While this may seem like a great idea at first, it has its downsides. Tape will not only get increasingly more difficult to remove over time, it will also yellow. I would personally recommend using mylar or polypropylene sleeves specially made for books instead. If you wish to achieve something closer to using tape and don't mind a permanent solution, clear, acid-free contact paper will cover your books in their entirety without yellowing. At the end of the day, your books are your own and you're free to do as you please.
I used to do this in the 80s and 90s but I've regretted it. The stickiness of the tape eventually wears off and the tape begins to come off. As others have mentioned, the tape already adds thickness to the edges of the book which may cause problems when displaying them on the shelf. I use either self-adhesive plastic or those special adjustable plastic covers especially for paperbacks to protect my books.
Books are so expensive, especially when we ordered it from overseas. But I don't really care. I'm really pissed off when people returned my book in such an ugly condition. Spoil, cracked spine, edges folded, and even worse when that book is lost, or they lend to another person. They say" oh, come on... It is just a book. Why have to be so pissed off with that stuff? " omg. I want to knock his off. Books are so precious for me.
Me too,I always remind them to take care of my book while they're reading it but still they return it with folds,cracks on the spine and sometimes with stains.It always piss me off but I'm to kind to their eyes to tell 😭
@@casionicolette9887 what hurt me most is, when they answered me like this : come on.. It's just a book. And you wanna break our friendship because of book?" Stupid twits. I buy all my books with my hardworking sweat. They are so precious to me. They don't understand.
@@animilaawoo6690 😁, of course. Books are precious. I don't lend them anyone anymore. Two of my books got missing pages, the other ones haven't returned to me yet. When I ask, they said: I left it in the village" or, " I forgot where I put it" " and most annoying answers" oh, my friend wants to read it too" and they lend my books to others without telling me. So sad. I worked so hard to get the books that I want.
this is the most effective, 'extremely simple' tip i ever heard and gonna stay with me forever. gave life to the books. you are a genius to comeup with that idea.
I would be curious to see how yellow and brittle that tape gets after 10-20 years. Anytime I find scotch tape on old collectibles it is falling off and looks awful. Any of my old books or ones I wanna protect I use different size archival bags for books, comics, manga, and magazines. After a while I know pretty much which bag will fit what size of book. If you’re not planning on keeping the books for life than I guess it’s not really an issue unless of course you want to try selling them one day.
Scotch Magic Tape and Book Tape are acid free, meaning that they will not discolour your books over time. Unlike regular tape which will cause discolouration.
been using this same technique ever since I started to love books and my mom taught me that method 🥺 It costs you less plus it provides much protection than plastic cover does tbh
@@livingroomsession you know plastic cover have air between them, as time passes thry start to crack from any side and it grews bigger, but if you tape your book it stick to it and doesn't become dull looking and it's really cheap than laminating your book.
After reading a book, I re-seal it using a clear plastic with self adhesive.. Then when I'm planning to read it again, I'll read it in e-book version. I like the idea of putting tapes but when the book reflects in a light, you will clearly see the tape and for me it's a bit ugly, but the sides are safe and that's fine.
Sorry to post this but there are disadvantages to taping the edges of the cover : 1) you will have trouble slotting your books in and out of a row of books on the shelf, the extra thickness of the tape will get caught by the neighbouring book's edge as you slot it in and out ... 2) the sticky substance of the tape will seep into the cover and make it yellow faster, unless you don't mind that ... 3) the tape's sticky substance may dry out on the other hand, so you may be left with ugly peeling tape and end up having to remove it but removing it after so long may tear the cover or make the print colors different on the taped side from the untaped side ... So pls don't tape the books you really love ... just put them behind glass on a book shelf, be careful when handling them ... if you really wish to read them while travelling, maybe buy a second hand cheap copy for reading on the go and buy an extra brand new one for keeping as a collection ...
I tried it and I absolutely love it! My books were slowly getting damaged but when I taped them, they aren’t getting damaged anymore! I used the wider tape not the thin one (that was all I had).
i used to cover my books using plastic cover and this is a great alternative esp since you'll still be able to feel the whole cover of the book. thanks for sharing.
TBH when I knew you put tape on your books I was like "umm.. I'm not sure about that" but when I tried it on my book it changed everything, now I don't have to constantly check the edges of my books just to make sure it doesn't bend or anything, IT HELPS A LOT! Now I put tape on some of my books just to make sure it doesn't get damaged or anything 😊🎉💜
Plastic cover looks good and feels good if you use a thin gauge plastic. Also with thin plastic cover, there's no need for tapes to keep them in place. It hugs the book like a second skin, while also letting the book cover “breathe“. This is a trick I learned from librarians. Another reason why I don't use tape is that I might sell my books in the second hand market later. I will not get any price leverage if I essentially "damaged" the edges. And tapes browns too, they'll look so bad in 5 years.
I wish I would've found this video sooner! I tape just the corners of my books because those seemed to get the most damage, but I always seem to get a lip of tape from it not folding over the edge properly. If I had found this video sooner I could've made my books look a lot better. Oh well, live and learn. Thanks so much for sharing this with us.
I have been doing this since my childhood from class 5. I'm glad that an unknown girl taught me this in the school library who became sister to me later.
1:37 That's how I feel if I don't put a plastic cover on my books. It feels like I'm soiling the "naked" book just by touching it with my bare hands. So the first thing I do when I buy a book is put a thick plastic cover on it, so that it not only protects the the corners and edges, but also the print of the cover. I don't mind not being able to touch the cover, since constantly touching it will ruin it.
This is great for paperback books that aren't for reference. It's less wasteful than fully covering the book in plastic and doesn't leave that bubble look.
It helps to use beefy tape, like Trex tape or gurilla tape. Thick clear stuff that doesnt tear easily. Iv put it on old used books and it really makes them feel new if you do a good job in the taping. A good tip is to get a razor or xacto knife and cut the bubbles if you happen to get air pockets, and smooth them out.
I am the kind of person who wants to protect my books at any cost and I had been doing this method for a long time. Its really nice (even though it have some small negatives 😇, but I just close my eyes towards them) . At first when I do this technique everyone teases me a lot. I even doubted myself whether am I little bit overprotective. But now I am actually happy to see that a lot of book lovers here also want to do something like this to protect their books🤩
@@mohammadfaizan7409 There's someone in the comments who mentioned about trying this in the 80s and 90s and that they regretted it. The downsides are discoloration, the tapes losing their stickiness and peeling off after some years and since the tapes add thickness to the edges, there's some issues in displaying the books on shelves. If you scroll up a lil you'll find their comment. (Their username as of rn is Tony Pineda.) They now use adhesive plastic or special covers designed for paperbacks for this exact purpose.
Thank you for this video, this is exactly what I was looking for. Although, the covers of my copies of Dune and The Hobbit were already starting to peel, by following your video I was able to rescue them.
Haha, yeah i feel you on that. Taping books is important if you want to preserve them short of having a lamination machine for hard cover book covers. If you have expensive books like i do, i like to keep them mint so they have that new feeling and some of my books i would like to pass down to future kids, so the tape is very important.
Thanks for sharing exactly the video I was searching for! I think I'd seen taped books all of maybe twice in my life, and as the idea had kinda stuck with me, I wanted to work around avoidable mistakes by getting tips on the best way to do it. I'll be taping probably about 100 books in my lending library!
Clever girl, I was thinking to do this but was worried I might mess it up, so I had a search on RUclips and found this little angel :) Great video, thank you!❤️
This is such a brilliant idea and I haven't even seen any other videos of this on RUclips. I hate when the covers fold and split too. I am considering doing this with my books but I am scared that if I for some reason change my mind about it, I wouldn't be able to get the tape off without ripping something. Do you know if having some type of tape on the spine will keep those ugly spine creases away when you break the spine to open the book? Kind of like libraries put on paperbacks.
thank you soo much❤ we are almost back in school and my whole life literally my mother would cover all of my notebooks and textbooks but now I cover all my textbooks I also wanna cover my notebooks but my mother told me to just tape the edges the problem was I don't know how to do it and if I ask her the tutorial she would think I'm an idiot so I'm suppperrrrrr grateful to you tysm❤
I watched this video a long time ago and thought to myself, "Nah."😂 But idk why i went back to your channel and searched for this. I'm going to try it now😂
I watched this video to late lol. I don't think it would of helped anyway but my dog got a hold of my book and ripped the front cover to pieces lmfao 😭
Washi tape? It doesn't damage the book whatsoever? Because I am considering taping my books but idk that I won't ever change my mind and decide to take it off because I don't like it. I don't want to be able to tell it was ever there.
@@Shinzizzu Nope, washi tape doesnt damage it what so ever! The most “damage” you would risk would be that the book gets dirty and you remove the tape and what was covered would be clean. Just make sure it's a nice tape, maybe test it on the inside first.
I change my plastic covers, like every 2 years they're still good. But gonna go bare once I get a proper book shelf. I'm gonna try this method but I'm gonna use a translucent washi tape to match the texture of covers😂
Once a friend borrowed a manga from me and when she returned, it was literally in a horrible condition, the paperback's cover was almost torn and it was just... eww. I thought about buying a new one and throw that one but ykw that was quite expensive and i always buy mangas by saving my pocket money.. thanks for the video now i don't need to discard it anymore 💗
you are literally the only person who understands me (not counting my cousin), my parents and friends don't get why I waste tape on books, they said you're a damaging a book when doing that.
Did you know that you could actually cover the entire surface? And not only the edges? Basically instead of plastic wrappers for protection, scotch tapes are way better protection and more durable :)
You know some book's covers got embossed titles and some stuff that makes it unique? We'd like to feel that embossed stuff, thus the reason we only taped the edges.
Anonymous Reader keep them out of light as far as possible. Cheap paper backs have lower quality paper which will yellow eventually regardless of how you take care of it; even some of the higher end collector’s editions hardbacks will fade with time.
While this may seem like a great idea at first, it has its downsides. Tape will not only get increasingly more difficult to remove over time, it will also yellow. I would personally recommend using mylar or polypropylene sleeves specially made for books instead. If you wish to achieve something closer to using tape and don't mind a permanent solution, clear, acid-free contact paper will cover your books in their entirety without yellowing. At the end of the day, your books are your own and you're free to do as you please.
Considering how straight forward this is. It’s annoying they don’t make books like this in the first place.
I used to do this in the 80s and 90s but I've regretted it. The stickiness of the tape eventually wears off and the tape begins to come off. As others have mentioned, the tape already adds thickness to the edges of the book which may cause problems when displaying them on the shelf. I use either self-adhesive plastic or those special adjustable plastic covers especially for paperbacks to protect my books.
Books are so expensive, especially when we ordered it from overseas. But I don't really care. I'm really pissed off when people returned my book in such an ugly condition. Spoil, cracked spine, edges folded, and even worse when that book is lost, or they lend to another person. They say" oh, come on... It is just a book. Why have to be so pissed off with that stuff? " omg. I want to knock his off. Books are so precious for me.
Me too,I always remind them to take care of my book while they're reading it but still they return it with folds,cracks on the spine and sometimes with stains.It always piss me off but I'm to kind to their eyes to tell 😭
@@casionicolette9887 what hurt me most is, when they answered me like this : come on.. It's just a book. And you wanna break our friendship because of book?"
Stupid twits. I buy all my books with my hardworking sweat. They are so precious to me. They don't understand.
I totally get you!!! That's why I completely stopped lending books to people!
Omg I thought it was just me 🥲
@@animilaawoo6690 😁, of course. Books are precious. I don't lend them anyone anymore. Two of my books got missing pages, the other ones haven't returned to me yet. When I ask, they said: I left it in the village" or, " I forgot where I put it" " and most annoying answers" oh, my friend wants to read it too" and they lend my books to others without telling me. So sad. I worked so hard to get the books that I want.
I also do this, and when I saw ur video I was like "Thank God I wasn't the only one" people thought I was a freak🙌
Ohh same pinch I do the same and even in some stationery product as cover of colour.😁😁
I also do this
Wow! I am gonna do this now! Thank you! I always hated how the edges of my books started to bend and look so sad:( thank you!
this is the most effective, 'extremely simple' tip i ever heard and gonna stay with me forever. gave life to the books. you are a genius to comeup with that idea.
Video starts at 2:24
I would be curious to see how yellow and brittle that tape gets after 10-20 years. Anytime I find scotch tape on old collectibles it is falling off and looks awful. Any of my old books or ones I wanna protect I use different size archival bags for books, comics, manga, and magazines. After a while I know pretty much which bag will fit what size of book. If you’re not planning on keeping the books for life than I guess it’s not really an issue unless of course you want to try selling them one day.
My books are fine, they are 5 years old.😁
Scotch Magic Tape and Book Tape are acid free, meaning that they will not discolour your books over time. Unlike regular tape which will cause discolouration.
@@dustypage2704 how about in the next 20 years?
@@InsertTheCoin1997 i guess we'll know when that time comes, won't we?
been using this same technique ever since I started to love books and my mom taught me that method 🥺 It costs you less plus it provides much protection than plastic cover does tbh
Curious... Can you explain whyy plastic covers provide less protection?
@@livingroomsession you know plastic cover have air between them, as time passes thry start to crack from any side and it grews bigger, but if you tape your book it stick to it and doesn't become dull looking and it's really cheap than laminating your book.
After reading a book, I re-seal it using a clear plastic with self adhesive.. Then when I'm planning to read it again, I'll read it in e-book version. I like the idea of putting tapes but when the book reflects in a light, you will clearly see the tape and for me it's a bit ugly, but the sides are safe and that's fine.
I watch this video every year.
Sorry to post this but there are disadvantages to taping the edges of the cover :
1) you will have trouble slotting your books in and out of a row of books on the shelf, the extra thickness of the tape will get caught by the neighbouring book's edge as you slot it in and out ...
2) the sticky substance of the tape will seep into the cover and make it yellow faster, unless you don't mind that ...
3) the tape's sticky substance may dry out on the other hand, so you may be left with ugly peeling tape and end up having to remove it but removing it after so long may tear the cover or make the print colors different on the taped side from the untaped side ...
So pls don't tape the books you really love ... just put them behind glass on a book shelf, be careful when handling them ... if you really wish to read them while travelling, maybe buy a second hand cheap copy for reading on the go and buy an extra brand new one for keeping as a collection ...
Thanks
I tried it and I absolutely love it! My books were slowly getting damaged but when I taped them, they aren’t getting damaged anymore! I used the wider tape not the thin one (that was all I had).
i used to cover my books using plastic cover and this is a great alternative esp since you'll still be able to feel the whole cover of the book. thanks for sharing.
TBH when I knew you put tape on your books I was like "umm.. I'm not sure about that" but when I tried it on my book it changed everything, now I don't have to constantly check the edges of my books just to make sure it doesn't bend or anything, IT HELPS A LOT! Now I put tape on some of my books just to make sure it doesn't get damaged or anything 😊🎉💜
YEEEY! I'm so happy for you bro!
DustyPage awie, thank you for introducing me to this method! 😊
Plastic cover looks good and feels good if you use a thin gauge plastic. Also with thin plastic cover, there's no need for tapes to keep them in place. It hugs the book like a second skin, while also letting the book cover “breathe“. This is a trick I learned from librarians.
Another reason why I don't use tape is that I might sell my books in the second hand market later. I will not get any price leverage if I essentially "damaged" the edges. And tapes browns too, they'll look so bad in 5 years.
I learned tape on books from my high school tutor way back. It's been 10 years and my books are still in good condition.
I wish I would've found this video sooner! I tape just the corners of my books because those seemed to get the most damage, but I always seem to get a lip of tape from it not folding over the edge properly. If I had found this video sooner I could've made my books look a lot better. Oh well, live and learn. Thanks so much for sharing this with us.
I have doing this for years and I feel so validated!🥰 It works perfectly, Try it out!
Could you do an update video or something like that that would show how the tape holds up after a few years?
Your tape cutting trick is actually amazing... I would have overlapped the tape and then cut the whole corner if didn't watch it😅🤣 Thank you so much!😄
I have been doing this since my childhood from class 5. I'm glad that an unknown girl taught me this in the school library who became sister to me later.
Bought a book today. First thing i searched for was this. Great idea , thanks!
1:37 That's how I feel if I don't put a plastic cover on my books. It feels like I'm soiling the "naked" book just by touching it with my bare hands. So the first thing I do when I buy a book is put a thick plastic cover on it, so that it not only protects the the corners and edges, but also the print of the cover. I don't mind not being able to touch the cover, since constantly touching it will ruin it.
This is great for paperback books that aren't for reference. It's less wasteful than fully covering the book in plastic and doesn't leave that bubble look.
I had these problems and didn't know what to do but ever since I saw this, you saved my books from breakage
It helps to use beefy tape, like Trex tape or gurilla tape. Thick clear stuff that doesnt tear easily. Iv put it on old used books and it really makes them feel new if you do a good job in the taping. A good tip is to get a razor or xacto knife and cut the bubbles if you happen to get air pockets, and smooth them out.
I thought I was the only one who taped their books! LMAO!
Same 😅😅😂😂
I am the kind of person who wants to protect my books at any cost and I had been doing this method for a long time. Its really nice (even though it have some small negatives 😇, but I just close my eyes towards them) . At first when I do this technique everyone teases me a lot. I even doubted myself whether am I little bit overprotective. But now I am actually happy to see that a lot of book lovers here also want to do something like this to protect their books🤩
Wht r the negatives?? Plz temme
@@mohammadfaizan7409 There's someone in the comments who mentioned about trying this in the 80s and 90s and that they regretted it. The downsides are discoloration, the tapes losing their stickiness and peeling off after some years and since the tapes add thickness to the edges, there's some issues in displaying the books on shelves. If you scroll up a lil you'll find their comment. (Their username as of rn is Tony Pineda.) They now use adhesive plastic or special covers designed for paperbacks for this exact purpose.
I'm gonna probably do this now! I didn't even know it was a thing!
This clumsy guy could do it! thanks to you, beautiful hands 👌🏼
Thank you for this video, this is exactly what I was looking for. Although, the covers of my copies of Dune and The Hobbit were already starting to peel, by following your video I was able to rescue them.
I also don’t like the absence of the real texture of the book cover whenever it’s covered with plastic.
Be right back. Tape-an ko muna books ko. Thanks for thiiiiiiiis!!! 😍💕
Ohhh I do the same to my books and even stationery product you can say in colours cover it protects .😁😁
Your personality made me laugh throughout the video. Thanks for the taping tip too. Damaged covers drive me nutty as well. 🙂✌
Haha, yeah i feel you on that. Taping books is important if you want to preserve them short of having a lamination machine for hard cover book covers. If you have expensive books like i do, i like to keep them mint so they have that new feeling and some of my books i would like to pass down to future kids, so the tape is very important.
Thanks for sharing exactly the video I was searching for! I think I'd seen taped books all of maybe twice in my life, and as the idea had kinda stuck with me, I wanted to work around avoidable mistakes by getting tips on the best way to do it. I'll be taping probably about 100 books in my lending library!
I have the problem that often the matte film ont he cover starts to peel up on the edges, I'll definitely give this a try!! Thank you so much
Clever girl, I was thinking to do this but was worried I might mess it up, so I had a search on RUclips and found this little angel :) Great video, thank you!❤️
This is such a brilliant idea and I haven't even seen any other videos of this on RUclips. I hate when the covers fold and split too. I am considering doing this with my books but I am scared that if I for some reason change my mind about it, I wouldn't be able to get the tape off without ripping something. Do you know if having some type of tape on the spine will keep those ugly spine creases away when you break the spine to open the book? Kind of like libraries put on paperbacks.
Thank you. I usually use tape and was just thinking of trying plastic cover but after hearing you here I think ama stick to my tape
I hate when the corners fold as well so I just folded paper corner protectors and temporarily placed them on the edges of my book.
what with the middle part which gets creased after opening the book many times.
thank you soo much❤ we are almost back in school and my whole life literally my mother would cover all of my notebooks and textbooks but now I cover all my textbooks I also wanna cover my notebooks but my mother told me to just tape the edges the problem was I don't know how to do it and if I ask her the tutorial she would think I'm an idiot so I'm suppperrrrrr grateful to you tysm❤
I was unable to find other resources that touched on this topic. Thanks so much!
i'm so thankful for this! YOU HAVE SAVED MY PAPERBACKS LADY
I worked at a library years ago and we used clear packing tape.
Thank you for the advice, I did this before but I peel it of immediately
why so?
@@christofcastlewolf6738 I don't know. I was child that time but as of now this advice really help me.
I watched this video a long time ago and thought to myself, "Nah."😂 But idk why i went back to your channel and searched for this. I'm going to try it now😂
Lovely idea sister...saved my books...much love ❤️❤️❤️
I watched this video to late lol. I don't think it would of helped anyway but my dog got a hold of my book and ripped the front cover to pieces lmfao 😭
Literally searched for this video just to know I'm not the only one doing it haha. 1:51 is so me. 🤣
I prefer mylar covers but still tape is not a bad idea at all! I love nothing more than a hardback book wrapped in clear mylar plastic. So satisfying
I recommend you to use a washy tape so,when u want to sell the books u can just take the tape off whitout damaging the book (that's what I did😁)
Washi tape? It doesn't damage the book whatsoever? Because I am considering taping my books but idk that I won't ever change my mind and decide to take it off because I don't like it. I don't want to be able to tell it was ever there.
@@Shinzizzu Nope, washi tape doesnt damage it what so ever! The most “damage” you would risk would be that the book gets dirty and you remove the tape and what was covered would be clean. Just make sure it's a nice tape, maybe test it on the inside first.
Have you found a clear washi tape?
I change my plastic covers, like every 2 years they're still good. But gonna go bare once I get a proper book shelf. I'm gonna try this method but I'm gonna use a translucent washi tape to match the texture of covers😂
Once a friend borrowed a manga from me and when she returned, it was literally in a horrible condition, the paperback's cover was almost torn and it was just... eww. I thought about buying a new one and throw that one but ykw that was quite expensive and i always buy mangas by saving my pocket money.. thanks for the video now i don't need to discard it anymore 💗
I love the way you look🥰
great idea... I am going to do this
you are literally the only person who understands me (not counting my cousin), my parents and friends don't get why I waste tape on books, they said you're a damaging a book when doing that.
@@KarminsLynn ended up buying a new one lol
@@KarminsLynn I've started using the self-adhesive transparent book cover
Great video and great information
Thankyou for this hindi nako gagamit ng plastic cover makakatipid nako hahahah
I think you used transparent tape where the mat finish tape is called invisible tape.
Did you know that you could actually cover the entire surface? And not only the edges? Basically instead of plastic wrappers for protection, scotch tapes are way better protection and more durable :)
You know some book's covers got embossed titles and some stuff that makes it unique? We'd like to feel that embossed stuff, thus the reason we only taped the edges.
Will it be useful for hardcovers?
Hello ! Can you show that book now? 🙏
Thank you so much!!! I was so worried about the edges of my books!! I am definitely going to try it!!❤
I used tar tan tape is that okay?
You're very funny. Very entertaining. Thanks.
Best idea😮
What about hardcovers?
Wow that was amazing, I mean the voice was so cute haha and those glasses looks perfect on you. Thanks for the content anyway.
Okay weirdo
@@oopsiedaisy3976 what...
What do you do to protect the spine of the book
How about hardbound books?
Done this too all my life, since the day i got my first John Grisham☺️
Same feeling here
Do u also do this to hardbound books?
The white tape is for photocopying as it removes easily afterwards
Thanks.
You are a life saver ❤️
omg julien!! road to 1k!!! congrats 💞😄
Hopefully you use acid free tape or else it will look really bad after a while
There's something about videos made by Filipinos that always makes me know immediately that the video was made by filipinos
I recommend to use adhesive book cover instead 🥰
Its said in the video that this person wanted to actually feel the texture of the book so
Did u already try adhesive cover on your books?
Xiamei Reads i did, but I ddn't like th texture.😓
hey I just wanna ask if what are the things that need to do to avoid tanned pages or the yelowish of the books
Anonymous Reader keep them out of light as far as possible. Cheap paper backs have lower quality paper which will yellow eventually regardless of how you take care of it; even some of the higher end collector’s editions hardbacks will fade with time.
Thank you helpful to someone else but not the video I'm looking for
Awesome idea❤️🔥 never thought of this 😊 ..
Thanks for this ❤️
Nice suggestion, good tutorial, and entertaining commentary.
Hey thanks
thank u so much .. i was thinking what to do with this problem ... n i found ur video ... it really helped me a lot tysm...
Thank you.
I wanna do this to my book also,but my cousins always borrow my books and return it with damages so I keep the trust on the plastic covers 😣🤞
I'm gonna hide my new books next time.🥲
hi :)) is the tape removable without damaging the paper? Thank uu!! Been watching ur vids eversince and i got really inspired by this vid huhu mwaa
Great job and great explanation. A valuable video. I will do this, as well. Thank you.
Real as hell
This was very useful .Thanks
I love this idea!
and now i'll do this too, thank you!!!!!