We've updated our old 2015 video with improved art and detail! In addition, we've also updated the handout to match. You can find all of our resources on: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing As our video mentions, our video description has more details and further exploration links - we're additionally pasting it into this pinned comment: *TEXTBOOK REFERENCES* Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits. Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017. ---------------------------------------- *ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION* *More info on Hemophilia: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html *More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness *Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine: NIH: orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender Yale School of Medicine: medicine.yale.edu/news-article/what-do-we-mean-by-sex-and-gender/ *Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/sex-and-gender-in-health-and-disease ^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender. *This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case. Examples: XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/ X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene: medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/ ---------------------------------------- *FURTHER EXPLORATION* 1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names? From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-determination-humans 2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied. *Genetic Risk Factors: jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2805948 *Recent News regarding Preeclampsia: FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research/thermo-fisher-scientific-gets-fda-clearance-for-preeclampsia-risk-assessment-assays *Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research-news 3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square: Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics: theconversation.com/how-birds-become-male-or-female-and-occasionally-both-112061 Platypus: www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0405702101
Thank you both so much, your videos help me in school all the time! You don't skimp on the information, and present it in an understandable and memorable way. Thank you! -a high school student
Thank you amoeba sisters🥰I really like all your videos when I want to study our lesson😍,because I understand all your videos and it is so amazing, keep up the good work🎉
It’s a coincidence that you uploaded another biology video today, just as I was visiting the zoo/aquarium. In fact, I just returned home from the aquarium.
i just want to stop by and say that you saved my rear end on my test this weekend. I saw a 4-year-old video and I'm so happy you're still making content. keep being awesome!
Hi there, I'm not sure if you'll read this but I'm trying to create a novel and in this work, I have a set of non-identical twins one with very white almost blonde hair and the other with very dark black hair. I was wondering if this was possible and if so, what would the parents possibly look like?
Yeah, that’s possible. Hair color is polygenic (multiple genes affect hair color) and multifactorial (non-genetic factors such as the environment). So, we can’t really put it on a pedigree-it’s much more complicated. But, for an overly simplified example, assume hair color is decided by a single autosomal trait (it’s not in real life) where black hair is dominant over white hair. Then, one parent that is heterozygous for the hair color character (and thus has the black hair phenotype) and another parent that is homozygous recessive (so has white hair), will produce offspring with a 50% chance of white hair, and 50% chance of black hair. Also, two parents who are heterozygous for the black hair trait, can also produce children with pure white hair if they were both heterozygous.
This needs to be clarified. Why does genetics have to be so freaking hard to understand! These punnet squares don't help. You mentioned that the individual didn't have it the Hemophilia, so why add it on the punnet square?
on my test out of all the chapters, i got most of the questions wrong from this chapter. Now im focusing on my weakness, and u explained this so well! Sending all my love and support :)
Amoeba sisters I miss you so much 😭😭😭😭😭😭 You guys carried me through bio and now I am STRUGGLING in Chem because none of those videos are as good as yours. I’m begging you to make Chem vids. 😭🙏
For females with XX chromosomes, each cell randomly and permanently chooses one X chromosome to activate and silences the other. If there is an X-linked trait on one of the X chromosomes, the cells that have that X chromosome activated will be affected, but the cells that have the other X chromosome activated will not. In males with XY chromosomes, all the cells will have the only X chromosome activated, and will be affected by any X-linked traits present.
"Would you like to know one of the most under appreciated pieces of cytoplasm out there? Platelets." Platelets are a component of the blood. They are not pieces of cytoplasm - the gel-like liquid inside cells.
Hi, there! While cytoplasm does include a gel-like portion (specifically the cytosol of the cytoplasm), the cytoplasm actually consists of all the inner parts of the cell except for the nucleus (if the cell has a nucleus). This is why platelets are often referred to as a "cytoplasmic fragments" or "fragments of cytoplasm." Here are some sources to support the use of the word cytoplasm with defining platelets: *Platelet defined from Openstax, a peer-reviewed open source textbook based at Rice University: openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-4-leukocytes-and-platelets *Platelet also defined and described: www.jthjournal.org/article/S1538-7836(22)15116-0/fulltext
Hey, really ridiculous comment, but I was kind of confused about the joke at the end of the video. I think it was supposed to be a Y chromosome pretending to be an X chromosome, but it ended up the Y chromosome trying to be a Y chromosome. Was there a mistake, or did I just not understand it?
The Y chromosome is trying to make itself into the shape of the letter "Y", emphasizing that the name "Y" (or "X") doesn't have anything to do with its shape.
If I remember correctly, the Y chromosome only makes a male a male. If a male got the damaged X chromosome, they would have that problem because all the Y chromosome does is make a male a male. Since females have 2 X chromosomes, all long as they have one X chromosome that's healthy paired with the damaged chromosome, they'll be a carrier of the trait but might not show it.
@@Felix_Able not only maleness, but if the gene exists on the X without a respective allele on the Y then yes, it would be activated, however the Y can have genes dominant over the X so can lead to certain traits
We've updated our old 2015 video with improved art and detail! In addition, we've also updated the handout to match. You can find all of our resources on: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing As our video mentions, our video description has more details and further exploration links - we're additionally pasting it into this pinned comment:
*TEXTBOOK REFERENCES*
Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits.
Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
----------------------------------------
*ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION*
*More info on Hemophilia: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html
*More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness
*Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine:
NIH: orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender
Yale School of Medicine: medicine.yale.edu/news-article/what-do-we-mean-by-sex-and-gender/
*Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/sex-and-gender-in-health-and-disease
^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender.
*This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case.
Examples:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/
----------------------------------------
*FURTHER EXPLORATION*
1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names?
From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-determination-humans
2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied.
*Genetic Risk Factors: jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2805948
*Recent News regarding Preeclampsia:
FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research/thermo-fisher-scientific-gets-fda-clearance-for-preeclampsia-risk-assessment-assays
*Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research-news
3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square:
Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics:
theconversation.com/how-birds-become-male-or-female-and-occasionally-both-112061
Platypus:
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0405702101
Hey are your plushies still available? I would love to buy one!
EDIT: I found them! I might get them soon as they're absolutely nice!
Thank you both so much, your videos help me in school all the time! You don't skimp on the information, and present it in an understandable and memorable way. Thank you!
-a high school student
Can you do a video about (Auditory canal ) please 🥺
Thank you amoeba sisters🥰I really like all your videos when I want to study our lesson😍,because I understand all your videos and it is so amazing, keep up the good work🎉
TOO LONG! SHORTEN!
Respect to the Amoeba Sisters for carrying our biology classes 🫡
I never expected to see a GEVids comments while studying for a biology test 💀
fr
why did u stop uploading?
Wow, 5 million subs.
@@polarpanda454he is probably busy with school
My teacher is having us take notes on your informative and easy to digest videos. Thx
It’s a coincidence that you uploaded another biology video today, just as I was visiting the zoo/aquarium. In fact, I just returned home from the aquarium.
Holy moly, I remember watching these guys in my biology 7th grade class, these were the best
this was a month ago dude
@@friedrice7807 no I don’t mean this video I mean some other ones
I'm in seventh grade and my teacher assigned this as home work over the weekend and she gave us papers to make sure we did NOT THE BEST
i just want to stop by and say that you saved my rear end on my test this weekend. I saw a 4-year-old video and I'm so happy you're still making content. keep being awesome!
This is super helpful for my nursing pediatrics class! Thanks for covering both X-linked recessive AND dominant in the same video!
Average amoeba sisters dub (Tysm for allowing me to pass class without having to talk to anyone 🙏)
Finally you guys came up with a new video 🥳🥺
Please make videos on linkage and crossing over
OMG, I had preeclampsia, too! So scary. Nice updates!!
It's easier when they explain it!!!
Do ionotropic and metabotropic receptors plsss!
love your work keep it up❤
best videos ever
Love it!
Is this an example of the mothers curse? Or does mothers curse only apply to mitochondria.
Awesome
Hemophilia B still has a long way to go as far as treatment and long term ability.
Hi there, I'm not sure if you'll read this but I'm trying to create a novel and in this work, I have a set of non-identical twins one with very white almost blonde hair and the other with very dark black hair.
I was wondering if this was possible and if so, what would the parents possibly look like?
One probably has white blonde hair and the other has Dark hair.
Yeah, that’s possible. Hair color is polygenic (multiple genes affect hair color) and multifactorial (non-genetic factors such as the environment). So, we can’t really put it on a pedigree-it’s much more complicated. But, for an overly simplified example, assume hair color is decided by a single autosomal trait (it’s not in real life) where black hair is dominant over white hair. Then, one parent that is heterozygous for the hair color character (and thus has the black hair phenotype) and another parent that is homozygous recessive (so has white hair), will produce offspring with a 50% chance of white hair, and 50% chance of black hair.
Also, two parents who are heterozygous for the black hair trait, can also produce children with pure white hair if they were both heterozygous.
@@SolaSky thanks so much!!
Based channel
But for females with X^h and X^h is a lethal combination ryt?
5:18 I guessed it to be 25%
4:13
Why am I not as smart as these two.....
That freak, the Platypus
why am i not subscribed
I have hemophilia
This needs to be clarified. Why does genetics have to be so freaking hard to understand! These punnet squares don't help. You mentioned that the individual didn't have it the Hemophilia, so why add it on the punnet square?
the voice is different this time...
1:52
Ah yes, intersex.
ur my dad
on my test out of all the chapters, i got most of the questions wrong from this chapter. Now im focusing on my weakness, and u explained this so well! Sending all my love and support :)
Amœba Sisters: Congratulations on successfully sailing between Scylla and Charybdis!
Amoeba sisters I miss you so much 😭😭😭😭😭😭 You guys carried me through bio and now I am STRUGGLING in Chem because none of those videos are as good as yours. I’m begging you to make Chem vids. 😭🙏
Watch hank green
They do not wan't to make non-biology videos
Love your work Amoeba Sisters!! ❤❤ your videos keep getting better and better
For females with XX chromosomes, each cell randomly and permanently chooses one X chromosome to activate and silences the other. If there is an X-linked trait on one of the X chromosomes, the cells that have that X chromosome activated will be affected, but the cells that have the other X chromosome activated will not. In males with XY chromosomes, all the cells will have the only X chromosome activated, and will be affected by any X-linked traits present.
Thank you so much, I never focus on my biology class, the amoeba sisters are 🔛🔝
Thank you so much for this video
❤❤❤❤ I was making sure if what I studied is correct and it is you explained it really well 🥰 Thank you so much ❤❤❤
Ameoba sisters love your amazing content!
My 8th grade science teacher loved you last year
but the male genenotype should be the one on the top of the plate and the female genotype should be the one that is vertical right??
thanks so much this was so helpful am gonna ace that test tomorrow😅🙂
I love this content. Keep it up 😊👊
such a king gg
Any body for cxc?
I love you guys❤
😂
"Would you like to know one of the most under appreciated pieces of cytoplasm out there? Platelets."
Platelets are a component of the blood. They are not pieces of cytoplasm - the gel-like liquid inside cells.
Hi, there! While cytoplasm does include a gel-like portion (specifically the cytosol of the cytoplasm), the cytoplasm actually consists of all the inner parts of the cell except for the nucleus (if the cell has a nucleus). This is why platelets are often referred to as a "cytoplasmic fragments" or "fragments of cytoplasm."
Here are some sources to support the use of the word cytoplasm with defining platelets:
*Platelet defined from Openstax, a peer-reviewed open source textbook based at Rice University:
openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-4-leukocytes-and-platelets
*Platelet also defined and described:
www.jthjournal.org/article/S1538-7836(22)15116-0/fulltext
Wonderful! I wonder I you guys will ever do a vid on gene editing? Like crispr or something...
Its the best easy to understand
where the heck is backup??? lol
Would you please make a video on cell culture
And you saved me
I love you
Hi
Hey, really ridiculous comment, but I was kind of confused about the joke at the end of the video. I think it was supposed to be a Y chromosome pretending to be an X chromosome, but it ended up the Y chromosome trying to be a Y chromosome. Was there a mistake, or did I just not understand it?
The Y chromosome is trying to make itself into the shape of the letter "Y", emphasizing that the name "Y" (or "X") doesn't have anything to do with its shape.
If I remember correctly, the Y chromosome only makes a male a male. If a male got the damaged X chromosome, they would have that problem because all the Y chromosome does is make a male a male. Since females have 2 X chromosomes, all long as they have one X chromosome that's healthy paired with the damaged chromosome, they'll be a carrier of the trait but might not show it.
👍
@@Felix_Able not only maleness, but if the gene exists on the X without a respective allele on the Y then yes, it would be activated, however the Y can have genes dominant over the X so can lead to certain traits
Next year this video will be banned.
🤣
Oh grow up
@@rainkidwell2467tis funny tho
Can you do a video about Parasites?
I def would have failed bio if I didn't have these videos