This is a very similar concept to "prions" which are more stable forms of proteins which can spontaneously change other proteins to the new form. This can be very dangerous, as evident by the mad cow disease outbreaks caused by prions. Additionally, prions are extremely hard to sterilize against, and can last in the environment for decades.
@@H0mework random chance. if a single random mutation causes a protein to turn into a prion, that protein will spread. just how all other natual selection works!
Prions are so bad with deer that in certain areas they have fenced off the regions to prevent deer from entering the areas as when they defecate the prions get into the soil and then enter the food chain through plants further infecting more deer.
And this is one of the things in computational chemistry that can help prevent things like this. You can go through with the molecular formulation and run it through simulations to see if there's any preferred thermodynamic polymorphs that the material will try to change into to reduce its energy to its lowest state
Did you see that excellent space reentry video from Varda Space's tiny capsule maybe half a year or so ago that went a little viral (heh) on here? The one that was stuck in space for almost a year because they launched without a permit from the FAA for a reentry and the FAA wanted to make an example out of them for trying to just launch and get the permit later? This is what it was doing, converting and recrystallizing the form 2 of ritonavir into the stable form 3 in zero gravity. The paper that came out of it is "Return of the Ritonavir: A Study on the Stability of Pharmaceuticals Processed in Orbit".
Did not expect to get a video about this phenomenon here - for interested people, there are review articles: Accounts of Chemical Research 1995, 28, 193; Angewandte Chemie intern. Ed. 2015, 54, 6972
Loving all the bio-related content lately! Leaves me wanting more! Hate to be nitpicky but "protease" is usually pronounced more like "pro - tea - ace", and "renin" likely more like "ree - nin". Biology nomenclature is kinda jarring at first, but after encountering enough weird names, it'll become second nature lol
This sounds similar in spirit to a prion - a misfolded protein that spreads its misfolding to other copies of the protein, which leads to cell death in prion diseases (like Creutzfeld-Jakob). Although it's actually, I guess, the same as the issue of chocolate tempering. Chocolate crystalizes in a lot of different forms and if you're not careful when you work with chocolate you'll get the wrong one. Prion on the one hand, chocolate on the other. I'll go with the chocolate.
I honestly thought this was going to be about object oriented programming. Glad it wasn't, as this is a really interesting phenomenon I've never heard of before.
I look forward to and enjoy every episode Jon I appreciate the breadth of comprehension given the topical diversity - which have obviously put significant effort into cheers and live long!
You have an uncanny ability to get me to click on videos I dont want to click on, and then remain longer than I should have or wanted too. What magic is this
How this stuff proliferated unnerves me. Probably not news to any epidemiologist, but the drug seems almost as contagious as the virus it was supposed to treat
This is so intriguing.. The different polymorphs infecting the factory.. I can see how the conspiracy minded might conspiritize about this when it's actually just thermodynamics in effect. I would love to hear more stuff about thermodynamic probability and stuff like that with amino acids, I've heard this is how a lot of amino acids end up forming in interstellar molecular clouds.
About hydrogen bonding: there's this equilibrium between alcohols and carbon dioxide which theoretically could be used to break up hydrogen bonds. When the carbon dioxide forms the organic carbonic acid (unstable) as it reacts with the alcohol group, the hydrogen bond is broken, no? Not only that, even if it is reformed, it is reformed using the unstable organic carbonic acid group, which could be easily broken later. Has any of the drug makers tried to dissolve carbon dioxide together with their drugs? Could this help on making drugs more soluble, easier to be absorbed by the body?
Did they figure out if the labs all made the same "mistake" after a couple of weeks (due to an inherently faulty process, e.g. high chance of letting the solvent dry up), or if the travelling scientists unknowingly spread the type II to every lab they visited?
I always imagined high energy cosmic particles like muons cause specific nucleation points in saturated liquids of various drugs which lead to different polymorphs to form of the same compound. When these crystals form they contaminate the system with seed crystals. So it’s important to seed in the targeted polymorph before the mixture is contaminated by high energy particles from the cosmos. Idk tho. 😂
Until now i had the information about polymorphism, they can change the absortion and efficacy, in Brazil we had the "generic drugs", when a laboratory producy more cheap drugs with the same active principle, and efficacy is different.
Oh yeah! This was what Rupert Sheldrake was talking about decades ago...what was it, formative causation? i.e. morphic resonance theory ... cool! (it's a difficult area to explain) PS: usually aragonite - uh rah gone ite ;*[} Also protease is pro tee ase - is that in any way helpful? Thank you kindly for covering this deep subject... Cheers.
A mildly interesting postscript to ritonavir: it's part of the combination of drugs prescribed as Paxlovid for people who have COVID-19, and considered the likely culprit in "Paxlovid mouth", which is a side-effect that causes the most GOD-AWFUL taste in your mouth.
Great vid! Just a heads up 8:04 you dont need to pronounce it like "Abottses factory" you can just say 'Abotts Factory', the possessive is implied by context.
Thanks for covering this topic. I wrote much of the Wikipedia page on this, which makes for amusing reading. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearing_polymorph
@@Poorexampeofhuman how is it rude? He's obviously only read the word and not heard it spoken so I was letting him know how to pronounce it. How is that rude?? Your comment is rude, however.
lmao at the people complaining how the life-saving drug tasted bad. a life of decadence which would have led to death, but for science, and they whined about flavor.
Philosophy has an explanation for this and it's quite interesting. The theory is that when a new crystal form is created for the very first time it becomes easier to create because of the "memory" it creates within our reality. Once a shape is discovered it WANTS to reproduce itself - like when we created the first triangle or circle We began recreating it over and over again - 😂🎉❤
"Aids, a generally unwanted condition". 😅😅😅 I'm dead
I have no objections to the correctness of the statement, but I did not expect that particular delivery.
I came here to make this comment, pretty much verbatim.
Deadpan autist humor is the best humor
Reminds me of Norm’s joke. Something like: “Hitler killed 6 million Jews. What a jerk.” Thats way wrong but is the gist of it.
keyword "generally". it's best I leave it at this because knowledge is a curse sometimes.
I came for semi conductor tech but stayed for the well researched and delivered multitude of topics.... So the silicon bule analogy was welcome.
This is a very similar concept to "prions" which are more stable forms of proteins which can spontaneously change other proteins to the new form. This can be very dangerous, as evident by the mad cow disease outbreaks caused by prions. Additionally, prions are extremely hard to sterilize against, and can last in the environment for decades.
I wonder if prions had a template or how they become templates for new proteins to convert to. I knew this happened with HeLa but drugs too?!
@@H0mework random chance. if a single random mutation causes a protein to turn into a prion, that protein will spread. just how all other natual selection works!
Prions are so bad with deer that in certain areas they have fenced off the regions to prevent deer from entering the areas as when they defecate the prions get into the soil and then enter the food chain through plants further infecting more deer.
And this is one of the things in computational chemistry that can help prevent things like this. You can go through with the molecular formulation and run it through simulations to see if there's any preferred thermodynamic polymorphs that the material will try to change into to reduce its energy to its lowest state
*"Vladimir Renin, seizing the means of blood pressure"*
ehhh Ok
I have no idea what a polymorph is but I'm here for it
Well, you do now. If you keep hanging around you'll end up with a wide range of conversational topics.... none of which will help you pick up chicks.
@@andersjjensen
Or maybe one chick. They’re very thin on the ground and scattered but if you find her she’ll be the coolest girl you’ve ever met.
@@andersjjensenthis is why I like boys
Did you see that excellent space reentry video from Varda Space's tiny capsule maybe half a year or so ago that went a little viral (heh) on here? The one that was stuck in space for almost a year because they launched without a permit from the FAA for a reentry and the FAA wanted to make an example out of them for trying to just launch and get the permit later? This is what it was doing, converting and recrystallizing the form 2 of ritonavir into the stable form 3 in zero gravity. The paper that came out of it is "Return of the Ritonavir: A Study on the Stability of Pharmaceuticals Processed in Orbit".
protease is pronounced pro-tea-ace -microbiologist
I'm a tractor mechanic and I knew how to pronounce protease -saved money on college XD
Mispronouncing nouns is very common with content creators
He'll put that information right into his memory. DRAM, to be exact...
Its engagement 😂
@@Aarkwrite what else would we comment about
Did not expect to get a video about this phenomenon here - for interested people, there are review articles: Accounts of Chemical Research 1995, 28, 193; Angewandte Chemie intern. Ed. 2015, 54, 6972
Fascinating stuff, so of course I want to read more about it. Thanks for the citations!
The drug basically got Prion diseased
This is a pretty good analogy I think.
Loving all the bio-related content lately! Leaves me wanting more! Hate to be nitpicky but "protease" is usually pronounced more like "pro - tea - ace", and "renin" likely more like "ree - nin". Biology nomenclature is kinda jarring at first, but after encountering enough weird names, it'll become second nature lol
The medication for a contagious disease caught a contagious disease. Weird.
Not coming to the comments to count how mean people tease about protease
This sounds similar in spirit to a prion - a misfolded protein that spreads its misfolding to other copies of the protein, which leads to cell death in prion diseases (like Creutzfeld-Jakob).
Although it's actually, I guess, the same as the issue of chocolate tempering. Chocolate crystalizes in a lot of different forms and if you're not careful when you work with chocolate you'll get the wrong one.
Prion on the one hand, chocolate on the other. I'll go with the chocolate.
I honestly thought this was going to be about object oriented programming. Glad it wasn't, as this is a really interesting phenomenon I've never heard of before.
yea i thought it will be about algorithms and homomorphic, polymorphic, metamorphic, ... XD
Isn't Ice-9 a bar drink? Also
Cat's Cradle was published in 1963. Curious how the idea of unexpected polymorphism has been around for a while.
No one mentioned the star trek episode(s) where water had a polymorph that worked like alkohol...
I liked the (s). It subtly shows that you know both the original series and the next generation.
Rupert Sheldrake mentions this in his brilliant book, “morphic resonance”.
Thank you for doing this subject! It's so hard to find good information about it.
Similar to the "prions" of the "mad cow disease"...
Asionometry always has something new for us.
A nice spooky science story
This is so interesting, thanks for sharing!
Very much like Kuru or Mad Cow Disease, a prion like crystal “infection”.
I look forward to and enjoy every episode Jon
I appreciate the breadth of comprehension given the topical diversity
- which have obviously put significant effort into
cheers and live long!
it's pronounced "Pro tee ace"
He’s just teasing.
Disturbingly reminiscent of Sheldrake's 'morphogenetic field' hypothesis.
Incredible as always. Thanks for another video!
Ice Nine, thanks for bring up a great concept and memory.
Extremely fascinating! Seems like there's all sorts of domino effects through nature that strive to make everything chill at its most stable form.
You have an uncanny ability to get me to click on videos I dont want to click on, and then remain longer than I should have or wanted too. What magic is this
How this stuff proliferated unnerves me. Probably not news to any epidemiologist, but the drug seems almost as contagious as the virus it was supposed to treat
Ice 9 and several other water ice polymorphs have been created. Thankfully none show Vonneguts nightmare properties. Yet. A very smart man Vonnegut.
Jon,
Are teasing us about an up-coming Pro-Tease video?
This is so intriguing.. The different polymorphs infecting the factory.. I can see how the conspiracy minded might conspiritize about this when it's actually just thermodynamics in effect.
I would love to hear more stuff about thermodynamic probability and stuff like that with amino acids, I've heard this is how a lot of amino acids end up forming in interstellar molecular clouds.
It's like the drug caught a contagious disease. 😮
As I the only one that wrongly saw roller coaster tycoon graphics in the thumbnail?
Who would have thought that this would be a real thing and issue
About hydrogen bonding: there's this equilibrium between alcohols and carbon dioxide which theoretically could be used to break up hydrogen bonds. When the carbon dioxide forms the organic carbonic acid (unstable) as it reacts with the alcohol group, the hydrogen bond is broken, no? Not only that, even if it is reformed, it is reformed using the unstable organic carbonic acid group, which could be easily broken later.
Has any of the drug makers tried to dissolve carbon dioxide together with their drugs? Could this help on making drugs more soluble, easier to be absorbed by the body?
great video as always
Did they figure out if the labs all made the same "mistake" after a couple of weeks (due to an inherently faulty process, e.g. high chance of letting the solvent dry up), or if the travelling scientists unknowingly spread the type II to every lab they visited?
Atleast we don't got the red40 polymorph that transforms everything into red40....
16:58 I would say it was definitely a world ending for some...
Just FYI it's pronounced "pro-te-ase" not "pro-tease"
Can see how people who aren't chemistry nerds would make that mistake tho. Great video.
As an HIV positive I find this amazing
Like prions, but for crystals
I always imagined high energy cosmic particles like muons cause specific nucleation points in saturated liquids of various drugs which lead to different polymorphs to form of the same compound. When these crystals form they contaminate the system with seed crystals. So it’s important to seed in the targeted polymorph before the mixture is contaminated by high energy particles from the cosmos. Idk tho. 😂
Until now i had the information about polymorphism, they can change the absortion and efficacy, in Brazil we had the "generic drugs", when a laboratory producy more cheap drugs with the same active principle, and efficacy is different.
Eu nem sabia que os genéricos eram piores. Mas se isso for correto, o polimorfismo pode ser uma explicação possível para isso.
Glad it wasn't ice nine.
this is the weirdest TIL ever
Wasn't there a movie, Dallas Buyes clu b, staring Jared Leto on getting the drug in the USA while not yet FDA approved?
Yep, but I don't think that is the same drug showed in the video.
Btw, nice username. Shaider was very cool.
At first I think this is about shapeshifter not polymorphism
Thanks
You are a form 1 youtuber in a form 2 world.
Oh yeah! This was what Rupert Sheldrake was talking about decades ago...what was it, formative causation? i.e. morphic resonance theory ... cool! (it's a difficult area to explain)
PS: usually aragonite - uh rah gone ite ;*[}
Also protease is pro tee ase -
is that in any way helpful?
Thank you kindly for covering this deep subject...
Cheers.
Like the andromeda strain
Check the attribution at 4:45 lol
Thanks!
A mildly interesting postscript to ritonavir: it's part of the combination of drugs prescribed as Paxlovid for people who have COVID-19, and considered the likely culprit in "Paxlovid mouth", which is a side-effect that causes the most GOD-AWFUL taste in your mouth.
Not a criticism: I'm pretty sure that protease is pronounced pro-tee-ace.
Abbott should probably stop using "nature" in their pharmaceutical drug adverts. 14:25
couldn't possibly be more estranged from the natural world.
Great vid! Just a heads up 8:04 you dont need to pronounce it like "Abottses factory" you can just say 'Abotts Factory', the possessive is implied by context.
Ah-mee-no acid.
Pro-tea-ace inhibitor.
'protease' is pronounced proh-tee-aise.
"Generally unwanted"
Bug catchers in the comments must feel understood.
very cool video!
the burden of sadness is lightened by knowledge, thx for the upload ╰(*°▽°*)╯
I second that
@@DogmaticAtheist Pretty sure the person you're responding to is actually a spambot.
IRL ice-IX
morphic resonance
Do both forms work the same?
You're teasing me with your incorrect pronunciation of PRO-TEE-ASE (three syllables.)
lol "Pro - Teez"
so interesting!
crazy stuff 🤯
Intresting 😮
Its pronounced Pro T Ase not Pro Tease !
pro-tea-ace, not pro-tease
also, ritonavir is in Paxlovid 🤯
pro-te-ase it's not a tease it's a tea ayse
Pronounced Pro Tea Ase
I'm a simple man, I see Asianometry upload, I watch and like.
Thanks for covering this topic. I wrote much of the Wikipedia page on this, which makes for amusing reading.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearing_polymorph
Pro-t-ayz not pro-tease
Mr Asianometry, if you happen to give a shit protease is pronounced "pro tee aze" not "pro tease". Great video as always.
Rude
@@Poorexampeofhuman how is it rude? He's obviously only read the word and not heard it spoken so I was letting him know how to pronounce it. How is that rude?? Your comment is rude, however.
Any Noita fans here? 🐑
🛃🛃🛃
Pro-tee-ayz... it wouldn't be a Asianometry video if at least one word wasn't thoroughly mangled.
Unhinged pronunciation is a sadge of honor
@@Aarkwrite is that pronounced sad-juh or sad-guh of honor? only teasing 😂
lmao at the people complaining how the life-saving drug tasted bad. a life of decadence which would have led to death, but for science, and they whined about flavor.
Philosophy has an explanation for this and it's quite interesting.
The theory is that when a new crystal form is created for the very first time it becomes easier to create because of the "memory" it creates within our reality.
Once a shape is discovered it WANTS to reproduce itself - like when we created the first triangle or circle
We began recreating it over and over again - 😂🎉❤
Okay, but that's not philosophy. It's mysticism.
I showed this video to my friend and now her boyfriend wants to try it too. Waiting for the report💝
Thanks!