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- Опубликовано: 11 июн 2024
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This show is sponsored by Enlites, Learning & Development done differently. Check the website here: enlites.com/
Dr. Simon Baron-Cohen is Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at the University of Cambridge. He is the director of the university's Autism Research Centre. He has made major contributions to the fields of typical cognitive sex differences, autism prevalence and screening, autism genetics, autism neuroimaging, autism and technical ability, and synesthesia. Dr. Baron-Cohen was knighted in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to autistic people. His latest book is The Pattern Seekers: A New Theory of Human Invention.
In this episode, we talk about autism and sex differences. We first talk about autism; what characterizes it; why it is classified as a mental disorder, and the idea of neurodiversity; its early signs; and the lower quality of life of autistic people. We discuss the systemizing mechanism, and the distinction between systemizing and empathizing. We talk about the role of testosterone in intra-uterine development, and differences in the brain development of autistic people. We discuss why the distinction between cognitive and emotional empathy is important. Finally, we talk about sex differences, regions of the brain that might be sexually dimorphic, criticisms of the biological bases of sex differences, and we discuss if it is possible to distinguish between male and female brains.
Time Links:
00:00 Intro
00:49 What characterizes autism?
04:14 Why autism is classified as a mental disorder, and the idea of neurodiversity
07:19 The early signs of autism
10:31 Do autistic people generally have lower quality of life?
14:53 The systemizing mechanism
21:45 Systemizing and empathizing
24:44 The role of testosterone in intra-uterine development
28:47 How intra-uterine development is studied
31:19 Differences in brain development in fetuses and infants who are at low or high likelihood for autism
36:06 The distinction between cognitive and emotional empathy
39:50 Is it possible to enhance emotion recognition in autistic children?
41:56 Are there regions of the brain which are sexually dimorphic?
45:44 Criticisms of the biological bases of sex differences
48:14 Is it possible to distinguish between male and female brains?
52:57 Sex differences are average differences
55:06 Follow Dr. Baron-Cohen’s work!
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Follow Dr. Baron-Cohen’s work:
Faculty page: bit.ly/3ksx4nf
Autism Research Center: bit.ly/3GV1WEx
ResearchGate profile: bit.ly/3GXu4qv
Books on Amazon: bit.ly/3kzKSfN
The Pattern Seekers: bit.ly/3kzWob6
Twitter handle: @sbaroncohen
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A HUGE THANK YOU TO MY PATRONS/SUPPORTERS: PER HELGE LARSEN, JERRY MULLER, HANS FREDRIK SUNDE, BERNARDO SEIXAS, OLAF ALEX, JONATHAN VISSER, ADAM KESSEL, MATTHEW WHITINGBIRD, ARNAUD WOLFF, TIM HOLLOSY, HENRIK AHLENIUS, JOHN CONNORS, FILIP FORS CONNOLLY, DAN DEMETRIOU, ROBERT WINDHAGER, RUI INACIO, ZOOP, MARCO NEVES, COLIN HOLBROOK, SIMON COLUMBUS, PHIL KAVANAGH, JORGE ESPINHA, MIKKEL STORMYR, SAMUEL ANDREEFF, FRANCIS FORDE, TIAGO NUNES, ALEXANDER DANNBAUER, FERGAL CUSSEN, HAL HERZOG, NUNO MACHADO, JONATHAN LEIBRANT, JOÃO LINHARES, STANTON T, SAMUEL CORREA, ERIK HAINES, MARK SMITH, JOÃO EIRA, TOM HUMMEL, SARDUS FRANCE, DAVID SLOAN WILSON, YACILA DEZA-ARAUJO, ROMAIN ROCH, DIEGO LONDOÑO CORREA, YANICK PUNTER, ADANER USMANI, CHARLOTTE BLEASE, NICOLE BARBARO, ADAM HUNT, PAWEL OSTASZEWSKI, NELLEKE BAK, GUY MADISON, GARY G HELLMANN, SAIMA AFZAL, ADRIAN JAEGGI, NICK GOLDEN, PAULO TOLENTINO, JOÃO BARBOSA, JULIAN PRICE, EDWARD HALL, HEDIN BRØNNER, DOUGLAS FRY, FRANCA BORTOLOTTI, GABRIEL PONS CORTÈS, URSULA LITZCKE, SCOTT, ZACHARY FISH, TIM DUFFY, SUNNY SMITH, JON WISMAN, MORTEN EIKELAND, DR BYRD, DANIEL FRIEDMAN, WILLIAM BUCKNER, MAU MARIA, PAUL-GEORGE ARNAUD, LUKE GLOWACKI, GEORGIOS THEOPHANOUS, CHRIS WILLIAMSON, PETER WOLOSZYN, DAVID WILLIAMS, ROOFTOWEL, DIOGO COSTA, ANTON ERIKSSON, CHARLES MOREY, ALEX CHAU, AMAURI MARTÍNEZ, CORALIE CHEVALLIER, PEDRO BONILLA, ZIEGLER, JOÃO BARBOSA, BANGALORE ATHEISTS, LARRY D. LEE JR., OLD HERRINGBONE, STARRY, MICHAEL BAILEY, DAN SPERBER, ROBERT GRESSIS, TOM ROTH, THERPMD, IGOR N, JEFF MCMAHAN, JAKE ZUEHL, BARNABAS RADICS, MARK CAMPBELL, AND RICHARD BOWEN!
A SPECIAL THANKS TO MY PRODUCERS, YZAR WEHBE, JIM FRANK, ŁUKASZ STAFINIAK, TOM VANEGDOM, BERNARD HUGUENEY, CURTIS DIXON, BENEDIKT MUELLER, VEGA GIDEY, THOMAS TRUMBLE, KATHRINE AND PATRICK TOBIN, JONCARLO MONTENEGRO, ROBERT LEWIS, AND AL NICK ORTIZ!
AND TO MY EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS, MATTHEW LAVENDER, SERGIU CODREANU, AND BOGDAN KANIVETS!
Whoa, another huge guest - great work
Thank you so much for the talk!!
This is great. Keep them coming!
really good questions
My wife! Sorry. I couldn't help myself. Really cool guest! Name dropper :{P
I see he's been to re-education camp since the last time we spoke.
He's still saying somewhat subversive stuff, just under deep deep cover of all the politically correct caveats.
@@lokitekone It's not subversive at all. But if he thinks it's going to placate the activist nutters he's wrong.
@@porlawright can u explain what u mean? Is cohen actually based?
i'd also be interested in further elaboration
im also curios.
Another corker- thanks Ricardo!
@5:53 I do sometimes wonder if, at least in the U.S. context, we aren't still trapped in something like an Aristotelian sort of teleology, at least when it comes to human development. Because, at least under evolution, does it even make sense to say that something is "normal" anymore? Unless they're maladaptive, some of these "abnormal" traits may be adaptive in certain contexts, as lighter forms of Autism are. If you reject the idea that humans are like Aristotle's acorn and develop in a teleogical way (as one should), then I'm not even sure what the word "normal" means anymore... It's like "normal to what?" or "normal to what environment?'
Also, the stuff at 15:30 sounds like Dewey.
Have a ton of questions and nothing to really add.
52:22 This is not true. It does tell you something, which we take so much for granted that it's even hard to imagine how ordinary social interaction would play out if that something wasn't there. External appearance does a very good job in predicting chromosomal sex, which itself does predict aspects of "the kind of mind or brain" a person has. The point is more subtle: it does so sufficiently imperfectly that, in very many situations (although not in all of them), the right thing to do is not to stop at this stage, keep judgment on hold, and gather new information in addition to observed sex - first of all, at a job interview, the very fact that the person chose to show up for that job. In other words, asking the person more about himself or herself to find out more about the specificity and individuality of the person, beyond what is surely important but ultimately insufficient for many purposes, such as being a good worker in the overwhelming majority of jobs and tasks.
But these individuals do come from populations, exactly like the samples from which the group averages in Simon's studies are computed. It's just that in many cases it's really narrow-minded to stop there. We are increasingly led to think that the cost of additional information is worth incurring for the benefit of avoiding misjudgment and its bad consequences cast on others. Statistical discrimination is not irrational, the real problem is how much information we decide to collect before choosing - a decision which is likely more about values than about anything else. And to cultivate these other-regarding values, rather than relying on increasing anonymization and de-personalization of any "sensitive" interactions, is what alone can really solve the problem at the root - as opposed to keeping it under control by legal and social sanctions in an increasingly frustrated and tense professional environment as it happens today.