34. The Bar Kochba Revolt (Jewish History Lab)
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- Опубликовано: 2 янв 2021
- Very brief discussion of the Bar Kochba revolt of 132-135. This lecture is also part of the course entitled Biblical Jewish History: From Abraham to Bar Kochba. Course information and registration here: henryabramson.com/course/bibl...
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Wow! Incredible. I don't know what excited me more, the history lesson or the archeological discoveries of 1960. It makes me what to know more of both. Great lecture professor.
Thanks! I also found the archaeology amazing. More of that discussion here: ruclips.net/video/imSF36pXDi8/видео.html
Dr. Abramson has a gift for explaining complicated material.
Thanks!
Superb presentation as ALWAYS!
Thank you!
Another great video. Thank you so much for packing so much information into your videos. For people searching for more information, you have several videos on RUclips and there is actually a great video about a return visit to the Cave of Letters with even more finds.
Glad it was helpful!
thank you, I enjoy the series. it the wool argaman and not techelet? I know there were samples of murex techelet found nearby as well.
Excellent as usual.
Did not know about this revolt against the romans.Great conference.
Thank you for this fascinating lecture.
Glad it was helpful
I always get this grin on my face when I picture them re-casting Roman coins.
Anecdotal and yet, such clever symbolism.
I know, right?
So amazing. Concerning the yarn, aren't there tests that can determine if the dye used was a mollusk or a fruit?
Not in the ancient period, unfortunately.
@@HenryAbramsonPhD Is it possible that the yarn is argaman which they were preparing for the Temple that they were planning on rebuilding. That would explain the purple color and that wouldn't be tcheiles
there are tests nowadays (chromatography) bit not back in the day
Very nice to hear, Sir, is there any book on Jewish history available?
Yes, many. Here's a useful citation: www.amazon.com/Short-History-Jews-Michael-Brenner/dp/069115497X
when visiting the Israel Museum in Jerusalem in the 80's there is a letter from Bar - Kochba asking for Lulav and Etrog sets for the soldiers
Discussed here a bit
What is Lulav and Etrog? Are they stars? Thank you so much. Blessings everyday 2021...
@@katiekidman9933 lulav = palm branch; etrog = citroen (lemon relative native to Persia/Western China I believe); they are 2 of the 4 plant products held during Sukkot the week long harvest festival.
@@avtaras source?
@ligener….. Just goggle LULAV and etrog… you will get plethora of source.
18:05 You said a chemical analysis was done on this to show what the dye was made from, so what was it made from? It isn't the murex trunculus, was it?
Splendid chat, very informarive and seemingly very well researched. Been looking for a good explanation of Bar Kochba's revolt for some time. Thanks!
(P.S. The tree uprooting challenge to become a soldier for Bar Kochba is and must be total bullshit, though. Have you ever tried to uproot a tree with your bare hands? 🥲
Reminder set 😉
😁
Thank you, very interesting. I visited Athens in 2019 and the impact of Hadrian is very visible in the extensive outdoor remains and those in the museums. Constructive, rather than destructive as in Judaea.
To be fair, from a greco-roman perspective his impact on Judaea would have been seen as constructive as well. Hadrian established many Roman settlements and built public buildings there. He also brought his architects along to build castles and baths for the legions stationed there.
@@andrewsuryali8540 Thank you, that's a good and fair point.
Interesting contrast
Great job
keep safe henry cause where i live in barbados they have tigtened covid retrictions as the year started so you and youre family stay safe and keep well
You too
Fascinating-thank you. Just happens to coincide with my current read, "Hadrian The Restless Emperor", by Anthony Birley.
Glad you found it useful!
That sounds interesting. Does it go into much detail about events in Roman Judea and the Middle East? I’m trying to find some good books on the subject, but the second century is much less documented than the first, unfortunately.
@@tomsuiteriii9742 Birley does as well as he can, reminding the reader of the limitations of the sources. For instance, it is not known how much time in Judaea Hadrian actually spent while the campaign against Bar Kochba went on. One misconception I have always had is about Aelia Capitolina. Construction for that commenced before the rebellion, not after it. I thought the building of the city was part and parcel of Hadrian's naming the territory 'Syria Palestina' after the rebellion. That chapter(20), (and the bio)is a dense read but worth it.
I enjoy learning about Roman history and while searching for videos on youtube I stumbled upon a video about the Bar kochba revolt and the Roman response. This video while humorous is really antisemitic and unfortunately popular so if you are reading comments like "IVDEA DELENDA EST", it's people referencing that video trying to be funny. I loved watching your video and seeing the Jewish perspective of this point in history as well as several other videos on your channel. God bless.
Interesting, thank you.
You're welcome
i also thank you on your last video mentioning about opening up the chat room i believe thats what you said to make the programme more flexible andalso talking on women in jewish history hadassah or esther is a heroine for the jews as the celebrate purim i heard there was a greek genral of antiochus named nicanor and jewish writtings say he was defeated exatly on purim by judah maccabeus ,interesting stuff i also like when you showed that they seems to be a connection on purim and the nazi 10 war criminals ill check that video of yours again thanks henry
You are welcome!
Thanks😎🌴🌸
Welcome 😊
thanks henry for your lecture today i dont know if youll do a second part of it,but it was good you mentioned about hadrian building a temple there i heard of a emperor called julian who wanted to restore the jewish temple i dont know if hadrian may have done the same if the messanic fervor wasnt so hot,hadrian travelled alot of places even the nile delta thats where his lover antonius died he named a city after him,some peopla say antonius may have been the inspiration for the beardless jesusin artwork who knows others say apollo,whatever the case hadrian defeating thejewish forces ended up in the lands name changed to palastine which affects the region even to this day imagine like the hasmoneans if judea became independent back then,great lecture and thank you
I plan to move on from this point
Antinous?
Julian wanted to curtail the spread of Christianity and restore Roman paganism. He enlisted the Jews in this endeavor by offering to rebuild the Temple. To Christians in his time this would have been an act of supreme blasphemy and a dangerous challenge to their doctrines about Christ. The Jews suffered greatly for Julian's offer because the Christians started small pogroms all over the empire to punish them for daring to dream of rebuilding their Temple.
Today, I bought a coin from the Bar Kochba revolt period. I thought it was an interesting story and now I’m here learning more about it.
Some of the old biblical scholars regard the New Testament Apocalypse and Gog of Magog referring to the Bar Kochba revolt. That only makes sense if the main theme of the Apocalypse as to referring to Jerusalem and the fall of the Temple, the end of Mosaic polity and Israel as a theocratic nation.
I saw the thumbnail, and thought we were getting a lecture on brisket. I'm very disappointed. :(
Heh heh heh
Dr. Abrahamson, I am a big, thank you for your amazing videos. From what I understand, crucially, he was not called Bar Kovhva until the 20th century. The Kochva may come from Rabbi Akivas homily, but it really comes from the Roman sources referring to him as Bar Kochbeus. None of his letters, or any rabbinic literature refer to him as such. One more small point, from my understanding he never retook Jerusalem seriously. Very few BK coins were found in Jerusalem, and no building structures. The 'for freedom of Jerusalem' is likely more aspirational. I am no historian, that is what I was familiar with, perhaps you can investigate this further.
There are rabbinic sources that discuss the sacrifices during this time.
You can see Daniel's text come to life when viewed through Bar Kochba.
"And he [Hadrian] shall make a strong covenant [to rebuild the Temple] with many [the Jews] for one week[7 years which started in 131 CE] , and for half of the week [at the 3.5 year mark, 135 CE, Hadrian will recapture Jerusalem and stop the sacrifices] he shall put an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of abominations shall come one [Hadrian] who makes desolate [building the Temple to Jupiter on the Temple Mount along with a stature of Hadrian], until the decreed end is poured out on the desolator [Hadrian dies in July, 138 CE].”
The text also confirms the exact timing of the events:
“For how long is the vision concerning the regular burnt offering, the transgression that makes desolate, and the giving over of the sanctuary and host to be trampled underfoot?” Exactly 2300 days from Tishrei 1/Aug 27th 132 CE to Hanukkah/Dec 12th, 138 CE.
“From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days." Exactly 1290 days from Shavuot/June 3rd, 135 CE to Hanukkah/Dec 12th, 138 CE.
Isn't that statue of moses forbidden?
I once saw an Aish letter which posited that Lag B`Omer commemorates the retaking of Jerusalem by Bar Kochba., and that this defeat crushed the Jewish fighting spirit or 2,000 years.
Seems like a very strong statement. Citation?
@@HenryAbramsonPhD I have none, more like a series of coinciding events. Start with the whole period of what we call the Sefirah. It's attributed to the students of Rabi Akiva not affording each other respect, and this is is a very nebulous response. It could mean anything. It may well be that they fell in battle against the Romans, but the compliers of the Talmud didn't want to mention an armed uprising because the censors were always watching.
And Jerusalem was in fact retaken, albeit for a very brief period. This makes more sense, as a reason to celebrate, than the given reason, that the talmidim stopped dying.
As for the Jewish fighting spirit being crushed, it's self-evident. The idea of any armed uprising was off the table. In fact my own conspiracy theory was that the whole idea of the three oaths, supposedly rooted in Shir HaShirim, was a response to the Bar Kochba rebellion. The rabanim were desperate to avoid another catastrophic defeat, and plunked down the whole thing to clinch that door shut.
I also have a theory as to why we mark the Yahrzeit of Bar Yochai, but that's another story.
In shul this morning it was discussing this with a friend, and he said that at the end of the Yalkut Simoni there is a page where he claims that Rabi Akiva sent his students to do battle with the Romans, and that was how they died. Not as a result of a mysterious plague.
While Yadin's scholarship is largely seen as outdated and problematic now, I love his quote about stolen artifacts - (paraphrased) "I know who did it, I won't say who it was, but if he does it again, I'll poke out his other eye"
It's really exciting work to read. Here's my extended review of this book: ruclips.net/video/imSF36pXDi8/видео.html
😂😢
The Hadrian that changed attitude didn’t only ban circumcision but had them go through a procedure to undo it .
His colleagues said to him: But weren’t there many who had drawn their residual foreskins forward and subsequently were circumcised a second time in the days of ben Koziva, otherwise known as bar Kokheva, and they fathered sons and daughters. Such re-circumcision is necessary, as it is stated: “He must surely be circumcised [himmol yimmol]” (Genesis 17:13), the double verb form indicating: Even one hundred times. (Yevomot 71)
I'm from a small town in NFLD, Bay Vert, Tillcove 1965, father wanted his sons cut but the Catholic Drs refused so father found a Jewish Dr in St Johns to do it. Father had it done when he was 14yro do to complications of a highly sensitive nature, he wasn't putting his sons threw that.
Tommy O Donovan I’m sorry but I didn’t understand your comment
@@zafirjoe18 The doctors in Newfoundland were Catholics, so they refused to perform medical circumcision on an infant. So his dad had to go out of his way to get him circumcised as a child.
It's a debate
Andrew Suryali , but is there no certified Mohel in NFLD ?
When Hadrian reported that “mihi et legionibus bene”, he seems to imply that he was actually involved in the fighting or at the very least in command of troops on the ground. Why else would he “not be fine”? Was this just a figure of speech or is there reason to believe that Roman Emperors actually visited regions in the throes of rebellion, despite the personal dangers involved?
Hadrian was definitely in the region in the 130s.
@@HenryAbramsonPhD On his way to Egypt?
Near the end of the war R’Yehosha wasn’t alive anymore and R’Akiva took over the mantle of Rosh Mesivta but couldn’t convene , and R’Akiva traveled to Bavel fit the purpose of calendar arrangement (Berochot63A). Because he was now the head of the nation he was empowered to perform this function even in foreign lands, and for this he went to Nehardah called Golah, which served as Torah Center of the nation at that unsettled time.
Hmm
Henry Abramson
Also mishna yevomot 16:7
You think it’s referring to the days of Trajan when the Mesivta couldn’t convene?
Rabbi akiva calculated the following 3 leap years from prison in Caesaria , later until the time of R’ Yehudah the Prince it was done by chanania who fled with most of the sages at the time of the shmad until גדיים נעשים תיישים.
You know the romans were not fond of bacchus and bacchanalia. And when i see the first picture of those coins I see bacchus symbology.
History, "Its all in there somewhere" thats the motto.
Interesting
@@HenryAbramsonPhD Let me ask you but was it customary in Judea even amongst jews to name ones son Zander, Xander or Alexander following the conquest?
@@georgechristopoulos2548 As an appreciation to Alexander (the Great) for not destroying the Sanctuary (Temple), every priestly child born that year was named Alexander. It remains a traditional Jewish name to this day. It is sometimes shortened to the nickname Sender, which I think is uniquely Yiddish.
.... Seems like a serious warrior....
my own personal view is that the death of the soldiers during the Bar Kochba revolt are the students of Rabbi Akiva ..... the Omer period,
Possible.
Definitely.
Nachman Krochmal was the first to introduce this theory.
The Dr. Has a video on Shrira Gaon and his epistle, according to the Dr. , the Gaon might be hinting to that .
ruclips.net/video/bw_vJ5WpJv8/видео.html
Although the shmad was put in place after the suppression of the revolt, so its still not clear what he’s referring to.
Rabbi It would be fabulous if you could make a video about the Western Sephardic Tradition 🕎🕎🕎🕎🕎🕎🕎🔯🔯
On the Ninth of Av it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would all die in the wilderness and not enter Eretz Yisrael; and the Temple was destroyed the first time, in the days of Nebuchadnezzar, and the second time, by the Romans; and Beitar was captured; and the city of Jerusalem was plowed, as a sign that it would never be rebuilt.
Mishna Taanit 4:6 assuming the mishna is listing the calamities in chronological order , then we can assume that Alia capital was a response to the revolt .
In Chazal it was Tineus Rufus [טורנוסרופוס]or Tyrant Rufus who plowed Jerusalem.
ונחרשה העיר. חרש רופוס שחיק עצמות את ההיכל
(ירושלמי תענית כ״ה)
TY
The historian Mommsen(V,545)declares : In the history of all the Romans rulers there is no comparison to this uprising, either in its violence or in the duration of the war . From the time that the Jews began to hide in their underground tunnels, and counting the time of the open battles afterward , and the 2 1/2 years that Bar Kochba ruled over Jerusalem, and the 3 1/2 years of war thereafter ( which included the siege of Beitar ) : all together comprised a period of 8 or 9 years.
Interesting citation.
Historians are still arguing if Bar Cochva managed to take over Jerusalem.
Sim Ko the taking of Jerusalem was studiously omitted by all ancient gentile writers, including Dio Cassius and the church chronicler Eusebius;although they do not fail to relate that Jerusalem was reconquered by Hadrian. The Romans do not even so much as mention the name Betar.
@@zafirjoe18 What was their intention by omitting that fact?
Sim Ko like the saying goes history is written by the winners .
Another possibility for the name koziba is that he was from the city of Keziv .
There are two cities with this name in the land of Israel. One is mentioned by Tamar ויהי הכזיב בלדתה אותו ( genesis 49:1) that would be inJudea.
The other is north of Akko mentioned by the borders of Eretz Yisrael (Gittin 7b)
Interesting
Eusebio is a Spanish first name
Unfortunately between the Qitos and Bar Kochba rebellions, Jewish hopes for independence was quelled for nearly 2000 years. Had Jews held out for a few hundred years, perhaps they could've formed another strong nation from the fracturing Roman Empire like so many other nations.
Or they may have disappeared like so many others. That's the risk, I think.
@@HenryAbramsonPhD I suppose if you're going to disappear, you might as well disappear at a later date. There was a modicum of hope for Jews to have revived the Jewish state in later centuries had they laid low at the height of Roman power-hindsight is 20/20 of course.
But there was at least one major attempted revolt against the Eastern Roman Empire under Constantius II that saw Jewish rebels temporarily regain areas of the Galilee in the mid 4th century. Still too premature, of course, but the idea was right as Rome and Persia were in the midst of draining their coffers dry with all the Roman-Sasasanian wars.
westenicho you mean the rebellion of Gallus , there was another and final attempt in the time of Heracules beginning 7th century by Benjamin of Tiberius that joined the Sassanianides to capture Yrushalayim.
12 legions
!
Very sad event in Jewish History 😣😣😣😣
True
Did the Bishop of Jerusalem and the Christians lend their support to Bar Kochba against Rome?
Unclear.
@@HenryAbramsonPhD : are any sources extant concerning the Jerusalemite Church's response to the revolt?
Eusebius (IV, 6)writes that by the end of the Bar kochbah revolts ,and the terrible Hadrian decrees which ultimately made judea judenrein in circa 135 CE all the bishops and church fathers seized to be from the seed of Jacob.[from the uncercumcised]
They simply buckled to the pressure and forever broke from Judaism and became a gentile religion , which ultimately was our biggest misery for the next 2 millennium.
The Samaritans and the Christians ( both were generally considered as Jews and were not readily distinguishable among the people) betrayed the city and showed the Romans the secret passages by which supplies were brought into Beitar.
Like the Cutheans ( Samaritans) who invariably disclaimed relationships to the Jewish nations when the Jews suffered reverses , the Christians now identified themselves with the conquerors and no longer considered themselves Jews.
@@zafirjoe18 : that wasn't my question. Thank you, I've read the cited literature. As per Christianity as a "gentile religion", do you speak as a Jew or 'otherwise' ?
Bar Kafka was a Lion of ZION and the ayatollah of rocken rollah.
*Can I get an AAAAA-Men!*
Amen
The Lion of Zion!
@@HenryAbramsonPhD The Son of Perdition
The village of Kawazbe, in Eastern Gush Etzion, is considered by both Jews and local Palestinians to be a corruption of Kuzeiba, the original name of Bar Kochba .
It’s a Palestinian village that descend from him , they were the real aam haaretz, that wouldn’t give up the land .
What is/was the name of that village?
Interesting!
IVDEA DELENDA EST
Hmm
I have read that the Castro family went to Spain during the Barchokva revolt....my maternal grandmother's Mother Maiden name was Castro
According to the Bible Israel will live within its borders, but there is a Palestinian problem.
What exactly are its borders?
@@HenryAbramsonPhD the borders are the territorial limits of Israel
Rabbi Akiva ...
Moschiah error..oy vey
All part of the history.
Whilst Bar Kochba and his followers are undoubtedly Jewish, the same cannot be said of Moses and the majority of his people! Moses was a Levite, and his people ('erev rav' perhaps exluded) belonged to the various 12 tribes of Israel, only one of which is Judah (from which the term Jew is derived). I am disappointed that you use the terms Jew and Jewish to describe all of K'lal Yisrael, particularly as a teacher of Jewish history.
Why, them, do we refer to ourselves as Jews rather than Israelites? Yes, historically the Kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms around the 10th Century BCE - Judah (or Judea in Latin) in the south, and Israel in the north, but we have never written off our brothers, and many from Benjamin, Levi (and perhaps other tribes too) lived in the southern kingdom.
Does this matter? Yes, I believe it does. Names are important, and can imply a great deal. For most of its history, the Christian movement has described itself theologically as 'Verus Israel' (the 'True Israel') in order to delegitimise the religion and people who they could conveniently label as mere 'Jews' and, in consequence, denigrate and demonise.
As an intriguing link to your interesting Bar Kochba talk, you might have noticed (although didn't mention) the type of Hebrew script used on the coins minted for Bar Kochba. This is the old Hebrew script ('K'tiv Ivri' as distinct from the 'K'tiv Ashuri'), which hadn't been used for centuries (comparatively rare in the Dead Sea Scrolls), but is resurrected here to emphasise the sacred nationalistic Israelite credentials of the movement.
Please consider correcting your terminology (at least for the pre-Second Temple period) to become more historically accurate professor! Acheinu Kol Beit Yisrael!
This notion that the paleo-Hebrwew script was resurrected by Ben-Kosivah is factually incorrect. Various archaeological findings from the Second Temple era and beyond, including the Dead Sea Scrolls, prove the paleo had kept being used in a low key manner by Jews until AD132. Simultaneously, also the Samaritans were bi-script -- they used the newer, neo-Aramaic script extensively in the Second Temp[le era, until deciding at one point to discard the newer script.
Meir Rekhavi wrote, "The Kingdom of Yuhudha consisted of members of the Tribes of Yuhudha (Judah), Binyamin (Benjamin), Lewi (Levi), Shim'on (Simeon) and those members of the northern tribes that migrated to the south. The name Yuhudhi during this period referred to a citizen of that kingdom without prejudice as to their tribal affiliation. During the Roman occupation, the term was used for any Yisreeli, without consideration as to their tribal affiliation, who regarded Yerushalam as the Holy City regardless as to whether they lived in the Roman Province of Judea or in the Diaspora. During this period, any Yisreeli who regard Mt. Gerizzim as the Holy Mount was called a Samaritan. These terms stuck during the period of the Roman Empire and became common usage in those Christian countries that emerged in place of the Roman Empire, and are still in general use today.
"In Ethiopia, Arabia, and throughout the Parthian Empire of Persia and later the Sassanian Empire of Persia all Yisreelim without prejudice as to which tribe they were affiliated to were known as Bene Yisrael, Children of Yisrael.
"There were 4 tribes in the Southern Kingdom those being Yuhudha (Judah), Binyamin (Benjamin), Shim'on (Simeon) and those members of the tribe of Lewi who were residents of the Southern Kingdom, plus the Lewites from the Northern Kingdom who were expelled to the South, and there were many members of the Northern tribes who fled to the South."
This is why we call ourselves "Jews" rather than "Israelites". We do not have the gumption to overcome what began as foreign influence over what term we use to refer to ourselves.
@@ZviJ1 I do so agree, particularly with your final sentence. When I articulate the same sentiment at my fellow Ashkenazi-Israelites, they simply roll their eyes and don't want to know. It would appear to be a step (or several steps) too far to reclaim our own rightful name - partly lack of gumption (as you uncharitably but rightly put it) and partly unthinking adherence to the custom and usage of our forebears.
As for the K'Tav Ivri, perhaps "resurrect" was the wrong term to employ, as it was, as you say, employed in a 'low key' manner throughout - some, of course, is present in the widely used Cursive script to this day (although many if not most users have no notion of its paleo-Hebraic origins). I was borrowing from Joseph Navveh in relation to the Bar Kochba coinage (an example of which I owned).
Thank you also for the further insights into the Southern Kingdom populations, plus the Samaritan script usages, which I am grateful to learn about.