Normal bioplastics used in the production of various chemicals (HCl, NaOH, glycerin, sodium metabisulphite ..) but you have not used, does not have much of the rot in plastic?
After 9 months all the samples made are still without mold. That's because the thyme is a natural mold inhibitor. The goal of the research was to not use chemical additives, so I used only ingredients that i've found in kitchen.
hi, you might be aware that carry/shopping bags are being made from corn starch. but they are three times costlier than plastic bags. could you suggest what ingredient could we add so that the overall price drops. the final outcome has to be strictly home compostable??? PLA degrades only in industrial facilities. Could we add some kind of material to PLA so that we could make home compostable drinking bottles out of it. PLA has a very strong bond and is primary requirement for bottles. The material that we could add to PLA should make it degradable in the span of 3yrs but in natural conditions only......
1) Without the thyme, how long would it take for mold to start forming? 2) Will the plastic be flexible even after the process is finished? I’m going to flatten it as much as I can to see if it can act as a wrap, which can only happen if it doesn’t crack up and crumble apart.
1) Cinnamon and thyme act as mould-inhibitors too, so the material will be mould free for a few weeks even without adding thyme. On the other hand, the mould formation depends strongly from the environment of use and the conservation status of the material. Therefore, you should test it in relation to the application field you choose for it. 2) The thickness is strictly related to his fragility so you should consider to give to you samples an average thickness of 1mm or higher. The amount of plasticizer (e.g. honey or any sugar-base alternative you choose to use) is also very important. You need to experiment and work on the amount of each components to find the best combination of elements which fits better for your purpose.
Good day! I am working on our Investigatory Project with this. We followed your procedure and we are grateful that we were able to make fibrous bioplastic. Our paneling will be 2 days from now and we lack some information. May I ask for the use of vinegar and honey in making bioplastic, please? Thank you!
Melvic Pimentel Vinegar is the acid part who reacts with the starch and the honey is the plasticizer that makes more or less elastic the final result (it depends by small variations of its amount). Thanks for asking ;)
I apologize if I've not uploaded the other video yet. At the moment I'm in Spain for an exchange program of study. I'll try to make another video about the use of this kind of bioplastic when I come back to Italy at my university :)
@@AchilleFerrante can we add something to PLA to make it home compostable. this will enable us to make bottles out of it. thus reducing plastic pollution
It depends by the amount of starch in the peels. The material presented in this video is a starch-based bio-composite, therefore if you consider to follow the same steps you should check if your resource is rich in starch ;)
Of course, if this plant has a lot of starch, it can be used to make a bioplastic. Try creating your own recipe using kadzu. Let us know your progress :)
Hello, thank you for this video. I have a few questions to ask. I'm making this for my Chemistry project so I hope you can reply quickly. 1. What was the texture of the plastic like? 2. Does it crack easily? 3. Where should I store it so it doesn't crack? 4. Will it become more flexible if I add more plsaticizer? 5. If I use glycerol as a plasticizer, do I use the same amount?
1. It was quite irregular and fairly porous 2. It could happen, it depends on the drying method, on the plasticizer and on the amount of water in the mixture 3. High temperatures and humidity are the no.1 enemies ;) 4. Yes, but try to find the right balance! 5. The amount of glycerol needed should be at least 5 times higher compared to the amount of honey I used for my samples (it depends on the concentration too) Good luck for your project! ;)
Achille Ferrante Thank you for the reply. I have more questions to ask. I’m sorry if I’m asking too many questions. 1. Why do I need 5x more glycerol? 2. What concentration of glycerol do you recommend? 3. If I replace honey with glycerol, do I still need vinegar, thyme and cinnamon? 4. What does the water function as? 5. What would be the best temperature to store the plastic? 6. Instead of using an oven, can I dry it under the sun or would it be too hot? It’s about 31°C here where I live. 7. It’s been 3 years since you made this video, is the plastic moldy now? I’m looking forward to your response.
@@jacquelinegraciella6052 I'm sorry for the late reply, I've been working a lot :) 1&2. You can easily find high concentration glycerol (90% or above). Because of its concentration, it has more effect compared to the same amount of honey 3. Yes. You can use less cinnamon or thyme, even if they work better than glycerol as stronger mold-inhibitors 4. I used it for a sort of rinsing from contaminants and impurities 5. An average temperature of 25°C if possible 6. Yes, you can, but it's a raw method so you can check constantly the temperature and the status of your material 7. No mold, it is still working great! ;)
Hi, I would like to use this in my research and feasibility study. May I have the references as well as the detailed ingredients and process of this project? It would be a great help. Thank you!
Hi, sorry for the late reply. I'm currently doing research about it for my bachelor thesis. At the moment I'm in UK and I'll stay here for a few months to study the mechanical properties of banana fibres to go in depth with this work. I'll let you know more soon! Stay tuned! ;)
The main differences are the durability of the material and its mechanical properties. The advantage is the re-use of some kind of waste, which is the main aim of this research. On the other hand, the disadvantage is the method that has to be perfected for an hypothetical industrial production (it was not the original goal, in fact this idea was proposed for a home/personal environment).
Yes! Here there's a good example: ruclips.net/video/gJEOGriA5Oo/видео.html Someone even made an excellent product. basically a kind of fabric: orangefiber.it/en/how-to-turn-citrus-waste-into-a-sustainable-fabric/
May I ask if it is thyme oil or thyme leaves; Also, what do banana peelings contain that is capable of turning it into a plastic; lastly, is the plastic flexible enough?
jeshian lawangen Thanks for asking :) In the recipe I used I choose to add thyme seeds and they worked well until now. Thyme oil is a good alternative and is actually used as an innovative technique of conservation in the art restoration field. To answer at your second question, banana peels are a rich source of starch that is the basic element of this bioplastic. About its flexibility I can tell you that it's flexible enough but it depends by the use and by what you want to do with it. Anyway I planned to do some specific tensile and bend tests in the next weeks.
I'm going to do some accurate testing about this topic. I'll give you more info in the next months. Anyway, making a straw from it could be not so easy, it's a porous material. Maybe it's not the right material to it. Thanks for asking :)
Bioplastics are actually a good topic, but in general I could suggest anything about eco-friendly materials designed to be as durable as possible precisely because in last years the concept of disposable product was overrated and often wrongly interpreted.
It's a bio-plastic, it's not properly a plastic material as we actually know. In particular this example wasn't enough resistant to make strong and durable objects. You could try to use it like a texture to cover/wrap something, but I think you must dry it well before any attempt you want to try. The example I made is very fragile so be careful when you use it :) I hope the answer is clear, thanks for your help :)
I followed the exact steps and my plastic came out dry and easily cracking/crumbling after leaving it for a couple of days. What did I do wrong? Pls answer
It depends on many factors, first of all the drying time and the humidity regulation :) Remember that it's not an industrial "plastic", actually it's not plastic at all. It is a composite material made from natural waste and its properties can be different depending on a wide amount of external factors such as humidity, temperature and bonding of the elements.
As you can read in the description, plastics, bioplastics and biocomposites, industrially manufactured, are something different from the sample proposed in this video. Therefore, "plastic" bags or "plastic" spoons are not the best ways to use this kind of material.
Hiii i'd just like to ask if i can improve the appearance of the final product? like can i make it into a hand bag or will it break? btw your project is really cool! thumbs up for it 👍
Alyssa Lopez Thanks :) You can try to sew, but it must have the right texture to do it. It should be tested a bit more. The appearance of the result in the video is just a sample, if you make the mixture less soft you can put it in a mold and have different results ;)
You're right! When I uploaded this video, I didn't film that part. Actually, it could have been useful show its tensile strength! Btw, I've recently wrote a paper regarding the mechanical properties of banana fibers: doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1582000 Hope it can help ;)
Ummmm..here i am again... One time when our professor checked our project..he said to me that it was good that you have effort in your project but can you find another substitute for banana peelings because banana peelings are fed to pigs he said..so can i ask if there are any substitutes that i can use for making bioplastic???
jeshian lawangen You can use any source of starch, like corn starch or potatoes starch. But the best way is find something that come from waste to make the final result eco friendly ;)
Hi I am currently doing my research about this one. And I'm a little bit confuse right now. Do I need laboratory testing to prove that it is bioplastic? How can I prove its physical properties tho? Please help.
Yes, you can experiment it, but I think you'll have to consider the effect of the olive oil in your mixture. It will also affect the density and the strength of your final result.
@@EngrPeaNat Actually, since that the final result it's not plastic at all, it's better to think at the plasticizer as something that act as a sort of binder between all the elements of the mixture. Furthermore, the amount and the type of honey used can strongly affect the final result, so it could be a tricky step to work on.
No, I've only selected what I needed for my recipe, thinking at their properties: mold-inhibitors (there is a wide range o natural materials you can use. thyme is only one), acids (I've use acetic acid (vinegar) but you can use also citric acid (lemon) or other weak acids. During the experimental stage, you can test what is better for your recipe, trying attempt after attempt ;)
About the literature: - Materials Experience: Fundamentals of Materials and Design - E. Karana, O. Pedgley, V. Rognoli - Materials and Sustainable Development - M. Ashby - Bio-inspired Materials and Sensing Systems - P. Biggins, J. Hiltz, A. Kusterbeck
Hi! I have a question, I would like to use this bioplastic to make straws, do you know if there's an ingredient or something I can add to make it a little more resistent to liquids?
Could be done, but I don't think could be the best way to use it. The goal of the research is find a way to produce a bioplastic totally recyclable and possibly with a long life use to let it be more durable and eco-friendly. Mixing it with it will reduce its positive aspects.
sans rival Yes, of course. Actually honey is not really cheap as ingredient, so if you replace it with glycerol or a similar plasticizer it will work as well. Could be interesting finding something concerning waste materials from honey production, I didn't examined thoroughly this issue yet.
It should work too! It depends by the content of acetic acid in the vinegar you use ;) You can even use lemon juice (citric acid) instead of vinegar. The important thing is to use a weak acid well balanced with the other components of your mixture.
Yes, sure. You can dry it using a desiccator (containing an efficient drying agent) or in the sunlight, it will works too. Just remember to check the timing ;)
Hi! We're doing an SIP and our topic is about Bioplastic. We are planning to use this video as a reference,. If we add water hyacinth in the ingredients, will it work? Your answer will be really helpful in our experiment! Thank you.
Hi thank you so much for share this so useful video . I want to ask a questions. How do we understand that bioplastics? So just looking at the outward appearance, we can understand is it bioplastic or not ? How to know it chemistry ?
Of course it's a bioplastic because of the very definition of bioplastics. It's a starch based bioplastic which has all the features of this category: is starch based, a plasticizer element and an acidifying. And is obviously also biodegradable. To know its chemistry there is the need to do a laboratory analysis. Thanks for your support ;)
Honey is what I used instead of glycerol, but there is a wide range of alternatives. Here, some papers about this topic: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960308513000321 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014305710004763 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.32956/abstract Hope these can help you, Achille
thank youu!!!!! we use this video for our research project and we try different ratio of honey and banana peel pulp :D we're going to give you credit in our paper :D thank you sooo much :D
Really appreciate that! :) In these weeks I'm working on banana fibres to investigate about the mechanical properties of this material, in order to know how exactly I can use this bioplastic! I hope I'll have enough time to upload a new video with more info about it. Please send me your paper when you're done with your research, I'm really interested! Thanks, Achille
I think they could be used in the mixture, added in the last part like filler material. The final result could be something similar but a little bit irregular
Menelaus Daniel Cinnamon is simply to cover the bad smell of vinegar that is too strong; the use of honey is to let the mixture be more or less elastic (it depends by how much honey you use); thyme is used to let the final bioplastic be more durable (thyme is a natural mold inhibitor). I hope it's helpful ;)
Christanne Jacqlyn Sarmiento Yes, this specific factor could affect the final result because actually is better to use unripe bananas (when they are still green) because the amount of starch in them is bigger than the amount of starch contained in ripe bananas ;)
nadiel meneses It's not properly a resin, it's a starch-based bioplastic. It could become more like a resin by changing the amount of the plasticizer ingredient making it more plastic. Also it could be merged with a synthetic resin creating a new composite material. You can also do the inverse procedure using a filler material. Thank you for your support :)
nadiel meneses The plasticizer I used in this recipe is honey. You can also use glycerol that is a good platicizer. I used honey because it has a similar effect and because it isn't an artificial ingredient.
Achille Ferrante can i ask one more? can you give me the materials use to become more like a resin material in producing bioplastic.? actually, I did it already but im not satisfied to the result. can you give the exact texture when it finish . sorry for many questions. because i will try your idea in my project at school thanks for helping :)
nadiel meneses Sorry for my late answer. To make it more like a resin you must add glycerol instead of honey and then try to dry all the mixture as better as possible. Doing this the final texture will be more like a resin. Let me know about your future results ;)
The pulp is the compound of banana fiber, starch and other elements of the peel, deprived of as much water as possible to restrict the mould formation. In the first stage we can call it "wet pulp" and then "dried pulp" even if it's not completely dried. I found out that there are some studies carried out on banana peels which are completely dried and then used as powder for the experiments.
Yes, of course there will be effects without these elements. Without thyme the final result will be more vulnerable at mold formations and without cinnamon the smell of vinegar will be too strong. The honey is the plasticizer element of the mixture, so without it you'll have only a starch and vinegar mix. You can try to replace them to study the variations of properties of the final material.
It's not properly a bioplastic, even if the process is similar to most of the starch-based bioplastics recipes. The sample in this video was an experimentation aimed to recover the starch inside the banana peels and combine it with natural elements in order to obtain a durable material similar to the "classic" bioplastics. Actually, this kind of result has properties more comparable to some kind of bio-composite because of its matrix (starch) and its reinforcement (banana fibres and thyme leaves). I'm sorry if the title is a bit misleading, I hope I've been clearer with my answer ;)
hello! i know it's been too long since you' ve posted this but i just want to ask if i can use both honey and glycerine to make it have more of its plastic texture?
amazing video!! you have a new suscriber:) I just have a question tho, (these may seem silly) how long do these last? and can it be put into a mold, and still come out with good results? thank you
Thank you :) After 3 years, they're still without any form of mold or new cracks. About the molds, yes, you can put it into a simple shaped mold, but remember to use a good release agent! Always check humidity and temperature too ;)
Angel Cruz Thyme is a natural mold inhibitor (this bioplastic is still alive and without mold) and cinnamon smells better than vinegar (that has a bad smell).
I took the peels from ten mature bananas, chopped them up and slow cooked them on high with only the contents of a Grand Marnier bottle for five hours, let it cool, pureed it and wow! The taste is something magical.
Is it flexible or strong? If i made a lot of these and made a bag would it carry heavy things? Hoping for replies!currently looking for investigatory projects
Basically, it depends by the amount of plasticizer you use in the recipe. I'm still testing it to know how far I can stretch it. I'll keep you updated.
From the description of the video. For further information check it out! ;) ELEMENTS OF THE MIXTURE: Banana peels (starch source), vinegar (acid part, plasticizer), honey (sugar component, plasticizer), cinnamon (aroma and mold-inhibitor) and thyme (natural mold-inhibitor).
You can even use something more professional :D 4 years ago the only tools I had were all kitchen tools ;) Experimentation begins from the basic tools, sometimes even from pencil and paper, so don't focus too much on what tools you need at the beginning :D About the amount of water, the less you use it, the better it is. Because of the mould proliferation!
@@AchilleFerrante thank you very much. i have one more question, what should be the temperature and how long will it stay in the oven? just asked this incase there's a change or improvement you have done in this project. :D
Hi, as you can see in the video, to make the base of the bio-composite I used only banana peels that are composed mainly of starch. There is a certain amount of cellulose in the outer part of the peels due to the banana fibres which are made basically of cellulose. Thank you for asking! ;)
I used thyme because it's a natural mold inhibitor, without it the bioplastic will be less durable. If you want, you can replace it with something equally effective to prevent mold proliferation ;)
achile ferrante i am planning to open my company of plantain and banana flour and i wanna sell the skin as a flour , do you think they can use it? today it is my first day searching all the information. let me know thank you
+karlos b. Hello, the result of this recipe is a fibrous bioplastic similar to an old cloth. About flour from banana peels i read on web that it can be used in different ways: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19757248 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996913006480 Hope the links will help you, Achille
Yes!! You should then balance the amount of mould-inhibitor and find something else to contrast the strong smell of the vinegar :) Alternatively you can use another weak acid like the citric acid ;)
+Amr Essam It was a pratical part of an exam entitled "Testing of innovative materials for design" that I made at my university (Environmental and industrial design course). It was basically a lab research. The pratical part was basically: - personal self-production of bioplastics - valorisation of agricultural waste (upcycling) - personal experience (expressive-sensory) with self-produced materials Our teacher wrote a book about environmental sustainability and biomimetics and gave us informations about bioplastic, natural fibers and DIY's materials. The language of the course is italian so all the books I have consulted are in italian language. I also did a deep research through blogs, forums and web articles. Also youtube gave me a lot of infomations about this subject of study. My teacher's book: "Biomimetica. La lezione della natura. Ecosostenibilita', design e cicli produttivi nel terzo millennio" - Carlo Santulli Other books: “Il senso dei materiali per il design” - V.Rognoli, M.Levi; "Questo libro e' un'abat-jour" - E. Nicoli I found this article in english: dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2347540 I hope I was helpful :)
+Achille Ferrante i am very thankful for you help Achille we have some quality issues in our project for the production of bioplatics from banana peels and i hope those articles help. Thank you again ;)
Kim Mirracle For this recipe I used thyme leaves :) I tried thyme essential oil and it worked too, but it's really strong, so be careful with the amount! The main differcence is that thyme leaves give some consistency (reinforcement) to the material unlike the essential oil that make it softer and more fragile.
Hi, you could use both of them. The extract will be stronger in concentration than the whole leaf so think accurately at the amount! P.S. thanks for the credits! If you'll want to share your work I'll be happy to have a look at it and give you my opinion ;)
I don't know but it could be an interesting try.. maybe coconut husks could be used as filler (combined with a natural resin) to make a bio-composite material or something similar.
this has been done for quite some time - do a search for coconut coir composites.... or visit your local grow shop and pick up some coir rooting blocks
UPDATE June 2018: please read the description for all the details. For more information and suggestions I'm always happy to answer all your questions. Thanks for all the support! :)
Yes, this material is water resistant and is a good absorbent. I'm currently working on its composition to improve his water resistance and use it as filter for water.
is the final product durable? if so how much can it hold? if not can you suggest things that can make it durable? its okay if you won't be able to answer much but it would really help ^^
Yes, it is. I still have the samples that I made 3 years ago and there isn't any degradation of the material, or mold presence. The best way to keep it as durable as possible is to use a good mold-inhibitor (and remove as much water as you can in the preparation process). In my samples I used thyme which works pretty good.
thank you so much for this! I used this as inspiration for our research, don't worry, I only got some reference from it. Still thank you so much for this!
I did not take specific measures for cinnamon and thyme .. Thyme was proportionate (about a teaspoon) in relation to the others ingredients. A teaspoon of cinnamon was perfect to contrast smell of that quantity of vinegar. I had obviously tried differents quantity of cinnamon and thyme before to find the correct one. Thanks for your support ;)
it is edible? because its contain honey and cinnamon... what is the use of honey? Yeah you can make bioplastic what if the ants going to eat that because of the honey... plss explain po to me I need it po to my study
I had to use the Google Translate, but yes! Here it is the paper about the mechanical properties of banana fibers: doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1582000
okay.... I was assuming you would be extracting starch from the peel to make a true bioplastic - instead you discarded that and made the pulp into a "plastic"
I used all the banana peels to make it.. i didn't discarded nothing. All the starch was extracted right from there. The final result is a biodegradable material that could be certainly considered bioplastic. :)
![I.N "HALLUCINATION" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/n5B5q1Hwt_U/mqdefault.jpg)
UPDATE April 2019: my paper about the mechanical properties of banana fibers! You can find it at:
doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1582000
hi i hope u notice my question, i really need help for my research
- Is it possible to use ripe banana peels for starch? or I should just use unripe?
Normal bioplastics used in the production of various chemicals (HCl, NaOH, glycerin, sodium metabisulphite ..) but you have not used, does not have much of the rot in plastic?
After 9 months all the samples made are still without mold. That's because the thyme is a natural mold inhibitor.
The goal of the research was to not use chemical additives, so I used only ingredients that i've found in kitchen.
hi, you might be aware that carry/shopping bags are being made from corn starch. but they are three times costlier than plastic bags. could you suggest what ingredient could we add so that the overall price drops. the final outcome has to be strictly home compostable???
PLA degrades only in industrial facilities. Could we add some kind of material to PLA so that we could make home compostable drinking bottles out of it. PLA has a very strong bond and is primary requirement for bottles. The material that we could add to PLA should make it degradable in the span of 3yrs but in natural conditions only......
1) Without the thyme, how long would it take for mold to start forming?
2) Will the plastic be flexible even after the process is finished? I’m going to flatten it as much as I can to see if it can act as a wrap, which can only happen if it doesn’t crack up and crumble apart.
1) Cinnamon and thyme act as mould-inhibitors too, so the material will be mould free for a few weeks even without adding thyme. On the other hand, the mould formation depends strongly from the environment of use and the conservation status of the material. Therefore, you should test it in relation to the application field you choose for it.
2) The thickness is strictly related to his fragility so you should consider to give to you samples an average thickness of 1mm or higher. The amount of plasticizer (e.g. honey or any sugar-base alternative you choose to use) is also very important. You need to experiment and work on the amount of each components to find the best combination of elements which fits better for your purpose.
Achille Ferrante Alright, thank you for answering!
What are the quantities of each ingredient?
Good day! I am working on our Investigatory Project with this. We followed your procedure and we are grateful that we were able to make fibrous bioplastic. Our paneling will be 2 days from now and we lack some information. May I ask for the use of vinegar and honey in making bioplastic, please? Thank you!
Melvic Pimentel Vinegar is the acid part who reacts with the starch and the honey is the plasticizer that makes more or less elastic the final result (it depends by small variations of its amount).
Thanks for asking ;)
Thank you, Achille! :)
Could you please make a video on the usage of this kind of a starch - based bioplastic? That would be very helpful!
Maybe I will make a new video about it in these weeks. I will not have much time because of my university lessons. I hope I will make it in time ;)
Achille Ferrante Thank you! Really looking forward to it!
I apologize if I've not uploaded the other video yet. At the moment I'm in Spain for an exchange program of study. I'll try to make another video about the use of this kind of bioplastic when I come back to Italy at my university :)
@@AchilleFerrante can we add something to PLA to make it home compostable. this will enable us to make bottles out of it. thus reducing plastic pollution
Thank you Achille, very cool!
Thanks for your feedback! :)
Is the methodology you presented in this video can be applied on our research which will use chico peelings as main component to make bioplastic?
It depends by the amount of starch in the peels. The material presented in this video is a starch-based bio-composite, therefore if you consider to follow the same steps you should check if your resource is rich in starch ;)
@@AchilleFerrante As of now I am still trying figure it out 😁 Thank you very much for your response 😊
@@은하정국 Keep going! ;) It's not an easy work, but most of the times a good research gives you great satisfaction! :)
Is there any alternative for thyme ?
If you are Indian let me tell u that thyme is 'ajwain ke daane' and u can find it easily at raashan store
i want to make a science project someone help ...my question is can we make plastic from "kadzu"(sural) plant which also rich in starch
Of course, if this plant has a lot of starch, it can be used to make a bioplastic. Try creating your own recipe using kadzu. Let us know your progress :)
I will try..thanks
Do the Honey,Thyme and cinnamon have any effect if they are not put in
+Fezan Khokhar Honey is the plasticizer, thyme is a natural mold inhibitor and cinnamon smells better than vinegar ;)
hey hey can i ask for a favor. can you cite negative effects of bioplastics and how are we going to address it?
What's a pulp that's used in the bioplastic production in the final stage? Is it the fruit pulp?
Shamima Maryam It's the same pulp I've obtained from the peels. I've used just a part of it and then the rest for other samples.
Why use vinegar, honey, cinnamon, and thyme?
Hello, thank you for this video. I have a few questions to ask. I'm making this for my Chemistry project so I hope you can reply quickly.
1. What was the texture of the plastic like?
2. Does it crack easily?
3. Where should I store it so it doesn't crack?
4. Will it become more flexible if I add more plsaticizer?
5. If I use glycerol as a plasticizer, do I use the same amount?
1. It was quite irregular and fairly porous
2. It could happen, it depends on the drying method, on the plasticizer and on the amount of water in the mixture
3. High temperatures and humidity are the no.1 enemies ;)
4. Yes, but try to find the right balance!
5. The amount of glycerol needed should be at least 5 times higher compared to the amount of honey I used for my samples (it depends on the concentration too)
Good luck for your project! ;)
Achille Ferrante Thank you for the reply. I have more questions to ask. I’m sorry if I’m asking too many questions.
1. Why do I need 5x more glycerol?
2. What concentration of glycerol do you recommend?
3. If I replace honey with glycerol, do I still need vinegar, thyme and cinnamon?
4. What does the water function as?
5. What would be the best temperature to store the plastic?
6. Instead of using an oven, can I dry it under the sun or would it be too hot? It’s about 31°C here where I live.
7. It’s been 3 years since you made this video, is the plastic moldy now?
I’m looking forward to your response.
@@jacquelinegraciella6052 I'm sorry for the late reply, I've been working a lot :)
1&2. You can easily find high concentration glycerol (90% or above). Because of its concentration, it has more effect compared to the same amount of honey
3. Yes. You can use less cinnamon or thyme, even if they work better than glycerol as stronger mold-inhibitors
4. I used it for a sort of rinsing from contaminants and impurities
5. An average temperature of 25°C if possible
6. Yes, you can, but it's a raw method so you can check constantly the temperature and the status of your material
7. No mold, it is still working great! ;)
@@AchilleFerrante Thank you so much for the reply.
Hi, I would like to use this in my research and feasibility study. May I have the references as well as the detailed ingredients and process of this project? It would be a great help. Thank you!
Hi, sorry for the late reply.
I'm currently doing research about it for my bachelor thesis. At the moment I'm in UK and I'll stay here for a few months to study the mechanical properties of banana fibres to go in depth with this work.
I'll let you know more soon! Stay tuned! ;)
what are the difference between your experiment and those industrially manufactured bioplastics?
The main differences are the durability of the material and its mechanical properties. The advantage is the re-use of some kind of waste, which is the main aim of this research. On the other hand, the disadvantage is the method that has to be perfected for an hypothetical industrial production (it was not the original goal, in fact this idea was proposed for a home/personal environment).
Is it possible to make the bioplastic using orange or lime peel?
Yes! Here there's a good example: ruclips.net/video/gJEOGriA5Oo/видео.html
Someone even made an excellent product. basically a kind of fabric: orangefiber.it/en/how-to-turn-citrus-waste-into-a-sustainable-fabric/
May I ask if it is thyme oil or thyme leaves; Also, what do banana peelings contain that is capable of turning it into a plastic; lastly, is the plastic flexible enough?
jeshian lawangen Thanks for asking :) In the recipe I used I choose to add thyme seeds and they worked well until now. Thyme oil is a good alternative and is actually used as an innovative technique of conservation in the art restoration field. To answer at your second question, banana peels are a rich source of starch that is the basic element of this bioplastic. About its flexibility I can tell you that it's flexible enough but it depends by the use and by what you want to do with it. Anyway I planned to do some specific tensile and bend tests in the next weeks.
Tnx :)
Hey, I am a student-researcher from the Philippines. I wonder if you could answer some of our questions regarding bioplastics
Andeng Wen Yes of course, if I can I'm happy to answer :)
Achille Ferrante hi sorry late reply. I was wondering if you have a Facebook account so we can talk privately?
Andeng Wen Sure!
Achille Ferrante BTW, my Facebook acc is Christine Anne Bayo. What's yours?
Achille Ferrante ;)
p.s. Just found out I'm not the only Achille Ferrante on Facebook, I'll add you, I think it's easier :D
Thanks so much for this recipe. I had a quick question. I tried making this and it glows reddish under the light. Do you have any idea why?
How long before it dissolves in water? I was thinking of making it a drinking straw to replace plastic ones as a science project at school.
I'm going to do some accurate testing about this topic. I'll give you more info in the next months. Anyway, making a straw from it could be not so easy, it's a porous material. Maybe it's not the right material to it. Thanks for asking :)
Oh, ok. Thanks bro!
Hello can i ask what is the difference between a acid plasticizer and sugar plasticizer? Would i do fine if i didn't add any acid plasticizer?
Can you make this from other ingredients like taking out the bananas and using potatoes
Angelie030 AJ I'm not sure
Of course you can do it, most of bioplastics starch-based are made using potatoes starch.
can you tell me the reasons your use the different ingredients?
please can u suggest a good working model on the topic energy resources and conservation
Bioplastics are actually a good topic, but in general I could suggest anything about eco-friendly materials designed to be as durable as possible precisely because in last years the concept of disposable product was overrated and often wrongly interpreted.
what is the use for this bioplastic?
i had did this bioplastic but i dont know what is this use for becouse it doesnt look like plastic
It's a bio-plastic, it's not properly a plastic material as we actually know. In particular this example wasn't enough resistant to make strong and durable objects. You could try to use it like a texture to cover/wrap something, but I think you must dry it well before any attempt you want to try.
The example I made is very fragile so be careful when you use it :)
I hope the answer is clear, thanks for your help :)
Is it possible to make a straw that can be eaten with this plastic?
Yes, it can be possible, but it's not the best use for this kind of material ;)
@@AchilleFerrante okay thanks
Hello Achille, what did you did as the fermentation process in here. And what is the polymerization process in here? Thank you very much
I followed the exact steps and my plastic came out dry and easily cracking/crumbling after leaving it for a couple of days. What did I do wrong? Pls answer
It depends on many factors, first of all the drying time and the humidity regulation :) Remember that it's not an industrial "plastic", actually it's not plastic at all. It is a composite material made from natural waste and its properties can be different depending on a wide amount of external factors such as humidity, temperature and bonding of the elements.
Hi can you use this experiment as a real plastic? I mean can use use this as a plastic spoon and fork or plastic bag? Or wont it work??
As you can read in the description, plastics, bioplastics and biocomposites, industrially manufactured, are something different from the sample proposed in this video. Therefore, "plastic" bags or "plastic" spoons are not the best ways to use this kind of material.
Hiii i'd just like to ask if i can improve the appearance of the final product? like can i make it into a hand bag or will it break? btw your project is really cool! thumbs up for it 👍
Alyssa Lopez Thanks :) You can try to sew, but it must have the right texture to do it. It should be tested a bit more. The appearance of the result in the video is just a sample, if you make the mixture less soft you can put it in a mold and have different results ;)
You could have handled your product at the end to demonstrate it’s properties! Like stretchability?
You're right! When I uploaded this video, I didn't film that part. Actually, it could have been useful show its tensile strength!
Btw, I've recently wrote a paper regarding the mechanical properties of banana fibers: doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1582000
Hope it can help ;)
do you have any suggestion for the alternative of thyme and cinnamon which you think is cheaper or more common?
Ummmm..here i am again...
One time when our professor checked our project..he said to me that it was good that you have effort in your project but can you find another substitute for banana peelings because banana peelings are fed to pigs he said..so can i ask if there are any substitutes that i can use for making bioplastic???
jeshian lawangen You can use any source of starch, like corn starch or potatoes starch. But the best way is find something that come from waste to make the final result eco friendly ;)
Hi I am currently doing my research about this one. And I'm a little bit confuse right now. Do I need laboratory testing to prove that it is bioplastic? How can I prove its physical properties tho? Please help.
Can I consider using olive oil infused with thyme as mold inhibitor?
Yes, you can experiment it, but I think you'll have to consider the effect of the olive oil in your mixture. It will also affect the density and the strength of your final result.
Although my honey didn’t do its role as a plasticizer 😅
@@EngrPeaNat Actually, since that the final result it's not plastic at all, it's better to think at the plasticizer as something that act as a sort of binder between all the elements of the mixture. Furthermore, the amount and the type of honey used can strongly affect the final result, so it could be a tricky step to work on.
Hello! I have a question, these materials that you used in making bioplastic applies only to a starch based fruits/vegetables?
No, I've only selected what I needed for my recipe, thinking at their properties: mold-inhibitors (there is a wide range o natural materials you can use. thyme is only one), acids (I've use acetic acid (vinegar) but you can use also citric acid (lemon) or other weak acids. During the experimental stage, you can test what is better for your recipe, trying attempt after attempt ;)
So i can use it not only for banana peel?
Can you suggest a reference or literature about bioplastics?
Yes, you can use a lot of different starch sources, not only bananas. The best goal is using a waste material.
About the literature:
- Materials Experience: Fundamentals of Materials and Design - E. Karana, O. Pedgley, V. Rognoli
- Materials and Sustainable Development - M. Ashby
- Bio-inspired Materials and Sensing Systems - P. Biggins, J. Hiltz, A. Kusterbeck
Hi! I have a question, I would like to use this bioplastic to make straws, do you know if there's an ingredient or something I can add to make it a little more resistent to liquids?
can we mix this with bio plastic with PP and make bags ? target is reduce the decaying period of PP and make it less environmental hazard.
Could be done, but I don't think could be the best way to use it. The goal of the research is find a way to produce a bioplastic totally recyclable and possibly with a long life use to let it be more durable and eco-friendly.
Mixing it with it will reduce its positive aspects.
Can I make this type of bioplastic without using honey?
sans rival Yes, of course. Actually honey is not really cheap as ingredient, so if you replace it with glycerol or a similar plasticizer it will work as well. Could be interesting finding something concerning waste materials from honey production, I didn't examined thoroughly this issue yet.
May i know if black vinegar works on this too? Or must use the normal vinegar
It should work too! It depends by the content of acetic acid in the vinegar you use ;) You can even use lemon juice (citric acid) instead of vinegar. The important thing is to use a weak acid well balanced with the other components of your mixture.
Is it ok if I didn't use the oven if I conduct the experiment?
Yes, sure. You can dry it using a desiccator (containing an efficient drying agent) or in the sunlight, it will works too. Just remember to check the timing ;)
Hi! We're doing an SIP and our topic is about Bioplastic. We are planning to use this video as a reference,. If we add water hyacinth in the ingredients, will it work? Your answer will be really helpful in our experiment! Thank you.
Hi thank you so much for share this so useful video . I want to ask a questions.
How do we understand that bioplastics?
So just looking at the outward appearance, we can understand is it bioplastic or not ? How to know it chemistry ?
Of course it's a bioplastic because of the very definition of bioplastics. It's a starch based bioplastic which has all the features of this category: is starch based, a plasticizer element and an acidifying. And is obviously also biodegradable. To know its chemistry there is the need to do a laboratory analysis.
Thanks for your support ;)
Me:Mom I need this following ingredients...
Mom:Ok lets go to Walmart..
"In walmart"
Mom:by the way what are you cooking?
Me:Ummm...Bioplastic
True story. Cooking and science often go hand in hand :D
can i have the article that says that the honey can act as platicizer :D thank you!!!
Honey is what I used instead of glycerol, but there is a wide range of alternatives.
Here, some papers about this topic:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960308513000321
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014305710004763
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.32956/abstract
Hope these can help you,
Achille
thank youu!!!!! we use this video for our research project and we try different ratio of honey and banana peel pulp :D we're going to give you credit in our paper :D thank you sooo much :D
Really appreciate that! :) In these weeks I'm working on banana fibres to investigate about the mechanical properties of this material, in order to know how exactly I can use this bioplastic! I hope I'll have enough time to upload a new video with more info about it. Please send me your paper when you're done with your research, I'm really interested!
Thanks,
Achille
Can u please tell me what i can use in place of thyme????
how about banana peduncle fiber instead of peels?
I think they could be used in the mixture, added in the last part like filler material. The final result could be something similar but a little bit irregular
why did you guys add cinnamon, honey and thyme?
Menelaus Daniel Cinnamon is simply to cover the bad smell of vinegar that is too strong; the use of honey is to let the mixture be more or less elastic (it depends by how much honey you use); thyme is used to let the final bioplastic be more durable (thyme is a natural mold inhibitor).
I hope it's helpful ;)
Hi! Would you say the type of banana and whether it is ripe or unripe, would affect the output?
Thank you so much! :D
Christanne Jacqlyn Sarmiento Yes, this specific factor could affect the final result because actually is better to use unripe bananas (when they are still green) because the amount of starch in them is bigger than the amount of starch contained in ripe bananas ;)
is this project can be a resin material to make a plastic? thanks for the answer :)
nadiel meneses It's not properly a resin, it's a starch-based bioplastic. It could become more like a resin by changing the amount of the plasticizer ingredient making it more plastic. Also it could be merged with a synthetic resin creating a new composite material. You can also do the inverse procedure using a filler material.
Thank you for your support :)
Achille Ferrante what is your plasticizer on your ingredients you use in this video. can you explain further about this one. thanks .
nadiel meneses The plasticizer I used in this recipe is honey. You can also use glycerol that is a good platicizer. I used honey because it has a similar effect and because it isn't an artificial ingredient.
Achille Ferrante can i ask one more? can you give me the materials use to become more like a resin material in producing bioplastic.? actually, I did it already but im not satisfied to the result. can you give the exact texture when it finish . sorry for many questions. because i will try your idea in my project at school thanks for helping :)
nadiel meneses Sorry for my late answer. To make it more like a resin you must add glycerol instead of honey and then try to dry all the mixture as better as possible. Doing this the final texture will be more like a resin.
Let me know about your future results ;)
Is it possible to microwave this instead of using an oven?
Yes, you can try to dry it in different ways, including microwave, but I suggest to proceed in a preheated fan oven ;)
what do you mean by 40g of pulp ? what is pulp ?
The pulp is the compound of banana fiber, starch and other elements of the peel, deprived of as much water as possible to restrict the mould formation. In the first stage we can call it "wet pulp" and then "dried pulp" even if it's not completely dried. I found out that there are some studies carried out on banana peels which are completely dried and then used as powder for the experiments.
Very interesting. Thank you very much for the information.
Thanks for your support :)
is there an effect if i will not put cinnamon honey and thyme into the mixture?
Yes, of course there will be effects without these elements. Without thyme the final result will be more vulnerable at mold formations and without cinnamon the smell of vinegar will be too strong. The honey is the plasticizer element of the mixture, so without it you'll have only a starch and vinegar mix. You can try to replace them to study the variations of properties of the final material.
Do you use 40g pulp....what di you use it for???
I used only chopped banana skins ;)
Isnt this just dried up fruit waste? How are the properties similiar to plastic? Why is it bioplastic?
It's not properly a bioplastic, even if the process is similar to most of the starch-based bioplastics recipes. The sample in this video was an experimentation aimed to recover the starch inside the banana peels and combine it with natural elements in order to obtain a durable material similar to the "classic" bioplastics. Actually, this kind of result has properties more comparable to some kind of bio-composite because of its matrix (starch) and its reinforcement (banana fibres and thyme leaves).
I'm sorry if the title is a bit misleading, I hope I've been clearer with my answer ;)
hello! i know it's been too long since you' ve posted this but i just want to ask if i can use both honey and glycerine to make it have more of its plastic texture?
could you pls tell me why you heating the pulp in the begining?
The heating process is to extract the starch from the pulp and to take out the water :)
was the fibrous bio-plasic durable?
Yes, it is! It's more durable than I expected. Keep in mind it depends a lot on the way and on the temperature/humidity it is stored.
amazing video!! you have a new suscriber:) I just have a question tho, (these may seem silly) how long do these last? and can it be put into a mold, and still come out with good results? thank you
Thank you :) After 3 years, they're still without any form of mold or new cracks. About the molds, yes, you can put it into a simple shaped mold, but remember to use a good release agent! Always check humidity and temperature too ;)
good evening is there an alternative for thyme?
can You make this into a waste bag?
Potentially yes. The recipe need some improvements to make the final result more resistant and able to do this.
thank you for your answer
how much thyme and cinnamon is used? a teaspoon? or just a pinch?
2:19 a teaspoon of cinnamon and a teaspoon of thyme ;)
what can I use instead of thyme??
what is the purpose of cinnamon and thyme?
Angel Cruz Thyme is a natural mold inhibitor (this bioplastic is still alive and without mold) and cinnamon smells better than vinegar (that has a bad smell).
Achille Ferrante What do you actually mean by that?
hai can i ask what method is this cuz im doing assignment now and i need to do the experiment too.thanks
Hi, the method is the same explained in the video and in the description below it ;) If you need any further information, I'll be glad to help you!
I took the peels from ten mature bananas, chopped them up and slow cooked them on high with only the contents of a Grand Marnier bottle for five hours, let it cool, pureed it
and wow! The taste is something magical.
Is it flexible or strong? If i made a lot of these and made a bag would it carry heavy things? Hoping for replies!currently looking for investigatory projects
Basically, it depends by the amount of plasticizer you use in the recipe. I'm still testing it to know how far I can stretch it. I'll keep you updated.
why did you use thyme, vinegar, honey and cinnamon?
Honey is the plasticizer, thyme to prevent mold formation, vinegar because reacts with banana peels's starch, cinnamon to cover vinegar smell ;)
and why did you add water the second time?
It's a kind of rinsing ;)
in order to make it more durable, do i have to add more bananas?
More thyme and less water in the mixture. The right balance of the elements is what makes it more durable ;)
@@AchilleFerrante oh okayyy thanks
what are the ingredients you used?
What can we use instead of thyme
Lemon juice in the right proportion (remember to balance the acid component of the mixture) or any other kind of natural mold-inhibitor ;)
Why it not look like plastic at All? Is it need more work ?
It's not plastic, it's a different material. It's all summed up in the description, right below the video ;)
What is the role of honey,thyme,and cinnamon ??
From the description of the video. For further information check it out! ;)
ELEMENTS OF THE MIXTURE:
Banana peels (starch source), vinegar (acid part, plasticizer), honey (sugar component, plasticizer), cinnamon (aroma and mold-inhibitor) and thyme (natural mold-inhibitor).
Can I ask the whole method or process? Thank you.
Hi, the process I followed is the one shown in the video. If you have any doubts about some steps, you can ask. I'll try to answer at my best :)
can we use blender instead of a whisk? and if that so, how many water should we use?
You can even use something more professional :D 4 years ago the only tools I had were all kitchen tools ;) Experimentation begins from the basic tools, sometimes even from pencil and paper, so don't focus too much on what tools you need at the beginning :D About the amount of water, the less you use it, the better it is. Because of the mould proliferation!
@@AchilleFerrante thank you very much. i have one more question, what should be the temperature and how long will it stay in the oven? just asked this incase there's a change or improvement you have done in this project. :D
@@ryminenthusiast8798 The temperature should be always under 70°C. About the oven, the time of drying depends on the amount of water in the mixture ;)
What if we do not add thyme? Is it okay?
It will affect the durability of the material because thyme is a great mould-inhibitor. I suggest using something else that could work as alternative.
Hey...I wanted to ask if it's a pure starch based or cellulose based plastic or not??
Thanks
Hi, as you can see in the video, to make the base of the bio-composite I used only banana peels that are composed mainly of starch. There is a certain amount of cellulose in the outer part of the peels due to the banana fibres which are made basically of cellulose.
Thank you for asking! ;)
helloo may i ask what category of science does this fall under? (chemistry, botany etc)?
I suppose it could be a good mix of chemistry and cooking :)
Are you in bts army
What is the purpose of the vinegar??
Vinegar is the acid part (that could be replaced using another acid) which plays the role of plasticizer in starch-based bioplastic.
Why is thyme used ? Is it necessary??
I used thyme because it's a natural mold inhibitor, without it the bioplastic will be less durable. If you want, you can replace it with something equally effective to prevent mold proliferation ;)
Achille Ferrante thankyou so much for the video and reply
achile ferrante i am planning to open my company of plantain and banana flour and i wanna sell the skin as a flour , do you think they can use it? today it is my first day searching all the information. let me know thank you
+karlos b.
Hello,
the result of this recipe is a fibrous bioplastic similar to an old cloth. About flour from banana peels i read on web that it can be used in different ways:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19757248
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996913006480
Hope the links will help you,
Achille
That looks like a great counter top surface
Can i not put the cinnamon and thyme in this experiment?
Yes!! You should then balance the amount of mould-inhibitor and find something else to contrast the strong smell of the vinegar :) Alternatively you can use another weak acid like the citric acid ;)
can u suggest other thing instead of banana peeling?
Yes, you can use starch from potatoes or corn. They are a good source of starch too :)
please can you give me the reference? name of the research (paper or book)
+Amr Essam It was a pratical part of an exam entitled "Testing of innovative materials for design" that I made at my university (Environmental and industrial design course). It was basically a lab research.
The pratical part was basically:
- personal self-production of bioplastics
- valorisation of agricultural waste (upcycling)
- personal experience (expressive-sensory) with self-produced materials
Our teacher wrote a book about environmental sustainability and biomimetics and gave us informations about bioplastic, natural fibers and DIY's materials.
The language of the course is italian so all the books I have consulted are in italian language. I also did a deep research through blogs, forums and web articles. Also youtube gave me a lot of infomations about this subject of study.
My teacher's book:
"Biomimetica. La lezione della natura. Ecosostenibilita', design e cicli produttivi nel terzo millennio" - Carlo Santulli
Other books:
“Il senso dei materiali per il design” - V.Rognoli, M.Levi;
"Questo libro e' un'abat-jour" - E. Nicoli
I found this article in english:
dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2347540
I hope I was helpful :)
+Achille Ferrante i am very thankful for you help Achille
we have some quality issues in our project for the production of bioplatics from banana peels and i hope those articles help.
Thank you again ;)
Hi~ what kind of Thyme did you use?
Is it the oiled one?
Kim Mirracle For this recipe I used thyme leaves :) I tried thyme essential oil and it worked too, but it's really strong, so be careful with the amount! The main differcence is that thyme leaves give some consistency (reinforcement) to the material unlike the essential oil that make it softer and more fragile.
Oh! Now I know! Thank youu~ btw I'll use this as a research project dont worry I'll change some variables thank you very much *I'll also add credits*
One more question~
If I use thyme leaves, do I need the whole leaf or just the extract?
Thank you very muchh *again :>*
Hi, you could use both of them. The extract will be stronger in concentration than the whole leaf so think accurately at the amount!
P.S. thanks for the credits! If you'll want to share your work I'll be happy to have a look at it and give you my opinion ;)
Owkieeee dokieeee thanksss again~ I'll try If I already completed it haha😂
Is there a way to do this with coconut husks?
I don't know but it could be an interesting try.. maybe coconut husks could be used as filler (combined with a natural resin) to make a bio-composite material or something similar.
this has been done for quite some time - do a search for coconut coir composites.... or visit your local grow shop and pick up some coir rooting blocks
Hi achilel ferrante. Can i ask questions?
can you please give me 3 experimental questions?
Whats the use of cinnamon and thyme?
I used Cinnamon to reduce the strong smell of vinegar and thyme because it's a natural mold inhibitor.
We can use yellow peel?????
Ahilya Unnithan Yes, you can, but in green bananas there is more starch to use ;)
UPDATE June 2018: please read the description for all the details. For more information and suggestions I'm always happy to answer all your questions. Thanks for all the support! :)
Achille Ferrante can i ask if it can survive in water or it will get wet?
Yes, this material is water resistant and is a good absorbent. I'm currently working on its composition to improve his water resistance and use it as filter for water.
is the final product durable? if so how much can it hold? if not can you suggest things that can make it durable? its okay if you won't be able to answer much but it would really help ^^
Yes, it is. I still have the samples that I made 3 years ago and there isn't any degradation of the material, or mold presence. The best way to keep it as durable as possible is to use a good mold-inhibitor (and remove as much water as you can in the preparation process). In my samples I used thyme which works pretty good.
thank you so much for this! I used this as inspiration for our research, don't worry, I only got some reference from it. Still thank you so much for this!
What are the specific measurements of the cinnamon & thyme? Btw, thank you for this. It helped a lot. Take care & God bless!!
I did not take specific measures for cinnamon and thyme .. Thyme was proportionate (about a teaspoon) in relation to the others ingredients. A teaspoon of cinnamon was perfect to contrast smell of that quantity of vinegar. I had obviously tried differents quantity of cinnamon and thyme before to find the correct one.
Thanks for your support ;)
Thank u very much!
it is edible? because its contain honey and cinnamon... what is the use of honey? Yeah you can make bioplastic what if the ants going to eat that because of the honey... plss explain po to me I need it po to my study
Meron po kayong uploaded manuscript?
I had to use the Google Translate, but yes! Here it is the paper about the mechanical properties of banana fibers: doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1582000
okay.... I was assuming you would be extracting starch from the peel to make a true bioplastic - instead you discarded that and made the pulp into a "plastic"
I used all the banana peels to make it.. i didn't discarded nothing. All the starch was extracted right from there.
The final result is a biodegradable material that could be certainly considered bioplastic. :)