Oh man, this was my phd thesis! - the simplest method to create a hologram is to just use 2D FFT. In far field, light amplitude and phase is just the Fourier transform of the aperture! - keeping the phase of the FFT result should get you a hologram already, but you need more optimization to get really good phase only hologram. - the conversion to black and white is basically binarizing your phase plate + adding DC value. The binarization creates phase ambiguity, that’s why you get two copies. - if you etch the pattern on glass via plasma etching, you get much brighter hologram. - the binarization is non-linear, so when I was working on this area the best way was to ‘error diffuse’ the phase using simulated annealing. It should be super fast these days to do that on GPU. I had a matlab code for that if you’re really interested. More than happy to share the phd thesis if you’re interested. I got super deep into this lol.
Is your thesis "Free-space optical communications with retro-reflecting acquisition and turbulence compensation"? Searching your username found that on your scribd as "Thesis 11", and from there I found the PDF on Oxford's site via Google Scholar.
Check out 10.1007/BF02935980 I was gonna include it, but the actual holograms worked better so it was cut for time. but it's pure dots and gratings. literally can be calculated in an excell spread sheet and drawn by hand if you were so inclined.
Hi The Thought Emporium, I'm Rafael de la Fuente, the creator of diffractsim; I'm very glad you used diffractsim in this nice video! The discovery you have made is very interesting. There are also more specialized methods to make amplitude holograms with better quality. Do you want to have a talk, guide you, and we try to make them work? 🙂
Holograms are wild. As far as I know, this is the best way of making holograms that aren't just rapidly spinning fans, and I bet this would look SUPER cool. Congrats!
@@collin6526 yeah, and that's why I don't really consider them as such. It's just that it's the widely accepted method for creating "high-tech" stuff but the rapid LED spinning doesn't look that great.
LitiHolo made (and sold for a while) holographic film and a printer. They got flooded so are "film only" for a little while. The cool thing about their film is that it's self-developing and self-fixing. The bad thing is that it's... pricey.
@@thorjohnson5237 I love litiholo, good to see them start producing again. The worst thing about the film being pricey is I tend to resist using it up quickly, and then its other challenge, a short shelf life) comes into play :(
I am currently writing together my thesis on direct laser writing of phase change material based metasurfaces and I have to say you essentially did the same things I did just on a MUCH simpler and more affordable basis :D Of course the holograms I produced have better uniformity and such .. but I guess that is to be expected when comparing this to cutting edge research. It's increadible what you can achieve with this setup. The projects your are doing just absolutely AMAZING, especially considering the breadth of topics. Please never stop
Quick suggestion (computer generated holography is pretty much my job). To go from a phase hologram to a intensity hologram, instead of linearly converting phase to grayscale, you should take the square of the cosine of the phase, it should work better.
Also, there are ways to make the mirror image less noticeable (unfortunately it never goes away with intensity holograms). Too long for a comment, but feel free to contact me in case!
@@atmel9077 Yes, sorry, i made a mistake. It's actually (cos(phi)+1)^2, else you double the spatial frequency, which is not that terrible, it just changes the size of the projected hologram. Anyway, the cosine of the phase plus one is the electric field of the interference with a reference wavefront (which you would be using to record an actual hologram on holographic paper, and should be equivalent to the light you shine on the printed one, so a flat wave), and then you take the square, which represents the intensity of light at the recorded hologram plane. The trick to make the ghost image less apparent would be to use something more complex than a flat wavefront as a reference, such as a converging or diverging one, and then add an appropriate lens in front of the laser you shine on the printed hologram.
@@bitsurfer0101 Well, only if you REALLY lower your expectations. At the moment "holographic screens" are only about 1 cm wide, and have a viewing angle of only 20 degrees at best. Also, if you were to make a holographic videogame, you would measure the frame rate in frames per hour. This all makes them unusable as proper screens. They have a lot of cool applications, though, you can use them to manufacture stuff with lasers, and do some pretty cool tricks in microscopy experiments.
6:55 What's shown is not an Argoscope. It's an eclipse maker. The pedals around the edge are designed to *inhibit* any such Argo effect and not throw any light into the center of the image!
That's pretty neat. Do they bend the light away from the center geometrically or do they use that same bending to destructively interfere with the bent light that creates the argo point in the first place? (Or neither)
@@juhtahel7454 Yes, they use destructive interference. To minimise diffraction you really want a gaussian opacity circlur shade that fades to see through at the edges, leading to a smooth non-peaky gaussian roll off for the diffraction pattern rather than the bright rings of the airy disc. Using just 100% opaque material this is approximated with petals, and the design of the petals has been optimised to cancel out with destructive interference at different scales as smoothly as possible.
also btw this sunshield is to block the incoming light of stars so the telescope can search for exoplants orbiting the blocked star and study those planets
The coolest hologram I've ever seen was in the museum of illusions in pittsburgh; it was a hologram of a microscope, and you could walk up to it and actually look through the lens.
I saw that microscope hologram once at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI). It was really cool. Each time I went, I wanted to buy the "Astronaut Ice Cream", but it was too expensive. Finally I saved up enough money and bought some. It was a freeze dried slab of Neapolitan Ice cream, it tasted like dried foam, not much flavour, not very sweet, and I would not buy again. Real ice cream tastes so much better.
I have seen an illusion with a telescope in wich you could look throuh when i was akid on a trip . i never succeeded in replicating it .Would be super interested by some materials on it
This is actually a trick! in the first famous example, the hologram is generated using two different holograms merged during the process. So you are not actually looking down the microscope. But theoretically, it might be possible to make such a hologram with a magnified real image.
"I have major resolution issues" meanwhile "There's no point in using the microfilm people suggested that's about 8x more linear resolution than Pan F is!" ... sigh. Keep in mind that you cannot get the resolution out of microfilm though with closed down apertures, you need like F/2 and just a lens that's quality enough to be pretty sharp at f/2
This! The CMS20 film should be able to get a resolution of about 500 line pairs per millimeter. I've used it for pictorial photography myself (not the intended use case but still awesome), it's absolutely amazing. I used Rodinal as a developer. The Adotech developer is meant for greyscale reproduction. If you don't get the hard black and white you want (the extreme contrast is another feature of this film!) you can try developing it in your other developer.
I REALLY like where this series is going :) 1. The diffraction pattern and the image are related via a Fractional Fourier Transform, so you can get a better starting pattern using an invFrFT, though tuning the fraction can be a pain. I've never used RF's defractsim though - it looks amazing, so that's my weekend gone! 2. If/when you get to use a photon sieve transform on these, note that the oversizing on the holes effects the noise pattern in the whole image and so becomes another useful tunable parameter when trying to make a visually good image. (but is really annoying if you're trying to optimize for radiometry ) 3. When you get to thinking about the telescope, consider a Push Broom approach (with a modified mount) and the fun things that'll let you do if you happen to also have a diffraction grating around. again loving these vids!
6:50 I actually wrote a paper on this topic. Using a pair of axicons to transform the input beam into a very thin annular ring beam (with a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the obstacle) will produce a higher intensity Arago spot than the traditional method of using a Gaussian beam. We showed it should also be possible to generate an Arago spot with an intensity higher than the intensity of the input source using an axicon and focal lens (under ideal conditions with a very precise setup). I can't speak about resolving an image using our setup, but it was an idea we had thought about trying.
I love how this guy can just go from completely chill talking about some kind of mind-bending science, to whatever you call that in about half a second
You have an awesome way of explaining things. You condensed 4 years of holography, wave propagation, and digital image processing courses into 20 minutes of practical applications.
It's probably been said but the bat signal is symmetrical so you could turn it 45 degrees and have the center line on the axis it's mirrored around, for a clean single bat signal
Hi, are you familiar with coherent diffraction imaging? What you're doing here is kind of a weird back-asswards version of that. If you let yourself stick to the specific case of Frauenhofer diffraction (far field), then the image:diffraction pattern relation is a Fourier transform (amplitudes not intensities), and there's *tonnes* of algorithms which can "solve" that for you, hybrid input output (Fienup 1986) is probably what would suit you best (likely the "fourier phase retrieval" you see in that python code uses a similar algorithm). Can send more information/advice/maybe whip up code that'll do what you want based off of my own if you'd like or don't want to dive into that particular kettle of fish, though it's really not super complicated when you get into it!
Yet another example of how useful fourier transformations are. Kind of like the science version of when you buy a new car, suddenly you notice that car everywhere you go. You should run with this idea to apply a fast fourier transformation but have the output constrained to a modified photon sieve rather than the fresnal lense approach. I'd love to see that actually.
Epilepsy warning for these time ranges 1:02 - 1:09 2:30 - 2:44 3:42 - 4:36 4:49 - 4:54 6:18 - 6:23 7:03 - 7:12 7:39 - 7:51 even at 1080p Enhanced Bitrate the center of the detraction waves are flickering well above 3hz which is the typical baseline that justifies providing an epilepsy warning. I realize there's probably not much you can do now, but it would be extremely cool of you to provide in the future.
That's considerate of you. It is very rare for flashing lights to trigger a seizure, only about 3% of people with epilepsy show any increase in seizure activity due to flashing lights. So that means 97% are not affected. Still, for those 3%, I'm sure it is helpful.
I appreciate it. I've got photosensitive epilepsy. This video wasn't a problem for me but, I'd really love it if this kind of warning was more common on anything with flashing lights. I don't know why youtube doesn't just scan the video and put a label on it. it would be a simple test I would think
@@jameshughes3014 It should be almost trivial to implement as it only has to be done once per video, each video gets trans-coded and scanned and what not a number of times as it gets saved into the archives and advert breaks are detrmined. I believe it is a specific range of frequencies that is the most triggering and this could be reduced to a number or even better the scenes could be played back at a different speed for those that have checked the "photosensitive epilepsy" checkbox on their profile.
I’ve been into holograms and learning about how they’re made since the late 80s in high school but now, thanks to your video, I finally have an understanding of how photo film based holograph generation works! Your channel was the quickest I’ve ever subscribed to!
With JWST, the main part of the diffraction spikes is from the fact that the primary mirror is a hexagon made of smaller hexagons. Two of the spike pairs from the secondary mounting arms overlap with those from the primary mirror shape, while the third, from the "vertical" arm, creates the fainter, shorter pair of horizontal spikes.
When the first JWST images were released, some politicians and other people were complaining that for the billions of dollars it cost, there were these weird spikes ruining the images lmao
yes, I had the same confusion at the time because of the central smaller spike, I had no idea where it came from. after a while and talking with people that had the same confusion I finally figured out.
The video has just started, I but I saw your want to transfer holograms onto chocolate. I'm an artist researching the use of lasers to create structural colouration on sculpture surfaces and I'm currently looking at fiber lasers and seeing if they can possibly colour engrave silicone and then if it's possible to use the silicone as a mold to transfer the iridescent pattern. I feel like this fiber laser - silicone avenue may be of interest to you? Regardless, thank you for the endlessly fascinating and informative videos. You've been a major source of inspiration over the years. Anywho, back to watching!
12:40, dude I watched his video on this phenomenon and I was enthralled. It's one of the most mind blowing things I've ever seen. I thought I understood diffraction, having taken college physics courses, but the lensing he demonstrated in that video was nothing short of astonishing. Like it makes total sense that it works, but it feels like magic. You make the special pattern and light bends to your whims like some kind of arcane spell.
Before changing the pattern to greyscale try keeping only one color channel. The color version may be accounting for the chromatic aberration when drawing the pattern. My theory is a monochrome version doesn't need all of the color channels.
You can get an amplitude SLM from LCD projectors. Yet you'll also end up with a pattern convoluted to a grid (you may be willing to mask the others points thus). I already did two of those for teaching purpose, it's quite cool (since you can drive it with slides displayed on your laptop), yet you don't get phase control. If you want to try this, don't hesitate to ask questions!
Buy a bunch of CMS II 20 now, EPM (the company that contracted Agfa to make it) went belly up about 2 years ago, and Addox has said they are running out of the film. I did send a message regarding where you can get other microfilm in bulk rolls if you need it, I hope that found you well.
Ooh... could you pass that along to me? I haven't been playing with film for a while, but... I can't afford a spatializer. Half of me wonders if I can can draw a hi-rez arbitrary pattern on a CDR...
I actually manufacture the master stamps and actually a lot of the time just cut a diffractive grating into lenses and parts through diamond turning. It is very expensive and time intensive but the results are unmatched
I just wanted to stop by and let you know that your videos encouraged me to go into synthetic biology. I used to watch you a lot during my undergrad studies and never thought I would have a chance to actually do similar work but landed a spot in a synbio lab for my honours and will be finishing my project up this year before going on to possibly do my PhD in the same lab. We are engineering fungi to produce antimicrobial peptides and it's some of the most rewarding shit, I never thought I would end up doing such awesome work and I wanted to thank you for keeping me inspired to do things that I thought would be impossible.
On Canadian currency, shine a laser (or pin point source of light, cell phone flashlight at a distance works) through the Maple Leaf, and it will project an image of the denomination.
Flipping a battery backwards in the middle of a big project is the perfect description of why jobs of an engineer or scientist often involve project time estimates that are reasonable, but every few projects, the estimate is wrong by 3-5x.
Nope, this is a perfect example of what you shouldnt do, when you go climbing watermelon trees . You dont want to find that perfect big juicy ripe melon at the top of the tree . Only to Drop it because your camera battery was inserted backwards 🤷♂️🤦♂️
I designed grating holograms while doing my graduate thesis, and I can tell that there is nothing less intuitive that wave mechanics... if you think you got it, you are wrong. A few helps: 1) with your method you could do better than a frenel plate: if you got a lense and you cut it in "2pi-mod slices" you will got a flat lens that do makes image at focal poit, but if you change the curvature of the lens' slices by straight lines, you got a frenel lense, which makes focal point but cannot make image since has different focal points, now even worst, if you just make a binary pattern of those slices, you will have a frenel plate... since you could indeed do make grayscale patterns, for the telescope better try the first curved-slices such you could make a real flat lense (just a frenel plate with sinusoidal instead of binary pattern would work better, FP its the worst way) 2) also, you could design from the very beginning an aspherical lens instead of a classic parabolic or spherical one, it would reduce a bit the chromatic aberration (but the 2pi-mod is color dependent, so it will still be there) 3) looks like those holograms designed dot patterns instead of making "real images", but that could be also be done: the Fraunhoffer approximation tells you that the far field image is the fourier transform of the holographic mask... you could, in principle, to make modulated gratings (so you get twings images away from the central beam), modulated with you desired pattern on its phase (its too long to put eqns here, but you could find them in internet)
One of the best holograms I've seen was that of a microscope, and you could actually look through the holographic microscope and see an image of what was on the microscope slide.
There is that open source app that lets you follow your favorite creators across all video platforms. Grey jay developed with support from Futo and promoted by Louis Rossmann here on yt.
For anyone interested in observing an Arago spot, I've had great success using a DSLR camera without its lens, a laser pointer, reading glasses and a ball from a ball pen smashed between two transparent panes.
Wow! That contraption making each pixel output a different wavelength each time is awesome. That means you can make more natural colour images than with only RGB.
oh my god, amazing, i am currently working on my end school project where i want to show as many oldschool photography i can lear, actually i am only film shooter and i am trying older technique, but this? this is something else and perfect example about another art look
What you call an "Arago spot" I knew as a "Poisson spot". Poisson predicted them and thought that they were so ridiculous, it disproved Fresnel's wave theory of light. Arago then decided to perform the experiment and sure enough, they exist, to Poisson's chagrin.
This is awesome! It's so cool how "just" using film lets you make features that would normally be so hard to manufacture. Though I was expecting a shoutout for gratings that show the denomination through our money.
To turn an amplitude hologram to a phase hologram you need to bleach it with a potassium dichromate solution or other holographic bleach. You get better results if the film is overexposed. I played with computational holograms back when I had to use a PC XT for calculating (it took about 12 hours per point, so my holograms only had a few points). The results were printed on a LaserJet and photographed from across the room. Fun times! Looking forward to future updates.
Try using a laser that pulses at high rate, AND rotate the laser (IE spin it). Pi is transcendent number, you're rotation won't be 100% centered and so the particles in laser beam will change angle + trajectory of how they're hitting the film, causing 2+ sets of defractive angles. This should help with resolution AND looking at the hologram from different angles (besides just straight on.
"Holo there, it's me, cristine, again!" Ifykyk. I, myself, am a great enjoyer of how light refracts off of tiny plastic flakes in nail polish- also known as a holo finish. Nail polish is one of my biggest hobbies, and holo is my favorite type of formula. edit: anyways, i forgot to finish making the point of my comment, but good video, light is cool!
I was looking into this back in the early 2000s for a particular project and there was a single white paper and demo program that did something similar, and like your method, the idea was to print the pattern and then reduce it onto film. I'd long given up on the idea but I may revisit it for a project I'm working on.
There's a team at MIT using a spatial light modulator & lasers to project a 3D hologram into a gelatinous cube of UV curable resin in order to create a full 3D resin print simultaneously with amazing detail resolution with no layer by layer printing- it does require post processing in that the beams converge creating a hardened shell of the object, & would then be cured to make the inside solid. I was thinking would also be very possible to drain / suction it out of the center if you just need something as a reference or something ornamental etc. You can also buy 3D printer bed plates usually coated with PEI that will allow whatever side is printed on the surface of the bed to leave an etched hologram into the surface. Your refined technique could be perfect for making custom ones, like for instance a hologram of a company logo, or The Thought Emporium...
17:48 This is also a property of the 2D FFT. Every point corresponds to a sine wave and if you look at a 2D sine wave, it will look the same if you flip it around its axis. Mathematically speaking, the spectrum is always symmetric if the pattern is real and not complex, which is true, since you're just changing the amplitude and not the phase
just a correction, and something I was also confused about at the time. the 6 diffraction spikes from JWST don't come from the arms, they come from the shape of the mirror. the diffraction spike from the arm is actually the smaller central 7th spike, the other 2 spikes from the other two arms are actually aligned with the shape of the mirror, so they overlap.
I think just the fourier transform of the image should work, as long as you pass through a lens afterwards. This is a standard technique of fourier optics. Although I think the lack of phase control necessitates an image doubling, since (in fourier optics speak), the one pulse at the center in x-space need a infinite spike pattern in k-space (so infinite diffraction grating gives a point), but translation by x of the point results in multiplication by a phase factor e^{ikx} (k is the wavelength in fourier space). The way to counteract this would be to have a second copy that is translated by -x, so the total phase factor is (e^(ikx) + e^{-ikx} = 2cos(kx)), which is real. Another option is to have the second copy by out of phase, so you can sin(kx) or any e^{i theta} cos(kx + theta/2) in general. This is ok because the phase is not varying, but a second copy is necessary. Maybe phase control can be achieved with some sort uv cure resin, which can be partially cured in places and then washed away? Then the varying heights of the resin (with it's different refractive index), can give static phase control, and this can overlaid on the mask which gives amplitude control.
10:26 - it's not about resolution ) Adox CMS is not a unique magical thing. it's just a technical film made for photocopy process (exactly what you are doing). such films have two features that make them work great as a mask: 1. their base are clearer than regular film and not scatter light too much. 2. their image are denser than image on regular negative. so when with regular "black and white" negative you actually get it more like "light gray and somewhat darker gray" with photocopy film instead yo will get something more like clear base and crisp black mask. also you can try Rollei RPX25 or Silberra U200
3:37 uh, no. I don't fully understand the math/science behind it but Scott manly did a good video on it. JWST has 8 spikes and 6 of them are from the shape of the mirror, 2 of the arms would cause this pattern where the the mirror shape already does that anyway(as far as I know you can't tell in images what ones they are) . The remaining arm (the top folding one) causes the 2 small spokes 180° apart at 30° to the main 6. I understand you're using it for illustrative purposes so this particular innaccuracy doesn't matter.
I wonder if you could use direct digital film exposure to get better results. For example, the imagesetters used to make films for prepress. They do 2540dpi, and the film is extremely high-density, so black is exceptionally black. And since these things are usually tabloid+ size, you could potentially make enormous diffraction gratings with them.
You can use lcd projector as spatial light modulator, but with half of the possible light phase shift compared to commercial SLMs. I done it and it works
I think one simple change that may help is taking the grayscale image and using a threshold filter to make it pure black and white. as I would assume the gray parts of the image are causing the laser beam to scatter randomly.
Imagine making a hologram of an entire galaxy with everything perfectly sharp, you could zoom in to the grains of sand on Earth from hundreds of light years away.
Thinking about why you don’t get good picture resolution at 19:23 is likely because of: - your grating resolution is not high enough. Ie you need more dense encoding in the grating to have higher fidelity images. - with higher resolution, you might want to add more offset to the grating so that you have less area near DC (or the optical axis). - the laser beam phase uniformity probably comes into play is not simulated in the software. The complex amplitude of your laser beam will convolve with the desired output, creating specking and broadening each pixel.
The first hologram of this rainbow type I recall seeing was on the cover of a National Geographic magazine in the mid 1980s. It was a skull of an early human of some sort. I was so enamored with the image and whenever I saw it, I would pick it up and gently manipulate the position. I still love those holograms and I guess that's why I love Australian and Ethiopian opal for their holographic effects.
You can print these directly to a transparency with an ordinary laser printer... I did back in Ye Olden Days. The spatial resolution sucks, but that 'only' limits the angle of the diffraction. OK, the images were very, very narrow. But cool. Luckily our school logo was symmetrical around the origin, so It did not suffer from the negative diffraction orders. And naturally, you need to expand the laser in order to get any kind of resolution from such a coarse mask.
Oh, *do* try the CMS20II -- I've used the original CMS20 (the II is a reformulation required by one of the ingredients in the original coming under an EU workplace safety ban). I've got negatives where 2000 ppi scans show individual rust grains on a piece of scaffolding -- with a normal 50 mm lens, hand held, from a distance of about five feet, and there's resolution left on the table (I've since gotten a better scanner and can beat that resolution by 3x, and still can't see individual silver grains in ISO 100 film, never mind microfilm-derived CMS20). In fact, CMS20II *may* have the resolution to produce *actual* computed holograms, not just those diffraction grating projections. *If* you have a lens with enough resolution, of course; CMS20II will beat most common lenses, but there are lenses for 35 mm SLR systems that can match or exceed even that film's native resolution. Oh, and I developed my CMS20 with coffee, vitamin C, and laundry soda. Adox's developer may or may not do better...
Instead of using a binarized (black/white) fresnel lens, consider using sin and cos like fresnel lens. "Hard" edges are inducing higher frequencies. So a grayscale image instead of a black and white print will give you an even better focus spot
3:28 The explanation for Hubble is correct, but for the JWST, the pattern is created by six diffraction spikes (lines) originating from the edges of the hexagonal mirrors and 2 spikes from the three secondary mirror supports. Two of these supportlines are hidden within the six "hexagon lines," while the last support generates the remaining two smaller lines. Matt Parker has an excellent video about this: ruclips.net/video/os0a5au_3Mo/видео.html
Whenever I see a new video by The Tought Emporium, I get super excited. Then I see it isn't about brains and get mad. Great content tho, even without brains.
Hey, there's a film stock that was used to print sound on film. It's basically very high contrast, with very dark black. Might be a good stock to try for this purpose.
Fresnell lens are weird. Oldschool projectors used them, and if you looked at the lens directly with the projector off, there was an effect as if the reflection of outside light curved out of plane.
Oh man, this was my phd thesis!
- the simplest method to create a hologram is to just use 2D FFT. In far field, light amplitude and phase is just the Fourier transform of the aperture!
- keeping the phase of the FFT result should get you a hologram already, but you need more optimization to get really good phase only hologram.
- the conversion to black and white is basically binarizing your phase plate + adding DC value. The binarization creates phase ambiguity, that’s why you get two copies.
- if you etch the pattern on glass via plasma etching, you get much brighter hologram.
- the binarization is non-linear, so when I was working on this area the best way was to ‘error diffuse’ the phase using simulated annealing. It should be super fast these days to do that on GPU. I had a matlab code for that if you’re really interested.
More than happy to share the phd thesis if you’re interested. I got super deep into this lol.
Me watching the video: huh the phase holograms he's generating remind me of FFT.
Comments: always has been
I’d read your thesis if it was public
I'd appreciate seeing your thesis too!
Is your thesis "Free-space optical communications with retro-reflecting acquisition and turbulence compensation"? Searching your username found that on your scribd as "Thesis 11", and from there I found the PDF on Oxford's site via Google Scholar.
@@simonjelley See my response to @SpeedcoreDancecore :)
Your explanation of diffraction and image formation is the clearest I've ever heard. Very cool project and thanks for mentioning me.
Check out 10.1007/BF02935980
I was gonna include it, but the actual holograms worked better so it was cut for time. but it's pure dots and gratings. literally can be calculated in an excell spread sheet and drawn by hand if you were so inclined.
AppliedScience, we are waiting for your next video! My favorites youtube channels together!
Greetings!!
@@AppliedScience hey😯
85 dollars!
@@dominicwaghorn6459scihub
Hi The Thought Emporium, I'm Rafael de la Fuente, the creator of diffractsim;
I'm very glad you used diffractsim in this nice video! The discovery you have made is very interesting. There are also more specialized methods to make amplitude holograms with better quality. Do you want to have a talk, guide you, and we try to make them work? 🙂
That would awesome! Please shoot me an email
Holograms are wild. As far as I know, this is the best way of making holograms that aren't just rapidly spinning fans, and I bet this would look SUPER cool. Congrats!
But a spinning fan wouldn't even be a hologram?
@@collin6526 yeah, and that's why I don't really consider them as such. It's just that it's the widely accepted method for creating "high-tech" stuff but the rapid LED spinning doesn't look that great.
LitiHolo made (and sold for a while) holographic film and a printer.
They got flooded so are "film only" for a little while.
The cool thing about their film is that it's self-developing and self-fixing. The bad thing is that it's... pricey.
@@thorjohnson5237 I love litiholo, good to see them start producing again. The worst thing about the film being pricey is I tend to resist using it up quickly, and then its other challenge, a short shelf life) comes into play :(
there's a difference between volumetric display vs pov display vs hologram
I am currently writing together my thesis on direct laser writing of phase change material based metasurfaces and I have to say you essentially did the same things I did just on a MUCH simpler and more affordable basis :D Of course the holograms I produced have better uniformity and such .. but I guess that is to be expected when comparing this to cutting edge research. It's increadible what you can achieve with this setup. The projects your are doing just absolutely AMAZING, especially considering the breadth of topics. Please never stop
More simple and affordable affordable than an old film camera, a bit of developer, and a cheap laser pointer? Damn
@@Fs3i I think they meant it the other way around.
Quick suggestion (computer generated holography is pretty much my job). To go from a phase hologram to a intensity hologram, instead of linearly converting phase to grayscale, you should take the square of the cosine of the phase, it should work better.
Also, there are ways to make the mirror image less noticeable (unfortunately it never goes away with intensity holograms). Too long for a comment, but feel free to contact me in case!
Square of the cosine or just cosine + DC-offset ? I would have thought that the square of the cosine will give you twice the spatial frequency.
@@atmel9077 Yes, sorry, i made a mistake. It's actually (cos(phi)+1)^2, else you double the spatial frequency, which is not that terrible, it just changes the size of the projected hologram.
Anyway, the cosine of the phase plus one is the electric field of the interference with a reference wavefront (which you would be using to record an actual hologram on holographic paper, and should be equivalent to the light you shine on the printed one, so a flat wave), and then you take the square, which represents the intensity of light at the recorded hologram plane.
The trick to make the ghost image less apparent would be to use something more complex than a flat wavefront as a reference, such as a converging or diverging one, and then add an appropriate lens in front of the laser you shine on the printed hologram.
Is holographic projection possible/available at this point?
@@bitsurfer0101 Well, only if you REALLY lower your expectations. At the moment "holographic screens" are only about 1 cm wide, and have a viewing angle of only 20 degrees at best. Also, if you were to make a holographic videogame, you would measure the frame rate in frames per hour. This all makes them unusable as proper screens.
They have a lot of cool applications, though, you can use them to manufacture stuff with lasers, and do some pretty cool tricks in microscopy experiments.
Huygens Optics is a phenominal channel, always happy to hear him get a shout out
That man is a legend.
I am actually impressed of this video because Huygens Optics and NightHawkInLight (at 18:46) mentioned, my two favourite YT channels
For real, so many great minds here
6:55 What's shown is not an Argoscope. It's an eclipse maker. The pedals around the edge are designed to *inhibit* any such Argo effect and not throw any light into the center of the image!
Good to know
That's pretty neat. Do they bend the light away from the center geometrically or do they use that same bending to destructively interfere with the bent light that creates the argo point in the first place? (Or neither)
Yeah they look like concept sunshields for space telescopes. Saw a few when doing a research paper on the JWST. still cool eh
@@juhtahel7454 Yes, they use destructive interference. To minimise diffraction you really want a gaussian opacity circlur shade that fades to see through at the edges, leading to a smooth non-peaky gaussian roll off for the diffraction pattern rather than the bright rings of the airy disc. Using just 100% opaque material this is approximated with petals, and the design of the petals has been optimised to cancel out with destructive interference at different scales as smoothly as possible.
also btw this sunshield is to block the incoming light of stars so the telescope can search for exoplants orbiting the blocked star and study those planets
The coolest hologram I've ever seen was in the museum of illusions in pittsburgh; it was a hologram of a microscope, and you could walk up to it and actually look through the lens.
wild
I've seen a video of that, I really want to know how that works
I saw that microscope hologram once at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI). It was really cool.
Each time I went, I wanted to buy the "Astronaut Ice Cream", but it was too expensive. Finally I saved up enough money and bought some.
It was a freeze dried slab of Neapolitan Ice cream, it tasted like dried foam, not much flavour, not very sweet, and I would not buy again. Real ice cream tastes so much better.
I have seen an illusion with a telescope in wich you could look throuh when i was akid on a trip . i never succeeded in replicating it .Would be super interested by some materials on it
This is actually a trick! in the first famous example, the hologram is generated using two different holograms merged during the process. So you are not actually looking down the microscope. But theoretically, it might be possible to make such a hologram with a magnified real image.
WHOA such little time between uploads! we're being treated frfr
"I have major resolution issues" meanwhile "There's no point in using the microfilm people suggested that's about 8x more linear resolution than Pan F is!" ... sigh. Keep in mind that you cannot get the resolution out of microfilm though with closed down apertures, you need like F/2 and just a lens that's quality enough to be pretty sharp at f/2
This!
The CMS20 film should be able to get a resolution of about 500 line pairs per millimeter. I've used it for pictorial photography myself (not the intended use case but still awesome), it's absolutely amazing. I used Rodinal as a developer.
The Adotech developer is meant for greyscale reproduction. If you don't get the hard black and white you want (the extreme contrast is another feature of this film!) you can try developing it in your other developer.
I just finished watching the gecko tape video wondering how far along this project was, what a wonderful surprise
I REALLY like where this series is going :)
1. The diffraction pattern and the image are related via a Fractional Fourier Transform, so you can get a better starting pattern using an invFrFT, though tuning the fraction can be a pain. I've never used RF's defractsim though - it looks amazing, so that's my weekend gone!
2. If/when you get to use a photon sieve transform on these, note that the oversizing on the holes effects the noise pattern in the whole image and so becomes another useful tunable parameter when trying to make a visually good image. (but is really annoying if you're trying to optimize for radiometry )
3. When you get to thinking about the telescope, consider a Push Broom approach (with a modified mount) and the fun things that'll let you do if you happen to also have a diffraction grating around.
again loving these vids!
6:50 I actually wrote a paper on this topic. Using a pair of axicons to transform the input beam into a very thin annular ring beam (with a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the obstacle) will produce a higher intensity Arago spot than the traditional method of using a Gaussian beam. We showed it should also be possible to generate an Arago spot with an intensity higher than the intensity of the input source using an axicon and focal lens (under ideal conditions with a very precise setup). I can't speak about resolving an image using our setup, but it was an idea we had thought about trying.
can you link to that paper somehow?
The paper is called “Enlightening Arago-Poisson spot using structured light”, doi: 10.1364/AO.434435
I’m going to check that out. Thanks!
What software is being used at 4:26
0:25 unexpected
sounded a bit too excited 😅
I love how this guy can just go from completely chill talking about some kind of mind-bending science, to whatever you call that in about half a second
Bro i forgot dickbutt existed
The side comment about the bahtinov mask has helped tremendously. I'm an amateur astrophotographer and this information has has helped so much.
You have an awesome way of explaining things. You condensed 4 years of holography, wave propagation, and digital image processing courses into 20 minutes of practical applications.
It's probably been said but the bat signal is symmetrical so you could turn it 45 degrees and have the center line on the axis it's mirrored around, for a clean single bat signal
Fourier transforms are rotationally symmetric, not mirror symmetric. He either misspoke or misunderstood.
Those simulation animations are so freaking cool
Hi, are you familiar with coherent diffraction imaging? What you're doing here is kind of a weird back-asswards version of that. If you let yourself stick to the specific case of Frauenhofer diffraction (far field), then the image:diffraction pattern relation is a Fourier transform (amplitudes not intensities), and there's *tonnes* of algorithms which can "solve" that for you, hybrid input output (Fienup 1986) is probably what would suit you best (likely the "fourier phase retrieval" you see in that python code uses a similar algorithm). Can send more information/advice/maybe whip up code that'll do what you want based off of my own if you'd like or don't want to dive into that particular kettle of fish, though it's really not super complicated when you get into it!
Yet another example of how useful fourier transformations are. Kind of like the science version of when you buy a new car, suddenly you notice that car everywhere you go.
You should run with this idea to apply a fast fourier transformation but have the output constrained to a modified photon sieve rather than the fresnal lense approach. I'd love to see that actually.
Epilepsy warning for these time ranges
1:02 - 1:09
2:30 - 2:44
3:42 - 4:36
4:49 - 4:54
6:18 - 6:23
7:03 - 7:12
7:39 - 7:51
even at 1080p Enhanced Bitrate the center of the detraction waves are flickering well above 3hz which is the typical baseline that justifies providing an epilepsy warning. I realize there's probably not much you can do now, but it would be extremely cool of you to provide in the future.
I don't need this, but I want the people who need it to have it. Thanks for providing it.
That's considerate of you. It is very rare for flashing lights to trigger a seizure, only about 3% of people with epilepsy show any increase in seizure activity due to flashing lights. So that means 97% are not affected. Still, for those 3%, I'm sure it is helpful.
I appreciate it. I've got photosensitive epilepsy. This video wasn't a problem for me but, I'd really love it if this kind of warning was more common on anything with flashing lights. I don't know why youtube doesn't just scan the video and put a label on it. it would be a simple test I would think
@@jameshughes3014too busy fighting the dreaded adblockers and ignoring everyone’s pleas to fix the bot issue unfortunately
@@jameshughes3014 It should be almost trivial to implement as it only has to be done once per video, each video gets trans-coded and scanned and what not a number of times as it gets saved into the archives and advert breaks are detrmined. I believe it is a specific range of frequencies that is the most triggering and this could be reduced to a number or even better the scenes could be played back at a different speed for those that have checked the "photosensitive epilepsy" checkbox on their profile.
I searched the internet for months to get the same info you shared in the first 2 minutes of this video. You're the best! Thank you for sharing!
I’ve been into holograms and learning about how they’re made since the late 80s in high school but now, thanks to your video, I finally have an understanding of how photo film based holograph generation works! Your channel was the quickest I’ve ever subscribed to!
You're my favorite youtube scientist. Your experiments give me so many ideas for projects that might happen some time down the road.
With JWST, the main part of the diffraction spikes is from the fact that the primary mirror is a hexagon made of smaller hexagons. Two of the spike pairs from the secondary mounting arms overlap with those from the primary mirror shape, while the third, from the "vertical" arm, creates the fainter, shorter pair of horizontal spikes.
When the first JWST images were released, some politicians and other people were complaining that for the billions of dollars it cost, there were these weird spikes ruining the images lmao
yes, I had the same confusion at the time because of the central smaller spike, I had no idea where it came from. after a while and talking with people that had the same confusion I finally figured out.
The video has just started, I but I saw your want to transfer holograms onto chocolate. I'm an artist researching the use of lasers to create structural colouration on sculpture surfaces and I'm currently looking at fiber lasers and seeing if they can possibly colour engrave silicone and then if it's possible to use the silicone as a mold to transfer the iridescent pattern. I feel like this fiber laser - silicone avenue may be of interest to you?
Regardless, thank you for the endlessly fascinating and informative videos. You've been a major source of inspiration over the years.
Anywho, back to watching!
12:40, dude I watched his video on this phenomenon and I was enthralled. It's one of the most mind blowing things I've ever seen. I thought I understood diffraction, having taken college physics courses, but the lensing he demonstrated in that video was nothing short of astonishing. Like it makes total sense that it works, but it feels like magic. You make the special pattern and light bends to your whims like some kind of arcane spell.
Ok, so why don't we send this to NightHawk with his huge flashlight to make a batsignal on the sky now?
We gettin' out of the collimated beam with this one bois
Before changing the pattern to greyscale try keeping only one color channel.
The color version may be accounting for the chromatic aberration when drawing the pattern.
My theory is a monochrome version doesn't need all of the color channels.
the colors are not real, they represent phase. What he did is he turned phase into amplitude
You can get an amplitude SLM from LCD projectors. Yet you'll also end up with a pattern convoluted to a grid (you may be willing to mask the others points thus).
I already did two of those for teaching purpose, it's quite cool (since you can drive it with slides displayed on your laptop), yet you don't get phase control. If you want to try this, don't hesitate to ask questions!
This is absolutely my favorite RUclips channel
For making castable holograms, I'd guess photolithography resists might be a way to go - either directly, or using them to acid-etch a substrate.
I finally commented and saw a video less than 5 hours after posting, Best channel for cool things ever!
I love this type of channel. And you mentioned Feynman. Win-Win!
The Hacksmith actually did a great looking batsignal, might wanna take a look...
This was so so so so cool- at first i was like “light projects cant be that exciting right?” But wow was i wrong. This was great!!
Buy a bunch of CMS II 20 now, EPM (the company that contracted Agfa to make it) went belly up about 2 years ago, and Addox has said they are running out of the film.
I did send a message regarding where you can get other microfilm in bulk rolls if you need it, I hope that found you well.
Ooh... could you pass that along to me? I haven't been playing with film for a while, but... I can't afford a spatializer. Half of me wonders if I can can draw a hi-rez arbitrary pattern on a CDR...
how does one send messages?
I actually manufacture the master stamps and actually a lot of the time just cut a diffractive grating into lenses and parts through diamond turning. It is very expensive and time intensive but the results are unmatched
I'm convinced that with enough funding, this channel would be able to create a time machine.
I freaking love this channel
I used to have a laser pointer with a naked lady diffraction grating. very useful when camping as a teen.
I just wanted to stop by and let you know that your videos encouraged me to go into synthetic biology. I used to watch you a lot during my undergrad studies and never thought I would have a chance to actually do similar work but landed a spot in a synbio lab for my honours and will be finishing my project up this year before going on to possibly do my PhD in the same lab. We are engineering fungi to produce antimicrobial peptides and it's some of the most rewarding shit, I never thought I would end up doing such awesome work and I wanted to thank you for keeping me inspired to do things that I thought would be impossible.
On Canadian currency, shine a laser (or pin point source of light, cell phone flashlight at a distance works) through the Maple Leaf, and it will project an image of the denomination.
Holy balls, this whole series is rocking my nerd brain. I'm absolutely here for this.
Flipping a battery backwards in the middle of a big project is the perfect description of why jobs of an engineer or scientist often involve project time estimates that are reasonable, but every few projects, the estimate is wrong by 3-5x.
Nope, it's rather a perfect example why you should have SOPs and other QA measures.
Nope, this is a perfect example of what you shouldnt do,
when you go climbing watermelon trees
.
You dont want to find that perfect big juicy ripe melon at the top of the tree
.
Only to Drop it because your camera battery was inserted backwards 🤷♂️🤦♂️
I designed grating holograms while doing my graduate thesis, and I can tell that there is nothing less intuitive that wave mechanics...
if you think you got it, you are wrong.
A few helps:
1) with your method you could do better than a frenel plate: if you got a lense and you cut it in "2pi-mod slices" you will got a flat lens that do makes image at focal poit, but if you change the curvature of the lens' slices by straight lines, you got a frenel lense, which makes focal point but cannot make image since has different focal points, now even worst, if you just make a binary pattern of those slices, you will have a frenel plate... since you could indeed do make grayscale patterns, for the telescope better try the first curved-slices such you could make a real flat lense (just a frenel plate with sinusoidal instead of binary pattern would work better, FP its the worst way)
2) also, you could design from the very beginning an aspherical lens instead of a classic parabolic or spherical one, it would reduce a bit the chromatic aberration (but the 2pi-mod is color dependent, so it will still be there)
3) looks like those holograms designed dot patterns instead of making "real images", but that could be also be done: the Fraunhoffer approximation tells you that the far field image is the fourier transform of the holographic mask... you could, in principle, to make modulated gratings (so you get twings images away from the central beam), modulated with you desired pattern on its phase (its too long to put eqns here, but you could find them in internet)
One of the best holograms I've seen was that of a microscope, and you could actually look through the holographic microscope and see an image of what was on the microscope slide.
😂 the irony, advertising for an ad free site... Love the video tho, fascinating stuff! Didn't want it to end!
There is that open source app that lets you follow your favorite creators across all video platforms. Grey jay developed with support from Futo and promoted by Louis Rossmann here on yt.
I can't wait for this hologram chocolate project to turn into semiconductor fabrication
They were never different projects ;)
Bro I had a lot of trouble sleeping the timing is just perfect!
This is absolutely incredible!! 😮 brilliant work. ❤
I had a laser pointer 25 years ago. There were several caps with which it can produce graphics at the projection target. I was amazed for many years.
For anyone interested in observing an Arago spot, I've had great success using a DSLR camera without its lens, a laser pointer, reading glasses and a ball from a ball pen smashed between two transparent panes.
Wow! That contraption making each pixel output a different wavelength each time is awesome. That means you can make more natural colour images than with only RGB.
An ice cold Dr. Pepper and The Thought Emporium just made my day
oh my god, amazing, i am currently working on my end school project where i want to show as many oldschool photography i can lear, actually i am only film shooter and i am trying older technique, but this? this is something else and perfect example about another art look
Huygens Optics mentioned!!! So cool!!!
Wow, this just keeps getting better and better !
That's so cool! I can't wait for your next videos exploring this more!
What you call an "Arago spot" I knew as a "Poisson spot". Poisson predicted them and thought that they were so ridiculous, it disproved Fresnel's wave theory of light. Arago then decided to perform the experiment and sure enough, they exist, to Poisson's chagrin.
This is awesome! It's so cool how "just" using film lets you make features that would normally be so hard to manufacture. Though I was expecting a shoutout for gratings that show the denomination through our money.
To turn an amplitude hologram to a phase hologram you need to bleach it with a potassium dichromate solution or other holographic bleach. You get better results if the film is overexposed. I played with computational holograms back when I had to use a PC XT for calculating (it took about 12 hours per point, so my holograms only had a few points). The results were printed on a LaserJet and photographed from across the room. Fun times! Looking forward to future updates.
Try using a laser that pulses at high rate, AND rotate the laser (IE spin it). Pi is transcendent number, you're rotation won't be 100% centered and so the particles in laser beam will change angle + trajectory of how they're hitting the film, causing 2+ sets of defractive angles. This should help with resolution AND looking at the hologram from different angles (besides just straight on.
"Holo there, it's me, cristine, again!"
Ifykyk. I, myself, am a great enjoyer of how light refracts off of tiny plastic flakes in nail polish- also known as a holo finish. Nail polish is one of my biggest hobbies, and holo is my favorite type of formula.
edit: anyways, i forgot to finish making the point of my comment, but good video, light is cool!
Hey, I actually understood that reference!
My wife is a long-time Holo Taco enjoyer...
I love this rabbit hole your going down
Another video, another stunning video!
I was looking into this back in the early 2000s for a particular project and there was a single white paper and demo program that did something similar, and like your method, the idea was to print the pattern and then reduce it onto film. I'd long given up on the idea but I may revisit it for a project I'm working on.
You are seriously screwing with me as I make my dinner and watch this video. Please continue.
There's a team at MIT using a spatial light modulator & lasers to project a 3D hologram into a gelatinous cube of UV curable resin in order to create a full 3D resin print simultaneously with amazing detail resolution with no layer by layer printing- it does require post processing in that the beams converge creating a hardened shell of the object, & would then be cured to make the inside solid. I was thinking would also be very possible to drain / suction it out of the center if you just need something as a reference or something ornamental etc.
You can also buy 3D printer bed plates usually coated with PEI that will allow whatever side is printed on the surface of the bed to leave an etched hologram into the surface. Your refined technique could be perfect for making custom ones, like for instance a hologram of a company logo, or The Thought Emporium...
We used to develop photos as kids at a hobby club, I vaguely remember we also made holograms once or twice during summer!
> Still trying to find an elegant method
> Describes an extremely elegant solution
17:48 This is also a property of the 2D FFT. Every point corresponds to a sine wave and if you look at a 2D sine wave, it will look the same if you flip it around its axis. Mathematically speaking, the spectrum is always symmetric if the pattern is real and not complex, which is true, since you're just changing the amplitude and not the phase
If Superfastmatt ever got excited, or happy, this is what he would sound like.
just a correction, and something I was also confused about at the time. the 6 diffraction spikes from JWST don't come from the arms, they come from the shape of the mirror. the diffraction spike from the arm is actually the smaller central 7th spike, the other 2 spikes from the other two arms are actually aligned with the shape of the mirror, so they overlap.
I think just the fourier transform of the image should work, as long as you pass through a lens afterwards. This is a standard technique of fourier optics.
Although I think the lack of phase control necessitates an image doubling, since (in fourier optics speak), the one pulse at the center in x-space need a infinite spike pattern in k-space (so infinite diffraction grating gives a point), but translation by x of the point results in multiplication by a phase factor e^{ikx} (k is the wavelength in fourier space).
The way to counteract this would be to have a second copy that is translated by -x, so the total phase factor is (e^(ikx) + e^{-ikx} = 2cos(kx)), which is real. Another option is to have the second copy by out of phase, so you can sin(kx) or any e^{i theta} cos(kx + theta/2) in general. This is ok because the phase is not varying, but a second copy is necessary.
Maybe phase control can be achieved with some sort uv cure resin, which can be partially cured in places and then washed away? Then the varying heights of the resin (with it's different refractive index), can give static phase control, and this can overlaid on the mask which gives amplitude control.
Canadian dollar notes have this built-in if you shine a laser through the clear part you get a projection
10:26 - it's not about resolution ) Adox CMS is not a unique magical thing. it's just a technical film made for photocopy process (exactly what you are doing).
such films have two features that make them work great as a mask:
1. their base are clearer than regular film and not scatter light too much.
2. their image are denser than image on regular negative.
so when with regular "black and white" negative you actually get it more like "light gray and somewhat darker gray"
with photocopy film instead yo will get something more like clear base and crisp black mask.
also you can try Rollei RPX25 or Silberra U200
1:04 Ah yes, quantum mechanics*
😂
3:37 uh, no.
I don't fully understand the math/science behind it but Scott manly did a good video on it.
JWST has 8 spikes and 6 of them are from the shape of the mirror, 2 of the arms would cause this pattern where the the mirror shape already does that anyway(as far as I know you can't tell in images what ones they are) . The remaining arm (the top folding one) causes the 2 small spokes 180° apart at 30° to the main 6.
I understand you're using it for illustrative purposes so this particular innaccuracy doesn't matter.
I wonder if you could use direct digital film exposure to get better results. For example, the imagesetters used to make films for prepress. They do 2540dpi, and the film is extremely high-density, so black is exceptionally black. And since these things are usually tabloid+ size, you could potentially make enormous diffraction gratings with them.
AAAAHHHH!!! ive been looking for years on how to do this, Im so hype!
You can use lcd projector as spatial light modulator, but with half of the possible light phase shift compared to commercial SLMs. I done it and it works
9:37 The best use of a toonie
I think one simple change that may help is taking the grayscale image and using a threshold filter to make it pure black and white. as I would assume the gray parts of the image are causing the laser beam to scatter randomly.
Imagine making a hologram of an entire galaxy with everything perfectly sharp, you could zoom in to the grains of sand on Earth from hundreds of light years away.
Thinking about why you don’t get good picture resolution at 19:23 is likely because of:
- your grating resolution is not high enough. Ie you need more dense encoding in the grating to have higher fidelity images.
- with higher resolution, you might want to add more offset to the grating so that you have less area near DC (or the optical axis).
- the laser beam phase uniformity probably comes into play is not simulated in the software. The complex amplitude of your laser beam will convolve with the desired output, creating specking and broadening each pixel.
The first hologram of this rainbow type I recall seeing was on the cover of a National Geographic magazine in the mid 1980s. It was a skull of an early human of some sort. I was so
enamored with the image and whenever I saw it, I would pick it up and gently manipulate the position. I still love those holograms and I guess that's why I love Australian and Ethiopian opal for their holographic effects.
You can print these directly to a transparency with an ordinary laser printer... I did back in Ye Olden Days. The spatial resolution sucks, but that 'only' limits the angle of the diffraction. OK, the images were very, very narrow. But cool. Luckily our school logo was symmetrical around the origin, so It did not suffer from the negative diffraction orders. And naturally, you need to expand the laser in order to get any kind of resolution from such a coarse mask.
man, everything you do is so incredibly interesting. you are my hero.
Oh, *do* try the CMS20II -- I've used the original CMS20 (the II is a reformulation required by one of the ingredients in the original coming under an EU workplace safety ban). I've got negatives where 2000 ppi scans show individual rust grains on a piece of scaffolding -- with a normal 50 mm lens, hand held, from a distance of about five feet, and there's resolution left on the table (I've since gotten a better scanner and can beat that resolution by 3x, and still can't see individual silver grains in ISO 100 film, never mind microfilm-derived CMS20).
In fact, CMS20II *may* have the resolution to produce *actual* computed holograms, not just those diffraction grating projections. *If* you have a lens with enough resolution, of course; CMS20II will beat most common lenses, but there are lenses for 35 mm SLR systems that can match or exceed even that film's native resolution.
Oh, and I developed my CMS20 with coffee, vitamin C, and laundry soda. Adox's developer may or may not do better...
Instead of using a binarized (black/white) fresnel lens, consider using sin and cos like fresnel lens. "Hard" edges are inducing higher frequencies. So a grayscale image instead of a black and white print will give you an even better focus spot
3:28
The explanation for Hubble is correct, but for the JWST, the pattern is created by six diffraction spikes (lines) originating from the edges of the hexagonal mirrors and 2 spikes from the three secondary mirror supports. Two of these supportlines are hidden within the six "hexagon lines," while the last support generates the remaining two smaller lines. Matt Parker has an excellent video about this:
ruclips.net/video/os0a5au_3Mo/видео.html
This youtuber is very smart. Good video!
Whenever I see a new video by The Tought Emporium, I get super excited. Then I see it isn't about brains and get mad. Great content tho, even without brains.
What I've been waiting for for years!
videos like this is my i love this channel.
Hey, there's a film stock that was used to print sound on film. It's basically very high contrast, with very dark black. Might be a good stock to try for this purpose.
Fresnell lens are weird. Oldschool projectors used them, and if you looked at the lens directly with the projector off, there was an effect as if the reflection of outside light curved out of plane.
This is fantastic