The Bloody Aftermath of the Battle of Hastings
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- Опубликовано: 19 окт 2022
- 'The Bloody Aftermath of the Battle of Hastings'
In the winter of 1069-70 after the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror waged a series of military campaigns to subjugate northern England and consolidate his power, where the presence of the last Wessex claimant, Edgar Atheling, had encouraged Anglo-Danish rebellions.
The "Harrying Of The North" as it became known, saw William the Conqueror's knights lay waste to Yorkshire and neighbouring shires. Entire villages were razed and their inhabitants killed, livestock slaughtered and stores of food destroyed.
This scorched-earth operation is one of the defining episodes of the Norman Conquest, not just from a military-political perspective but also in terms of how it has shaped modern perceptions of the Normans as a tyrannical and merciless warrior class. But why were such brutal measures considered necessary and why was the north in particular targeted? Watch this video to find out!
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The harrying of the North never ended.
Most of the wealth, land and power of 'England' is STILL held by the descendants of the Normans.
The billionaire Duke of Westminster was once asked for advice on how to succeed and answered "Make sure they have an ancestor who was a very close friend of William the Conqueror".
My ancestors were Northern.
The North remembers…
It’s grim up north.
Norway is north, england is south
true scots remember we bent the knee to Norman nobility bringing us the Robert the Bruce and William Wallace time nobility
The North remembers….. still living by the same means.
Jk
@@allenfenwick6257 great tune by the KLF
I'm from the North (Middlesbrough specifically) and I've yet to meet a northerner into history that calls him the conquerer. He will forever be known as the bastard.
maybe so but he conquered the north end of story ....
I'm from Thirsk and have literally never heard anyone use anything other than "The Conqueror"
@@awedgewood Facts. These dunces are just liberals enraged by the necessary acts that Wiliam had to do and thus are trying to change his legacy. Their feelings are just hurt.
From. Newcastle and its defo the bastard
He's still called William the Bastard in Northumberland to this day.
Yes, because technically he was. From the bayeux museum website: "Born in Falaise in 1027, he is the natural son of Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, and Arlette, daughter of a tanner. His illegitimate birth earned him the nickname of William the bastard."
"Natural son" here means his parents are not married. Note that tanners' daughters are not nobility!
And even Canute by some
That was genocide, regardless.
What a great Documentary - You guys are quickly becoming my favourite channel on RUclips. Fantastic to see new, young presenters cutting their teeth and breathing fresh life into Great Britain's treasured past.
Thanks to all of you both in front and behind the camera.
There's an old Teesside saying that dates back allegedly to the Harrying of the North. You say that someone who swears a lot is swearing like Billy Norman (aka William the Conqueror). The story is that when he came North to deal with the rebels hiding out in the marshes near Coatham near the mouth of the Tees, it was still cold at night and snow still lay in the north facing valleys. William stayed up late at night shivering by the fire swearing to keep warm.
Unlikely - he would have forced a couple of young saxon wenches to keep him warm. Then gutted them in the morning
@@oldgreybeard2507 this is the legend, how true it is I can't say.
I've also heard this saying here in the Northwest Ribble valley area but its not common
@@SuperStandin interesting. It's a phrase that is dying out.
@@neiloflongbeck5705 certainly must be dying out. lived in Teesside all my life (53 yrs) and never heard it even once until now lol
I now understand just why GRRM used the north of England's history as part of his inspirations for GoT, etc.
I absolutely loved the History channel growing up. But… then it wasn’t the same one day. Keep going guys your doing amazing! Love it!
We all did.. it still blows my mind how fast and dramatic the change came about.
@CJ Clark They literally keep redesigning the logo with less and less graphic fidelity(for the seeing impaired) every 10 years...they are aiming for those 40 year olds from the 1980s...pretty obvious but not many care because the real intellectuals left that channel in the early 2000s when we were pre-teens...
@@cjclark1208 Cant recall the name, but it was a female CEO who took over, she decided 'history is happening all the time' and that 'reality shows make more and cost less'. The History Channel forums were closed because people didnt like the new direction and the rest is displayed on the channels today. Sad.
"Ancient Aliens" says it all. Sellouts.
The History Channel died the day they discovered the marketability of the word "Aliens"
This was one of the best i ever saw on here, I look forward to part 2, thanks.
This is a first rate historical documentary as so much of what History Hit produces. I am a firm Northerner and very conscious of the unique nature of the North and where it is rooted. I am also a Medievalist Historian. I am bound to say though that I think that the views of the broader historical context are not one that all historians share. That does not detract from the production values; nor from its coverage if the Harrying itself,
From someone who lives in the desert southwest USA and traveled all over Europe, I can say there are no greater people or more beautiful land and communities than that northern region. Absolutely love it.
Excellent documentary! Thank you.
Thank you for your video they are amazing to watch. Keep up the good work.
So many reasons why there's a north south divide, it's rooted in 1000 years of history
Your right, your better of up north.
The divide though was evident before 1066,even by Alfred the Greats days
William tje conquer is just aegon the conquer from got
Moslty by industrialisation and then de-industrialisation though
A very powerful explanation of a pivotal point in our history.
I subscribe to History Hit and aboslutely love it. It is worth every penny. I am mainly English and Scottish, and I love learning about their history. History was my favorite subject in school, and I majored in it at university.
I was visiting southern Italy 2009, there was a olive trees growing next to my house planted by Normans. Quite amazing
That is truly amazing 👏 I'd get goosebumps thinking that wow 👌 norman olive 🫒 grove
I just started a book on William the conqueror so this is coming and the perfect time
Fantastically informative 👌 👍
Great channel ❤
The north of England has massive rich history
And part of it has been sold to Saudi Arabia.
@@jarraandyftm mackem
@@leeharwood9624 from Jarrow. Not a mackem.
I wouldn't say rich.
@@jarraandyftmI'm from jarra there's mackems in jarra and if ya not what ya winging about newcastle from then
Thanks for this, most interesting and informing.
I did not know about the "Slaughter of the Innocents" in the North, what a ghastly attack on the people by someone who, possibly could have been defeated at Hastings by Harold and his very brave but possibly depleted and tired army after the march north and then fight a battle, and then march south to fight William at Hastings.
What has puzzled myself and others, is why little or nothing has been recovered from the site at Hastings reportedly where the battle took place.
it is told that not a single Anglo-Saxon warrior on the march South to 'Senlac' was wound free.
I believe I'm going to love this series
The effects are still with us today...
Levelling Up, my arse!
Nice , good to see what the relatives were up to in those days. Loved it.
From the numbers given here it would seem that the north was more than decimated.
William was a genocidal maniac, the Putin of his day.
In many ways the north was the least subjugated area of England. The north is the only area of the country where Anglo-Saxon nobles retained more than a tiny proportion of landholding. The north retained an Anglo-Saxon aristocracy after 1086, especially in modern Lancashire, Durham and Northumberland. They were still never a majority, but in southern England Normans held 90-95% of the land versus perhaps 50-70% in many areas of the north.
You can read about it in "The Norman Invasion of the North" by William Kapelle and "The English and the Normans, Ethnic Hostility, Assimilation, and Identity 1066-c.1220" by Hugh M Thomas.
Very good
There's a similarity between what the conqueror did and what Thatcher did in the 80's. Devastating the north economically from her southern power base and causing the people severe suffering, crushing dissent with her army of helmeted thugs. Hope it's nice and warm down there Margaret
Well done. Very nicely written and produced. This could become an unhealthy addiction. I'm worried.
Excellent work!!
We went to Stamford Bridge battlesite this year. There's a small plaque in a small park, in the middle of an upmarket modern housing estate. There's no museum there, just a plaque.
Great video!!! I’m a history nerd and your channel is endless new content 🥰
New sub 👍🏼
We could do with giving it a try again. great video 👍👍
At 25:30 you need a quick clip of John Cleese in his Sir Lancelot gear saying, "Sorry! Sorry!".
No we dont. Cant stand cleese.
These video's would never be the same if you didn't have an American in the comments section, being flippant in a vain attempt to cover up their ignorance of the outside world.
My father was from Darlington County Durham. I live in Australia but am very proud of my heritage.
Well when you get your parole hearing, you will get to come back and see it.
@@cambs0181 are you coming to check on the colony?
Cool looking
Wow. Interesting.
Harold's army had marched 300 miles in a short time, and he'd failed to pick up reinforcements in order to get down to his family's lands which were being despoiled by the invaders. Those factors likely had greater impact than generalship. I would have been far more interested in the video if it hadn't spend too much time on Harold.
Not sure how anyone can deny that the harrying of the north was an act of genocide.
Equally appalled that anyone could claim William regretted his crimes, no action of his throughout his life indicated anything of the sort
What about the Jutes?
Great channel, very informative. Don't know why some people need to leave nasty salty comments. Don't watch if its not for you!
This looks like a great series, and I'd subscribe to History Hit and watch it and many more besides IF I could access the channel through my Roku!
Thank you for your reply, but as I live in Melbourne I suspect I'm not eligible for your parcel. Cheers and keep up the good work.
@@rockamaroque8189 This was a spam account that replied to you. We have removed the comment and reported the account. Many apologies.
@@HistoryHit many thanks for the heads up. 👍
Any reason for rotating each sentence around 5 speakers ? Have you got one expert that can release the information ?
History Hit is brilliant.
the north remembers!
The Harrying of the north
We have never recovered from the Norman invasion
Agreed. We also haven't really recovered from the Wars of the Roses.
Reigned in.
As a Northern Englishman… this has royally just pissed me off… 😂 and to think my middle name is William 😅
I'm guessing that, as the Normans were descendants of Vikings, they get their name "Normans" from "Norse men"??
I thought the norman name originated from Normandy?
I understood that the Vikings, under Rollo, were granted Normandy in order to buy them off from sacking Paris?
@@GuyMaleMan Normandy was named as such because of the Normans, not the other way round. @6:40
"Norman"..."Norsemen"...."Northmen" .... 4th generation Viken (Viking).
Well the land those Vikings settled into already had inhabitants, the Normans were a mix of Norse, Western-Franks and Gauls who assimilated into French (Frankish) culture
5 minutes in and I’m convinced this is going to be even handed and balanced.
Just like Britain
What do you mean?
Cynical! Must admit, I was thinking I bet he voted 'remain' in spite of his red wall front haha
@@fion1flatout Fiona the Red Wall voted Remain as well . Sorry that hurts to hear
Bit like British history which is taught from the perspective of the South . Anyone would think the UK= South of England
What a horribly evil man William was 😱
I was so glad I didn’t live back then !!! 😮
The Normans are still here in the landed aristocracy and their tory party. Stole our land in 1066 and still hold it with an iron grip. Trying roaming freely around OUR land our countryside of England and you will find we have very little freedoms in our land thanks to the Normans.
@@xunqianbaidu6917 Totally agree, they were raised to be ruthless, often raised away from their immediate families and brother's could be separated. I suppose it avoided the famililal feelings that may have prevented the ruthlessness needed to gain and hold onto the most important thing to their mind set - power and control.
And me, especially as someone with a very, very Anglo-saxon surname! It must have been truly, truly horrific, bit like what Ukranians are going through now. Same principle but with weapons of huge destruction.
In his childhood, he was constantly pursued by assassination attempts. He just got ruthless after that.
Istill laugh with Joy at the description of HOW William the Bastard died, falling out of his coffin, which was on a table apparently he smelt so bad they could'nt get slaves to move him at first, then he rolled out of his coffin and his body burst spreadinghis rotted intestines along with maggots over his bed chamber, a fitting end,
im always surprised that they make so little mention of the danes even if the danes came very close to ruining williams plans, not once but three times!
first in 1069-70 they invaded and took york and had to be paid off to leave (imagine that, tough guy william having to pay danegeld)
second in 1075 they came to help the revolting earls but were too late
third in 1085 when they assembled the largest "viking" fleet in history with supposedly over 1000 ships but for various reasons it never sailed
In the rest of this series, we’ll explore how the North kept cracking their heads against insurmountable odds to fail, time and time again, to rebel
They thought they could sneak Emma Watson in and we wouldn't notice,
Still a different Country with a different outlook . Unfortunately we still have the same descendants and the same neglect.
Precisely, well put. The Robber Baron progeny are still in charge looking after their own interests first and foremost.
@@OdeInWessexthe barons have always looked at their own interest is why they created the Magna carta
Think she meant to say it was a Norwegian invasion in 1066? Especially since Harald Hardrada had failed to claim the throne of Denmark
No, she is right. Maybe it wasn't clear which invasion she was on about, though.
The narrative explains all this, including how Harold Godwinson repelled the Northern invasion by his brother and Harald Hardrada who were both killed at the battle of Stamford Bridge.
William's was a "Norsemen" invasion, if you must, but via the two centuries they spent growing to dominate Northern France.
Great stuff. I've often wondered why thee has never been a big budget Movie or TV series about the Norman Conquest. We're constantly bombarded with Vikings and Tudors while the Norman conquest has so much to offer. NETFLIX? BBC?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Normans_(TV_series)
Nobody in England would watch it I imagine lol
I would as long as it wasn’t made by the cretins that made The Tudors or The White Queen. Dear God! I still haven’t recovered from them. 😳😖
I admit, I like that coat!
Is this from 1066 or 2022!!
now you see , Ireland. its not all about you .
And now we are being replaced again
1066 the Englsh nobles replaced, 2066 the English people finally replaced.
@@dnstone1127 yes before that I think
You're still above 80%. Hold the line.
Then have more children. If it wasnt for the immigrants coming in our population would be declining
@@JJaqn05 I've got 5
I say we go again. Who's with me?
Just me and you then
Wishes for Northern independence have never died
Viva la revolution
Me too. I'm a bit old, not much of a fighter but I'll bring the tea and biscuits.
@@OdeInWessex how very civilised
The northern Barron's failed to aide Harold at the battle of Hastings. Harold had requested that horse men should join him to fight William. Peace be unto you.
That's because they'd just spent their blood at Stamford Bridge 2 weeks earlier
@@samsativa245 And, Harold was warned, by his mother, not to rush to battle William, but the fellows record tells us that he was head strong. All the advantage was with Harold, the length of the battle tells us that. The results of that loss gives us the class system of the present day(as some people believe, including me) Peace be unto you.
@@martinwarner1178 It also gave us things like the Magna Carta, a trial by jury and the abolishment of slavery
@@samsativa245 Those things could still have happened even if the Normans had been driven back into the sea in 1066, given that the moral arc of justice always bends forward in the long term.
As I recall,an English historian ,Toynbee (probably misspelt!) said that the european feudal system, was originally based on the pre-islamic Iranian(Persian if you will, after the greek pronounciation of the word for the Iranian tribe, the Pers, the Medes were also Iranians )culture that Mohammed had destroyed. They the Iranians 'invented' the feudal system, according to Mr T .
I was expecting something from "The Shield Ring" ... 🤔
My favorite aspect of this show is seeing all the young people passionate about sharing their country's epic history. Gives me hope yet. We could use a few folks like that here in the states!
No way was William l a superior general to Harold ll
William got lucky that his opponent had to face an army and also march that same army back down south which exhaustion carried the day for William
Well, he won!
"350-mile journey from Hastings to London" ????? What? 70 miles in fact. Done in by satnav? Know the feeling.
By "decimated", do you mean devastated?
Well, 4.5% of the population of England would amount to 10-12% of the population of the north, so "decimated" is mathematically correct. Roughly 1 in 10 killed one way or another.
In more recent times , it is becoming clear that Romano-Celtic Society imported many slaves to work estates and fields. So while larger group may have come after the fall of the Roman Empire , it seems after the authority of the legions left , that there was a large base of Germanic peoples already in Britain by the 5th century.
30 minute Documentary, 15 minutes intro about the battle of hastings and 15 minutes on the actual harrying, with hardly any detail and a million 'talking heads'. Should have had a 5 minute intro and gone into much more detail about what happened
"William did say 'sorry' "
Massacres and revolts across England happened but is famous in lands north of the Humba river.
This clearly should be seen as a pseudo proto form of colonization. As after the Harrying happened, a couple hundred Bretons, Picards, Normans, Flemings and Angevins, from Brittany, Picardy, Normandy, Flanders and Anjou regions of France, is where many of William's men come from, It's no secret they colonized and immigrated into Northern England by a few hundred if not 1000. It's no secret nor surprised as well that some French etymological surname origins are found in Northern England.
@@barnsleyman32 I've seen this study.
@@barnsleyman32 French just means Gallo-Frankish I guess.
@@barnsleyman32 This study is no surprise. The Medieval French source.
I've seen the study the day it came out.
But no one should be surprised.
England has French cultural influences in our, culture, customs, traditions, post Anglo-Saxon catholic French interpretation. philosophy, literature, art, architecture, attire, language, legal system.
cuisine, attire, Arthurian myths,
all have Norman influences mix and blended with the Anglo-Saxons.
English culture is half Germanic half French.
As well as our ancestry.
@@barnsleyman32 Lastly the Normans gave us Chivalry, and also a fair bit of surnames.
alot more goes into ethnicity than genetics, alot of that mixing was also done prior to the migration period so to say someone isn't Anglo Saxon(at least what they culturally identify as) because they happen to have a different genetic marker isn't necessarily correct and surnames were only imposed post conquest so to say someon is Norman isn't necessarily true either if they have Norman surname if it happend to be assign which I'm sure would have happend in many cases especially if they protested Norman tax and didn't take a name of their own.
The thumbnail title says 'harrying of the North' jump to 21:00 when there is just 10mins left, for the actual harrying. Only 4 minutes describe the harrying, and the remainder is the aftermath
Great documentary as always. I'm a northerner from a long line of northerners (with the odd Irishman thrown in for good measure) and firmly agree with the sentiment that we never really recovered from the precedent set by the harrying
Always great to have more insight to our collective past.
I have been told ( some sources are vague) The Manley family were loyal to William during the uprising. We gained our family crest as a result of our service to him.
A black hand , palm showing , fingers raised. On a silver field trimmed in red. Known as the black hand of vengeance.
When the kings chronicler says "god will punish him", you know you f'd up. When he died his "friends," shiw his true colors.
Because they saw what Thatcher did and they tried to break her record.
waiting for bob n vic
I don't think it's fair to otherise the North and Southern feelings towards Normans at this point. The Siege of Exeter was before this. The Battle of Hastings diminished any fighting men the South had. But actual resistance was as prevalent in the South as in the North. Although the type of fighting used by the resistance was different, certainly. And the response too
The North had its own distinctive difference from the South from its heritage from the Danelaw, itself an invasion. But the South as well as the North suffered from the Norman yoke. In fact, so much of the issues we still suffer from in England, Wales.Scofand and Ireland stems from that.
@@johntaplin3126 I agree with you, I'm simply saying that the North wasn't especially hostile to the Normans compared to the South. At that point. I'm from Newcastle, which wasn't part of the Danelaw. Anglo-Saxon is the heritage here. I'm all for emphasising the North-South divide but I view that as a result of the Norman invasion and the years after it. Cultural assimilation of the South and the genocide of the North.
@@Bloomazz
We must remember though that this fault line predates the Normans (and even the English themselves) with there existing a division in Roman Britain between the Latin speaking (civilian governed) south and the Celtic speaking (military governed) north and west
@@stephenchappell7512 How much could that division have existed though given all parts of the island reverted to Celtic languages quickly enough? I think the Anglo-Saxon unification wiped that away, the only key difference being cultural links to Scandinavia in the Danelaw. Which were then mimicked in the South thanks to the conquest of King Canute.
Just as the South resisted and was then crushed by the Normans. So was the North in our rebellion. The reality is in terms of 'Nobley resisting foreign invasion' Southerners can boast a much greater record than the North. Given we willingly accepted him on the throne because our Earls were shortsighted and selfish.
@@Bloomazz
It's uncertain how widespread the Latin language was spoken in southern Brythonic lands
Although the urban settlements were already in decline, the great southern villa centered rural estates persisted into the so-called 'Dark Ages' especially in places such as the Cotswolds with the lands of the celtic Dobunni matching almost exactly those of its successor the saxon Hwicci
We need to also consider that the Angles and Saxons were already here in 410, settled as foederati in similar fashion to the continent
Back to persisting fault lines we can see in the Balkans that although slavs settled either side of the western (catholic) and eastern (orthodox) empire dividing line they were nevertheless affected by it even though they arrived a couple of centuries after its creation
In similar fashion the formerly military governed celtic lands of the north and west became what's referred to as 'the north' whereas the south and east became 'the south' with any map of the north/south divide confirming this
Because it was there
I can't imagine marching that far, let alone fighting when I got there 😄
William did not exhibit superior generalship....he'd STILL be fighting to take that hill Today if not for that arrow.
and I don't remember reading anywhere that the arrow to Harold's eye KILLED him....it seems it was a grievous wound but that he was hacked to death later
Most beautiful part of Britain
We will come back
Well that was nice of William to say he was sorry for annihilating the North.😅
No u wont mate
10:15 Danish invasion? It was King Harald of Norway who invaded not Denmark
The vikings tended to be classed as Danes even if they were not just from Denmark as most of the viking invaders into England did come from Denmark so they basically got lumped into the same category
The English often called any Scandinavian a Dane. They just lumped them into the same group.
@@josephrobinson6171 Danes are not scandinavian, they are north-germans.
Yeah that threw me off too, but then again all Vikings according to Anglo-Saxons were "Danes" no matter if they were Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, or Norse-Gael, they were all the same to the Anglo-Saxons and so were lumped under the Dane category. But then again, 1066 is pretty late into the Viking age where Norway and Denmark were well established nation-state Kingdoms and the English knew of their difference, so yeah it’s weird to use the term Danish here.
@@apanapandottir205 Danes are most definitely scandinavian! If you insist on calling Danes north-Germans then you might as well include Swedes and Norwegians in the same group. We're the same ethnic group with the same root language.
Phrases like "We can speculate" "this probably" suggest there is little documentary evidence, other than perhaps the Domesday record?
WOW the pom's knew how to kick it off.😲
Yeah, then a few hundred years later we started to crack down on it using some heavy law enforcement. That's how we invented Australians.
@@cambs0181 🤣
that was the goal break the back of the saxons.
There were also the Jutes, who settled in Kent. Also it was 927, not 937.
Aire Apparent of UK... William 😱
Yet Ironically the most English-blooded King in the past 300 years
The actual video starts: 3:34.
Jesus Maria, why so long an intro.
It’s a little known fact that people from the north ie. Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway ect went all across Europe and became royalty and establish cities and towns yet things like that are not taught in school. very strange
Yep
I was taught that in school and it isnt little known at all. Maybe you should just pay attention.
No I knew that, as someone with an Anglo-Saxon surname I've always presumed by Ancestors on that side of the family must have been from Southern Germany or Northern Denmark.
It's that German efficiency for you!
@@OdeInWessex your absolutely correct, especially if your blonde, blonde haired people come from that area, britain was originally welsh and celtic dark haired people, that's why now in britan its a mix of dark and blonde hair, also the viking anglo saxon heritage is much more prominent in the North of England 🏴
Cmon, over three minutes at start saying what ‘we’ll tell you about’.... how about you instead tell me about it.
25:26 ah yes after the murder, of innocent men women and children. He said “sorry.”
That makes it all better.
Nothing seams to have changed for the north (Durham in my case). However I've ancient Briton, Celt, Gael, Viking, Pict and Norman (including William) ancestors ...I'm ready to rebel but don't know who I should rebel for =¬)
Rebel against all of them, and be loyal to them at the same time
Pictland calls you too arms
That can be something of a problem and I share your predicament but from a philosophical point of view I'd have to rebel against the Normans.
@@OdeInWessex good choice
now play ck3 to find out how
@@joshuafrimpong244 No idea what ck3 is, sorry!
350 miles from Hastings to London? Silly mistakes like this and omissions of facts spoil what is otherwise a decent documentary.
Sounds like he went on a pillaging spree on the way to intimidate the surviving Lords in London to submit- is it possible he didn't take a direct route?
Interesting video, thank you. William was a able leader but he had never led an army like the one at Hastings. And the battle at Hastings was a very close thing, William nearly lost. If Harold had waited for the rest of his army to catch up, he, Harold, may have won. The current battle field at Battle is not the place the battler took place. It is a mile further inland at Caldbec Hill, where the French cavalry struggled up the steep hill. This video is, I think incorrect. There was no luring of the English down the hill. A lot of estates held by the aristocracy stem from William's time. Stolen land still held by his successors.
Harolds mistake was marching north to take on the Danes, he should have waited and defeated William first
@@TheThejatsman Hardrada invaded first so was dealt with first. If Harold waited, he might have defeated William, marched north and then be defeated by Hardrada and Tostig. Back to the video, Hastings wasn't as lopsided a fight as stated. Curiously, I saw no author with a book titled "Harold Godwinson" asked to join to provide a balanced interpretation.
@@TheThejatsman The NORWEGIANS Under Harald Hadrada (or Harald Hadråda or Harald Hard counsel)weren't Danes!
@@peterforden5917 oops, of course. I should have used Vikings