Tulipmania: When a Single Tulip Could Buy You a House

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  • Опубликовано: 4 июн 2020
  • All 3 parts of my Tulipmania series in 1 video.
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Комментарии • 435

  • @HistoryScope
    @HistoryScope  4 года назад +293

    Wait, haven't you uploaded this before?
    Yes. This is all the Tulipmania videos in one.

    • @p_mouse8676
      @p_mouse8676 4 года назад +7

      I am even more confused, it's not in the list of videos uploaded?

    • @noob282butreal
      @noob282butreal 4 года назад +3

      noice

    • @jameskalman6831
      @jameskalman6831 4 года назад +5

      It’s better that way, you don’t have to keep track of the videos, that’s y I liked the all in one Aztec video

    • @MrRandomSuperhero
      @MrRandomSuperhero 4 года назад +2

      At 6:00 you said 'thirthy' instead of 'three hundred' or vice versa. I love this vid btw, as an economist. Succinct and explaining.

    • @p_mouse8676
      @p_mouse8676 4 года назад

      @@MrRandomSuperhero Making numbers smaller as they really are? Yeah, sounds like the Soviet as well, lol

  • @zacht8228
    @zacht8228 3 года назад +447

    Excited for the NFT version of this video to come out.

    • @zacht8228
      @zacht8228 3 года назад +8

      @@DLF-do1gj the average price of an NFT has vastly decrease in value but I think it will be looked at as an influential moment in the future when we digitize and decentralize property ownership.

    • @tba3625
      @tba3625 2 года назад +22

      Yeah history tends to repeat itself.

    • @biodtox
      @biodtox 2 года назад +4

      And so here we are

    • @probablynothinggaming8425
      @probablynothinggaming8425 2 года назад +3

      @@biodtox now we really here

    • @argelioolivares631
      @argelioolivares631 2 года назад +3

      Bitcoin is going there

  • @flaviocubas2003
    @flaviocubas2003 4 года назад +130

    Not even 5 minutes in and I finally understand what an economic bubble is, I love this channel

    • @rs72098
      @rs72098 3 года назад +5

      Economic bubbles are easy to understand. The tulip bubble was very small and you could not buy an entire neighborhood for some tulips.

  • @JohnnyWalkerYT
    @JohnnyWalkerYT 3 года назад +140

    “You missed out on bitcoin” at least I can sleep at night

    • @ernstachildiyev8597
      @ernstachildiyev8597 2 года назад +5

      I wouldn’t be able to sleep at night if I DIDN’T own Bitcoin. Good luck staying poor.

    • @zorlockthewarlock5961
      @zorlockthewarlock5961 2 года назад +10

      @@ernstachildiyev8597 gigacope lol, enjoy your worthless nothing money

    • @MN-lx2ry
      @MN-lx2ry 2 года назад +6

      ​@@zorlockthewarlock5961 Are you referring to the US dollar, 20% of which got printer out of thin air this year alone, which has lost 94% of its purchasing power in less than 100 years? Or are you referring to the "fake internet money" which keeps making new all time highs every 3 years, and is more than 6,000,000 times more valuable today compared to 10 years ago?

    • @zorlockthewarlock5961
      @zorlockthewarlock5961 2 года назад +1

      ​@@MN-lx2ry and theres the giga seethe

    • @mitragyninethespeciosa6891
      @mitragyninethespeciosa6891 2 года назад

      @@zorlockthewarlock5961 If you had one bitcoin what price would you sell it for? Zero?

  • @muon1057
    @muon1057 4 года назад +87

    Me: it's 6am, I need to sleep
    Also me: oh nice a video about tulips

    • @HistoryScope
      @HistoryScope  4 года назад +23

      Go get some sleep first and come back later. Your health is more important than my videos :)

    • @AleksandrStrizhevskiy
      @AleksandrStrizhevskiy 3 года назад +2

      I'm guessing you haven't slept since.

    • @abhinavsingh6075
      @abhinavsingh6075 2 года назад

      Your Alarm: Its 6am, wake up

  • @deltasword1994
    @deltasword1994 4 года назад +213

    "so they created futures contracts".
    Me, an econ major: oh no. Ohhhhh noooooooo.

    • @Anemeethious
      @Anemeethious 3 года назад +6

      why?

    • @murrayflewelling1258
      @murrayflewelling1258 3 года назад +15

      @@Anemeethious Because they are more to do with gambling, much more, than they are to do with any kind of solid investment based on economics.
      Just ask the unfortunate guy in Toronto a couple of months ago that loaded up on oil at 1 penny.....because what kind of system allows a person to lose on an investment with a spot price of a penny.
      Because the computer system where he brokered was not set up for negative numbers, he somehow ended up owing millions the next day, from a trade account with only $70,000 and no overdraft. The broker, not the guy should be eating every dollar lost past his 70k in my book !

    • @CatobisGaming
      @CatobisGaming 3 года назад +12

      Murray Flewelling not at all futures have a very important role in finance and economics. What you have said is baseless, sure it can be used for speculation but the core purpose is to hedge risk against future uncertainty. And it does that job incredibly well

    • @murrayflewelling1258
      @murrayflewelling1258 3 года назад +3

      @@CatobisGaming Sure. The SEC plays a very important role in US finance as well. Just look at how they protect the good people at Wells Fargo from "real" criminals...lol

    • @CatobisGaming
      @CatobisGaming 3 года назад +7

      Murray Flewelling what you said has nothing to do with the utility of the futures market.

  • @spoogerification
    @spoogerification 2 года назад +11

    if you were an inn keeper during tulip mania you were making 2.5% of every tulip sale? damn that's the business to be in.

  • @BennoVanGaschi
    @BennoVanGaschi 3 года назад +51

    Tulip mania is my favorite episode in the economic history. No many how many times I hear the story, I always wanna hear more about it. This was one of the most knowledge condensed and understandable videos on that topic.

    • @tristantheoofer2
      @tristantheoofer2 Год назад

      yeah i actually understand what a financial bubble is now because of this video

  • @yuvalyeru
    @yuvalyeru 4 года назад +24

    I kid you not, the ad I had on this video was for a museum painting called Tulipmania. And because the painting needed some historical context, they basically TLDR'd the video in 2 minutes...

    • @KnakuanaRka
      @KnakuanaRka 2 года назад

      Who the heck gets an ad for a museum painting?

  • @yaelkromo
    @yaelkromo 4 года назад +78

    You've told it better than my history teacher. And I'm even from the Netherlands

  • @Shirokroete
    @Shirokroete 4 года назад +87

    I love this channel's visuals. They only show what needs to be shown, there are no unnecessary frames. Great channel

    • @lindapolle1665
      @lindapolle1665 2 года назад

      Yes, visuals, BUT be informed. Many of us looking here, are the children of persons who have claimed to have been born in Austria-hungry.
      I for one, wanted a closer and longer look at your maps.
      My thurst is to find Ruthenia.
      It would help many if you listed [and mapped] where the minority populations were.
      Oh, Grandfather, where was your homeland?

  • @goldlightstudeo
    @goldlightstudeo 4 года назад +265

    This is the most underrated channel i've seen in a while, why aren't more people subed?

    • @BeHempy
      @BeHempy 4 года назад +15

      Was thinking the same thing. Just found this channel the other day and subbed.

    • @christopherflack7629
      @christopherflack7629 4 года назад +12

      I thought this but some of his videos have very respectable view counts.

    • @liamcolvin5875
      @liamcolvin5875 3 года назад +1

      @@christopherflack7629 still only 100k subs tho :/

    • @HistoryScope
      @HistoryScope  3 года назад +28

      101k subs already! :D
      I'M COMING FOR YOU NIKKITUTORIALS!!!
      (For those who don't get it, she's the largest RUclipsr in my country)

    • @MarcPlaysDrums
      @MarcPlaysDrums 3 года назад +1

      Facts. But, give it time.

  • @BritneyGaga
    @BritneyGaga 3 года назад +12

    this reminds me of a picture book i read when I was like six, this girl wanted to keep her tulip instead of getting a house and horses

  • @infinitenz9614
    @infinitenz9614 4 года назад +13

    To be honest, I just like the videos at the start now. You always know they'll be worthy of it.

  • @emanmodnar2
    @emanmodnar2 2 года назад +10

    Someone brought this up in a NFT discussion and it was an interesting comparison.

  • @MortisedUser88
    @MortisedUser88 4 года назад +109

    The Dutch are some of the most creative and innovative people to ever live. They created capitalism and polders, truly astonishing.

    • @bza6874
      @bza6874 4 года назад +10

      I know right? We're the best.

    • @TundraXD
      @TundraXD 3 года назад +2

      that's not capitalism

    • @JimHabash
      @JimHabash 3 года назад

      Philips NL stole my pension, they said prove it. Save your pay stubs on paper , don't opt for electronic delivery, if so create PDFs. When offered buyout of a pension take it, because the company they sell your pension to wants to eliminate it.

    • @cliffordrobinson3907
      @cliffordrobinson3907 2 года назад +9

      @@TundraXD 100% capitalism

  • @seanyourhero1765
    @seanyourhero1765 4 года назад +60

    Best video by far on the tulip bubble cheers!

    • @alexanderledvina8743
      @alexanderledvina8743 4 года назад +2

      He doesnt understand crypto and the economics of it. Bitcoins literally worth what it was when they said it was a bubble. Unlike bitcoin, there is literally an infinite amount of tulips that could be grown to flood the market. Bitcoin is mined at a consistent rate and there is finite amount that will ever exist. Tulips are literally grown in the ground.

    • @seanyourhero1765
      @seanyourhero1765 4 года назад

      @@alexanderledvina8743 the ones worth any money took 2 years to grow and even then only special tulips with the disease would be sold

    • @alexanderledvina8743
      @alexanderledvina8743 4 года назад +1

      @@seanyourhero1765 and how is that remotely analogous with bitcoin? It literally sends in minutes and you cant just make them out of thin air. There is economic costs to mining it and there will only be a certain number in circulation. Anybody who cared to watch and find seeds for tulips could grow them but the same cannot be said for bitcoin. It will cost you money to make more of them and there is a set limit to how many bitcoins there will ever be. Where is there a guaranteed limit for the number of tulips that can be produced? The key difference is in the supply part of 'supply and demand'.

    • @rs72098
      @rs72098 3 года назад +1

      The Tulip bubble was greatly exaggerated, and it was NOT the biggest financial bubble. Very few people in Europe were affected. The 1929 stock crash caused a bigger financial loss than the tulip bubble. Most of this is just fiction.

    • @mohit_panjwani
      @mohit_panjwani 3 года назад

      @@rs72098 this was the first bubble, that's what HS said, what's wrong with that?

  • @raeaugustus586
    @raeaugustus586 4 года назад +26

    I'm LOVING History Scope's content at the moment! Would love to see more and, keep up the good work!
    Also,
    This channel deserves more views...

  • @MisterVercetti
    @MisterVercetti 4 года назад +17

    The term Yahtzee uses for this sort of thing is "cockup cascade": a series of mistakes that flow so seamlessly from one to the next that they end up coalescing into a single massive catastrophe.

  • @apenguingames4305
    @apenguingames4305 2 года назад +2

    I can’t help but see the similarities between buying tulips worth $300,000 and buying a picture of an ape with golden teeth for $300,000

    • @srash8854
      @srash8854 2 года назад

      Because it is the same

  • @martinmortyry7444
    @martinmortyry7444 2 года назад +4

    The first thing I thought of when I heard of NFTs. Great video, very informative!

  • @penumbra0182
    @penumbra0182 4 года назад +7

    Thanks for doing something like this. RUclips, for some reason, doesn’t always recommend the next part of a series, so it’s great that creators like you are committed to making watching series easier for your viewers.

  • @martino5742
    @martino5742 2 года назад +1

    that dude tried to make non-fungible tulips

  • @elcidbob
    @elcidbob 4 года назад +6

    The important thing to learn is the biggest winner was the house who got 2.5% of all of the speculation while facing zero risk.

  • @NikhilSharma-wx7kb
    @NikhilSharma-wx7kb 4 года назад +10

    Great work man. People deserve to see this

  • @Axo_exe
    @Axo_exe 4 года назад +118

    G E K O L O N I S E E R D

    • @HistoryScope
      @HistoryScope  4 года назад +29

      There's always that one...

    • @Lucas_van_Hout
      @Lucas_van_Hout 4 года назад +7

      History Scope he makker. Waarom praat jij Angelsaksisch?

  • @tigerstyle4505
    @tigerstyle4505 4 года назад +10

    I remember when I first heard of this. Really helped me understand how absurd economics can be and generally are lol

  • @raclark2730
    @raclark2730 4 года назад +2

    Tiptoeing thru the tulips would have been frowned on in those days.

  • @dannymusk6330
    @dannymusk6330 2 года назад +2

    As a Financial Econ graduate, I am laughing so hard . This is not only entertaining but also educational although I've heard already hundred of ridiculous situations in finance histroy. The presenter did a great job.

  • @attackofthehog
    @attackofthehog 3 года назад +3

    Sounds a lot like the beany-baby craze of the late 90's. That was an artificial inflation of prices, but so many people bought them solely on the assumption that they will be worth a profit in the future.

    • @brandonlyon730
      @brandonlyon730 2 года назад +1

      Same exact thing happened with comic books in the early 90’s speculator boom. When that bubble popped, many comic companies shut down, numerous comic shops closed there doors forever, and even Marvel themselves had to declare bankruptcy at one point.

  • @cameroonemperor755
    @cameroonemperor755 4 года назад +8

    How do you do to still have only 80 000 subscribers!? Your channel should have AT LEAST 500 000!
    Love your channel ❤️

  • @alexmanolache8473
    @alexmanolache8473 2 года назад

    This is some really valuable content my friend. I love the simple animations and the way you educate us. Thank you!

  • @SlayNetwork
    @SlayNetwork 2 года назад +3

    AKA NFT Mania

  • @tryingmybest206
    @tryingmybest206 3 года назад +29

    Fun story to tell at a party? What kind of parties do you go to?

    • @HistoryScope
      @HistoryScope  3 года назад +19

      The cool kind!

    • @grafgeo9194
      @grafgeo9194 3 года назад +2

      None, since here is a Lockdown around.

    • @cjclark2002
      @cjclark2002 2 года назад

      The tulips kind.

    • @pranavm6214
      @pranavm6214 6 месяцев назад

      i think its interesting story to tell someone, and see if they are on the same tulip vibe or not

  • @lauredvr2883
    @lauredvr2883 4 года назад +3

    The tulips will be reunited

  • @johnclayden1670
    @johnclayden1670 3 года назад +1

    Splendid! An excellent presentation.
    (And I didn't know before about the futures contract).

  • @cullenmitchell9165
    @cullenmitchell9165 4 года назад +6

    I held off on watching this video, but I’m glad I watched it. Thank you, sir; God zegene je.

  • @Ugly_German_Truths
    @Ugly_German_Truths Год назад

    I think the culprit in this and similar bubbles is the speculation, the expectation (completely removed from actual need or demand) that any sale will always happen at a better price, which can only happen if motre buyers join the trade and put fresh money into it. As soon as a larger number of traders wants out, the direction of the price development only can go down.

  • @SimsTraumkarriere
    @SimsTraumkarriere 4 года назад +5

    Amazing Video always Love the animations

  • @JordocTV
    @JordocTV 3 года назад

    So glad i stumbled upon this channel, Fantastic content thank you !

  • @greyrabbit2157
    @greyrabbit2157 7 месяцев назад

    Incredible quality! Subscribed!

  • @Jake-rm4be
    @Jake-rm4be 4 года назад +1

    High quality content. Love it

  • @SuperAnthonyBennett
    @SuperAnthonyBennett 4 года назад +4

    Loved this video ty

  • @despairgaming6669
    @despairgaming6669 2 года назад +1

    Sometimes bubbles takes decade's to explode.

  • @renderproductions1032
    @renderproductions1032 2 года назад +1

    “And electronics are valuable so you can watch my videos.”
    Well done.

  • @brbjuke45
    @brbjuke45 4 года назад +1

    Hell yeah my favorite topic, bubbles.

  • @slugerknot
    @slugerknot 4 года назад +5

    I absolutely love the videos on your channel. I've only recently discovered it and noticed a stark difference in audio volume and quality in some older videos though. One video will be louder by a very noticeable margin.

  • @dhanaande
    @dhanaande 3 года назад

    Started watching the videos, good research you did and informative. Keep going

  • @alexanderelsen9397
    @alexanderelsen9397 2 года назад +2

    Were tulips expensive back then? or are they just on sale right now! Buy the dip!

  • @Max_808
    @Max_808 3 года назад +1

    Ohh.. so this is how the dutch got so good at growing flowers

  • @stan12345
    @stan12345 2 года назад

    Thanks for the info and great presentation/animations

  • @schretlenaugustijn2391
    @schretlenaugustijn2391 4 года назад +32

    I had a ad for tulipomania and the painting depicts Dutch merchants as monkeys, as a Dutchman i am very offended.:-D

  • @mueezadam8438
    @mueezadam8438 3 года назад +1

    Amazing editing and presentation

  • @glegolas5008
    @glegolas5008 2 года назад

    love the way you say tulips

  • @XYZ_Vu
    @XYZ_Vu 7 месяцев назад

    This is brilliant

  • @generalkenobi9782
    @generalkenobi9782 4 года назад +20

    "Venezuela has joined the chat"

  • @telswood
    @telswood 3 года назад

    Fantastic video - thanks!

  • @rs72098
    @rs72098 3 года назад +2

    Tulip Mania = Marijuana business

  • @baifokru6362
    @baifokru6362 2 года назад

    After 4 years, I finally understood the 2008 crisis with this video :] thanks!

  • @jerrymuns
    @jerrymuns 4 года назад

    Excellent presentation!!!

  • @matthewheathcock
    @matthewheathcock 3 года назад +3

    Just like bitcoin they only had 21 million tulips in the world

  • @jesselivermore2291
    @jesselivermore2291 4 года назад +3

    the question remains, whats the real value of things in any given time? go ask gold.

  • @meetJobo
    @meetJobo 3 года назад +1

    great work !! subbed !!

  • @maxheadrom3088
    @maxheadrom3088 3 года назад

    OMG ... this is gonna blow!!!! Blow like a bubble! Nice and important video!

  • @JustMe-um8zp
    @JustMe-um8zp 2 года назад

    Great video.
    Extra History is currently putting out a series on this same subject. I love seeing different takes on the same points in history.
    I also recommend watching Extra History's series on The South Sea Bubble (it was Walpole), and their series on The History Of Money.

  • @karinavandamme4655
    @karinavandamme4655 3 года назад

    thank you for sharing

  • @blaepic3693
    @blaepic3693 4 года назад +11

    Thank you history scope for teaching me the cause of an economic crisis I’m just eleven at the moment and I really appreciate your content, there’s always several things I’ve never heard before in your videos.In this case I didn’t even know the event existed! So once again Thank You!

    • @ronkalkhoven2119
      @ronkalkhoven2119 4 года назад

      Blaepic123 Compliments from a Dutch man, because at just eleven your English writing is way better than most here replying.

  • @bananazone4048
    @bananazone4048 3 года назад

    Really masterpiece

  • @Lukethayer16
    @Lukethayer16 2 года назад +1

    thanks i had to do a report on this it was super helpful

  • @Kraliezec
    @Kraliezec 2 года назад

    All that for something that rots within days.

  • @flykame221
    @flykame221 4 года назад +12

    Watching from Japan 😊
    Love y'all

  • @EMC2ilmtolibi
    @EMC2ilmtolibi 3 года назад +3

    Now we know when Bitcoin bubble will burst - at price tag $483.400

  • @Sasuser
    @Sasuser 3 года назад

    That's when you just buy up all the tulips and store it in your basement!

  • @dogmiagy
    @dogmiagy 3 года назад

    Great vid
    Love from Portugal 🇵🇹

  • @robbes7rh
    @robbes7rh 4 года назад +3

    But what was the inherit value of a tulip bulb? To grow flowers in a small domestic garden? To make colorful flower arrangements? How much could these uses have been worth? So. long before the prices reached their peak, merchants and speculators were paying far more money than any conceivable use for the tulip bulb could possibly come close to generating. How could this discrepancy have been ignored by so many in a culture that practically defined business acumen in Northern Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries?

    • @jesselivermore2291
      @jesselivermore2291 4 года назад

      to know the value you have to compare it to gold in history, gold is a central commodity and money. the reason why the dutch had the bubble was because they had no past reference to this commodity in gold prices. or else they would have known the prices were too high, same now with a new stock or technology etc

  • @CutePuppy520
    @CutePuppy520 3 года назад

    Do a video about the VOC!!!!
    I have always been fascinated about the VOC, read some articles here and there, but was always too lazy to buy an actual book to read about it

  • @TheKnitch
    @TheKnitch 4 года назад +7

    This was fascinating the first time I had heard about it. Still fascinating.

  • @gamble777888
    @gamble777888 3 года назад

    Only sure thing about history is we are doomed to repeat whatever idiotic thing we've done in the past, again, and again, and again.

  • @kevinmendoza3865
    @kevinmendoza3865 3 года назад +1

    It's a lack of regulations

  • @unknown-user
    @unknown-user 2 года назад

    A new bubble is forming as we speak.

  • @JoshSweetvale
    @JoshSweetvale 3 года назад +2

    4:30 Oh my god it's a EULA. Licensing in the 1600's !
    10:38 Also Anime-esque rank inflation.

  • @bensnappiro4327
    @bensnappiro4327 2 года назад

    These are like the sneakergame then lol
    "Preorder" sneakers that you don't have on hand yet and sell them to buyers later on

  • @iqbalrahman3805
    @iqbalrahman3805 3 года назад

    Great video

  • @Indischle
    @Indischle Год назад

    Now i understand history

  • @thecapitalistagendanine4387
    @thecapitalistagendanine4387 4 года назад +1

    damn bruh this shit crazy as fuck

  • @greengreen110
    @greengreen110 3 года назад +1

    give in when the fad is young and buy some popcorn to watch everything catch on fire, got it

  • @Cneq
    @Cneq 2 года назад

    "must of dropped nearly 95%"
    lmao those some rookie numbers

  • @treborironwolfe978
    @treborironwolfe978 3 года назад +2

    "Economic bubbling" is what we loosely refer to as, "Getting too big for your britches" here in the south US.

    • @mohit_panjwani
      @mohit_panjwani 3 года назад

      *having too many slaves. Stfu you slave owning confeds

    • @zacksima8333
      @zacksima8333 3 года назад +1

      @@mohit_panjwani ahh living in the 1850’s I assume?

    • @cooldudecs
      @cooldudecs 3 года назад

      @@mohit_panjwani Less than 1% of people owned slaves. It would essentially be the likes of Elon musk or Bill gates...

  • @iampatoshi4537
    @iampatoshi4537 2 года назад

    THANK YOU.

  • @fraud291
    @fraud291 3 года назад +1

    yeah persona 4 taught me this oddly enough nice to see it expanded upon

    • @sleepyhead8681
      @sleepyhead8681 3 года назад

      Same Persona 4 is one of my top 10 games.

  • @Oliver9402
    @Oliver9402 3 года назад +2

    In 2013 bitcoin reached 1,200 a coin and then it collapsed to 130 dollars and that was the end of that bubble... or was it?

  • @margaretdb
    @margaretdb 3 года назад +2

    Having visited The Netherlands several times and travelled through many of the reclaimed areas I loved the stories to understand it better. Thanks

  • @josephj.155
    @josephj.155 4 года назад +6

    Massively underrated channel. Please never stop posting these great free knowledgeable and interesting videos we can watch.

  • @iampatoshi4537
    @iampatoshi4537 2 года назад

    LEO IS A KING.

  • @mykillmielia5640
    @mykillmielia5640 4 года назад +2

    just it probably never happened
    like the story was told for hundreds of years
    but eh the published counter research on that is just a couple of years old...

  • @blindedbliss
    @blindedbliss 2 года назад

    18:55 - Greed, or rather the misplaced trust into greedy people.

  • @AdamSahr-cj4kf
    @AdamSahr-cj4kf 3 года назад

    1:07 One BT costed you ... Costed is a Finance and accounting jargon, otherwise the past participle and past tense of 'to cost' is cost. you can use costed as past tense and past participle only if the root verb is being used to mean 'to determine or estimate how much something will cost you' !!!

  • @rebuilt11
    @rebuilt11 2 года назад +4

    The problem wasn’t normies getting involved in the trade it was that tulips were worthless

    • @OscarHanzely
      @OscarHanzely 2 года назад +2

      the progblem appears to be greed.

  • @Roycesraphim1
    @Roycesraphim1 2 года назад

    South seas bubble is another research product.
    Regarding trust, JFK's family dipped out the stock market when he got a shoe shine and the kid working the polish was talking about their own hot stock tip

  • @Cl0udn1n3
    @Cl0udn1n3 2 года назад

    Psychologically damaging social media companies being a multitrillion dollar industry is tulips. Welcome to my heaven, part of which naturally must also be your worst hell.- XX