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Hello can you talk about chevau-léger, which was a type of french troop from this period (more during Wars of Italy) and which is more lightly protected than gendarms but also interresting
I just found your fantastic channel recently, I love history always been a passion and you make fantastic videos with great effort put into research. So it's a shame Raid Shaddow Casino got to you too xD
@@adibar9066 Yeah! after an intense night of research, I found a book on ebay called "Husarze: Ubiór, oporządzenie i uzbrojenie 1500-1775" (Polish winged hussars: dress, equipment, arms and armor 1500-1775). The thing is... It's only in Polish, which I don't know, only my last name is polish. So now I'm gonna learn polish to read that book XD
@Zeno the Filipino no they wouldn't the french have many ways to deal with prussian mercenarys like for exemple the foreigne legion that exactly what it was created for
@@Kannot2023 they were created from prusian mercenarys to keep them of the streets of paris then were later on used to carve an empire for France out of the 10 % of the know world
About the lance system, the Gendarmes and mercenaries. From what I've read, when Charles VII created the Gendarmes, he invited local mercenaries and hired them into his army. That's also when he created the "morte-payes" who were garrison soldiers. That allowed the Kingdom of France to deal with the issue of banditry that was plaguing the country by employing some of those jobless mercenaries, and using them to fight banditry by creating the Maréchaussé. And another interesting point : Gendarmes or "Gens d'Armes" means "Men-at-Arms". So the Gendarmes themselves weren't really a new thing as they had been operating as mercenaries and part of retinues for a while, what was new was the proffessional army and police force they were a part of.
In French, the "arms" (les armes) also designate at the end of the 14th century all or part of the armor or equipment of a man of war, but also all the heraldic signs, coats of arms which appear on the shield (l'écu) of a noble family or city, which identifies the wearer as noble or related to nobility.
16:34. My physics isn't the best but I'll give it a go The cavalry charge is about 500 m (I just googled this so I have no idea, for perspective a little over a lap on a field track) and the total weight is about 800 kilos, speed is 40 km/hr(11 m/s). The momentum is quite colossal (mass * average velocity in m/s) at around 8800 kg*m/s. Then the momentum is always conserved, and our target is about 80 kilos (based on video), and the horse slows down to 8 m/s (again an estimate) when the knight hits the target. By conservation of momentum, the speed of the target deflected backwards when hit should be around (8800 - 800*8)/80 or about 30 m/s (70 mph I think). That's like getting hit by a car on a highway (what we call it in the US) assuming the car sudden breaks when it crashes into something. Though I am most certainly wrong on this estimate as I am missing a lot of factors/arithmetic errors possibly.
Close enought... The top speed was at the last 25 meter and the horse +rider mass Closer to 750 kilo ... The lancé was désignéd for a certains amount of " charge" before broke for thé rider shoulder etc safety ( like polish hussard Gear is programméd : some sort of leather Spring system and planned broken lancé )
Those calculations are only accurate if the charging lancer stops completely by passing all the kinetic energy to his target - similar to how billiard balls act. In reality it will be much more complex, the gendarme will keep moving after the hit, a lot of energy will be spend on deforming the target (which is the end goal, also known as "killing that guy") and breaking the lance itself. In the end, no flying back at 30 m/s will happen, and the poor soul will most probably be pushed back a few meters at roughly the same speed as the horse before falling and being finished by stumping over him.
@@namelessmidnight We should take into consideration that all this force is applied on a few mm² at the tip of the lance, so it's probably going to cause puncturation and go through the poor guy that might be dragged over a few meters, skewered at the tip of the lance. I don't know wether knights had found a way of retrieving their lance from the body 'en passant'.
"at around roughly 40 kiloGRAMS / hours speed. I'm not specially good at physics" This made me smile so much I have trouble believing it was genuine. :D
@@Goldenleyend it's a measure of energy usage where it's how much fuel a given object would require if on a flat surface with no friction and powered only by the stored caloric energy of that many kg of pizza to travel a given distance.
1) It might have been useful to mention what gendarm actually means in French ... gens d'armes = men at arms. 2) Some 17th century cuirassier breastplates could be made of up to three integrated plates, and could even stop musket balls at a reasonable distance. Those were darn expensive, though, and you'd normally only find them with nobles / officers ...
They were tested against pistols and bandolets in point blank range. They'd fire it at the cuirass, leaving a mark, a "proof". Hence the term "bulletproof".
@@phunkracy That's also true of the standard, mass produced ones the normal cuirassiers or even pikemen were using. I am talking about a specific high end product.
Really reminds me of the phrase "the more things change, the more they stay the same." It's very interesting to see the design changes of armor throughout history, and see how they changed and what themes were deemed necessary! Thanks for the video!
Always good to see. Nice pronounciation of the French words. It's funny to see lance for exemple. In Switzerland we have another funny word. Bataille. It's of course the same as battaglia but it also means a square of 6000-7000 foot soldiers. So we can say that there are 3 batailles during this bataille. Maybe the words became bataillon in later centuries.
It is also known from medieval English as battle, for example first battle acting as vanguard, last battle as rear-guard and the third (or more) as main body of the army.
Ekin= 1/2 mv^2 so an 800kg knight moving 40km/h (11 m/s) generates about 48400 Joule. As a comparison a 9mm handgun has between 500 and 700 Joule (according to wikipedia)
Shouldn’t we take into consideration the surface of impact? Cause sure that 9mm suddenly seems ridiculously weak compared to that knight, but all of this energy is contained within a projectile barely the size of your upper ring finger
Depends also on the size of a fortified town. Could be a large capital of a kingdom, but also a very small settlement ( for example Zavelstein in german Black Forrest).
14:00 Assuming constant value for silver, meaning if you were to exchange them for USD currency today, those 120 livre would be worth around 8000 American dollars. I calculated that, assuming a constant or current value of silver, a Livre Tounois is worth 67 USD.
Kinetic energy = (mass * velocity^2) / 2. Given a mass of 800 kg at a velocity of 40 km/h = 11.1111 m/s the energy will be (800 * 11.1111^2) /2, or 49,382.7 Joules. If we assume it takes one second for all the momentum to be transferred, Force = momentum / time = (mass * velocity) / time = (800 * 11.1111) / 1 = 8,888.88 Newtons or roughly the weight of 3 average male grizzles if they weigh 620 pounds each. If we also assume that all that force is concentrated in an area of 2 * 2 = 4 cm^2 = 0.0004 m^2 then Pressure = Force / Area = 8,888.88 / 0.0004 = 22,222,200 Pascals, or 2000 times the pressure of earth's atmosphere.
@@deathcompanybattlebrother Yes, but more fundamentally it's the derivative of the momentum with respect to time, or in this situation the change in momentum divided by the time in which it changed. Force = linear momentum/time, and because linear momentum = mass * velocity = mass * distance/time then force = mass * distance/time^2. Knowing that acceleration = distance/time^2 then we end up with force = mass * acceleration.
16:34 Here goes nothing. TL,DR imagine being stabbed with a motorcycle 1) let's round up the full weight of the horse and rider(800kg), and the diameter of a lance tip to the diameter of a ping pong ball(38mm) 2) we need the area of effect which we get from (A = π r²) and comes out to 1134.1149 3) Now the time. AVG racehorse weight 650kg and time(1/4mile or 402m) is 20.57 so I added a guarter to the time( (20.57÷4)+20.57 ) to get 25.71sec . We add 18.75% more weight(rider and gear) making the horse 18.75% slower then AVG and get a time of 30.53sec and the speed of the horse upon impact should be around 65km/h. 4) We take all that and we plug it into the formula for acceleration a = Δv / Δt and we get 2.1290m/s^2 5) Force of impact F = ma 800kg * 2.1290m/s^2 =1,703.2N applied to an area of 1134.1149 comes out to 1,5018 pascals
Something I would like to point put is that even though the unit has changed their lance for a pistol it doesn’t mean that their shock role has changed, te power and range of the pistol was just enough to give it enough distance to stay relatively safe from the pikemen but their role was still the same of trying to break enemy formations, albeit on a slower mode. That’s why the caracole appears, the continuous cycle of shooting to the front of the pikemen could be enough to break the formation. Also it’s important to notice that the pistol gave the possibility to these units to have more than one “main gun” because you could carry more than one pistol, sometimes up to 7 and also carry your saber or heavy sword around
A horse + rider + equipment weighing 800 Kg, going about 10 m/s (conservative gallop) has 8000 kgm/s of momentum. We're gonna have to make a lotta assumptions here w/o actual measurements, so im going to make a lower estimate and be conservative with the numbers. If we assume it takes maybe 1/2 second for the lance to slow down as it hits the person, and maybe take an 80% efficiency of force transfer with the point (as it will knock the target back as well) then you have an impulse of 6400 kgm/s, so with Impulse (delta momentum) = delta time * force, you get 12.8 KN of force. Now, what actually does damage to material is pressure, and that's what you get by concentrating ALL that force onto the tip of a lance. Now, again let's be conservative and not assume it's the world's sharpest lance, and say it has a tip area of 1/4 square millimeter (1/2 millimeter squared). That's 51.2 MEGApascals of pressure. Atmospheric pressure is about 100 KPa of pressure for comparison. Now, that's a conservative estimate, which via a quick search for the tenstile strength of various steels (between 400-800 MPa), that still couldn't quite penetrate it, but it depends on the thickness, angle, etc. Now these assumptions may be off so take the numbers with a grain of salt, but the main takeaway is that IT'S A LOT of pressure even with my conservative estimate.
That covers the medieval and renaissance gendarme. Now we need to know how the modern era gendarme developed, what equipment he uses, and what tactics he has developed.
Well he touched on it a little. By the Napoleonic Wars, the term was used for an elite unit of the Imperial Guard who primarily operated as military police (nicknamed ‘the immortals’ as they rarely saw action in battle). During the Napoleonic Wars, such units were spread around Western Europe as countries Napoleon subjugated followed his administrative system. After the wars, most of these countries kept these units as specialised military police, so they were no longer military units.
Interesting note, here in Canada our national police is also Gendarmes. In English the force is the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, in French, la Gendaramie Royal du Canada.
As usual this video was amazing and the informations given to us are a lot. Thank you! Having said that, I have a request. Nobody talks about the late eastern roman empire army. I mean, in the 900/1000 AD how was the army of the Roman empire? How was it composed? what was a Thema? How many men were in the army? How was their equipment and so on and so forth. I really don't understand why nobody talks about this period of the Roman army and I know for sure it would come out a nice series of videos and, having the Metatron making this series, would be stellar. So please Metatron, help me (us?) quench this thirst of knowledge!
Ironically enough I used to spam these guys in Medieval 2 total war as a rebel or straggler suppression group while I use Lancers in my main armies to conquer and expand. I always thought of them as THE French knight like the Gothic Knight is for the HRE/germans curious to see how different knights are for each nation culturally.
Yup, a Huge city produced army of pikes, arquesbuses, mounted archers and gendarmes was inferior to Citadel produced army of dismounted noble knights, aventuier crossbowmen, and lancers, but for suppressing rebels a "regiment" (around 10 companies, or units) of a middling general, 6 gendarmes, and 4 mounted archers, could get places quickly and handle most pissant rebel forces handily, with the benefit of being re trainable at any huge city. I always found expanding with fuedal armies difficult, bc it was predicated on a campaign terminating in capturing a citadel, so earlier on I generally prefer using militia units in a 20 unit stack.
When I played Empire, I’d use Gendarmes as a kind of border police in Eastern Europe against small incursions of Polish and Russian armies. Usually they were pretty effective for that
16:24 "Imagine all of this weight concentrated into the tip of a lance at around I want to say roughly 40 kilograms per hour speed. Well I'm not really good at physics so I'm not going to calculate it exactly." kg/hour hmmm... You don't say. JK I know what you meant. It's just little things like this that keep the Metatron human like the rest of us instead of ascending into a higher plane and leaving us here. LOL
A video about law enforcement in medieval England would be pretty cool
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The only two things that I like about the Gendarms is the type of armor and decoration of mounts that they took to the battlefield and the way in which they ended up being cannon fodder for the firepower of the Spanish Armies in the Italian Wars, as happened in the Battle of Cerignola and in the Battle of Pavia, two horrible endings for the so proud French cavalry. The 17th century had to arrive, in the middle of the 30 Years War, for the armies of Western Europe to once again trust in the use of shock cavalry, but with sabers and armor (in the style of the Napoleonic Wars). XD
A little question about Lance. Isn’t possible they deploy Lance to “secure king interest”, i mean single Lance or two to doing police stuff? Gendarmerie is what make lot of confusion in my child days during watching French movies. In Poland Police is police, Gendarmerie (formal Military Gendarmerie, but no one it’s using full name) is military police.
@@pougetguillaume4632 Marignano was the bloodiest battle of the Italian wars. So bloody in fact that it prompted Switzerland to not go to war against any country after that battle. The Swiss were really motivated but they were poorly armoured and their favorite tactic was to charge in large pike blocks. They had few arquebusiers/crossbowmen inside their ranks and they were shot to pieces in Marignano, Cerignola and Biccoca.
14:00 Assuming constant value for silver, meaning if you were to exchange them for USD currency today, those 120 livre would be worth around 8000 American dollars.
@@tamaghnosaha2520 Hm, sometimes youtube does that. I don't think I can delete comments that have been responded to though. I think when I edited it it just made another post.
Would you ever consider doing any videos on the 30 years war? It might not be as old as you normally cover but I would like to see what you have to say about the armor and weapons of the time
The pictures of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries are exchanged. Fashion and attire-wise, the one attributed to the 1500s is from the 1600s, whereas the one attributed to the 1600s is clearly from the second half of the 1500s.
As French, I don't even know this History Thank you Metatron :D By the way : Gendarme is a contraction of "Gens" and "d'arme" which means People equiped with weapons. We can translate it to Man at arms PS : I like your funny accent when you speak French :))
Makes sense though. Knights can be ransomed, while soldiers are not valuable enough in terms of time and money. Squires are future knights. Too much time was sunk in to train them, while their ransom gets them nothing.
I'm hardly an expert on this, but from my understanding is that it would depend. A younger squire, probably not. If the squire was older and closer to being knighted, he'd probably fight as equipped and required.
@@EvilTwinn Yeah, that's how I see it as well. In the Knight track, up until 16 you were a Page, and kept the knight's stuff, and held his backup horse, and didn't fight. At 16, you became a Squire and would help arm the knight and accompany him and perhaps fight. And then around 21 you would be knighted.
It's not gendarmes, historically it's coming from Gens D'armes. And it's not knights or chevaliers but design all professional troops, sergeants and watchmen.
With regards to physics. Assuming: Mass of horse rider and equipment of 800 kg. Velocity of charge of 40 km per hour= 11.11 meters per second. Distance of deceleration one rank of foot soldiers 0.5m Force = mass * acceleration Acceleration in this case being the rate of speed reduction required to stop in the specified distance. 11.11(velocity)/0.5(distance of deceleration)=acceleration=22.22 We will plug that back into Newton's equation F = ma F= 800*22.22=17,776 (n) In order to find the pressure the Lance head would be inflicting upon a Target we need to divide the force in Newtons (17,776) by the cross sectional area of the Lance (which I can't find) i will assume a cone with a base of 2.2 CM radius. Giving us a cross-section of 15.205 square centimeters 17,776/15.205=1,169.089 Newton's per square centimeter (Force divided by area) Kinetic force = 0.5*m*v*v =49,372.84 Joule of energy That's equivalent to almost 12 g of TNT. Of course in reality these forces would be hard to achieve due to friction and the elastic nature of the components of the system.
For some linguistical mutation reason in Polish 'żandarm' which comes from 'gendarm' are not militarasied police but military police (as in soldiers who police other soldiers who have only limited authority over civilians).
mass (m) of knight + horse is ~950kg approx speed (v) of a charge 15-20km/h (4.16m/s - 5.55m/s) momentum (p) of a charging wars horse therefore 3952 kg m/s to 5272.5 kg m/s and the kinetic energy (KE) of that would be 1/2 m v^2 which is 8220 Joules - 14600 Joules for reference 7.62x39 bullets range from 2056 J to 2179 J .308Nato range from 3470J to 3562J 50 calibre bullet ranges from 17952 J to 20195 J tl;dr getting hit by a lancer is worse than getting shot by typical modern rifle rounds but not quite as bad as a 50cal
I get a weird tinge of pleasure when I hear you pronounce "gendarm" like a native English speaker who's only ever seen the word in print. It makes me feel less stupid for not realising that "albeit" is pronounced " all be it" for over thirty years. 😋
About the energy for Gendarme. 20 km/h is a more realistic speed. Also heavy horse of that time were shorter and lighter than 18th century horse. I would say a 550kg average is a good medium point. So a 700 horse+Gendarme in a charge at 20km/h would give (5,55m/s)*700/2 = 10802J at the point of the lance. There would be some energy loss somewhere but even with a 30% loss of efficiency that still over 7000J when a full power battle rifle fromm WWII wouldn't go over 4000J. Of course bullet and lance tip aren't the same thing but that give you an idea of the lethality.
In turkey we have gendarmes (jandarma in turkish) and they are the law enforcement of the rural regions while the police are responsible with urban regions. In peace times they are controlled by the ministry of interior however in war times they are transfered to the military control
Gendarms here in Chile is a militarised police that are usually heavily armoured (modern armour) that exclusively patrol prisons. Funny how our armed forces are a mix of Europeans forces in terms of naming and structure, our army is prussian, our navy is british and our police is italian (carabineros)
Attention! Up to 18th century the caliber of pistols was smaller than muskets. Also many of wheellock and early flintlock pistols had longer barrels than later flintlock pistols. So small caliber, long and strong barrel with strong powder charge: penetration! Later in 18th bodyarmour disappeared, for logistic resons ( same ball for pistol and musket) and low powder charge: enough for an unarmoured ememy.
The idea of the bureaucratic unit, the Lance, makes a lot of sense. i haven't heard of it before, tho it seems somehow like i should. organizing what is expected of vassal lords in this way is very smart, but i would assume the types of individual units trained together, since they fought together. i'd like to hear about that sometime too. tiny correction on a minor note: 13:48 *paid Excellent as always. Keep flying high!
We need a video about the history of full plate and early guns use, how armour became obsolete and maybe the last time full plate knights entered battle
If my calculations were correct, a charging knight would have a kinetic energy of 76000J. For example a .50 BMG round has about 15-20000J of energy. Now of course you wouldn't be obliterated same as if you were hit by a 50 cal because of the surface area of the tip of a lance, your armor absorbing much of it and many other factors but still safe to say you would not have a good time.
Nice video , once more . What happens to the lance once it has struck its target? Does it break , get stuck into the target(s body? Has to be thrown away creating more obstacles on the ground? Enjoy your flight :P
The reason for the lance being a group like that is to maintain balance, the right amount of each type of soldier. Forming a new unit you just move the lances to it and you have all the roles filled.
The french gendarmes anthem began by "Héritiers de 8 siècles d'Histoire..." (heirs of 8 centuries of history...) ;) ... from a Master Sergeant in the french gendarmerie ;)
In my country, serbia, Zandarmeria (Gen-d'arm-meri-a probably got something wrong here but you get the point) is what we call police. I never thought about the origin of the word
Btw what are your sources for Gendarms? I wanted to look up more about them I’ve been interested in them ever since playing MK1212ad and they’re like the stereotypical “romantic knight” and they look cool af!
Another great educational video, thank you. I have an idea I'd like to pitch to you. Would you consider making a video about great fire in Rome in 64AD? A lot of controversies surround that tragic event.
Another thing to consider is that back then there was very little difference between "policeman" and "soldier." The garrisoning of gendarmes was often used as a punishment on certain provinces. And let's face it as ruthless can be nowadays a policeman's job is to enforce the law and protect, it's why if there's a hostage situation police will try to prioritize saving civs. Soldiers job is to wreck shit, hence when they get called in to deal with a hostage situation they will try to kill the hostage takers above all else.
Like how British Infantry are still called things like fusiliers, musketeers, grenadiers, etc when really they're all standard modern army. Well maybe if you're called grenadiers and guards you're elite forces as their units retained the tradition from the past's most prestigious and valorous men.
In Austria in rural ares we still use "Gendarmerie" as a word for police. Originally it was its own unit of rural-police. It has long been abolished, but the name stuck.
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Hello can you talk about chevau-léger, which was a type of french troop from this period (more during Wars of Italy) and which is more lightly protected than gendarms but also interresting
I just found your fantastic channel recently, I love history always been a passion and you make fantastic videos with great effort put into research.
So it's a shame Raid Shaddow Casino got to you too xD
Evolution of the Gendarme companies and their equipment is what I'm working on in my current historical article. Super hyped to see this notification!
What a surprise 🤣
I'm doing tha same but with winged hussars. Really difficult to get detailed info on their equipement pre 17th century
@@leoprzytuac3660 when I cant find anything on the internet it is always good to go an old book storage, or ask an expert.
Username checks out
@@adibar9066 Yeah! after an intense night of research, I found a book on ebay called "Husarze: Ubiór, oporządzenie i uzbrojenie 1500-1775" (Polish winged hussars: dress, equipment, arms and armor 1500-1775). The thing is... It's only in Polish, which I don't know, only my last name is polish. So now I'm gonna learn polish to read that book XD
"Mercenaries were often trouble in times of peace."
*Happy Prussian noises*
mercenaries got to get paid too.
@Zeno the Filipino no they wouldn't the french have many ways to deal with prussian mercenarys like for exemple the foreigne legion that exactly what it was created for
@@loicduchange4429 Legion étrangère wasn't created by king Louis Phillipe de Orleans to fight in colonial wars?
@@Kannot2023 they were created from prusian mercenarys to keep them of the streets of paris then were later on used to carve an empire for France out of the 10 % of the know world
Good old professional citizen army, nothing beats that
"I'm a sucker for elves. So what I'm trying to do is , I'm trying to get as many elves as possible."
-Metatron , 2021.
He has a good taste.
Metatron is a Elveeaboo lool
Yep, I'm quite partial to female elves myself. Groovy.
@@philemon26 in terms of what? 😆
ruclips.net/video/Wk8g6CyOisg/видео.html
About the lance system, the Gendarmes and mercenaries. From what I've read, when Charles VII created the Gendarmes, he invited local mercenaries and hired them into his army. That's also when he created the "morte-payes" who were garrison soldiers. That allowed the Kingdom of France to deal with the issue of banditry that was plaguing the country by employing some of those jobless mercenaries, and using them to fight banditry by creating the Maréchaussé.
And another interesting point : Gendarmes or "Gens d'Armes" means "Men-at-Arms". So the Gendarmes themselves weren't really a new thing as they had been operating as mercenaries and part of retinues for a while, what was new was the proffessional army and police force they were a part of.
In French, the "arms" (les armes) also designate at the end of the 14th century all or part of the armor or equipment of a man of war, but also all the heraldic signs, coats of arms which appear on the shield (l'écu) of a noble family or city, which identifies the wearer as noble or related to nobility.
16:34. My physics isn't the best but I'll give it a go
The cavalry charge is about 500 m (I just googled this so I have no idea, for perspective a little over a lap on a field track) and the total weight is about 800 kilos, speed is 40 km/hr(11 m/s).
The momentum is quite colossal (mass * average velocity in m/s) at around 8800 kg*m/s. Then the momentum is always conserved, and our target is about 80 kilos (based on video), and the horse slows down to 8 m/s (again an estimate) when the knight hits the target. By conservation of momentum, the speed of the target deflected backwards when hit should be around (8800 - 800*8)/80 or about 30 m/s (70 mph I think). That's like getting hit by a car on a highway (what we call it in the US) assuming the car sudden breaks when it crashes into something. Though I am most certainly wrong on this estimate as I am missing a lot of factors/arithmetic errors possibly.
Close enought... The top speed was at the last 25 meter and the horse +rider mass Closer to 750 kilo ... The lancé was désignéd for a certains amount of " charge" before broke for thé rider shoulder etc safety ( like polish hussard Gear is programméd : some sort of leather Spring system and planned broken lancé )
Those calculations are only accurate if the charging lancer stops completely by passing all the kinetic energy to his target - similar to how billiard balls act. In reality it will be much more complex, the gendarme will keep moving after the hit, a lot of energy will be spend on deforming the target (which is the end goal, also known as "killing that guy") and breaking the lance itself. In the end, no flying back at 30 m/s will happen, and the poor soul will most probably be pushed back a few meters at roughly the same speed as the horse before falling and being finished by stumping over him.
@@namelessmidnight We should take into consideration that all this force is applied on a few mm² at the tip of the lance, so it's probably going to cause puncturation and go through the poor guy that might be dragged over a few meters, skewered at the tip of the lance. I don't know wether knights had found a way of retrieving their lance from the body 'en passant'.
"at around roughly 40 kiloGRAMS / hours speed. I'm not specially good at physics"
This made me smile so much I have trouble believing it was genuine. :D
I thought italians had a weird unit system where kilograms per hour was a thing 😂
@@Goldenleyend it's a measure of energy usage where it's how much fuel a given object would require if on a flat surface with no friction and powered only by the stored caloric energy of that many kg of pizza to travel a given distance.
@@Makofueled 😂😂🤣
i legit think he meant to say 40km/hour for the horse speed.
@@Sublimeoo obviously :)
1) It might have been useful to mention what gendarm actually means in French ...
gens d'armes = men at arms.
2) Some 17th century cuirassier breastplates could be made of up to three integrated plates, and could even stop musket balls at a reasonable distance. Those were darn expensive, though, and you'd normally only find them with nobles / officers ...
They were tested against pistols and bandolets in point blank range. They'd fire it at the cuirass, leaving a mark, a "proof". Hence the term "bulletproof".
@@phunkracy That's also true of the standard, mass produced ones the normal cuirassiers or even pikemen were using. I am talking about a specific high end product.
just call them praetorian guards
I did Say It means men at arms
@@metatronyt Then I need to clean my ears ... :(
Really reminds me of the phrase "the more things change, the more they stay the same." It's very interesting to see the design changes of armor throughout history, and see how they changed and what themes were deemed necessary! Thanks for the video!
There's nothing new under the Sun.
Always good to see. Nice pronounciation of the French words. It's funny to see lance for exemple. In Switzerland we have another funny word. Bataille. It's of course the same as battaglia but it also means a square of 6000-7000 foot soldiers. So we can say that there are 3 batailles during this bataille. Maybe the words became bataillon in later centuries.
It is also known from medieval English as battle, for example first battle acting as vanguard, last battle as rear-guard and the third (or more) as main body of the army.
in italian you could say it's a battaglione, so they are ralated there too
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Ekin= 1/2 mv^2
so an 800kg knight moving 40km/h (11 m/s) generates about 48400 Joule. As a comparison a 9mm handgun has between 500 and 700 Joule (according to wikipedia)
Nothing compared to a pommel throw
Wikipedia: a .50 BMG (heavy machine gun) is rated "only" 18.000 to 20.000 and is able to make disappear an arm or your head. Literally.
I'd say from the side of physics this is a very very and very rough comparison...
Shouldn’t we take into consideration the surface of impact?
Cause sure that 9mm suddenly seems ridiculously weak compared to that knight, but all of this energy is contained within a projectile barely the size of your upper ring finger
gendarmes : medieval french cavalry or modern police?
yes.
Metatron, could you make a video about watchmen/city guards in middel ages worked. How were they trained and armed and so on.
are you looking for any city in particular? because they were not uniform, not even with neighbouring cities.
Depends also on the size of a fortified town. Could be a large capital of a kingdom, but also a very small settlement ( for example Zavelstein in german Black Forrest).
.. and especially the Watchmen of Ankh-Morpork. now that would be an amazing story.. XD
14:00 Assuming constant value for silver, meaning if you were to exchange them for USD currency today, those 120 livre would be worth around 8000 American dollars. I calculated that, assuming a constant or current value of silver, a Livre Tounois is worth 67 USD.
Kinetic energy = (mass * velocity^2) / 2. Given a mass of 800 kg at a velocity of 40 km/h = 11.1111 m/s the energy will be (800 * 11.1111^2) /2, or 49,382.7 Joules.
If we assume it takes one second for all the momentum to be transferred, Force = momentum / time = (mass * velocity) / time = (800 * 11.1111) / 1 = 8,888.88 Newtons or roughly the weight of 3 average male grizzles if they weigh 620 pounds each.
If we also assume that all that force is concentrated in an area of 2 * 2 = 4 cm^2 = 0.0004 m^2 then Pressure = Force / Area = 8,888.88 / 0.0004 = 22,222,200 Pascals, or 2000 times the pressure of earth's atmosphere.
Isn't force supposed to be mass multiplied by acceleration?
@@deathcompanybattlebrother Yes, but more fundamentally it's the derivative of the momentum with respect to time, or in this situation the change in momentum divided by the time in which it changed.
Force = linear momentum/time, and because linear momentum = mass * velocity = mass * distance/time then force = mass * distance/time^2.
Knowing that acceleration = distance/time^2 then we end up with force = mass * acceleration.
16:34
Here goes nothing.
TL,DR imagine being stabbed with a motorcycle
1) let's round up the full weight of the horse and rider(800kg), and the diameter of a lance tip to the diameter of a ping pong ball(38mm)
2) we need the area of effect which we get from
(A = π r²) and comes out to
1134.1149
3) Now the time.
AVG racehorse weight 650kg and time(1/4mile or 402m) is 20.57 so I added a guarter to the time( (20.57÷4)+20.57 ) to get 25.71sec . We add 18.75% more weight(rider and gear) making the horse 18.75% slower then AVG and get a time of 30.53sec
and the speed of the horse upon impact should be around 65km/h.
4) We take all that and we plug it into the formula for acceleration a = Δv / Δt
and we get 2.1290m/s^2
5) Force of impact
F = ma
800kg * 2.1290m/s^2
=1,703.2N
applied to an area of 1134.1149 comes out to
1,5018 pascals
So it hurts. Got it
16:30 40kg/h
Haaa yes the kilogram per houre, a true gentelmen speed unite
Me sleepy eyed read the title as "Gundams Medieval"
That would be Mazinger.
Something I would like to point put is that even though the unit has changed their lance for a pistol it doesn’t mean that their shock role has changed, te power and range of the pistol was just enough to give it enough distance to stay relatively safe from the pikemen but their role was still the same of trying to break enemy formations, albeit on a slower mode. That’s why the caracole appears, the continuous cycle of shooting to the front of the pikemen could be enough to break the formation. Also it’s important to notice that the pistol gave the possibility to these units to have more than one “main gun” because you could carry more than one pistol, sometimes up to 7 and also carry your saber or heavy sword around
Don't forget the fabled Gendarme unit from Saint-Tropez, formed in the first half of the nineteen sixties.
A horse + rider + equipment weighing 800 Kg, going about 10 m/s (conservative gallop) has 8000 kgm/s of momentum. We're gonna have to make a lotta assumptions here w/o actual measurements, so im going to make a lower estimate and be conservative with the numbers. If we assume it takes maybe 1/2 second for the lance to slow down as it hits the person, and maybe take an 80% efficiency of force transfer with the point (as it will knock the target back as well) then you have an impulse of 6400 kgm/s, so with Impulse (delta momentum) = delta time * force, you get 12.8 KN of force. Now, what actually does damage to material is pressure, and that's what you get by concentrating ALL that force onto the tip of a lance. Now, again let's be conservative and not assume it's the world's sharpest lance, and say it has a tip area of 1/4 square millimeter (1/2 millimeter squared). That's 51.2 MEGApascals of pressure. Atmospheric pressure is about 100 KPa of pressure for comparison. Now, that's a conservative estimate, which via a quick search for the tenstile strength of various steels (between 400-800 MPa), that still couldn't quite penetrate it, but it depends on the thickness, angle, etc. Now these assumptions may be off so take the numbers with a grain of salt, but the main takeaway is that IT'S A LOT of pressure even with my conservative estimate.
That covers the medieval and renaissance gendarme. Now we need to know how the modern era gendarme developed, what equipment he uses, and what tactics he has developed.
Well he touched on it a little. By the Napoleonic Wars, the term was used for an elite unit of the Imperial Guard who primarily operated as military police (nicknamed ‘the immortals’ as they rarely saw action in battle). During the Napoleonic Wars, such units were spread around Western Europe as countries Napoleon subjugated followed his administrative system. After the wars, most of these countries kept these units as specialised military police, so they were no longer military units.
Interesting note, here in Canada our national police is also Gendarmes.
In English the force is the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, in French, la Gendaramie Royal du Canada.
finally The Gendarms I've been waiting for this for a long time you're a great man metatron you're doing good keep up the good work
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As usual this video was amazing and the informations given to us are a lot. Thank you!
Having said that, I have a request. Nobody talks about the late eastern roman empire army. I mean, in the 900/1000 AD how was the army of the Roman empire? How was it composed? what was a Thema? How many men were in the army? How was their equipment and so on and so forth. I really don't understand why nobody talks about this period of the Roman army and I know for sure it would come out a nice series of videos and, having the Metatron making this series, would be stellar. So please Metatron, help me (us?) quench this thirst of knowledge!
Ironically enough I used to spam these guys in Medieval 2 total war as a rebel or straggler suppression group while I use Lancers in my main armies to conquer and expand.
I always thought of them as THE French knight like the Gothic Knight is for the HRE/germans curious to see how different knights are for each nation culturally.
Yup, a Huge city produced army of pikes, arquesbuses, mounted archers and gendarmes was inferior to Citadel produced army of dismounted noble knights, aventuier crossbowmen, and lancers, but for suppressing rebels a "regiment" (around 10 companies, or units) of a middling general, 6 gendarmes, and 4 mounted archers, could get places quickly and handle most pissant rebel forces handily, with the benefit of being re trainable at any huge city. I always found expanding with fuedal armies difficult, bc it was predicated on a campaign terminating in capturing a citadel, so earlier on I generally prefer using militia units in a 20 unit stack.
When I played Empire, I’d use Gendarmes as a kind of border police in Eastern Europe against small incursions of Polish and Russian armies. Usually they were pretty effective for that
I think a video about the Marechaussée would be very interesting, or types of medieval law enforcer in general.
I always learn something new. Keep up the amazin work and keep getting those sponsors, you really deserve the support!
I've been waiting for this video for ages
your french is actually impressively good
Oh raid shadow legends could you rank them on realism
16:24 "Imagine all of this weight concentrated into the tip of a lance at around I want to say roughly 40 kilograms per hour speed. Well I'm not really good at physics so I'm not going to calculate it exactly." kg/hour hmmm... You don't say.
JK I know what you meant. It's just little things like this that keep the Metatron human like the rest of us instead of ascending into a higher plane and leaving us here. LOL
I was going to say the same thing but stopped bc he speaks English a hella lot better than I do Corsican, Italian, Japanese…lol
Interesting. Can you do one on the difference between Shire Reeves, and Sheriffs?
A video about law enforcement in medieval England would be pretty cool
The only two things that I like about the Gendarms is the type of armor and decoration of mounts that they took to the battlefield and the way in which they ended up being cannon fodder for the firepower of the Spanish Armies in the Italian Wars, as happened in the Battle of Cerignola and in the Battle of Pavia, two horrible endings for the so proud French cavalry. The 17th century had to arrive, in the middle of the 30 Years War, for the armies of Western Europe to once again trust in the use of shock cavalry, but with sabers and armor (in the style of the Napoleonic Wars). XD
A little question about Lance. Isn’t possible they deploy Lance to “secure king interest”, i mean single Lance or two to doing police stuff?
Gendarmerie is what make lot of confusion in my child days during watching French movies. In Poland Police is police, Gendarmerie (formal Military Gendarmerie, but no one it’s using full name) is military police.
What an insteresting topic, finally a video sbout the history of the Gendarmerie..
So informative. Thank you
The word "gendarme" is the modern version for "gens d'armes", which means men at arms.
The french: our gendarmes will rule all of Europe in the battlefield
The Spanish: that we use pikes they say
French at marignan: pikes? cute
@@pougetguillaume4632
Marignano was the bloodiest battle of the Italian wars.
So bloody in fact that it prompted Switzerland to not go to war against any country after that battle.
The Swiss were really motivated but they were poorly armoured and their favorite tactic was to charge in large pike blocks.
They had few arquebusiers/crossbowmen inside their ranks and they were shot to pieces in Marignano, Cerignola and Biccoca.
Face of war had changed. It had become more pragmatic.
14:00 Assuming constant value for silver, meaning if you were to exchange them for USD currency today, those 120 livre would be worth around 8000 American dollars.
U have to comments mentioning the same thing, the other one being more informative. Just bringing to ur attention, tht u might wanna delete this one.
@@tamaghnosaha2520 Hm, sometimes youtube does that. I don't think I can delete comments that have been responded to though. I think when I edited it it just made another post.
@@Altrantis Once, I actually saw 7 comments by the same guy. Also, I now k tht u can't delete comments tht have been responded to.
Would you ever consider doing any videos on the 30 years war? It might not be as old as you normally cover but I would like to see what you have to say about the armor and weapons of the time
Look up Henry V111's 'tonlet armour' ... made for the Field of the Cloth of Gold. This armor has a metal skirt.
The pictures of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries are exchanged. Fashion and attire-wise, the one attributed to the 1500s is from the 1600s, whereas the one attributed to the 1600s is clearly from the second half of the 1500s.
And here I thought a lance was a platoon of 4 BattleMechs
This very video on itself is a question I asked myself for a long time now. Thanks.
Yes a Metatron upload! Excited for the video, sir!
As French, I don't even know this History
Thank you Metatron :D
By the way : Gendarme is a contraction of "Gens" and "d'arme" which means People equiped with weapons. We can translate it to Man at arms
PS : I like your funny accent when you speak French :))
7:35 Were squires non-combatants? I always thought squires would fight alongside their master in battle. I stand corrected.
Makes sense though. Knights can be ransomed, while soldiers are not valuable enough in terms of time and money. Squires are future knights. Too much time was sunk in to train them, while their ransom gets them nothing.
I'm hardly an expert on this, but from my understanding is that it would depend. A younger squire, probably not. If the squire was older and closer to being knighted, he'd probably fight as equipped and required.
@@EvilTwinn Yeah, that's how I see it as well. In the Knight track, up until 16 you were a Page, and kept the knight's stuff, and held his backup horse, and didn't fight. At 16, you became a Squire and would help arm the knight and accompany him and perhaps fight. And then around 21 you would be knighted.
Interesting. I have often wondered how the transition from melee weapons to guns would affect Calvary.
Stellar intro!
16:31 ah yes, very fast, 40kg per hour 😂😂 just kidding Meta i got it, its 40km/h
He was, of course, thinking of his pasta eating speed.
@@carebear8762 It rivals my cheese cake eating speed
Not you, why have you fallen to the raid
It's not gendarmes, historically it's coming from Gens D'armes.
And it's not knights or chevaliers but design all professional troops, sergeants and watchmen.
With regards to physics.
Assuming:
Mass of horse rider and equipment of 800 kg.
Velocity of charge of 40 km per hour= 11.11 meters per second.
Distance of deceleration one rank of foot soldiers 0.5m
Force = mass * acceleration
Acceleration in this case being the rate of speed reduction required to stop in the specified distance.
11.11(velocity)/0.5(distance of deceleration)=acceleration=22.22
We will plug that back into Newton's equation
F = ma
F= 800*22.22=17,776 (n)
In order to find the pressure the Lance head would be inflicting upon a Target we need to divide the force in Newtons (17,776) by the cross sectional area of the Lance (which I can't find) i will assume a cone with a base of 2.2 CM radius.
Giving us a cross-section of 15.205 square centimeters
17,776/15.205=1,169.089 Newton's per square centimeter
(Force divided by area)
Kinetic force = 0.5*m*v*v =49,372.84 Joule of energy
That's equivalent to almost 12 g of TNT.
Of course in reality these forces would be hard to achieve due to friction and the elastic nature of the components of the system.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength
Enfin quelqu’un qui en parle, c’est vraiment pas trop documenté même en français
Interesting. But wouldn't there be some good documentation at the BNF?
@@Ian_Carolan probably but you need to have time and patience for found information, and live next to paris
Interesting to see you talk about such a topic
For some linguistical mutation reason in Polish 'żandarm' which comes from 'gendarm' are not militarasied police but military police (as in soldiers who police other soldiers who have only limited authority over civilians).
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Me: Et tu, Brute?
Those guns look cartoonishly awesome.
1:14 and that's when I said it's lindisfarne'in time
mass (m) of knight + horse is ~950kg
approx speed (v) of a charge 15-20km/h (4.16m/s - 5.55m/s)
momentum (p) of a charging wars horse therefore 3952 kg m/s to 5272.5 kg m/s
and the kinetic energy (KE) of that would be 1/2 m v^2 which is 8220 Joules - 14600 Joules
for reference
7.62x39 bullets range from 2056 J to 2179 J
.308Nato range from 3470J to 3562J
50 calibre bullet ranges from 17952 J to 20195 J
tl;dr getting hit by a lancer is worse than getting shot by typical modern rifle rounds but not quite as bad as a 50cal
Metatrom, you should do a video about the Medieval Roman Tagmata!
7:50
Hey it's coustilier, I recognize that word, thanks DE.
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I get a weird tinge of pleasure when I hear you pronounce "gendarm" like a native English speaker who's only ever seen the word in print.
It makes me feel less stupid for not realising that "albeit" is pronounced " all be it" for over thirty years. 😋
"Esprit de corps" is not only the moral of a unit it is at the same time a conception of the cohesion of unit.
Love your stuff and your work
From France
About the energy for Gendarme.
20 km/h is a more realistic speed. Also heavy horse of that time were shorter and lighter than 18th century horse. I would say a 550kg average is a good medium point. So a 700 horse+Gendarme in a charge at 20km/h would give (5,55m/s)*700/2 = 10802J at the point of the lance.
There would be some energy loss somewhere but even with a 30% loss of efficiency that still over 7000J when a full power battle rifle fromm WWII wouldn't go over 4000J.
Of course bullet and lance tip aren't the same thing but that give you an idea of the lethality.
I hope you do a video on the White company and sir John hawkswood
In turkey we have gendarmes (jandarma in turkish) and they are the law enforcement of the rural regions while the police are responsible with urban regions. In peace times they are controlled by the ministry of interior however in war times they are transfered to the military control
13:48 just wanted to point out a little mistake there. Talking about "paied"
@H0T-Vlog Go to My Channel no ur not, but you are another s*x scam profile. Honestly im kinda sick of it.
Excellent video! Amazing work.
Gendarms here in Chile is a militarised police that are usually heavily armoured (modern armour) that exclusively patrol prisons.
Funny how our armed forces are a mix of Europeans forces in terms of naming and structure, our army is prussian, our navy is british and our police is italian (carabineros)
Attention! Up to 18th century the caliber of pistols was smaller than muskets. Also many of wheellock and early flintlock pistols had longer barrels than later flintlock pistols. So small caliber, long and strong barrel with strong powder charge: penetration! Later in 18th bodyarmour disappeared, for logistic resons ( same ball for pistol and musket) and low powder charge: enough for an unarmoured ememy.
The idea of the bureaucratic unit, the Lance, makes a lot of sense. i haven't heard of it before, tho it seems somehow like i should. organizing what is expected of vassal lords in this way is very smart, but i would assume the types of individual units trained together, since they fought together. i'd like to hear about that sometime too.
tiny correction on a minor note: 13:48 *paid
Excellent as always. Keep flying high!
What is your favourite medieval helmet
“Gendarmes” simply mean man-at-arms (gens d’armes or gent d’armes)
Metatron: Promotes Raid Shadow Legends
Patreon supporters: "Sorry mate, we need the money now to pay to win in RSL!"
No one decent would play that less than horrid game.
We need a video about the history of full plate and early guns use, how armour became obsolete and maybe the last time full plate knights entered battle
If my calculations were correct, a charging knight would have a kinetic energy of 76000J. For example a .50 BMG round has about 15-20000J of energy. Now of course you wouldn't be obliterated same as if you were hit by a 50 cal because of the surface area of the tip of a lance, your armor absorbing much of it and many other factors but still safe to say you would not have a good time.
In the Netherlands, we still call the military police, the Koninklijke Marechaussee. Koninklijke meaning Royal.
Great video...Looks like you are building up quite the armory in your abode...now you just need a piles of gold and a stone throne to brood upon.
Nice video , once more .
What happens to the lance once it has struck its target? Does it break , get stuck into the target(s body? Has to be thrown away creating more obstacles on the ground?
Enjoy your flight :P
thanks for bringing back a bit of burgundian research and for sharing you knowledge!
would be intrested in burgundian history and army organisations
The reason for the lance being a group like that is to maintain balance, the right amount of each type of soldier. Forming a new unit you just move the lances to it and you have all the roles filled.
In my country Gendarme (with different spelling, but same pronunciation) is Military Police
The importance of stirrups and it's history might be a worthy topic on it's own, but perhaps you already addressed this.
The french gendarmes anthem began by "Héritiers de 8 siècles d'Histoire..." (heirs of 8 centuries of history...) ;) ... from a Master Sergeant in the french gendarmerie ;)
When filming, is dubbing used? Voice overlay.
In my country, serbia, Zandarmeria (Gen-d'arm-meri-a probably got something wrong here but you get the point) is what we call police. I never thought about the origin of the word
Btw what are your sources for Gendarms? I wanted to look up more about them I’ve been interested in them ever since playing MK1212ad and they’re like the stereotypical “romantic knight” and they look cool af!
I don't know if it has been said, but the dutch military police is also called the marechausee (prob from since napoleons time)
Another great educational video, thank you. I have an idea I'd like to pitch to you. Would you consider making a video about great fire in Rome in 64AD? A lot of controversies surround that tragic event.
Why are the interactive videos private?
"armor is tailored to the hips"
Once again, our ancestors weren't stupid.
Another thing to consider is that back then there was very little difference between "policeman" and "soldier." The garrisoning of gendarmes was often used as a punishment on certain provinces. And let's face it as ruthless can be nowadays a policeman's job is to enforce the law and protect, it's why if there's a hostage situation police will try to prioritize saving civs. Soldiers job is to wreck shit, hence when they get called in to deal with a hostage situation they will try to kill the hostage takers above all else.
Like how British Infantry are still called things like fusiliers, musketeers, grenadiers, etc when really they're all standard modern army. Well maybe if you're called grenadiers and guards you're elite forces as their units retained the tradition from the past's most prestigious and valorous men.
In Austria in rural ares we still use "Gendarmerie" as a word for police. Originally it was its own unit of rural-police. It has long been abolished, but the name stuck.