Crossing the Wallace Line - languages, genes and a forgotten history
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- Опубликовано: 18 июн 2016
- The Austronesian expansion into Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific was the last and most far-reaching prehistoric human migration. Austronesian languages replaced indigenous languages over nearly half the globe, yet the absolute number of Austronesian colonists was small. Recently, geneticists have identified large geographic disparities in the relative proportions of Asian ancestry across different genetic systems (NRY, mitochondrial DNA, autosomes and X chromosomes) in Austronesian-speaking societies of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Surprisingly, a substantial genetic discontinuity occurs in the middle of a continuous chain of islands that form the southern arc of the Indonesian archipelago, near the geographic center of the Austronesian world. In the absence of geographic barriers to migration, this genetic boundary and swathe of Austronesian language replacement must have emerged from social behavior. Drawing on decades of comparative ethnological research inspired by F.A.E. van Wouden’s structural model of Austronesian social organization, later codified by Claude Lévi-Strauss as "House societies" ("sociétés à maison"), we propose a two-stage ethnographic model in which the appearance of matrilocal ‘‘House societies’’ during the initial phase of the Austronesian expansion, and the subsequent disappearance of ‘House societies’’ in lowland rice-growing regions, accounts for the observed linguistic, genetic and cultural patterns.
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Наука
Thank you for making an informative documentary of my people. Long live the Austronesians
So Infornative and Educating, no wonder here in Indonesia, one of the most popular folksong and usually taught since we were kids are 'Our Ancestor are Sailor",__Nenek moyang ku seorang pelaut...
one island have many languange. and in indonesia have many different language area, my mother come from east indonesia ambon and my father from west java mix central java.in my family have 3 languange.very informative this vlog.thank you
I am from Timor Island, thank you so much to feature our culture here 💜
Greets , I believe we from South Western Pacific , originate from Your region ... Fragrance plants and flowers , brought by our ancestors , in you region only ...
From this video, we could see that they have differences in their regional language, yet understands each other through Bahasa Indonesia
Luzon in Philippine, Sumba, Jawa, South Sumatra, Fiji, Maluku, Flores, Timor have similar roof pyramidal and hip roof called 'joglo' in Javanese, and 'limasan'. Timorese 'uma lulik' very similar to Luzon Philippine 'igorot' traditional house, Bahay Kubo, Tagalog, Pangasinan, Kampapangan, Ilakano and Visaya house very similar to 'rumah Limasan' and some time 'joglo'. some group like Malay/Melayu, Bugis, Makassarese, Sundanese, Banjarese, Bulungan, Kutai, Bajau, Iranun, Tausug, Maranao, Maguidanao in Borneo and Southern Philippine Mindanao have similar 'lipat Kajang roof' or 'open gable' with V or cross roof gable decoration. Balai adat Melayu, Bubungan Tinggi Banjar for example, and some group like Minangkabau, Batak, Palau[Traditional Palau house] have curve like boat or buffalo horn roof.
Excellent info. Impossible to be coincidence. Thank you!
Taiwanese (Formosan) Aborigines all were matrilineal in prehistorical times. Tribes such as Pangcah (Amis) and several others are still matrilineal at least in name in the present day. It's safe to assume Austronesian expansion were driven by matrilineal societies.
Sean Su that's why Formosan aborigines are almost non existent now
@@Arjunarjunskiy There are plenty of indigenous patrilineal societies around the world that went extinct because of colonialism. There is nothing wrong with matrilineal societies.
Because they were not influence by gandi pop curry asian culture. The culture with most disrespect to women
Matrilineal society still exists within Austronesians. Just look at Minangnese, they are still practicing matrilineal and are the largest in the world.
@@Arjunarjunskiy
It appears that the population of Taiwan is 95% of Austronesian origin. The idea that Taiwan's population is 95% ethnic Chinese is a self-serving hoax planted by the Chinese KMT.
After Japan's surrender, the United States unloaded the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) army on Japanese Taiwan to carry out the mission of occupying this part of Japanese territory pending an international treaty that would decide Taiwan's future allegiance. The Chinese described the period of occupation as an immediate return of Taiwan to Chinese rule after a 50-year hiatus due to their alleged "Japanese occupation" of "Chinese Taiwan".
This is all Chinese propaganda and fallacies spread in defiance of international laws. Taiwan was not part of China. Taiwan is not separated from China. Taiwan was part of Japan. Taiwan is currently separated from Japan.
The Fujianese and Cantonese-speaking Taiwanese are Pingpu (平鋪 or people of the plains) aborigines who assimilated with the Manchus through acquisition of Fujianese and Cantonese dialects. Aboriginal Taiwanese learned Fujianese and Cantonese as foreign languages. Through the local use of these two Chinese dialects, these populations assimilated to their Manchu overlords and lost the use of their indigenous languages.
Taiwan's population is 95% of Austronesian origin once Fujianese and Cantonese-speaking Taiwanese are correctly reclassified into their original ethnic group.
I'm Filipino: nangurungwa/narungwa - sounds a lot like "urong" meaning "to move aside" (especially when seated). Flying and moving seem related acts.
@@alochoa7057 ???
@@alochoa7057 Don't lose sleep over it. You're the last to know.
I'm from Tonga we say "lunga/olunga" which means up. And "puna" means jump or fly so u might say "puna ki olunga" jump up or fly up sounds similar
or burong/burung in indonesian which means bird
My mom hometown is in an Island that near Sumba (the island in this video), for mother and father, they say "ina and ama", there are also some similar words in Bisaya tho
Thank you so much for sharing this documentation... All black and white image(Except flores one) are from my hometown Nias Island, North Sumatera, Indonesia. I miss my island so badly right now.
Very interesting! Im from the west side of Indonesia, my family is Chinese-Indonesian. Great to know about my sister and brother from the east side!
Are you mixed indonesian and chinese ?
@@Aircraft_collection yes in Sumatra we called it Peranakans
@@mei4195 you are not pure chinese in your ancestor ?
@@Aircraft_collection no, being Peranakans mean you already mixed with indigenous people of the area. In my case, my great grandmother was Minangkabau
@@mei4195
Dude she meant to say "Descents" from their pure Chinese tribes in central Asia those were same as those who are Arab and Indian Descents here in Indonesia
And still each of them preserved their heritage traditions and customs just like the ingenious people here does that's why they can speak at least 3-4 local languages including Bahasa Indonesia as a main national lang
Nice video! I'm from the Maluku islands, eastern Indonesia. I have between 39% and 44% Oceanian/Melanesian DNA by most different dna companies. My paternal haplogroup, Y-dna, is C-M38... Greetings!
Glad you liked it. You come from a very interesting part of the world...
It's full of "secrets" :) Ready to be discovered. I always felt that the Maluku people did more have in common with the islanders to the east, our culture, native dances, our physical appearances. Y-dna C-M38 is an Oceanian lineage isn't it?
Latu E Yes. It's the basal lineage to the Y type found in Polynesia.
Murray Cox, I have read that C-M38 had to be risen somewhere in Wallacea or the Birdshead region? Northwest New Guinea? I saw indeed that the most common Y-dna amongst Polynesians is C-M208..
Latu E Yes, that's right. There's a good chance you have that ancestral type.
Briliant! Thank you for your work. This is a priceless doc.
thank you, sir ... your video is very informative, good job :)
Something I noticed is the women in my culture used to wear striped skirts that look very similar to the ones worn by Indonesian women in the old photos. And the jewelry that the people used to wear look very similar to the ones that some of the Melanesians wore. I see the connection with both cultures in the old culture. (I'm from Chuuk).
I'm so thankful to come across this incredible video about the lineage of the people in South East Asia. Great anthropology research.
This lesson is so precious , thank you @Murray Cox
Great documentary very informative. Thank you
This was so informative! Terima kasih for the video!
This video needs more views and likes
I am from Holland and sorry to say that we made a colony from Indonesia. In 1949 it became independent. Still there are a lot of people in Indonesia that speak Dutch and here we sing songs in native languages. Please forgive us for the cruel war our grandfathers faught. I am glad your country won. Holland should also make apooligies to the Molukken and Papoea, they promised them an independent state, a land of their own, but never could keep that promise. 😢
Your voice of heart and truth carries beautiful both towards healing, wholeness, rebalance.
Jesus
it's okay man. At least, people care with us now.
You’re such a beta and your ancestors would be ashamed of you. Such nerve you have to talk so poorly of your ancestors. Oh but you’re from 2023, so you think you’re so enlightened. SMH
every man is responsible for his own actions, we as descendants of our ancestors can build a better world for all of us and our gradchildren to prosper ...
Love the mini documentary
this is so educative!
btw im an high school graduate can you inform me which major for me to learn about gene and history like this? because i want to learn about these things more! thank you.
The general field is usually called 'molecular anthropology', but people approach it from many different directions - genetics, anthropology, linguistics and others. It really depends on what interests you. Most universities don't offer molecular anthropology as a major, but you could study one or two of subjects above, and then focus on molecular anthropology in more detail as a graduate student. More so than in most subjects, researchers often take quite different paths to end up working in this area.
ooh thank you for the information!
Awesome work dudes
8:57 That papaya tree is like 100 meters tall, the heck? I never seen one like that! I planted one myself and it still only half meter after 1 yr😁
After yous aid it, now then I realized those are papaya trees....
Papaya here in indonesia grows really tall..
Hi Murray, first of all i wanna say that its a very good documentary video regarding Indonesian genetic data. I had already knew before that most of Western Indonesia have Asian Paternal Haplogroup such as O1/O-M119, O2a/O-M95, O2b and O3/O-M122. But recently i had a DNA Test to find out about my origin by using 23andme. First of all, i'm a Minangkabaus from West Sumatra Province in Sumatra Island of Indonesia. It found out that i have 45 percent of my DNA came from South Asia and it had been revealed that my Paternal Haplogroup is R1a1a.
First i was shocked actually since both of my grandparents are Minangkabaus from Sumatra and as far as i know that i don't have any foreign ancestor.
In addition, there has been a research that conducted by Professor Herawati Sudoyo from Eijkman Institute in 2019, it found out that average Minangkabaus has an average of South Asian ancestry up to 45-79.8 percent. Is there any large migration of South Asian or maybe Indo Aryan (because as far as i know that Y DNA R1a is typically Indo Aryan Speaking people) or Dravidian into Sumatra in the past ? I'm pretty sure that my South Asian Gene migrated to Sumatra not in recent time but in ancient time. Can you counduct more research on Minangkabau people or maybe Sumatran in general ? Its like a puzzle game for me actually.
Some Minangkabaus sample that has been studied by Eijkman Institute :
historia.id/microsite/proyek-dna-ariel
Yes, there was extensive contact between India and Indonesia starting around 1500 years ago. There is a brief summary here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia#Indonesia
Indian Ocean trade network most probably.
Sumatera is part of lemuria,same as Malaysia
I come from the island of Timor, and this is very informative. I now know more about the history of my people, thank you very much.
Very interesting as a topic! Unluckyly it seems there are not so many videos like these on yt
(kinda surprised by the AC Roma tee shirt wore by the man at 8:43)
Psssst ... Just don't tell the AS Roma marketing officers: there are international clubs (faked) jerseys sold in village markets allover Indonesia.🤫🤫🤭
"Nenek moyangku seorang pelaut.."
There is a reason for this song.... Proud Nusantara folks!!
Those who can't swim in the sea are an embarrassment to their Ancestors. Hahahah....
Thank you for this theory. It explains to me some elements of female power in my people culture of Toraja from Mamasa, West Sulawesi.
Thank you Professor.
This makes sense, since the Women will seek sons for their daughters not all (completely not all) from their own tribal men; availability of men for the new upcoming families would be safer to prevent inbreeding (i.e, marrying your own cousins).
The exchange of daughters and sons by the two groups enhanced the success of the survival of new generations. It also strengthened everyone's expanded family structure, and clearly assisted in expanding onto new areas not even peopled yet (to seek continuing new abundance of food; hunting and gathering areas and frontiers).
It appears Asiatic-descendant Seafaring only continued in an arc continuing upwards to and through the Filipino Archipelago and finally into Taiwan (not the other way around).
It also appears that advanced Seafaring, or water-borne craft technique and construction was shared to the Aboriginal Sunda-Sahul men by the Aboriginal Southern China-Northern Sunda Asiatic men (known to recent discoveries as Pre-Historic
Mapa Man), since their sisters would be travelling to new areas adjacent or even further away. (Wed to their newly acquired brothers!)
It also is apparent that the Aboriginal Asiatic men also married to the in-situ Sunda Aboriginal women, and mostly stayed (with the exception of continuing to Seafare up through the Filipino Archipelago on onto Taiwan).
There is ample evidence, too, that Ancient Austronesian Filipino Archipelago inhabitants seafared directly out from it's eastern and southern seaboard into the Pacific Ocean to Micronesia, reaching Samoa, and other parts of the Pacific Ocean Island Realm.
(Oceanic Seafaring).
This the exchange of sons and daughters.
As the Professor here shows, the Aboriginal Asiatic Women both stayed in Sunda Landmass, and, travelled beyond into Sahul and skirting Northern Australia, and, Southern and Northern Papua New Guinea outwards into the Pacific Ocean (Solomons and Fiji).
This exchange of daughters and sons in Ancient Sunda obviously flourished as Asiatic Aboriginals (moving out of Southern China and Southeast Asia) came into contact with the existing Sunda-Sahul Aboriginals (Peoples exampled by modern Andaman Islanders, Ancient Sunda Landmass inhabitants referred to as Negrito, which includes Semang and Senoi in Southeast Asia, Australian Aborigines, and Papua New Guineans).
This will clearly explain why the Solomon Islanders and Fijians are as they are (Melanesians).
The mixing of these two groups gave rise to the Austronesians, while the Ancient Asiatic speech structure remained mostly intact.
(Women raise the children).
The people are more Asiatic in Sunda (Southeast Asia, Modern Indonesia/Filipino Archipelago/Aboriginal Taiwan) and gradually more Melanesian in Moluccu and then completely Melanesian in the Solomons and Fiji.
Tonga is half Melanesian, an intermediary Island World between Fiji and Samoa.
Samoa is the Melanesian outlier, while Maori World is mainly Austronesian with lesser Melanesian mixing (via New Caledonia and Vanuatu).
From a Polynesian, great explanation!
Is this the out of Sundaland theory?
@@uncledan2u
This may be described as such, yes.
What's the evidence that Austronesian expansion was northwards?
Hello Steve, I remember a time when I accompanied you to a ceremony at the Ulun Danu Batur temple in the early eighties to help with interpreting. 'Salam hanget' to you and your family from Nyoman
Check on the song of the Philippines "Waray Waray." Samar/Leyte islands are known to be tough, fierce women. Almost similar to Indonesia
Thank you, from south east Sulawesi indonesia..
excellent !
Those East of the Wallace line with the papuan Y chromosomes could be patrilineal societies that assimilated both male and female aborigines. That doesn't mean Austronesians were originally matrilineal. For example Scandinavians have non Indo European Y chromosomes, but we know for sure that proto Indo European speakers were a patriarchal society.
Isnt science & curiosity fascinating?
Salam, from west Java, thankyou for this wonderful documentary & findings
Wow! this short video answered so many questions I had about my ancestors. I always wondered why my middle name is my mother's maiden name and wondered why my great- grandma was the one to inherit her family's lands. I'm probably descended from one of these Austronesian matrilineal peoples! I guess now I can tell feminists that I am exempt and that patriarchy was forced upon my people?
Wehale are the Kingdom of Tetun Language.....my country East-Timor🇹🇱🇹🇱🇹🇱 spoken Tetun are original from Belu/Wehale Kingdom👍👍
timor leste is malanesian not austronesian
Timor Timor Leste same as Maluku and Nusa Tengarra was originally Melanesian and still has Melanesian and Australian Haplogroups,but we have much Austronesian language,culture,and even DNA influence as well!We Eastern Indonesians from Maluku,Nusa Tengarra,and East Timor people are mixed Melanesian and Austronesian like Polynesians and Micronesians and many other Melanesians!
Salam maun husi rai belu
🇮🇩🇹🇱
You can find pure matrilineal system in minangkabau tribe in Sumatra...
DNA is AMAZING ♡♡♡ but always leaves me feeling like a science experiment of some highly intelligent advanced beings from other worlds... Lol all the money they spend to look for life on other planets and I think we maybe the aliens:)
♡ great video ♡
awesome
Were the original inhabitants east of the Wallacean line and west of New Guinea before the Austronesian migration Papuans? I've looked at samples of different ethnic group that indicates as you go east in Indonesia, the Papuan/Melanesian DNA increases.
Also, who were the inhabitants of Java before the Austronesian migration? According to DNA results of Javanese and Sundanese, they are more "mainland Southeast Asian" (maybe Austroasiatic) than Austronesian, genetic-wise
In short, yes. That's the currently understanding.
I read up that there was a third aboriginal like element at least in the Moluccas.
I saw a message from a Ceramese friend who was tested that said that Wallaceans may be a unique population of their own?
Btw I saw a DNA study and also pictures and video documentation that show that certain Islanders and Tribes in more isolated areas in Maluku like Serams jungles and the Kei and Aru Islanders are still predominately Melanesian rather than Austronesian,but many speak Austronesian languages still.
The first population to reach Indonesia were Australoids (orang Asli or Negritos), followed by the first mongoloid population from pre-Han China, Austroasiatics. The third population that migrated and 2nd mongoloid group were Austronesians
It wasn't all about the Wallace Line though. The first true Austronesian expansion into the Pacific was from the Philippines, when they settled the Marianas at around 3500 BP, and again Palau at around 3000 BP. I think a better population to study would be the Austronesian groups of eastern Mindanao, northern Sulawesi, Halmahera, and northern Papua. As those were the groups that spread across the Pacific coast of Australasia and eventually became the ancestors of Polynesians.
If that is the case,then why are the Austronesian languages closest to Oceanic ones are the ones in Eastern Indonesia and East Timor rather than the Phillipines??
Also Halmahera is part of Maluku and Wallacea too.North Maluku.
Also if that is the case then why is the highest Melanesian and even Polynesian DNA in Eastern Indonesia and East Timor rather than those areas,excluding Halmahera and West/North Papua??
@@gpl992 LOL. Did you think the expansion to the Pacific was a single migration event?
I said _Micronesia._ Specifically the Marianas. They were colonized _directly_ from the Philippines.
*Micronesians are NOT Polynesians.* They originate from two separate migration events. Micronesians don't even speak Oceanic languages, their languages are still directly under Malayo-Polynesian, branching off from Philippine languages.
The ancestors of the Polynesians (and partially the Island Melanesians) were the Lapita peoples. And it is UNKNOWN where they come from directly, hence my recommendation at a full study not only in eastern Indonesia (you do realize I mentioned Halmahera and Sulawesi, right?), but also in eastern Mindanao and maybe even the Visayas in the Philippines. Those are the areas closest to the Schouten and Bismarck Islands, where the first artifacts of the Lapita peoples are known from.
Also, it's hilarious how you think Australo-Melanesian DNA is unique to Eastern Indonesia. ALL Austronesians (except of course, the aboriginal Taiwanese), have Australo-Melanesian admixture. We just call them by different names. In the Philippines they are known as Negritos; in Indonesia/Malaysia, they are known as Orang Asli; In Papua and Oceania, they are known as Papuan/Melanesian. We all have their genes.
The difference is that there was GREATER admixture in East Nusa Tenggara, the Moluccas, and coastal Papua, naturally because there were MORE Australo-Melanesians in those areas when Austronesians arrived.
@@gpl992 Also an addition. Since you seem to have a ton of misconceptions, you seem to be confusing Austronesians and Melanesians.
Australo-Melanesians are NOT Austronesians. They originate from a very very ancient migration event (the first human migration wave out of Africa, actually, from around 70,000 years ago), They reached Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia via land bridges during the last ice age, when most of Southeast Asia was still connected to the mainland via the Sundaland peninsula. They did not have boat technology so they remained in those areas for thousands of years.
Austronesians arrived much much later, after the end of ice age. And they arrived by boat (they invented the first true ocean-crossing vessels in human history). They started migrating out of Taiwan at around 5000 years ago, first to the Philippines, then to the rest of Southeast Asia and the Marianas, before spreading further to Polynesia and Madagascar around 2000 to 1000 years ago.
The reason why most Austronesians today have Australo-Melanesian genes is because they intermarried with the existing Australo-Melanesian groups they encountered when they settled the islands of Southeast Asia and New Guinea.
In some cases, the sheer number of intermarriages actually eventually made the Australo-Melanesian genes more dominant, even though they remain culturally Austronesian. Which is why Islander Melanesians (Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, etc.) look very much Papuan (dark skin, curly hair, etc.) even if they speak Austronesian languages and have an Austronesian culture. They are actually still Austronesians, but genetically they are 70% Papuan because of later migrations (after around 700 AD) and intermarriages from mainland New Guinea.
In contrast to their cousins, the Polynesians, who are more dominantly Austronesian (at around 70% Austronesian to 30% Papuan). Both these groups are descendants of the Lapita peoples, even though they look very different today.
Hi Murray, thanks for this video. Is it the case whether the Papuans are the original inhabitants is the current widely accepted theory?
Current thinking is that the first modern humans to reach Indonesia ~50,000 years ago were most closely related to modern Papuan groups. However, Indonesia was heavily influenced by later movements of populations from mainland Asia - probably during the late Pleistocene, but definitely during the farming expansion around 4,000 years ago. Most Indonesians carry genes from all of these groups, with more Asian components in the west (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) and more Papuan components in the east (Nusa Tenggara, New Guinea). So basically yes, but the history is also more complex.
Murray Cox I'm Sumatran but i have Y DNA O1a . am i the descendant of Austronesian traveller ??
Good question, but there's not enough information to say. O1a is characterized by polymorphism M119, but descendent lineages have different histories. O-M119* probably arrived in Indonesia from mainland Asia during the late Pleistocene, O-M110 likely arrived during the Austronesian expansion, and O-P203 may have been introduced twice - once during the late Pleistocene and again during the Austronesian expansion. It depends on exactly what sub-lineage you carry. There's quite a good summary here: doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq063
Murray Cox Oh really nice . I'm Ethnically Minangkabau of Western Sumatra actually .
How does Maluku compare?I'm a Moluccan who has took a 23andme and waiting on Ancestry,I plan to write a blog using your material along with a relative to keep our culture and this story alive.
So that means I should thank my long lost great great great great great great great Grandmother for passing down the Javanese Language.
And yeah even the words Ancestors is very Maternal-Nenek Moyang.
And yes Women has very BIG roles even in current Javanese Societies. Like they are the ones in charge of the House matters and such. They are the ones who teach the language to the next generation and they kind of pass on the family wealth to the daughters(That's my family's practice)
Even in Southeast Asia, Y DNA O3a2b2 seems to be the more dominant Austronesian Patrilineal lineage that Y DNA O1a which often associated with Proto Austronesians. Can you provide an explanation?
Proto austro asiatic and Sino tibet were closer to austronesian and may have migrated from South Asia to east. Tibetans of naga land share similar culture and practice.
Some Basal austronesian migrated to South China then created O1a. Some Basal austronesian migrated to Sundaland and intermix to Negritos and created O3
The thumbnail picture is actually the Nias tribe from North Sumatra, Indonesia aka Western Indonesia, it's not in the Wallace area
Austronesian 🇹🇱🇹🇱🇹🇱💛💛👍
You Timorese just like us Moluccans are a mixture of both Austronesian and Melanesian.Similar to Polynesians and Micronesians but we have slightly more Melanesian than them both because of Proximity and trade.
i'm so proud
Do you think Japan have another island called Yamatai but drown in deep ocean? I seen Japanese undersea pyramid before
When researchers and divers went to see the ruins; they saw that most of the carvings belonged to Austronesian design. It is possible that an island belonging to the Austronesian group sank. Remember, Japan didn't really own the areas near Taiwan until WW2 and according to Ryulu islanders didn't belong to Japanese group until they were colonized.
you put photos from deferent etnic, the etnic in photos you put is Nias, come to Nias Island, Indonesia, North Sumatera, i live here
There are alot of answers to the unanswered questions in this interesting research that lie East of the Wallace line. The cultures of Eastern Indonesia have rich cultural history and genetic make up that fill out alot of missing links this research seems to miss. It is known that our dark Maluku men take interest in lightskinned women with Asian features but the culture is very male dominant which would not allow for men to enter with the same ease as women. Our culture shares the same history as that of our Timorese brothers, we are a warrior culture. Eastern Indonesian Melanesian men are physically also bigger thus it might have been simple maths. This was likely the same case in the past. We have been here for 50k years.
There a beautiful looking people just like our many islands in the Philippines they have many looks
Really great. But what happened to the austronesian men? Were the women polyandric? It would not be unbelievable in a matriarchal society.
Matrilineal system can also be "cause the neighbors are so' Ex. In Northeastern India, the Khasi tribe are matrilineal. As are the Garo tribe, their completely unrelated Tibeto-Burman neighbors. Khasis are Austroasiatic.
That's right. Munda, Palaung, and Wa were also belong to Austroasiatic groups.
From the linguistic point of view it's obvious that Khasis from India are very closely related to the South east asians Malaysia and Indonesia. I wonder how they end up among the Tibeto-Burman speaking natives all alone!
2022 watching this
Why is it the complete opposite in India/South Asia? Southeast Asian maternal DNA is rare but Southeast Asian paternal DNA (Haplogroup O-M175) is one of the major paternal lineages in India. The Austronesian language-speaking Munda people have 100% maternal DNA that is West Eurasian and South Asian while having 65% Southeast Asian paternal DNA. The Dravidian population they mixed with is thought to be linked ancestrally to the Melanesians. It may mean the Austronesians who migrated to India were mostly men while the ones that migrated to Polynesia were mostly women composed predominantly of female seafarers. Which is kind of strange. I would assume that traveling in the ocean in canoes will be more physically taxing, and the men would more likely bring their woman folk along if moving by land.
They are a beautiful island people like us filipinos we were the LAPITA austronesian people who sailed to micronesia and melanesia and Polynesian DNA of a female in vanuwatu and tonga 2000 years old and canoe that was discovered in new zealand double hull canoe our filipino native are sub melanesian Filipino negritos aeta and ati this people look like our filipino malay muslim never been concoured by spainard and american and dutch
Hi Mr Murray Cox . .. I'm from Bajawa (Ngada) want to ask what about the DNA of our people here Bajawa (Ngada) ... because in general our physical appearance is different from Melanesia .. and people here also have a lot of white skin and straight hair like the people from western Indonesia ... but there are also some who look like papuans or melanesian
. in Flores (East Nusa Tenggara) each district has different physical appearance ,Sorry Poor My English
Selamat siang, Aria. As far as I know, there has been no genetic study of Bajawa. But Flores is an amazing place. Most people in Flores have (on average) about 50% Asian ancestry and 50% Papuan ancestry, but the ancestry of specific genes varies from person to person. This might explain the variation in appearance that you mention. The other really interesting thing about Flores is that the genetics differs at lot across different parts of the island. So the region around Bena is genetically quite different from the region around Rampasasa, which is also different from Lembata (a different island, but obviously very close by). The genetics of Boawae is different again, mostly because of all the people who have arrived from other places. It is not widely known, but the people of Flores are more genetically diverse than the whole of Europe. So you're lucky to come from a really wonderful and unique part of the world! :)
Mr. @@MurrayPCox thank you for replying ... yes Bena is a traditional village that is still maintained today. Bajawa (Ngada) and Boawae (Nagekeo) are indeed quite different ... we see Boawae is more similiar with Ende
I hope one day you can do research genetic for Orang Bajawa people (Ngada) we want just know about our genes because the physical appearance features are very diverse and somewhat different. god bless you Mr, Murray Cox..Gbu
Slow migration of Chinese genes over period of time mixing with islands in Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia filtered out the dark skin and added more light skin
Still I don´t understand how the matrilineal organization would explain the lack of Asian Y chromone E of Wallace line. Can anybody explain?
He doesn't say. Some guesses:
Maybe only women sailed to new islands.
More likely both men and women did, formed settlements, established crops etc, then the indigenous men killed the male settlers, mated with the eomen, and adopted Austronesian technology.
Or there's some other explanation.
IMHO the presenter's premises are biased and loaded; he WANTS a woman-centered history.
But what happened with the Austronesian men? Why Y Chromosome of Austronesian decreases in the east of Wallace Line?
The black natives of pacific islands killed the Malayo male sailors who arrived there and keep the Malayo women for themselves.
@@Emsyazthat's why in NTT we have seen various shades of Austronesian blended with Malenesian. So don't got confused. Regardless the DNA, we are all homosapiens.
In language sounds, consonants and vowels matter.
Proud Malay☝️🙏
Maori were the last Austronesian’s to settle land. Are Polynesians a mix of south East Asian and Papuan DNA?
Yes, but usually austronesian( a type of south east Asian) genes are dominant with still significant amounts of melanesian(Papuan) genes mixed in so anything from 55/45 to 85/15 respectively.
@@ANTSEMUT1 Just like Micronesians and Wallaceans(Timorese/Moluccans).I wonder what the Mindanao tribes like Mamanwa and Manobo score.They look just like us Wallaceans/Oceanians.
@@gpl992 because filipino we some bad austronesian people just joking but they southern islands are filipino muslims like Indonesian and Malaysia they defended there islands from spainard and america they are pure filipino austronesian like i said we are some bad mama jama that's austronesian word
What evidence do you have for pre austronesia inhabitance of pacific
It depends what you mean by 'Pacific'. Austronesian speakers were the first settlers in what is known as 'Remote Oceania', basically modern Vanuatu and all islands further east. The Solomon Islands and all regions to the west were settled much earlier, long before the farming-based Austronesian expansion. There was a human presence in that region going back at least as far as 50,000 years ago.
@@MurrayPCox yeah saw that he meant papuans half way through.
@@j.kpaora3074 the LAPITA austronesian filipino left DNA body found in vanuwatu and tonga the papua intermixing with the beautiful exotic islander girl from the Philippines we left pottery and canoe in melanesia and Polynesia and in guam we can understand there LANGUAGE and they lool filipino but the filipinos you see in guam and America and hawaii look different then our many islanders especialy our muslim islands they look malay like Indonesian and polynesian they dont look asian that funny look at this islanders they look don't asian as the polynesian concept of the Philippines and Indonesia and Malaysia and we created them and what there trying to say were ugly wow Philippines and Indonesia and Malaysia has the most beautiful ladies in the world
interestng
I wish you hadn't used such a modern term as an example of language in Sumba. The concept of flying may well have developed in the 20th century, in a way similar to French use of Le jean bleu. I assume you have based your research on better data, but the example you used could be western-centric and possibly undermines your conclusions.
i hope something new research discovering about Bataknese. I am wondering how can my tribe share some common tradition with ancient Jewish
Could it be that the Austronesian cultures had a certain cultural affect on the Melanesians? Making it attractive to marry into Austronesian society? Or maybe to establish peaceful links between populations? The Melanesian populations were the majority, so marriage could've been a way to prevent hostility, which would be an obvious disadvantage for the more recent Austronesian settler minority.
The way they pronounce fly sounds very close with how indonesian pronounce bird: burung/ borong
Javanese say "mabur"
Perhaps the patrilineal and matrilineal dichotomy is a western concept which is oversimplistic and incorrect to be used to address phenomenon in austronesian culture. In order to provide objective results, these kinds of cultural biased terms should be avoided.
Austronesian people = the people who lived in southern island of earth.
They are who live in nusantara polynesia melanesia micronesia, Malagasy.
Austronesian language main group are malay, java, sunda, dayak, tagalog, hawaii, maori, papua, etc.
Sometime people mis understand to said austronesian people and austonesian language.
Dayak is not one ethnic group.
@@Emsyaz
If it's not, what is a Dayak?
@@uncledan2u It's a grouping based on general cultural similarities. Here's some main ethnic groups of the Dayak based on the language: Apaukayan, Otdanum-ngaju, Iban, Kendayan-Bidayuh, Ma'anyan-lawangan, Bamayo-Malayic, Kelabit-Lundayeh, Punan, Taman-maloh, Tunjung, and Murut.
I question I have is: why not colonize the really, really big island to the south of Timor?
1. The Papuans/early Australian Aborigins did that.
2. The Austronesians follow the trade winds, and whenever the resources are not suitable, they will leave the place. And the starting point to go east, to Oceania, started from northern Maluku or the Philippines. Even if they reached Australia, apparently, they found no hope to stay long in Northern Territory's desert land.
@@rapemap Except the northern parts of Australia are tropical grasslands and monsoon forests. When the Australian Aboriginals got there around 52 to 56 thousand years ago (thereabouts) it was even more so.
Subtitle indo please!
AHH the Austronesian AKA "the LIMA Gang"
You mislabeled Java as Bali
Yusuf Abdiauzan actually they misrepresented many other things too
Terbang or to fly in the Sasak Language is : KELEP.
Try mharlika languages coll (alibata) or baybayin
I think alibata were from arabic, were the mandalika muslim before?
thanks! but how about pure austronesian bred children ? surely austronesian men had kids with their women too - why did they not go east of the wallace ? thanks
Is there also an indication that war could be one of the factors of those y chromosomes disappearing? Coz men die in war and women are spoils
Those samples of the Sumba island are related words, they are not totally different words. In my own town of Banaue, Ifugao, we have what can be called dialects but we have enough common words to understand each other. Though there different spellings and pronunciation of the same word, still it's understandable.
Also why didn't they leave Australia out. Why didn't they colonised Australia also?
Yes indonesia so big
🇮🇩❤️
im bajau
women captured or traded mothers speak their own language to their children
Ummh the austronesian man might be killed by the indigenous (papuan) man before they have a child? Or they might be couldnt survive because of the disease, while austronesian woman were stronger.. hehe.. it is just my assumption.
That's exactly what I was wondering. What happened to the austronesian men? Maybe a woman had several husband's but maybe it would show up in the genetics.
He kept asking what happened to the men, but then never really answered it LOL.
balázs=wallace by cross the language barrier
Berbeda2 tetap satu juga
Ceng he AL FATIH
Incorrect, they speak an offshoot of the original language we all speak, the language is reo māori. That's the purest form of the original.
We know this because they are the language of the most remote islands of the chain and the still connect to Africa and the America's, in Africa we are known as the Mauri from Mauritania. They are from haplogroup a.
In the America's we have dna and place names in places like Peru, and tiwanaku, which are all words in our language "reo Māori" the language of the gods. Chur chur thanks for the share.
The gut bacteria of the early males traveling to this is not the same as women they died
Terbang is NOT an Indonesian word. It is a Malay word. This is because
1. There was no Indonesia before Sumpah Pemuda in 1928. Sumpah Pemuda is a Youth Declaration of the Dutch colonised Islands now known as Indonesia.
2. In Sumpah Pemuda, it was unanimously decided that the Malay Language be adopted to be the unifying language of all the different languages from the 17,000 islands, now known as Indonesia.
The Malay Language was adopted because it was the lingua franca of South East Asia for commerce, trade and politics due to the influence of Melaka as a world centre for maritime trade when the Sri Vijaya- Majapahit empire (Java) declined.
This is very basic in understanding linguistic influence in this region.
Who are you to decide that it's not indonesian. If a group of milions indonesian say it is exist then it is exist.
By the same logic, there were no malays because before they spoke malay there was an ancestor language called nowdays as proto austronesian.
Yes, there were no malays.
@@Emjazzuli malay language is not the same as proto Austronesia.Its only use by since sriwijaya.Most of ancient Austronesian just look like luzon,cham language.
@@zairatulumierah9436 nobody said malay is the exact same as proto Austronesian, those malays are just decendent of proto austronesian, same as the other language that belong to austronesian family, either those indigenious language in luzon, java, taiwan, celebes, sumatra, madagascar, hawaii or rapa nui, they are decendent of proto austronesian. Nothing special about malay. All those mentioned place have the same in common, their ancestor speak the same languages that was proto austronesian. Long before sriwijaya existed.
Sumpah pemuda disisi lain baik bisa terhubung se-Indonesia tapi di sisi lain perlahan lahan menghilangkan bahasa asli daerah, di daerah saya malah bahasa daerahnya sudah bercampur dengan kata serapan bahasa Indonesia bahasa mayoritas (mayoritas dalam arti sebuah daerah yang memberikan pengaruh), lambat laun bahasa daerah banyak yang hilang
Typical Racist Malay Comments from Peninsular Malaysia
What is being discussed is Indonesia, yes, it is true that Indonesian has Malay roots, but what is explained in this video is a comparison of the word "terbang" in Indonesian with the regional language of Sumba Island.
Malay Racists are mentally weak, indulge in subsidies, helpless against Chinese, Tamil/Indian, Bangladeshi, Nepalese and other immigrants.
Sriwijaya belongs to Indonesia, not the peninsula, the peninsula is just a British slave with a weak feudal mentality while playing racist against non-Malays, forcing all Indonesian immigrants to be Malayized, destroying the Malay name as if it belongs exclusively to Islam, you are shame
If the melanesians were the native of the archipelago, where did they come from? Are they related to Africans?
Melanesian populations are more closely related to modern Asian population than to modern Africans. They share some of their deepest ancestry with South Asian populations.
I have no evidence whatsoever but I believe that Australian aboriginals have Indian genes...and also there's always other dark races out side of Africa and not only within Africa... Or maybe Melanesia wasn't that much colonised as much as Polynesia were...countless times.. To a point we lost our native language and culture...but only containing some including tribal tattoos and stories..
Besides the explanation of evolution and anthropology theories, only God make it possible. Human is human, never been as an animal. Culture adaptation is God's mark as our identity
I hope feminists dont seethis.
Austronesians are not a race but a language. The spread of languages does not always correlate to the spread of races or "colonization" as in colonial European expansions. Indonesians are Asians and among the first to settle Asia. So this idea of the Wallace Line is a nonsense concept as all of those genes originated in Asia. Australian Aborigines and other aboriginal groups in South Asia and Indonesia are the first Asians.
This makes sense to me
This is actually no longer true, because... there has been a global DNA mapping exercises... And they have already tested DNA of bodies from like 2000, up to around 30,000 years old. Some of the studies are also being done for the chinese, and they have also found that Austronesian.. were part of the Southern Chinese.... O2, I think. So... I think it is time that Indonesia or these islands also map their history as well. And then you can build up the actual history. This is a really cool video actually... Gosh.
don't try to divide us chinese sh!t
Funny how when men own everything it's "patriarchal," when it's equally owned by both genders, it's called "matriarchal." STILL misogynistic, STILL