Skandinavian metsäsuomalaiset Skogsfinnar Skogfinner
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- Опубликовано: 19 окт 2024
- Skogsfinnar eller svedjefinnar kallas de finnar som genom migration flyttade in i Sverige från slutet av 1500-talet och som försörjde sig på svedjebruk, till skillnad från de finnar som blev verksamma i hyttbruk.
Finnarna kom till gruvor och hyttor i Bergslagen redan vid 1500-talets mitt. Det finns såväl sägner som trovärdiga uppgifter om att finnar stött på rika malmådror. Till de säkra uppgifterna hör Nya Kopparberget i Ljusneberg (Mårten Finne, 1628) och Hällefors silvergruva i Västmanland (1639). Till de egentliga finnmarkerna kom finnarna först under 1580- och 1600-talets början. Tidigare fanns bosättningen i älvdalarna, kring vattensystem och på lättodlade slätter, medan de stora skogarna stod orörda. Barrskogen var exploaterbar med savolaxarnas svedjeteknik. Många bosatte sig även i skogarna på den norska sidan om gränsen, och området på båda sidor gränsen kallas Finnskogen. År 1686 fanns något över 1200 finnar i Norge.
Skogsfinnarna lärde sig svenska och blev tvåspråkiga, men bibehöll sin kulturella särart och det finska pråket. Blandäktenskap blev tidigt vanliga. Åren 1817 och 182122 företog den Savolax-födda finlandssvenske studenten Carl Axel Gottlund resor till de svenska och norska finnbygderna. Under dessa resor beskrev han i en mycket utförlig dagbok ortnamn, gårdar och deras invånares olika släktnamn. Vid tiden var 1718 procent av Värmlands befolkning eller cirka 25 000 personer finnättlingar.
Sedan början av 1900-talet är skogsfinnarna assimilerade bland övrig befolkning. Det finska språket talas inte längre och endast ortnamn påminner om det finska arvet. Det var i områden med större bosättningar med finska enklaver som finnarna ganska länge kunde undgå assimilering och upplösning. Främst gällde det i den största av de värmländska finnbygderna utmed norska gränsen i Fryksdalen och Klarälvdalen, speciellt i socknar som Östmark, Nyskoga, Södra Finnskoga och Vitsand samt Grue Finnskoga i Norge, som hade en homogen finsk bosättning inom ett brett skogsområde av 1415 mils längd. Från Värmland finns cirka 7000 finska ortnamn nedtecknade, varav 4000 är i gängse bruk eller fortlever i folkminnet. Den siste finskkunnige i Värmlands finnskogar var Henrik Olsson (18951980). Finskan hade överlevt 350 år isolerat utan skriftspråk.
Skandinavian metsäsuomalaiset (ruots. skogsfinnar, svedjefinnar, suom. kaskisuomalaiset) olivat suomalaisia, joita siirtyi 1580-luvun lopulta alkaen Savosta ja Pohjois-Hämeestä Keski-Skandinavian havumetsävyöhykkeelle uudisviljelijöiksi. Metsäsuomalaiset levittäytyivät laajalle alueelle Etelä-Ruotsin Tivedenistä Ruotsin Lappiin pohjoisessa, ja idässä Pohjanlahden länsirannikolta Gästriklandista Norjan Telemarkiin asti.[1]
Nykyään alueella on yhä jäljellä metsäsuomalaisrakennuksia ja paikannimiä, jotka muistuttavat suomen kielestä. Alueen kyliä kutsutaan vieläkin suomalaiskyliksi ja alueita kutsutaan suomalaismetsiksi.
Nykyään Värmlannin savolaismurre on kuollut. Viimeiset suomea hyvin taitaneet metsäsuomalaiset olivat Johannes Johansson-Oinoinen eli Niittahon Jussi sekä Karl Persson. He kuolivat 1965 ja 1969. Nykyisin metsäsuomalaisista on muistona enää suomalaisperäistä paikannimistöä. Alueella on kuitenkin herännyt innostus suomalaiskulttuuriin ja mm. Helleforsissa on poltettu tervamiilu vanhaan metsäsuomalaiseen tapaan. Myös sukututkimusta on tehty mm. Suhoisten suvusta. Norjan metsäsuomalaisilla on myös vähemmistökansan asema.
Suomen kuuluisin metsäsuomalaisten jälkeläinen on RKP:n kansanedustaja Elisabeth Nauclér Maarianhaminasta, joka valittiin eduskuntaan vuonna 2007.
Forest Finns (Norwegian: Skogfinner, Swedish: Skogsfinnar, Finnish: Metsäsuomalaiset) are people of Finnish descent in the forest areas of Eastern Norway and Central Sweden. The Forest Finns emigrated from Savonia in Eastern Finland during the late 16th and early to mid 17th centuries, and traditionally pursued slash-and-burn agriculture.
Today the Forest Finns are fully assimilated into the Norwegian and Swedish societies and their language extinct, but their culture lives on in both countries and a number of place names commemorates the Finnish origin. They are defined as a national minority in Norway, and it is estimated that a couple of hundred thousand Norwegians and Swedes are descendants of the original Forest Finns.
Vasta luin yhtä hra K.A. Gottlundin kirjaa metsäsuomalaisista. Oli mielenkiintoinen.
During the reign of Christina, Queen of Sweden, a proclamation of 1646 called for the burning of houses of all those Finns who did not want to learn Swedish in the area that was later to be called Sweden Proper, west of the Gulf of Bothnia. Reading books written in Finnish led in some cases to imprisonment still in the 18th century. The Finnish language was completely forbidden and those who refused to learn Swedish, were considered outlaws.
Some went to the NEW WORLD.. it is thought that the first typical american log cabins were made by them in New Jersey 1650's ??
What proclamation from Christina?
What books?
Forbidden language?
Outlaw?
Never heard so much crap!
Sounds like russian imperial propeganda from the time of generalgoverner of Finland Bobrikov.
The Swedish Finnish government is one of the mostly best documented judges, churches in the entire world.
Both in Finland Vasa, Viborg and Åbo and all big towns in today's Sweden.
The law both in today's Sweden and Finland have the mostly old laws exactly the same.
It's was the Swedish government how give the Finn's tax-free seatlements in the forest to agriculture the lands.
Also to make special burning wood to the mine industry.
The firstly translation to Finnish was to the Bible on the orders of king Gustav Vasa.
And the firstly Finnish church in Stockholm is also from this time.
Gustav Vasa said that is important that we also use finish where the finish speaking are living in realm of Sweden.
His son Gustav the second of Adolf was in Finland for a long time and make the same point of view several times.
And he was the father of Queen Christina.
The warlord king of Karl XII was documentary addresses the finish carolinen regiments in the Finnish language at several times. In the Swedish parliament in the 1700 hundreds it was engaged multiple speaking Finnish and Swedish personal how could translate debate in real time for parliamentarians from Finland.
It was a large population of finish the traders in Stockholm since 1400 hundreds.
And in the summertime it was almost an Invasion from the sea with ship's from Finland with Finnish speaking traders.
The finish language was so commen sounds in the streets of Stockholm just beside Swedish.
After 1809 the Russian empire forbidden all Finn's to sailing to Stockholm and Sweden to trade.
They stopped also Swedish speaking people from Finland and Estonia. And also Estonians that also had traveled and traded in Sweden.
@@erikeriksson3615
All history what I said, vän. Russia didn't hack that one. I see the past touches your nerve a lot.
@@erikeriksson3615 I suggest you to get this translated, this tells the whole story of forest finns written by Juha Pentikäinen who has studied the history of the forest finns and lived with them since 1985: arkisto.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Metsasuomalaisten_pitka_tie.pdf
Aivottaja is completely right. In 1646 in Frykdals court, this law was passed:
"Every finn, who doesnt want to learn swedish, go to church, court and meetings and to be in all aspects obedient towards authority and amenable toward the pope, also be godfearing/pious and gentle towards swedes, just like all other inhabitants of the empire, his house is to be burned, register of occupants to be nullified and is an outlaw (to be killed) in front of every swede"
In Finnish:
"Jokainen suomalainen, joka ei tahdo oppia ruotsia, käydä kirkossa, käräjillä ja kokouksissa ja kaikin
tavoin olla esivallalle kuuliainen ja tottelevainen pappisviranomaisille sekä hurskas ja lempeä
ruotsalaisille, samaten kuin maan ja valtakunnan muut asukkaat, sen koti on poltettava, talonkirja
tehtävä mitättömäksi ja on hän jokaisen ruotsalaisen edessä henkipatto"
The passing of this law has its roots decades before. When finns from Savonia were first persuaded by Charles IX, who had heard of the effective slash&burn agriculture in the region, to come inhabit the backwoods of Värmland (which was the focus of the crown for many years in the late 1500s, they needed people to inhabit the land to increase the areas productivity and to get more taxpayers), they brought with them superior knowledge of farming that the swedes who inhabited the river-/lakesides had no idea of. For example they knew to not farm in lowlaying lands, since the frost would ruin the crops in these harsh lands, so instead they would lay their crops in the sides and tops of hills which the swedes thought were impossible to clear. This caused the finns to always harvest their crops and the local swedes would have to buy their crops from the finns if their harvests failed. The finns especially made alot of money during famines. A good sidehustle was also selling charcoal to the booming mining industries nearby and there are also tales of precious minerals being found in their lands. These stories of becoming rich in Sweden which had carried all the way to Finland by then had more and more finns immigrating over.
This continuos immigration and finnish affluence in the region continued all the way up to the end of the reign of Gustav II Adolf (1611-1632), until in 1636, the local swedish population had grown jealous about these foreginers making more money and basically living off the grid so they appealed to the court (they also complained about their "weird" culture and language and pre-christian traditions, such as drawing paganistic signs on their houses, spells and shamanism, naked sauna (condemned by the popes), keeping your dead family member in the attic for a week or few before burying them and also cutting of their hand which they stroked their animals with in hopes of thicker cream etc). This proclamation of 1636 given then by the government caused persecution towards the finns, at first only towards vagabonds, and plans were being made off relocating the finns to cities. This proclamation was also the start of the end of slashing&burning which was the lifeline of these people. These laws were enforced even more in the following years and in 1640 orders were given to burn or confiscate the finns grains/crops and houses, also to arrest them if found practicing slashing&burning and living without the proper papers. In the mean time (now during the reign of Christina as was mentioned up above), these captured forest finns were being displaced and shipped to work in the New Sweden colony in Delaware (only a few chose to go) and most of these people would leave the colony center where the swedes lived, to go live in the forest just like they did back home. There they encountered the Lenni Lenape tribe and many of them assimilated with the tribe, making one of the two Findian tribes found in America (other being with the Ojibwe tribe in Michigan/Minnesota in the 1800s). Like Stephen Mortimer said above, the first "american" log cabins were built back then by finns.
Back in Sweden the noose was tightening up around the forest finns neck even more after the racist law of 1646 was passed which allowed them to be killed just for speaking their language and practicing their culture. Slashing&burning was also now being jealously enforced by the mining industry after becoming privatized (government got involved) and the nearby lands and houses which were inhabited by finns were "donated" to the owners (Patrons) of the mountain mines by the Swedish government (this meant fiefdom aka collecting the taxes which would go to the government, not completely losing rights to your land and house, atleast in the beginning...), and in return they enforced the slashing&burning law, which was being ignored before. Even selling charcoal to the mines wasnt worth it anymore since prices were regulated. So now after having all their means of income taken away from them mixed with the harsh taxing caused the finns to go in debt to the Patrons/Fiefs and this had them becoming atleast cotters/peasants (torppari) for them. Eventually, even the rights to the lands and houses were taken by these Patrons and these hard times would have the finns living in hunger for decades. At the end of the 1700s, the miserable existence of the forest finns of Sweden was forgotten and they became lost in the history books.
The forest finns of (Denmark-)Norway had maybe even a rougher time later on than their counterparts in Sweden, since their living quarters were close to the capital Christiania (now Oslo). The woods of the nearby timber rafting routes, which the finns inhabited, had become extremely profitable and their slashing&burning lands fell in to the hands of the capital city trading firms in the 1750s-1760s. Clearing the land for farming or even cutting down one tree was made illegal. Losing their means of income in their land had the finns becoming in debt to the Christianian merchants and thus they had to pawn their register of occupants to them; in some instances they were even stolen. Also, just like their counterparts in Sweden, most of the Norwegian forest finns by the 1800s had become cotters for trading firms such as the Aker and Rosenkrantz, and after that they were forgotten for a while, until Swedish-Finn Carl Axel Gottlund arrived in the borderwoods of Norway-Sweden in 1817 (and later on in 1821-1823) on an expedition to see if he could find the mythic forest finns. He did for his surprise find them and found them living in the most miserable conditions, not found elsewhere in Sweden at the time. During the meantime the mighty Aker imperium had become in debt and eventually in 1819 went bankrupt after a fire burned down their wood storage. The lands originally belonging to the finns were now up for grabs, but the price offered was way too high for the forest finns. After that Gottlund gained hero-status amongst the forest finns, eventually representing 600 forest finns in the 1823 Swedish diet of estates, and got all sides to approve their motion that " finns are allowed to have their own congregation, having finnish-speaking popes and building chappels so the finns can have a full religious teaching and pastoral care". This day 2.8.1823 is seen as the independence day of the forest finns and made Gottlund a hero in the social movement, even though it got him deported from Stockholm, railroaded by the swedish officials and cost him his career, even after returning home to Finland in 1834. After Gottlund, the forest finns were forgotten about again, until over a hundred years later, new expeditions by younger researchers found almost fully assimilated descendants of Forest Finns.
Its disgusting what was done to these people, and here you are trying to dismiss historical facts since it hurts youre national identity and doesnt fit in with your "west is best" colonial narrative, FOH
I guess I'm quite off topic but do anyone know of a good site to watch new movies online?
Fine bilder :-) Jeg mener å dra kjensel på flere steder. Ritamaki, Purala, Abbortjarnsberg, Lekvattnet og Røgden.
Fantastiske bilder - veldig bra musikk - 5 stjerner!
I am part FOREST FINN by dna. ... so funny because look where Ruby. Alaska is (this is where my Swedish Grandpa took his "english" wife)
Vad är det för musik?
Hûrv efter Bôrk-Julius från Lekvattnet.
Vem spelar?
Tror det är Mats Berglund. Fantastisk.