The Strong Nuclear Force
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- Опубликовано: 20 окт 2024
- Scientists are aware of four fundamental forces- gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Most people have at least some familiarity with gravity and electromagnetism, but not the other two. How is it that scientists are so certain that two additional forces exist? In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains why scientists are so certain that the strong force exists.
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brilliant ending right there😂
Mo D Thank you Dr Lincoln your clear and suscient videos have really helped me understand some of the more complex and counterintuitive subjects in physics
T Toughtask these don't seem that complex to me
I can see some people being extremely confused by the ending.
Apparently, the writer went on strike.
Strong ending.💪 Very forceful!!💯
I was actually dozing off.when you said that 2 atomic particles can - by themselves- emit a macroscopic size force of 20 POUNDS(!), it actually woke me up! Lol. That's the most surprising science fact I've heard in a while.
Metric please.
@@Nehmo around 10 kgs
How exactly do they figure that out they put two weights on two electrons until they can't push each other away I wish they describe that
@@donjr5400 Probably they used an electric field and then they measured the power needed to push protons together. You can then calculate how much that power in Watt equates to a mechanical force. It doesn't matter what the force is because you can translate all forces into each other (because it's all energy per time per area). An electric field with X Watt equals then a mechanical force with Y Newton. So, they used an electric field equal of 20 pounds mechanical force.
isn't that dangerous for a human being shot by repelled proton even though it's microscopic size? :/
Don, you badass. 4:42 Awesome video. Thanks.
Just found this channel. Looks like i discovered another gem of RUclips.
This actually my favorite video so far. It explains the starting point as where to compare the forces and to get numbers on them for comparison. Great stuff Mr Lincoln.
"Dr." Lincoln.
Nice touch at the end of the video. Awesome videos. Keep them coming! :D
Thank you Dr. Lincoln- great video explaining this in terms that almost anyone can understand.
That is the same picture of Ernest Rutherford that is at the top of his Wikipedia page.
Oh wow you must be busy animating videos which I enjoy a lot lol
Dr. Lincoln, you should know those gamma ray experiments never end well! Haven't you read the comic books?!
Wonderful presentation, thank you. Speaking for my self, I would be interested in seeing the math too, maybe not long derivations, but at least the equations, who figured it out, and some intuitions about it. I think you do this in other videos. Thanks again for your body of work. You have really advanced the state of the art when it comes to physics education for non physicists.
This chemistry teacher thanks you for this simple explanation. I’m definitely going to add this to my nuclear chem discussion in IB Chemistry Option C.
I didn’t know fermilab had its own RUclips channel, that’s so cool! For as bad as the fed gov usually is at educating the public, some of the admins like DOE and NASA have been doing a surprisingly great job recently. Glad I found a new channel to binge
LOVE your videos Dr. Don. Regarding strong force and binding energy, I'm wondering if these three statements are correct:
1) It is the strong force within the nucleons that provides the strong force of the atom's nucleus.
Q: Do we know from where in the nucleus the strong force eminates, from WITHIN or from BETWEEN the nucleons?
2) When fusion releases binding energy, the amount of energy released has a correspondence with excess strong force.
3) The fusion that creates a nucleus releases binding energy when the full amount of the combined strong force of each of the individual nucleons is no longer needed 1) to hold each individual nucleon together, and 2) to stabilize the nucleus up to some level. This release of energy occurs because the strong force from within each nucleon is now overlapping to both 1) partially hold together its neighboring nucleons, and 2) hold together the nucleus, to some level of stability. So some portion of the energy of the nucleon strong force that is no longer needed (because some of its "territory" is being covered by the strong force of one or more other nucleons), is released (as heat energy).
Are you referring to the nuclear fission of breaking the binding energy (strong interaction) between nucleons? You used the word fusion a lot. If so than those statements, from my understanding and education, are fairly accurate. For a general understanding at least.
Strong force or Color force is the binding energy between quarks and it bleeds out into nearby nucleons and other quarks creating the nuclear force. This strong binding energy in between nucleons is what gives protons and neutrons most of their mass believe it or not. The other little bit comes from the Higgs field. When that bond is severed (fission), like you said, the overlap is released into energy as a gamma ray and neutrino if I remember correctly. Some of their mass is lost in the release but if you get several kilograms of nucleons doing this in Uranium you can get a bomb if uncontrolled and a nuclear power plant if controlled with graphite rods and water.
Your explanations are simply brilliant.
Happy I found your channel.
Next time can you also put a subtitle that says the units in metric? Thanks
+shomolya your claim is pure BS. Majority of the world uses metric units (for a good reason- standardisation). As a scientific organisation, they should adhere to usage of metric units.
+shomolya Actually more accurately 1 km ~= .5 miles
Actually 1.6 KM = 1 mile.
or, 1 km = 0.6213715277778 mile
Not only distance. Force is generally measured in Newtons, not in pounds.
It is known that the majority of the science community use SI units, including those in the USA. Additionally imperial/US measures are worked out from the SI standard, conversations are used to arrive at the correct number.
This said, huge swathes of people easily understand imperial measurements.
Please!! make these videos longer!!, they are super interesting :)
One of the best videos out there, explaining it so clear! Thank you
Don physics videos are brilliant as usual!!!
Amazing ending and good concept explaining... Thank you very much...
Great explanation even a humanities major can understand. Thank you.
I love your videos fermilab! Keep em coming!
Dude, you're amazing. Thank you so much for these videos!
I love these videos. You get a bite-sized explanation of something that's bothered you for years.
The force is strong with this one! 😂😂😂
I love this channel, please keep the videos coming,,,
4:40 I thought a new kind of force is derived. But when I saw it I burst to laughter.
Yeah but I need an explanation of all forces!
@@SD-en1qg Well, that's easily available on RUclips
Haha the end of the video.
Cool vid, keep em coming!
:)
My eyes are closing...must go to sleep, but first I am appreciative of the eight hours spent listening to your Commentaries, Sir. Good Night Dr. Don. Ana M. Abreu.
AWESOME 👏🏻 😎 AWESOME 🤩 interesting, accurate, to the point, I could listen to Dr. Lincoln’s lectures for hours!!
Thank you (I am a chemist working on my degree and science is my passion.) Mad love for my fellow scientist. (I wish you the best in your field and hope that you make a ground breaking discovery!)
Excellent video. Thank you for explaining it so very clearly. I feel smarter already.
his presentation skills are getting much better, cool vid
Another great video! Keep it up!
You are great at explaining this stuff in simple terms.
The strong force is my favorite force, because when subatomic particles are tried to be pulled apart, it is getting even stronger, and even harder to pull the particles apart....and so on
Exclusively informative. Waiting for the other video where you would talk about Strong Nuclear Force in the realm of particle physics.
I absolutely love your videos! :D
I really like your videos, even though they are just the surface of this amazing world they do give , I think, a good basic knowledge. I can't wait to learn all this in college.
I wish you the best in your daily endeavors. Have you got the chance to go to school yet? It has changed my life by being able to go myself.
Well done. Keep these videos coming!
Dr. Don, the strongest force in the RUclipsrverse
No matter how many times I watch this video, I love the ending!
How can you even think of disliking this video!!?
Thankyou Sir... Great explain love from INDIA
I like this guy. He falls somewhere in between Vsauce and 3Blue1Brown. He gets into the nitty gritty of what he's talking about but also doesn't overly confuse you. Subscribed.
Well done video. One of the best explanations of the strong force I've ever seen. Insta subbed.
Great video!
Thank you!
sorry for a noob question:
why doesn't an electron "fall onto" a proton? - as they are differently charged?
(question to anybody)
I'm not the one to explain it, but I think the key is to not think of the electron as a solid particle, but rather as a wave.
what counts as "touching" between two protons?
If you ever had an irritating sibling you’d know what counts
Shhh, they are totally just little balls of matter and not some complicated wavefunction...
As usual - great video, thanks a lot. Weak force next? :)
+ScienceNinjaDude
Dude, you're like everywhere, (and nowhere .)
;)
Great intro vid,first time in 35 years that I have heard the nuclear forces quantified.
While I have known qualitatively that the strong force is the strongest and of short range and EM is long range, I had no idea the EM force in a nucleus is in the order of 20-70 pounds or that the strong is about 100 times stronger. Also the length of strong force being less than the diameter of a large nucleus.
The first time I heard of that the weight of a large car is needed to rip a tiny sub microscopic nucleus apart. At first I thought you could probably pull thousands or millions apart at once with just your fingers if you could get a grip on them, though obviously they would still be strong for their size.
Particles are also waves, so explain a nucleus with the following
Proton waves, neutron waves, quark waves, gluon waves.
We have not a particle zoo, but a wave zoo. Does that change anything?
Do we now have multiple shells of waves in the nucleus?
THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!
Finally, aptly named scientific terminology
I like the velcro analogy!
Why is it only short range? How fast does it drop off with distance (if not the inverse square)?
I think it's practically zero at a distance of over one billionth of a metre but I'm not sure.
clearly and simply explained. That’s how you do it!
I just watched this again. 20 lb repulsive force between two protons. Strong force 100 times strong so about 2000 lb. Once we have 100 protons, the repulsive force from 99 other protons equals the strong force holding it to the nucleus. Hence atomic numbers over 100 are unstable and short lived. This is so clear and classical physics!
One comment was profound stating that electrons are fundamental particles and hence don’t experience the strong force. Protons are made of quarks and have a substructure that allows the strong force phenomenon to hold them together. Electrons are never found in groups and electrons in a focused beam diverge due to electric repulsive force.
So clear and simple. Thanks a million or should I say Strong Force?
This is really interesting, and was very enjoyable to learn.
Loved the ending
can copper sulfate be used as a replacement for copper wire in a induction motor? 🤔💡🤷♂️
Now an explanation for the *Weak Force*, please! :-)
+ScienceNinjaDude Lincoln the vampire slayer or Lincoln the car?
Thank you so much for this wonderful video!
Man your videos is goddamn great! Thanks a lot, finaly I understand many different things that I always ask to my self.
Nice, succinct informational video.
What about discussing the gluon field?
How does strong force explain nuclear stability?
Very nice job explaining it! :)
Thanks. You did a good job. I want more on this topic.
That was so well explained. Thank you sir!
Awesome sir...cleared most of my doubts
I'm from algeria witch mean we only study with the arabic language, but this video helped me inderstand the lesson so thank you so much :))
Excellent video . Completely understood but my question is what cause the strong nuclear force ?
This doesn't explain why neutrons don't all clump together without any protons around, since there would be no electromagnetic force repelling them. Any suggestions?
Elemental forces like this are so interesting. We know what they do, we can even measure them, but we still are trying to find the answers to how they exist, why they do what they do. I mean, I have my own beliefs in the regard, but from a scientific, "need for proof" standpoint, it's an endlessly fascinating subject.
Science is really good at answering how something happens or to put it another way "why" in the "effects have causes" sort of way, but not good at answering "why" in the teleological sense.
If the strong force activates when two protons touch each other, why doesn't every proton feel it with each proton it touches? Why does it seem concentrated only in the protons at the center of a nucleus?
There are super heavy elements where the strong force is stable, using isotopes located around the island of stability of element 115 where the strong force actually extends past the perimeter of the atom and be isolated accessed and amplified. Also by bombarding element 115 into a anti matter reaction fuel.
Plz make a video on speed of light is constant or variable
intro music was a bop
should have reminded at 0:50 that representation is not to scale; with the nucleus much smaller.
Interestingly, from the relation |F|= m1.m2.c^3/h and masses (m1,m2) equal to 1/3 of the proton we get the force |F|=(5.56x10^-28)^2*(3x10^8)^3/(6.626x10^-34)=12598.7 N. This value is already comparable to a nuclear force of 10000 N [otherwise c=299,792,458 m/s is only valid in a vacuum, in a material environment its velocity can be (and is) smaller]. Assuming that the three points on have the same mass m[kg] and are uniformly distributed on the circle, the cosine component of the force is |F|=(m).(m+m).c^3/h.cos60°, i.e. still |F|=m.m.c^3/h. It is also interesting that the constant c^3/h appears in the neutrino oscillations and also in the entropy of black holes.
Excellent. Thank you!
Question: Protons overcome the electrical repulsion because of the strong force and so create atomic nuclei , so ,
why do not Neutrons create atomic nuclei ?
Neutrons do not repel electrically, feel the strong force and are stable within the nucleus so why aren't there Neutron based nuclei ?
What this video is actually talking about is the RESIDUAL Strong Force. The Strong Force is what keeps quarks together to form protons and neutrons. There's enough left over to then bind protons inside a nucleus.
Using the velcro analogy, if the protons have to touch wouldn't that force be more of a glue that resists electromagnetism rather than an external force keeping them together?
Yeah, that is sort of right.
The strong force is just the leftover energy that leaks out of the confined gluon/quark interactions. That force is considerably strong, but as he notes, the farther the interacting events are away from each other, the weaker the force (though interestingly, at the quark/gluon confinement level, due to the nature of color confinement, is so strong that basically nothing we can do can ever separate a lone, individual quark from the confinement, the energy required to pull quarks away from other quarks, against gluons increases as they get farther away from each other). He said he will get into the particle physics of it in another video, and no doubt he will go over all of that stuff and it will help all of us understand it.
The reason I say you're sort of right, is physicists called the actual force carrier, a gluon, because it seems to "glue" the composite particles together. Though the real, actual quantum effects are not really described very effectively as glue. It is of course, much more complicated than that. So they do call them gluons, and it is basically for the reason you proposed, but what is really going on is far too weird for the term "glue" to really do it justice.
It is interesting that it is just a tiny bit of left over energy leaking out of the hadron system, and that is enough to VERY strongly bind nucleons together. That it is so strong in the nucleon, and really is best described as a residual force, is kind of crazy.
NOW I get it! Thanks!
please can you make an in depth video on the string theory.
how did the strong force come to be when the two protons naturally repel each other? Is it presumed that the strong force is older than the electromagnetic force? If so, in what way can that be proven? Also would that not prove organization in the creation?
I am assuming that although the strong force is stronger the electromagnetic force has more total energy content in resisting it and more energy is released. So nuclear fission works by the electromagnetic repulsion pinging parts of the nucleus quickly enough to crack other nuclei with certain elements this works for.
It was once calculated in university that the electromagnetic repulsion between two touching protons was about 231 Newton's which puts the strong force at nearly 3 tonnes. You could lift a van on a single nucleus!
Please Doctor only use metric units, and put an annotation for the imperial units. Unless you want the video to ONLY be seen by americans.
*****
Why should 90% of the world do the math?
The US does not use imperial units. US customary units are similar to, but different from, imperial units.
*****
That makes no fucking sense, the allies were not just the US, and the capitalist block were more than US. The US just has special snowflake syndrome, and it was to inconvenience the rest of the world.
*****
I have no idea what does this have to do with using a inconsistent and unpopular system of units,
kilometers>>>>>>>>>> miles
quite informative!
epic ending, thank u for the vid!
Another great video. Was that tool grade steel you was bending?
When Don Lincoln sneezes, chuck Norris falls down. LOL!!!!!!!!
Thank you.
Can I translate it into Portuguese?
Brazil is going into an anti-science way, and I feel compeled to do that.
I'll put the original video into the description.
Is that ok?
In three dimensional space the geometry of the electrical magnetic force is represented by the inverse square. Since the strong force has nine dimensions of symmetry maybe the geometry of its Force can be represented by x to the power of -8. This would create a very strong force close proximity and drop off sharply at a short distance.
Thankyou for the class
LOL THE ENDING- also thank you, this helped me!
If protons are made up of quarks and if quarks are waves. And the strong nuclear force only works when 2 or more protons get real close/touch(/overlapp). Could the strong nuclear force be. Wave ressonance or maybe they combine there wave functions in 1(Or a few) bigger but lesser waves.
Maybe thats why it takes so much energy to break the strong nuclear forse. Becouse you have to split the bigger wave in to smaller waves if you want to seperate protons. ?
I really liked this one.
Is there a video on the weak force?
Please more information and science I love SCIENCE.
How many protons does it take to overcome the strong nuclear force?
I was expecting him at the end to say love is the strongest force
But what's the cause for the strong force? Something must hold the protons and neutrons together, but it might be some another explanation for this.
The point is that there are no atoms with only protons in the nucleus, there is hydrogen with one proton , but the next element is helium with 2 protons and 2 neutrons and this suggests that the strong force interacts only between neutrons and not between protons.So only neutrons in the nucleus are hold together by the strong force, but protons are connected to neutrons by other force.Or maybe there is complete another mechanism.