their emperor "Greek king" and so on.
In 800, Pope Innocent crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor and decreed "Romanorum imperium in persona magnifici Caroli a Grecis transtuli in Germanos" (transferred Roman imperial authority from the Greeks to the Germans, in the name of His Greatness, Charles).
In 991 AD, Byzantine princess Theophano died as the Dowager Empress of the (German) Holy Roman Empire. Her mother-in-law, Adelaide, according to Abbot Odilo of Cluny, was very happy when "that Greek woman" died.
Many Scandinavian warriors that have served as the Emperor's bodyguards at the famous Varangian Guard, carved on their tombstones back in North Europe that they "have served with the Greeks" and not with the Romans.
The confusion on the national identity of the Byzantines has roots in the early Christianity. In ancient Greece, Greeks were calling themselves "Hellenes". In Byzantine Empire this was unacceptable because was to mean "Pagan Greeks". "Romioi" (Romans) instead was associated with "Christian Greeks". This distinction ceased as the centuries passed and gradually all Greeks became Christian.
ROMANIANS OR GERMANS ARE ROMANS?
So, are modern Greeks Romans? Of course not. As modern Romanians are not Roman just because they still run a country named “Romania”. As modern Germans are not Romans too, just because their medieval empire was named for a thousand years “Holy ROMAN Empire”. One’s true nature is not determined by how he calls himself; but instead by objective elements. I may call myself a neurosurgeon but just this does not make me one. Mycenaean-Greeks never call themselves “Greeks”. But everyone in the world today agrees that the army that Agamemnon landed on Troy were Greeks.
RUMS AND ROMIOI MEANING CHRISTIANS, NOT ROMANS
At the early stages of the Byzantine Empire, when Christianity was spreading, the demonym HELLENES was reserved only to pagan Greeks in order to distinguish them from ROMIOI who were the "Christian Greeks". When gradualy all Greeks became Christians and Rome was lost from the Empire, that distinction became meaningless and the term ROMIOI became a descriptive demonym for all Greeks that lasts untill today.
In fact, Rum (Romans) was the word that also medieval Arabs used for Christians, not Romans.
CONCLUSION
For all the above reasons and in order to lift the confusion of the true essence of the Byzantine-Greeks, modern historians still call them Byzantines or Byzantine-Greeks but never Romans.
The demise of Rome (that at the time of its conquest by the Goths was a shrinking city of 50 thousand) and the contemporaneous growth of the Greek east (note: in the same era Constantinople - formerly known as Byzantion - was a thriving Greek city heading towards its first million in population) led historians to this shift of name: Because all the imperial decisions were not anymore made in Latin Rome but in Greek Byzantion (Constantinople).
NON CONSTANTINOPOLITAN BYZANTINES WERE USING THE DEMONYM “ROMIOI” FOR POLITICAL (SUCCESSION LINE) AND RELIGIOUS REASONS, WHILE EVERYONE ELSE IN EUROPE WERE CALLING THEM “GREEKS” AND THEIR KINGDOM “GREEK EMPIRE”!
SO, IT IS AN IMPORTANT ERROR TO CALL “ROMAN” THE BYZANTION-CENTERED EMPIRE WHO SPOKE GREEK AND HAD GREEK ANCHESTRY.
THIS NAME SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THE ROME-CENTERED EMPIRE WHO SPOKE LATIN AND HAD LATIN ANCHESTRY.
THANKS FOR READING.-
Wow good job💪🏼
So todays greeks are the byzantines that survived till now
650iE63
Yes but those were the Greeks of Asia Minor, the Black Sea and Cappadocia. There were Greeks in Egypt, Italy, France and of course what is Classical Greek lands.
With the newly formed country of turkey they sent the Greeks of the land to what is today Greece and those immigrants brought with them the music and cooking and other cultural aspects of the Greeks of the east into today's Greece.
See with Rome the focus was the city of Rome and the region of Italy and as the empire moved to Byzantium what is today Greece was neglected. The focus was on those two areas.
Italians took the Corinthian grapes, Cretan wine and other aspects of Greece and turned them into something more Italian then Greek.
Just like how Greek flatbread was. Thought to the Greek colony of Nea Poli (New Town later called Napoli) and from there it became pizza.
Greek history in its modern times is intertwined with Italian and Turkish culture and some of what we thing as pure Turkish or pure Italian are rooted in Greece. The power of Greece though had shifted and taken over those who conquered them. Greek culture captured Rome from classical times and even during its Byzantine era. The same with the Ottomans.
Greek culture is rooted and dispersed through them both.
Watching this video only reinforces my belief that for the most part religion is more about tribalism and less about god. Good luck to the person who decides he doesn't want to identify with one tribe or another.
This is a great video! Informative, concise, zero nonsense.
>TFW no Byzantines
I want you guys back :(
Soon brother ;D
but greek anatolia! ;-; a 1mln sq km empire ;-;
PetrosB4, but your just some though the Anatolian Greeks that made up most of the empire have been turkenized just like the Greeks of Italy have been Italicized.
I’d take the Byzantines over Turkey any day. Justinian>Erdogan.
George Labe-Assimo Basil ii>Justinian id take an actual competent emperor over Justinians delusional dumbass.
RIP Constantinople
I realy like your videos, they combine hard, historic facts with a brief history of linguistics and cultural and social changes. Keep up the good work!
BTW, the Byzantines weren't really a culture, they were led by Greeks, but many of their dynasties weren't even Greek.
Somehow true. Many Byzantine peoples, like Bulgarians, Armenians, Serbs etc. at times rebelled against the Empire. The Greeks, their culture and language, kept it intact. If you remove the Greeks from Byzantium, you are left with no empire.
They weren't an ethnic group, but they were a culture, plus many countries such as England and Egypt has dynasties that didn't represent their main ethnic groups.
While they didn't call it that, 'Byzantine' culture was very much a thing.
GREEK MEANT CHRISTIAN...duh.
100 %
Nah. Greek was spoken widely all over the Roman Empire by the Middle and Upper Classes. Latin was also spoken widely by the Lower Classes and there were an awful lot of them everywhere. For example, Iulius Caesar was born a Greek speaker from the town of Thurii in the heel of Italiy, and he didn't speak Latin that well, but succeeded in Rome because he spoke very good Italic Greek. Most Emperors always spoke Greek as a sign of status (some also spoke Etruscan) and Greek was also spoken in the Forum up until about 400AD so Constantinople/Byzantium was just an extension of Rome in an area that predominantly spoke Greek, more than Latin anyway. Napoleon Bonaparte's family were Greek-speaking Ambassadors of Byzantium living in Genoa in 1453 and they quickly and easily switched to speaking Latin after the fall of Byzantium because they became penniless and stateless when their income dried up; and this made them working class.
My Greek ancestry is from Constantinople, Anatolia, Bulgaria and Egypt. Each part of my family comes with stories of ethnic cleansing. We will rise again!
Joseph Tweeddale unfortunately my family comes with stories of ethnic cleansing too.But the ones who did the cleansing is different
You guys will never do a shit, you guys cant even mange to keep your own country in a good position, how do you want to take istanbul?
Tulpar Kül Tigin Tengrikut I'm turk
Im not talking about you, seninle konusmadim.
Tulpar Kül Tigin Tengrikut Istanbul will fall and the Greeks & Copts will rise again, even though the rates of the people in the region who are Greek/Coptic/Christian are decreasing, its because they’re moving to the western world to get an education for themselves and upcoming generations with the steady belief that they will one day go back and restore their ideologies and faith in the region; I should know I’m one of them... be prepared😈😈 it has already begun
1200 years of christian history lost, forgotten by so many that should cherish it. Thank you Masaman for remembering a culture that gave us so much and very likely in its dieing days delivered to the shores of Italy .. the Renaissance.
And again, I'm obliged to say a huge THANK YOU for such precious videos. Masaman, you are www treasure!
Fabulous 😊 yet another well researched video. Well balanced and truthful. Keep them coming masaman.
Not just the coast of Asia Minor. The peninsular was mostly Hellenic by 395.
Actually Romania was part of the Roman Empire(0:15) hence the name, It was knows as Dacia Felix, and was conquered by Trajan in 106 a d
Eric Abraham
Cool
Make Byzantium GREAT AGAIN !!
r3ddim i would literally fight for that.
Meh, Byzantium is alright, but I would much rather have the MACEDONIAN EMPIRE!!
You mean make Rome GREAT AGAIN!!
well its all greek to me
Puhahahaha there is no more Byzantines 🤷🏻♀️ even the ancient Greeks moved away (I’m a History student), like in the south of Italy for example.