Aluminum bolts might be used in electrical applications, such as connecting a lug to an aluminum bus. Bronze is a poor conductor compared to copper or aluminum. I worked for a guy who had previously been head of a Lockheed titanium shop. Planes would come in with cracks in the titanium skin. They circled the spots to be welded with pencil marks. Then planes came back with cracks around the welds. The carbon in the pencil lead had reacted with the titanium at high temperature, and caused brittleness. They switched markers and the problem disappeared.
I did some work for the sprint car crowd back in the 80s , helping to get the cars as light as we could. As such we were researching bolt materials , some materials and processes got into the category of sketchy while others were REALLY sketchy. All of the plastic and composit materials but one broke just trying to tighten them ( the one we actually did tighten was made from carbon fiber TUBING ) but the vibration of a 550hp engine sawed thru them. We had our best luck with titanium as far as having a car that didn't leave a trail of parts from bolts that had the fail rating of a potato chip. Then a sprint car owner came to my shop with all the titanium bolts needed to build a chassis. "We want to build one super light car for Knocksville , what can you do with these?" I gun drilled 60% of the weight out of them. I got about 30% from the nuts by drilling thru the centers of the flats.I only took out material where it would have a minemal affect on strength. Unfortunatly when word got around any monkey with a lathe started doing this themselves and took out way too much metal. Cars started coming apart so the process got banned. This vid reminded me of that project.
This is literally what I was thinking of. The amount of titanium bolts going into Sprint Cars is ridiculous. I get its light and all, but its pricing people out of racing.
Just came across a company selling gun drilled bolts to the racing crowd. "Forged steel! No welded on heads! 150ksi!!" Couldn't (or wouldn't) provide a torque chart or stress area chart for the various sized bolts they have. _That's a big fat red flag screaming _*_no thanks!!_*_ for me._
Michael Aumick garh damn it. Make something innovative in motor sport and it gets banned. Where's the motive to push the limits? A lot of motor sport had become real boring because the rules are too tight.
It's probably been posted but Aluminium bolts allow a controlled failure point. An example is superchargers on drag cars. They are held on by Al bolts which will give way if there's a big enough backfire, and wire cable attachments stop the blower from going into orbit. The alternative is that something else becomes the failure point, like probably a $1,000 outer housing rather than a 50 cent bolt.
I've seen aluminum bolts used a lot for mounting outboard engines to the transom on boats. Theory is that if the foot of the motor hits something at speed, the bolts will fail rather than the transom. A designed weak link.
Couple of oddball cases I've used non-steel bolts for in scientific applications: I've had to use titanium bolts in a sensitive magnetic field measuring device where we needed the strength and completely nonmagnetic materials. We've also had to use various plastic bolts for electrical isolation (might be interesting to look at how plastic bolts fail), and we use aluminum bolts in neutron scattering experiments because aluminum is virtually transparent to neutrons compared to most other elements (plus it becomes much less radioactive and is non-magnetic).
…and when putting titanium bolts into steel nuts, *never* do so using machines. All nice and slowly by hand. I was working in helicopter maintenance way back when I was young and beautiful. There was a big job due on an MD900, which has its fuel tank under a floor panel. To get to the tank, take out what felt to be shitloads of little philips (Or were they some windmill torx?) screws that are titanium for weight saving. The wise old grey bearded mechnic who was chief of that job had advised all involved not to touch them with hand drills.A warning a colleague ignored. We had the floor out, that chap put it back in, chief found it had to come out again, and me, I was the poor arsehole who had to do it. All of the darn things had seized. I got them out without doing further damage to the rivet nuts, but at the end of that day I was genuinely deshmooed. Titanium into steel has to be put in nicely slowly. The hard and rough titanium will grind small chips off of the steel which will heat up to melting point when there is great enough friction due to high speed. Once everything has cooled down, bolt and nut will be soldered together.
I learned this when I was 16, when I replaced my drain plug with a titanium drain plug, as my previous one lost it's threads to over tightening. It was over tightened too, and that time the shit was seized permanently.
Titanium has lower Mohs durity than steel. Titanium catches scratches almost as bad as copper does. Certainly the eventual shavings must be from titanium bolt and not the steel nut. By removing a fine layer of titanium the threads will mesh together even better making nice full contact on the main surface with a fresh part of Titanium.. it might be about galling what you were experiencing.
Lube my friend, LUBE! Besides titanium is not a good match with steel in the first place, for many reasons... Basicly any other stuff than high nickel alloys, titanium itself, and aluminium, will cause intergranular/pin-hole corrosion in titanium, so epic fail on the engineer's part on specifying titanium screws in steel nuts, tho floor boards seldom are structural, but still... Screws most likely had Torq-Set heads, shallow suckers, takes a good deal of force, but the bit has to be close to perfectly perpendicular or they will jump out, especially in the CCW direction.
@Ave life hack: you can change the measurement values font size in Measure->Menu down arrow -> Font size. You can also activate statistics(cur, avg, max, min) for all measurements. You can also change the channel's probe scale in CH1->Probe. The channel unit (CH1->Unit) and label (CH1->Menu down arrow -> Label -> Label edit) can also be changed.
Thats a wise tactic employed by the military to ensure their sockets and wrenches dont dissapear. Compared to modern cars where 90% of all fasteners are 10mm or 13mm you can count on your most useful tools to disapparate on a regular basis. If no two fasteners are the same no single tool accumulates enough static to slip the bonds of our native dimension.
DrewLSsix oh there are much more draconian ways of keeping track of tools. You count and check your tools constantly. If tools missing everything stops until it's found. Nobody gets to go home until it's found. It's just too dangerous to accidentally leave a tool on a fighter aircraft. Accidentally lost tools on aircraft I've crashed many aircraft over the years. So nobody steals tools out of the boxes.
Damn all these years and that is the first time I've heard of the trick for checking for stretched bolts, and I've had some that the nuts would bind on, but never knew why, awesome video man
6 лет назад+41
Most fasteners have a purpose, brass screws and terminal blocks are used in electrical equipment not because of its torquing capability but because it resists undoing with heat changes keeping a good electrical connection, where other materials would loosen causing bad connections. Horses for courses.
This is true. I once built a power supply with 1/4" steel output terminal posts, and after a few hours of 20-amp intermittent load the terminal got hot enough to burn the wood underneath it. The lug had gone from ~20 ft*lbs tightened to wiggly-loose just due to thermal cycling.
Dielectric Videos That probably has to do more with the high specific resistance of steel versus Cu or Al, causing it to heat up. Steel has almost 10x s.r. compared to Cu. As for electrical terminals, I've always thought they used brass because it's the closest there is to copper (thermal expansion, electrolytic potential, etc.) so the joints won't loosen over time and less corrosion will occur because of electrolysis. Brass being MUCH easier to machine than copper. I have seen pure copper binding posts though.
I would like to correct you on the 304 bolts. They are mainly used in the process industry, nitric acid production and fertilizer production in particular. Especially the 304L with low molybdenium is used very frequently in those type of industries. 304L has a very specific use in those industries because of it's high resistance to nitric acid (fertilizers are largely produced from nitric acid). 316 is mainly used in the food processing industry as those bolts are cheaper (in my country at least) and still very resistant to corrosion.
Stainless steels are susceptible to caustic stress corrosion cracking due to nickel precipitating on the grain boundaries of the material as well. So the grain edges eat away as wetting occurs in a basic solution. And stainless needs available oxygen to keep its stable oxide layer otherwise it just acts like any other plain old steel.
I am pretty sure 304 is for farm and like yeah, nitric acid stuff. And 316 is supposed to be for like giant soup cauldrons and stuff. Pretty sure 316 does not automatically shed material & 304 can lose parts of itself at any time. Aluminum bolts are almost exclusively used for engineered structures such as a statue or likewise outdoor fixture.
Twas not the shrieks of a newborn that had me concerned. That's just the early warning system. It's when Harpy Dearest has to flap her wings and inform you of the magnitude of your errors that should've sent you scattering like the shop roach before she arrived.
was ones talking to a dude how wos running tractorpulling and he used aluminium bolts to the blower, cos if he would have a backfire they would get buggerd and "pop the blower off" to reliase the pressure and thus save the motor! Preety neat i thougth
For anyone wondering about the difference, stainless steel mainly consist of Iron with additions of Chromium and other elements such as Nickel and Molybdenum. While Inconel and Hastalloy mainly consists of Nickel with additions of Iron, Chromium, and other elements.
I could imagine aluminum bolts being used in a process where you would want to have the bolt fail before another component fails. For example, if you're running a small crane and repeated fastening and unfastening something to something else. A chain breaking on the hoist, for example, especially if operators are required to be near it, could be very bad indeed. A busted bolt and fastener, however, can be replaced very quickly and fail in a much safer manner. I used to work in rotomolding, and we didn't use aluminum, but I have seen a chain snap once or twice because a bolt gets stuck or forgotten, or because the winch gets stuck in the up direction. Similarly, in those instances, an aluminum bolt would likely give long before the mold frame gets destroyed, for example.
Another interesting property of titanium is the resilience - the capacity to absorb energy (shocks).. so while tungsten is very poor in that regard.. a sharp blow and will shatter like glass (ever dropped a tungsten drill bit on concrete floor? )... titanium is the opposite.. you can rap bursts of hammers on it and will just absorb the energy and revert back. For more info here a few pointers in that direction: Charpy impact test with V-notch or U-notch, Izod impact test. Steel can be pretty resilient too but usually those have low tensile strength.. the higher tensile steel is quite poor at absorbing impact and are brittle. Titanium has some of both.. medium tensile strength while maintaining pretty high impact absorption capacity.. a few titanium alloy samples i measured on Charpy hammer averaged at about 90-100J while steel typically has 20-30J.
I realize others have commented the same, but what you were expressing was greatest strength to cost ratio... hands down steel will come out on top. However, occasionally an enginerd might be willing to trade off a bit of cost in order to save weight. Aircraft largely will focus on strength to weight, where you'll find titanium and some of your exotic alloys or even composites come out on top. Then, there are yet other instances where it's not even strength to weight you're after, but looking for stiffness to weight ratio (where your aluminum will perform better than steel), or other very specialized applications (avoiding galvanic cell corrosion for instance) where your fastener decision will be quite a bit more than just nuts and bolts. Of course, 96% of the time, the typical grade 8 steel bolt and nut is all that is needed.
You should have a look at ARP's range of bolts. Most every race engine going will have some of their fasteners in one form or another. Most common I see are con rod bolts, flywheel bolts and cylinder head to block studs. Might interest you to know that the recommended way to torque a con rod bolt is with a stretch gauge - 0.0055"-0.0065" of stretch for something like a 3/8 UNF X 1.5" UHL ARP2000 bolt - if you record the before/after length, you're able to reuse if the bolt hasn't hit plastic deformation. Stretch method ensures the correct preload, as opposed to torque wrench which can be WAY out, even with a fap off. Incorrect preload usually results in a rod through the block at high RPMs.
When i worked for Boeing we threw away sooooo many titanium bolts, we had four big ones that held the torque tube to the main flap that cost $249 a piece i believe they were. 725 thick. I wish i had your address I'm sure i could get some for you to mess around with but these had twelve point heads on em
Dude i'm a 69yr old lifetime machinist that studied physics 2 yrs at the community college, and i gotta say Dude i like your style. I learned a bunch tanks a lot!
Here is what I love... Bridge collapses in FL. AVE gets triggered and breaks bolts for the next two weeks straight. This is what I love about this channel. Keep up the great content. Good Job.
Don't laugh. The fasteners on brake or fuel lines (and bleed nipples) are made from 'leaded' steel. It has the consistency of soft cheese (it is so easy to form/machine and deforms to create a seal - so it is therefore cheap and reliable for this application) but with a bit of corrosion in the threads (corrosion? what is that? never heard of it!) trying to undo them will always snap or strip the flats. I worked at a place drawing leaded round stock into hex shapes to go to the fastener machine shops and was advised to NOT take any scrap bits home as the material was as strong as - well - soft cheese!
More pedantry, its not a brittle failure if there is plastic deformation have a look at the surface under a SEM it will look like the surface of the moon showing nucleation points and cavitation a classic sign of plastic failure, brittle failure will be super shiny under SEM
Love it when you talk metallurgy, with explosive demonstrations on uncommon materials. Thanks for making my profession less mysterious, one vid at a time!
I have seen Aluminum bronze bolts used in conjunction with steel bushings. They are used as pivots where movement is relatively slow and not constant, range is limited, and weight supported is
oh man...I was wondering if you were going to shoot that bolt head through the shop wall or not with the hyd. cyl. Seen them pull apart M36x4 bolts here at work and when the bolt lets loose it sounds like a damn cannon went off.
Titanium is suseptible to stress corrosion cracking. When I was an SR mechanic in the mid 60s at Beale AFB all of our hand tools had to be tested and marked as cadmium free. Interesting job that was. Also worked on SR ground equipment, especially the engine start carts - 2 Buick Wildcat 425 c.i. modified by Mickey Thompson. Later, in the 70s they switched to Chevy 454s. You,'re absolutely correct: those "special" alloys were used for heat resistance rather than strength. Titanium, Hastaloy, and Inconel X.
A firearm company names Knight's Armament made a muzzle device for a while that was made of inconel. As I recall, it was touted to be "better" due to its resistance to corrosion in the heat of being on the end of a rifle barrel. The price was astronomical....whereas your "standard" muzzle devices would cost about 80 to 100 dollhairs....the Knight's was like 450 or 500 dollars.
I work on an aluminium hulled vessel, we do have aluminium bolts on board in a few, non-critical, spots. One that comes to mind is holding a stair case to a structural beam. Super easy to strip... Not many of them around either
i mean, if you are constructing a building or a piece of heavy machinery(thats heavy either way) i don't think the weight of the bolts matters as much as the strength by volume. Depends on the use case i would say.
We use aluminum bolts in substation construction for wire spacers, silicone bronze for mechanical grounding connections and 316 stainless with belleville washers for the main aluminum to aluminum and aluminum to copper/tinned copper connections. The 316 stainless nuts that we use are lightly coated with a bit of wax from the factory.
Isn't Inconel an alloy that has yield strength anomaly? So shouldn't it be stronger at higher temperatures? I demand a draw test with the bolt at 50% of the melting temperature! :)
If I was still working at the factory I worked at in the early 70s I'd send you some shear head bolts they used to make for pole line hardware. There were two heads on the bolt with a weak ish piece in between. They were used on a clamp that was on overhead wires and the idea was for the installer to be able to tighten them from the ground with a long handled speed wrench and when the proper torque was reached the first head would break off, leaving the second head for removing the bolt. They were galvanized in house then waxed so they went in smoothly.
I remembered in my self learnin' in car repair discovering that the lower strut bolts were lightweight aluminum. Quite easy to remove compared to many things on a car. After some thinkin' I realized they are probably meant to shear in the event of an accident.
So I'm a little confused. These area all half inch? They look to be about the same diameter as the lugs on a car. From experience, I know you can go up to at least 140 ft*lbs without them failing but these are all failing at around 100 or less. What gives? Just different thread pitch?
htomerif different thread pitch holds different amount of pounded the bolt is still the same diameter inside the steel or whatever material but you would strip the threads off if they were finer or course I'm just guessing coarse threads tougher I guess application is your most important question
So here's another, better example: I know the lugs are probably a little bigger, but when I worked at a tire shop a long time ago, we had an old ford with left threaded lugs come in. Nobody knew they were left threaded. We were cranking the air line up to 120psi and hammering on them with a half inch impact and it didn't break them. I mean we had to have been putting 300-400 ft*lbs on those things and nothing happened. The difference between cross-sectional area of a fine threaded bolt and a coarse threaded bolt might be 30 percent, but its not 300 percent. I've done what I can to try to research this, and it seems like there might be a specific trade off between strength and brittleness on wheel studs. Since the clamping load of the wheel against the rotor or hub is doing 100 percent of the work of keeping the tire on (as opposed to something like the shear on a roll pin) maybe studs are made to have very little give? They seem to have a failure strength of 200kpsi which is very high, but probably implies more brittleness. I mean you don't want fatigue on a wheel stud. You don't want work-hardening or stress cracks since they will be removed a *lot* more than most bolts. I'm guessing you just want it to fail instead of stretching.
Most of these bolts were some sort of special use bolt (incanel, Ti, stainless etc) He didn’t touch on carbonized steel bolt which are more common on cars or high tension applications. In your example, lug studs are high grade (10.9 or better) and are torqued in the plastic region of deformation. A 140ft lb (Chevy truck?) lug bolt spec is well under the yield of the stud.
I enjoyed that. Inconel is mostly nickel with chromium, iron, and some other elements. Used inside turbine hot sections because it retain strength at hi-temps & is corrosion resistant. Ti is also used a lot in aerospace more for corrosion resistance and light weight
We use aluminum bolts at the anodizing shop to rack aluminum parts by their holes if they have a LOT of surface area. Usually use titanium because it doesn't get eaten up in the acid after multiple runs but it gets hot enough to burn through the work if it draws a lot of current.
When I was having a clutch job on my Porsche years ago I had the flywheel replaced with an aftermarket light piece and I used Titanium attachment bolts for the pressure plate. I left the crankshaft attachment bolts for the flywheel as the stock steel spec'd ones. The aftermarket flywheel was a stock one that had metal grooved out from around the periphery to lower the moment of inertia as much as possible. The pressure plate attachment bolts were far away from the crankshaft axis of rotation, and so I wanted to reduce that weight as much as possible. The engine was noticeably more responsive after that and I had to revise my shifting technique after that to accomodate how much more quickly the engine speed would drop when I took my foot off the gas.
Most interesting... never before heard/seen using an osciloscope testing mechanical characteristics... binging watching your channel the last week - excellent content presented most entertainingly and never a dull moment... keep it up!... pun intended
Sam C me being ignorant on the subject id day it would, but not much as u'd think. yielding a bolt as i understand it stretches the threads and not really the shank. Also the break pattern would still be the same.
Actually for a beta-stabilized titanium like Ti6V4Al (as used here), it won't make much of a big difference if he didn't go way past yield. For the Ni, alloy however it's huge. One of the things with Ni alloys that kinda sucks is that pulling on the gamma lattice /gamma-prime interstitials tends to distort things dramatically. Even though they are good in one directional loads, the yielding process aligns the interstitial space (banding) such that strength off-primary axis drops immensely. This presents some serious issues with machining Ni super alloys, and is one of the big reasons (other than it's high temp strength makes it a huge gummy bitch to machine) why almost all commercial Ni superalloy parts are cast in shape. You simply can't hot or cold work the alloys much without causing irreversible damage). This effect technically happens in almost all alloys, but it is particularly pronounced in Ni lattices.
Dwayne Penner that isn't categorically true. Over-working is a thing. And besides cold-working hardens alloys. It rarely if ever strengthens them. (Strength being the integral space under the stress strain curve). Nuance, but important. Also we are not talking about continuing loading on-axis, but off axis. Which has different consequences. Also
We used brass bolts to fasten suction cup heads (Made out of aluminumumumum) at my last job mainly because a router head with diamond inserts hitted them quite occasionally. So it saved us from buying new inserts every week. Had 4 of them in each tool (thumbnail size) and they cost 400$ each!
Another thing that'll corrode stainless steel is a anaerobic environment (no oxygen). The chromium needs the oxygen to oxidise into chromium oxide which is the outer protective layer. Or so I'm told.
You are correct. Stainless is used in sailboat rigging to hold up the mast and sails...so it's standing up to thousands of pounds of force in a corrosive as hell marine environment...and the chainplates that attach to the structure of the boat are routinely oxygen starved...they fail catastophically from time to time, causing the mast and sails to go over the side. Ask me how I know.
I have used titanium M3 screws to hold on the carbon fiber arms on a racing quadcopter frame and with an aluminum nut I broke the bolt in half when over tightening. It's really cool physics that anything you can put a nut on you can break.
Who the fark thumbs down on a vid like this?? Informative, evidence based and instructive. The bloke has put in serious effort to do this. Thanks mate!
Subsea aluminium parts. I use Al bolts in Al camera housings. I used to use 316 and anti seize but it was never a permanent solution. Al in Al works a treat in light grade parts.
They are used for screwed connections, which doesn't need to hold much stress, but have to be light weight. For example the steering wheel quick connections on race cars are bolted with aluminium screws, or the dashboard in a racecar. Titanium screws are mostly used for the same reasons, with the exception that they are a bit stronger, but heavier than aluminium. Titanium screws can however be much smaller compared to aluminium and still hold the same forces.
I used 6mm Al bolts and nuts to mount the individual blades of a multi-blade propeller design I came up with for use in electric model planes. The whole hub was aluminum, in fact...spinner, spinner mount bolt, spinner backplate/female collet taper, collet, collet nut and washer, front blade mount plate, plate spacer, blade mount bolts and nuts. Pix at www.bluswede.com/Funky_Props.html
I've worked with a lot of aluminum bolts, still have a coffeecan full of 3/8". They were specified for zero rust and direct contact with aluminum brackets with no risk of galvanic corrosion in a situation wherein the tensile strength requirement was minimal. This was in a penitentiary, in a perimeter security system. They do have their use.
Titanium is used a lot in racing. Teams use titanium bolts for engine and transmission mounts, housing bolts on quick-change rear ends and suspension mounting. I've seen sprint car teams drill the shank of the bolts to save weight. With that they are also replaced every race or every other race.
Good video! One thing: Titanium is NOT a heat resistant material! Here some real data: A grade 5 titanium alloy, more precice Ti6Al4V, a widely used and strong titanium alloy, has a yield strength of around 1000 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of around 1100 MPa, at 20°C. Titanium is used for applications up to 400°C but not more. A high carbon steel like SAE 4140 or 42CrMo4 has a yield strength starting at around 800 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of around 1000-1100 MPa at 20°C. And even though this is not a super alloy like inconel, it's used at temperatures up to 500°C. Inconel, precicely Inconel 718 has a yield strength of 1050 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 1300 MPa at 20°C. The thing is, the tensile properties of Inconel at even 400°C are as high as titanium at room temperature and at around 650°C it's as soft as 4140. Inconel is used up to 800°C. Titanium is good, but not the holy grail of materials. It's mostly overrated by the media.
overrated you say? find me another metal with the ridiculously broad applications and high strengths like titanium at a density of 4.5 kg/dm³. it's a sclose as it gets to a holy grail if there ever was one in material research... ^^
ferze001 What I mean with overrated is that a lot of times titanium is thought to be the like strongest metal, almost like there's something mythical about it. Just trying to clarify some things
The skin of the SR-71 was made of titanium for heat resistance up to Mach 4, just so the CIA could spy on Uncle Stalin. The designers insisted on titanium at great inconvenience to the procurement team, since they had to buy it from the Soviet Union, then the world’s largest producer.
John Petrov You certainly would not use titanium as a heat resistive material, more for it's low density and high strength. They had to deal with around 600°C at that speeds, in fact, they just liquid cooled the whole skin of the airplane. Nobody would build a plane out of titanium any more, fiber reinforced plastics do the job pretty good, and CMCs (Ceramic matrix composites) are just being researched and used today. Lighter than high temperature alloys and extremely heat resistant
Rudolph Ring I also remember that because the temperatures were so high, they couldn’t use any existing gasket material, and they were counting on thermal expansion to seal the fuel in (the plane got 8 inches longer during flight). Jet fuel would spew out from the plane and they would take off almost empty, then immediately refuel, then immediately climb to 80,000 feet and heat the skin up. They would usually fuel up again over the Sea of Japan, then once more over Western Europe.
I worked one summer on the pipe crew at a pickle processing plant. Supersaturated brine solution everywhere. EVERYTHING we put in to handle brine was stainless (they even sourced stainless nails for making decking), and some of it still only lasted a couple of months. We used cast iron on a lot of the pipes, because everything was rusted right up solid after 2 days, so when you went to change anything, you didn't even try to unscrew it, you just whacked the fitting with a hammer to shatter it.
I loved the video. Aboot 20 years ago I rebuilt an outboard motor near that fishy market you visited. I went whole hog and replaced almost every fastener with stainless steel. Cost me nearly 200 US pesos to do that. Was well worth the price since this motor is run in salt water.
I’m my field of water treatment. We use a lot of titanium bolts for chlorine. And of other metal we use are platinum and gold. Cool test, very informative.
Pulp and Paper? nothing compares to the Importance of the Food n drink and Pharma industry. they do use 316 a lot but 304 inst only not unheard of, its still rather common. still, you gatta segregate. one time the copper air drop was mounted to my stainless panel at the cheese factory and it started to rust the shit out of the side. (Note: I'm no chemist and I'm not super educated on reactions so if not copper i don't know what they stud welded to the stainless and i was not there to witness it, I was told half the side of the panel was covered in rust from it. when we do the pressure regulator mount we stud weld stainless to stainless and bold a stainless clip)
I used to have a very large stainless Whitworth bolt used to construct tanks used in Woolwich arsenal for the storage of dithekite , a binary explosive composed of fuming nitric acid and benzene that was developed at Woolwich, where my Dad worked during the war on this and other explosives and fuses. It was rather attractive.
the the non shop no metal folk... Anti Sneeze = Anti Seize used for lubricating (mostly but not always) fasteners from potential bonding usually caused by corrosion. Also, pending on chemical make up, used as rust or corrosion prevention.
Just remembering they used the "Bubba Method" tightenting the structural bolts on the most recent stadium in Phoenix.(years ago) That method was spanner and sledge hammer.Thanks for the Schooling AvE.
In the electrical business and we get silicon bronze with copper bus bar fittings, aluminum with aluminum bus bar fittings, and we use 316 for all fitting to fitting/connection points.
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Aluminum bolts might be used in electrical applications, such as connecting a lug to an aluminum bus. Bronze is a poor conductor compared to copper or aluminum.
I worked for a guy who had previously been head of a Lockheed titanium shop. Planes would come in with cracks in the titanium skin. They circled the spots to be welded with pencil marks. Then planes came back with cracks around the welds. The carbon in the pencil lead had reacted with the titanium at high temperature, and caused brittleness. They switched markers and the problem disappeared.
SR-71 stories are always interesting.
You know, 2 years ago i would not have thought i would ever go and watch some Canadian guy test bolts on youtube
Me three. But now I can’t sleep until I’ve watched the latest AvE vidjeo.
I know eh me neither. It's freaking fascinating!
I find I can't sleep well unless I watch a kanuckistanian yanking on his bolt. Usually I have to go to the seedy side of the internet though.
...or pining for a "focus you faack" T-shirt?
Your video viewing has become increasingly shameful. 😉
I did some work for the sprint car crowd back in the 80s , helping to get the cars as light as we could. As such we were researching bolt materials , some materials and processes got into the category of sketchy while others were REALLY sketchy. All of the plastic and composit materials but one broke just trying to tighten them ( the one we actually did tighten was made from carbon fiber TUBING ) but the vibration of a 550hp engine sawed thru them. We had our best luck with titanium as far as having a car that didn't leave a trail of parts from bolts that had the fail rating of a potato chip. Then a sprint car owner came to my shop with all the titanium bolts needed to build a chassis. "We want to build one super light car for Knocksville , what can you do with these?" I gun drilled 60% of the weight out of them. I got about 30% from the nuts by drilling thru the centers of the flats.I only took out material where it would have a minemal affect on strength. Unfortunatly when word got around any monkey with a lathe started doing this themselves and took out way too much metal. Cars started coming apart so the process got banned. This vid reminded me of that project.
Michael Aumick that's a really cool story!
This is literally what I was thinking of. The amount of titanium bolts going into Sprint Cars is ridiculous. I get its light and all, but its pricing people out of racing.
Just came across a company selling gun drilled bolts to the racing crowd. "Forged steel! No welded on heads! 150ksi!!"
Couldn't (or wouldn't) provide a torque chart or stress area chart for the various sized bolts they have. _That's a big fat red flag screaming _*_no thanks!!_*_ for me._
We use Titanium bolts in race bike engine mostly due to weight
Michael Aumick garh damn it.
Make something innovative in motor sport and it gets banned. Where's the motive to push the limits? A lot of motor sport had become real boring because the rules are too tight.
It's probably been posted but Aluminium bolts allow a controlled failure point. An example is superchargers on drag cars. They are held on by Al bolts which will give way if there's a big enough backfire, and wire cable attachments stop the blower from going into orbit. The alternative is that something else becomes the failure point, like probably a $1,000 outer housing rather than a 50 cent bolt.
I've seen aluminum bolts used a lot for mounting outboard engines to the transom on boats. Theory is that if the foot of the motor hits something at speed, the bolts will fail rather than the transom. A designed weak link.
usually the lower unit is the weak link, not the ss bolts that hold it in place.
Couple of oddball cases I've used non-steel bolts for in scientific applications: I've had to use titanium bolts in a sensitive magnetic field measuring device where we needed the strength and completely nonmagnetic materials. We've also had to use various plastic bolts for electrical isolation (might be interesting to look at how plastic bolts fail), and we use aluminum bolts in neutron scattering experiments because aluminum is virtually transparent to neutrons compared to most other elements (plus it becomes much less radioactive and is non-magnetic).
AvE: "don't know why you'd use an aluminum fastener"
BMW: "hold my beer"
Can't hear you over the THREE super sketchy plastic bleed screws in my 2014 328i's cooling system...
@@MisterAether And the plastic thermostat and half plastic electric water pump...
@@MisterAether
Those plastic bleed screws work just fine. They’ve been on bmw motorcycles back in like the 2000s
…and when putting titanium bolts into steel nuts, *never* do so using machines. All nice and slowly by hand.
I was working in helicopter maintenance way back when I was young and beautiful. There was a big job due on an MD900, which has its fuel tank under a floor panel. To get to the tank, take out what felt to be shitloads of little philips (Or were they some windmill torx?) screws that are titanium for weight saving. The wise old grey bearded mechnic who was chief of that job had advised all involved not to touch them with hand drills.A warning a colleague ignored. We had the floor out, that chap put it back in, chief found it had to come out again, and me, I was the poor arsehole who had to do it. All of the darn things had seized. I got them out without doing further damage to the rivet nuts, but at the end of that day I was genuinely deshmooed.
Titanium into steel has to be put in nicely slowly. The hard and rough titanium will grind small chips off of the steel which will heat up to melting point when there is great enough friction due to high speed. Once everything has cooled down, bolt and nut will be soldered together.
Cool story bro
I learned this when I was 16, when I replaced my drain plug with a titanium drain plug, as my previous one lost it's threads to over tightening. It was over tightened too, and that time the shit was seized permanently.
Titanium has lower Mohs durity than steel. Titanium catches scratches almost as bad as copper does. Certainly the eventual shavings must be from titanium bolt and not the steel nut. By removing a fine layer of titanium the threads will mesh together even better making nice full contact on the main surface with a fresh part of Titanium.. it might be about galling what you were experiencing.
I h8 it when ppl adapt AvEs style of talking.
Lube my friend, LUBE! Besides titanium is not a good match with steel in the first place, for many reasons... Basicly any other stuff than high nickel alloys, titanium itself, and aluminium, will cause intergranular/pin-hole corrosion in titanium, so epic fail on the engineer's part on specifying titanium screws in steel nuts, tho floor boards seldom are structural, but still... Screws most likely had Torq-Set heads, shallow suckers, takes a good deal of force, but the bit has to be close to perfectly perpendicular or they will jump out, especially in the CCW direction.
@Ave life hack: you can change the measurement values font size in Measure->Menu down arrow -> Font size. You can also activate statistics(cur, avg, max, min) for all measurements. You can also change the channel's probe scale in CH1->Probe. The channel unit (CH1->Unit) and label (CH1->Menu down arrow -> Label -> Label edit) can also be changed.
Oooo... it verkz!
Actually, try xyzzy...
Somebody has been reading the instruction manual.
& a mushroom. Level up!
up up down down left right left right up up up up up works on Netflix on every platform
Nothing better than an exotic screw.
I Love Exotic Screws !! 😳
Legend says hes using one of those ratchets with the 5" handle
Psshhh, Chuck Norris would've done the test with his bare hands.
Give him a 6" one and he could move the Earth!
Thumb ratchet
Metreek please
You know those spin disks?
Used to work on fighter jets back in the day. I swear they have a different fastner for every part. Lots of fun to fix though.
Sounds like an iPhone. 20 screws, of 12 different kinds. Not so fun to fix though.
Thats a wise tactic employed by the military to ensure their sockets and wrenches dont dissapear. Compared to modern cars where 90% of all fasteners are 10mm or 13mm you can count on your most useful tools to disapparate on a regular basis. If no two fasteners are the same no single tool accumulates enough static to slip the bonds of our native dimension.
DrewLSsix oh there are much more draconian ways of keeping track of tools. You count and check your tools constantly. If tools missing everything stops until it's found. Nobody gets to go home until it's found. It's just too dangerous to accidentally leave a tool on a fighter aircraft. Accidentally lost tools on aircraft I've crashed many aircraft over the years. So nobody steals tools out of the boxes.
And that was just to get into it, not even taking parts off yet.
Mike oliver
There are many operating rooms that are in dire need of post procedure/pre-closure tool inventory.
A FOD grope through the intestines ? 😂
Damn all these years and that is the first time I've heard of the trick for checking for stretched bolts, and I've had some that the nuts would bind on, but never knew why, awesome video man
Most fasteners have a purpose, brass screws and terminal blocks are used in electrical equipment not because of its torquing capability but because it resists undoing with heat changes keeping a good electrical connection, where other materials would loosen causing bad connections. Horses for courses.
This is true. I once built a power supply with 1/4" steel output terminal posts, and after a few hours of 20-amp intermittent load the terminal got hot enough to burn the wood underneath it. The lug had gone from ~20 ft*lbs tightened to wiggly-loose just due to thermal cycling.
Dielectric Videos That probably has to do more with the high specific resistance of steel versus Cu or Al, causing it to heat up. Steel has almost 10x s.r. compared to Cu. As for electrical terminals, I've always thought they used brass because it's the closest there is to copper (thermal expansion, electrolytic potential, etc.) so the joints won't loosen over time and less corrosion will occur because of electrolysis. Brass being MUCH easier to machine than copper. I have seen pure copper binding posts though.
I would like to correct you on the 304 bolts. They are mainly used in the process industry, nitric acid production and fertilizer production in particular. Especially the 304L with low molybdenium is used very frequently in those type of industries. 304L has a very specific use in those industries because of it's high resistance to nitric acid (fertilizers are largely produced from nitric acid). 316 is mainly used in the food processing industry as those bolts are cheaper (in my country at least) and still very resistant to corrosion.
Silverium NNNEEERRRDDD!!!
The more you know!
Stainless steels are susceptible to caustic stress corrosion cracking due to nickel precipitating on the grain boundaries of the material as well. So the grain edges eat away as wetting occurs in a basic solution. And stainless needs available oxygen to keep its stable oxide layer otherwise it just acts like any other plain old steel.
I am pretty sure 304 is for farm and like yeah, nitric acid stuff. And 316 is supposed to be for like giant soup cauldrons and stuff.
Pretty sure 316 does not automatically shed material & 304 can lose parts of itself at any time.
Aluminum bolts are almost exclusively used for engineered structures such as a statue or likewise outdoor fixture.
And I am pretty sure the "L" in 304L is lead for improved machinability. Doesn't do much or anything for corrosion resistance
Twas not the shrieks of a newborn that had me concerned. That's just the early warning system. It's when Harpy Dearest has to flap her wings and inform you of the magnitude of your errors that should've sent you scattering like the shop roach before she arrived.
was ones talking to a dude how wos running tractorpulling and he used aluminium bolts to the blower, cos if he would have a backfire they would get buggerd and "pop the blower off" to reliase the pressure and thus save the motor!
Preety neat i thougth
Until that piston goes through the block to save those aluminium bolts 😂
Pedantic metallurgist here: inconel isn't stainless steel, it's a nickel alloy.
Stainless steel is a nickel alloy.
Inconel and Hastelloy are Tradenames, both are iron/chrome/nickel alloys,... designation meaningless unless the alloy is specified.
David C an alloy is an alloy
Incorrect, it is the tenth.
For anyone wondering about the difference, stainless steel mainly consist of Iron with additions of Chromium and other elements such as Nickel and Molybdenum. While Inconel and Hastalloy mainly consists of Nickel with additions of Iron, Chromium, and other elements.
Ur the only only guy who can make me watch 11 minutes of different bolts
I could imagine aluminum bolts being used in a process where you would want to have the bolt fail before another component fails.
For example, if you're running a small crane and repeated fastening and unfastening something to something else. A chain breaking on the hoist, for example, especially if operators are required to be near it, could be very bad indeed. A busted bolt and fastener, however, can be replaced very quickly and fail in a much safer manner.
I used to work in rotomolding, and we didn't use aluminum, but I have seen a chain snap once or twice because a bolt gets stuck or forgotten, or because the winch gets stuck in the up direction. Similarly, in those instances, an aluminum bolt would likely give long before the mold frame gets destroyed, for example.
I’ve been watching this channel for a while now, and your uploads are always appreciated.
the torquestruct-o-matic is proving to be quite the useful thingamajig...
Didn't test a plastique bolt, test is not scientifically valid.
And wooden bolts.
Not to mention parsnips and badadahs?
Tungsten bolt vs Plastic bolt vs Teflon bolt.
the potato bolt as well
Malice min yes the impossible potato bolt...lol
Another interesting property of titanium is the resilience - the capacity to absorb energy (shocks).. so while tungsten is very poor in that regard.. a sharp blow and will shatter like glass (ever dropped a tungsten drill bit on concrete floor? )... titanium is the opposite.. you can rap bursts of hammers on it and will just absorb the energy and revert back.
For more info here a few pointers in that direction: Charpy impact test with V-notch or U-notch, Izod impact test. Steel can be pretty resilient too but usually those have low tensile strength.. the higher tensile steel is quite poor at absorbing impact and are brittle. Titanium has some of both.. medium tensile strength while maintaining pretty high impact absorption capacity.. a few titanium alloy samples i measured on Charpy hammer averaged at about 90-100J while steel typically has 20-30J.
I watched a youtuber forge a titanium knife and he said it was hard when he beat on it. Like the metal wouldnt move as easily as steel did.
Robert Bogan that's more of the energy being released instead of going into work plastically deforming the blade.
I realize others have commented the same, but what you were expressing was greatest strength to cost ratio... hands down steel will come out on top. However, occasionally an enginerd might be willing to trade off a bit of cost in order to save weight. Aircraft largely will focus on strength to weight, where you'll find titanium and some of your exotic alloys or even composites come out on top. Then, there are yet other instances where it's not even strength to weight you're after, but looking for stiffness to weight ratio (where your aluminum will perform better than steel), or other very specialized applications (avoiding galvanic cell corrosion for instance) where your fastener decision will be quite a bit more than just nuts and bolts. Of course, 96% of the time, the typical grade 8 steel bolt and nut is all that is needed.
You should have a look at ARP's range of bolts. Most every race engine going will have some of their fasteners in one form or another. Most common I see are con rod bolts, flywheel bolts and cylinder head to block studs. Might interest you to know that the recommended way to torque a con rod bolt is with a stretch gauge - 0.0055"-0.0065" of stretch for something like a 3/8 UNF X 1.5" UHL ARP2000 bolt - if you record the before/after length, you're able to reuse if the bolt hasn't hit plastic deformation. Stretch method ensures the correct preload, as opposed to torque wrench which can be WAY out, even with a fap off. Incorrect preload usually results in a rod through the block at high RPMs.
I feel smarter and happier after watching your excellent videos
When i worked for Boeing we threw away sooooo many titanium bolts, we had four big ones that held the torque tube to the main flap that cost $249 a piece i believe they were. 725 thick. I wish i had your address I'm sure i could get some for you to mess around with but these had twelve point heads on em
You can send me some I'm a sucker for titanium.
meh, tax payers can afford it
“… in case you hear the bawlin’ of one pissed off little man…”
I assume you mean outside the RUclips comments section?
No, he pinged his cat and it went to cry and die in the corner
Didn't you catch the implication in a video a lil while back, that the wee princess is a big sister now? Well it's true.
he has an infant son
AvE, AvE, AvE. You just have to keep poking the bear until she bites! 😂😂😂
Notso Fresh Did You Just... 😂😂😂😂😂
Dude i'm a 69yr old lifetime machinist that studied physics 2 yrs at the community college, and i gotta say Dude i like your style. I learned a bunch tanks a lot!
Here is what I love... Bridge collapses in FL. AVE gets triggered and breaks bolts for the next two weeks straight. This is what I love about this channel. Keep up the great content. Good Job.
Lead bolts are the best. That's what's used in my car's engine. It's "British engineered and built".
Don't laugh. The fasteners on brake or fuel lines (and bleed nipples) are made from 'leaded' steel. It has the consistency of soft cheese (it is so easy to form/machine and deforms to create a seal - so it is therefore cheap and reliable for this application) but with a bit of corrosion in the threads (corrosion? what is that? never heard of it!) trying to undo them will always snap or strip the flats. I worked at a place drawing leaded round stock into hex shapes to go to the fastener machine shops and was advised to NOT take any scrap bits home as the material was as strong as - well - soft cheese!
More pedantry, its not a brittle failure if there is plastic deformation have a look at the surface under a SEM it will look like the surface of the moon showing nucleation points and cavitation a classic sign of plastic failure, brittle failure will be super shiny under SEM
Loving these test videos. Answers questions I didnt know I wanted answered until you bring it up.
Love it when you talk metallurgy, with explosive demonstrations on uncommon materials. Thanks for making my profession less mysterious, one vid at a time!
Titanium? I was more excited for the inconel tbh
@@DriveCarToBar or dipped it in a small plastic bucket of vinegar and dogshit solution
The aluminum popped faster than a Canadian on the first day of spring
Eh?
Notso Fresh ain’t so much for lack of a zipper as a thawed out lil’ Darlin’
what is spring?
Wow what an insanely informative one. By far one of the best channels on RUclips. I need to watch this a few more times to burn it in... Thank You
I have seen Aluminum bronze bolts used in conjunction with steel bushings. They are used as pivots where movement is relatively slow and not constant, range is limited, and weight supported is
If you had aluminium nuts they wouldn’t hang so low.
oh man...I was wondering if you were going to shoot that bolt head through the shop wall or not with the hyd. cyl. Seen them pull apart M36x4 bolts here at work and when the bolt lets loose it sounds like a damn cannon went off.
Love what you do you are probably the most informative funny guy on the tube of you. Keep it up! All the way from Cornwall UK awesome x
Titanium is suseptible to stress corrosion cracking. When I was an SR mechanic in the mid 60s at Beale AFB all of our hand tools had to be tested and marked as cadmium free. Interesting job that was. Also worked on SR ground equipment, especially the engine start carts - 2 Buick Wildcat 425 c.i. modified by Mickey Thompson. Later, in the 70s they switched to Chevy 454s. You,'re absolutely correct: those "special" alloys were used for heat resistance rather than strength. Titanium, Hastaloy, and Inconel X.
Do a test on some or the exotic steels ARP is using for head bolts, they are supposed to be the finest in all the land!
I'd like to see that test as well, along with their supposedly magic torque goop.
Arp doesn't use exotic materials for the bolts
I was thinking the same, though all these bolts are using the same scale headbolts go to a much higher torque. Torque scale seem a bit sketchy here.
Rod bolts or main bolts would be a better test
Exotic steel is used in synthesizers?Besides, ARP has been out of business for years.(** wink - wink **)
I've been waiting for the "Busting nuts".
Finally
capnskiddies Yes, I have been waiting for years.
A firearm company names Knight's Armament made a muzzle device for a while that was made of inconel. As I recall, it was touted to be "better" due to its resistance to corrosion in the heat of being on the end of a rifle barrel. The price was astronomical....whereas your "standard" muzzle devices would cost about 80 to 100 dollhairs....the Knight's was like 450 or 500 dollars.
The amount I have learned from AvEs videaos is remarkable. Actual usable knowledge.
Just noticed the RTFM sticker =)
Thermal Camera of fastener before failure?
Thanks for the explanation. I just love to watch videos about bolts and nuts.
I work on an aluminium hulled vessel, we do have aluminium bolts on board in a few, non-critical, spots. One that comes to mind is holding a stair case to a structural beam. Super easy to strip... Not many of them around either
Can you please compare torque of dry vs lubricated fasteners ? I was taught you have to adjust the torque specs if you use never-sieze
It's all about the power to weight ... and we're not talking about your moms Honda Civic ;)
i mean, if you are constructing a building or a piece of heavy machinery(thats heavy either way) i don't think the weight of the bolts matters as much as the strength by volume. Depends on the use case i would say.
Cheap strong light pick 2
More than an LSx crank bolt? 235 ft/lbs
AVE, thank you so much for educating us on all things industry I really appreciate it.
We use aluminum bolts in substation construction for wire spacers, silicone bronze for mechanical grounding connections and 316 stainless with belleville washers for the main aluminum to aluminum and aluminum to copper/tinned copper connections.
The 316 stainless nuts that we use are lightly coated with a bit of wax from the factory.
Jeez I though the old fellers were fucken with me when they asked me to get the bolt strecher.... Guess that's why I don't work there anymore
Isn't Inconel an alloy that has yield strength anomaly? So shouldn't it be stronger at higher temperatures? I demand a draw test with the bolt at 50% of the melting temperature! :)
If I was still working at the factory I worked at in the early 70s I'd send you some shear head bolts they used to make for pole line hardware. There were two heads on the bolt with a weak ish piece in between. They were used on a clamp that was on overhead wires and the idea was for the installer to be able to tighten them from the ground with a long handled speed wrench and when the proper torque was reached the first head would break off, leaving the second head for removing the bolt. They were galvanized in house then waxed so they went in smoothly.
I remembered in my self learnin' in car repair discovering that the lower strut bolts were lightweight aluminum. Quite easy to remove compared to many things on a car. After some thinkin' I realized they are probably meant to shear in the event of an accident.
Might I suggest a grammatical correction from lubricant to schmoobricant
Different applications in the aviation world: shear, tension and torsion. Never a good practice to place a shear bolt where a tension load is applied!
I love this guy's industrial language, funny as 😃
3:25 thats what earned another thumbs up! keep doing what we love, Ave.
So I'm a little confused. These area all half inch? They look to be about the same diameter as the lugs on a car. From experience, I know you can go up to at least 140 ft*lbs without them failing but these are all failing at around 100 or less. What gives? Just different thread pitch?
htomerif different thread pitch holds different amount of pounded the bolt is still the same diameter inside the steel or whatever material but you would strip the threads off if they were finer or course I'm just guessing coarse threads tougher I guess application is your most important question
I was going to ask the same question.
So here's another, better example: I know the lugs are probably a little bigger, but when I worked at a tire shop a long time ago, we had an old ford with left threaded lugs come in. Nobody knew they were left threaded. We were cranking the air line up to 120psi and hammering on them with a half inch impact and it didn't break them. I mean we had to have been putting 300-400 ft*lbs on those things and nothing happened.
The difference between cross-sectional area of a fine threaded bolt and a coarse threaded bolt might be 30 percent, but its not 300 percent.
I've done what I can to try to research this, and it seems like there might be a specific trade off between strength and brittleness on wheel studs. Since the clamping load of the wheel against the rotor or hub is doing 100 percent of the work of keeping the tire on (as opposed to something like the shear on a roll pin) maybe studs are made to have very little give? They seem to have a failure strength of 200kpsi which is very high, but probably implies more brittleness.
I mean you don't want fatigue on a wheel stud. You don't want work-hardening or stress cracks since they will be removed a *lot* more than most bolts. I'm guessing you just want it to fail instead of stretching.
Most of these bolts were some sort of special use bolt (incanel, Ti, stainless etc) He didn’t touch on carbonized steel bolt which are more common on cars or high tension applications. In your example, lug studs are high grade (10.9 or better) and are torqued in the plastic region of deformation. A 140ft lb (Chevy truck?) lug bolt spec is well under the yield of the stud.
Bolts made from Hardasfuckium are the strongest ya can get!
I enjoyed that.
Inconel is mostly nickel with chromium, iron, and some other elements.
Used inside turbine hot sections because it retain strength at hi-temps & is corrosion resistant.
Ti is also used a lot in aerospace more for corrosion resistance and light weight
We use aluminum bolts at the anodizing shop to rack aluminum parts by their holes if they have a LOT of surface area. Usually use titanium because it doesn't get eaten up in the acid after multiple runs but it gets hot enough to burn through the work if it draws a lot of current.
Will you ever do a shop tour/look around
Aluminum bolts, ah BMW starter, I remember you....
When I was having a clutch job on my Porsche years ago I had the flywheel replaced with an aftermarket light piece and I used Titanium attachment bolts for the pressure plate. I left the crankshaft attachment bolts for the flywheel as the stock steel spec'd ones. The aftermarket flywheel was a stock one that had metal grooved out from around the periphery to lower the moment of inertia as much as possible. The pressure plate attachment bolts were far away from the crankshaft axis of rotation, and so I wanted to reduce that weight as much as possible. The engine was noticeably more responsive after that and I had to revise my shifting technique after that to accomodate how much more quickly the engine speed would drop when I took my foot off the gas.
Most interesting... never before heard/seen using an osciloscope testing mechanical characteristics... binging watching your channel the last week - excellent content presented most entertainingly and never a dull moment... keep it up!... pun intended
Correct me if I'm wrong but won't torquing the inconel and titanium fastners to yield negatively affect their pull strength?
Sam C me being ignorant on the subject id day it would, but not much as u'd think. yielding a bolt as i understand it stretches the threads and not really the shank. Also the break pattern would still be the same.
Actually for a beta-stabilized titanium like Ti6V4Al (as used here), it won't make much of a big difference if he didn't go way past yield. For the Ni, alloy however it's huge. One of the things with Ni alloys that kinda sucks is that pulling on the gamma lattice /gamma-prime interstitials tends to distort things dramatically. Even though they are good in one directional loads, the yielding process aligns the interstitial space (banding) such that strength off-primary axis drops immensely. This presents some serious issues with machining Ni super alloys, and is one of the big reasons (other than it's high temp strength makes it a huge gummy bitch to machine) why almost all commercial Ni superalloy parts are cast in shape. You simply can't hot or cold work the alloys much without causing irreversible damage).
This effect technically happens in almost all alloys, but it is particularly pronounced in Ni lattices.
Dwayne Penner that isn't categorically true. Over-working is a thing. And besides cold-working hardens alloys. It rarely if ever strengthens them. (Strength being the integral space under the stress strain curve). Nuance, but important. Also we are not talking about continuing loading on-axis, but off axis. Which has different consequences.
Also
I like how you can hear him getting further away as the bolts reach their limits.
Thanks for taken one for the team on the last stretch.
We used brass bolts to fasten suction cup heads (Made out of aluminumumumum) at my last job mainly because a router head with diamond inserts hitted them quite occasionally. So it saved us from buying new inserts every week. Had 4 of them in each tool (thumbnail size) and they cost 400$ each!
Another thing that'll corrode stainless steel is a anaerobic environment (no oxygen). The chromium needs the oxygen to oxidise into chromium oxide which is the outer protective layer. Or so I'm told.
can verify from attempts at copper plating stainless. Must be acid etched to remove the chromium oxide layer for adhesion to work properly..
You are correct. Stainless is used in sailboat rigging to hold up the mast and sails...so it's standing up to thousands of pounds of force in a corrosive as hell marine environment...and the chainplates that attach to the structure of the boat are routinely oxygen starved...they fail catastophically from time to time, causing the mast and sails to go over the side. Ask me how I know.
How do you know?
RealityIsTheNow how do you know?
How do you know?
Inconel bolts/studs = good for turbo charger mounts.
I have used titanium M3 screws to hold on the carbon fiber arms on a racing quadcopter frame and with an aluminum nut I broke the bolt in half when over tightening. It's really cool physics that anything you can put a nut on you can break.
Who the fark thumbs down on a vid like this?? Informative, evidence based and instructive. The bloke has put in serious effort to do this. Thanks mate!
anti sneeze!!! haha nice
So, does anyone know what you'd use an aluminum bolt for?
Subsea aluminium parts. I use Al bolts in Al camera housings. I used to use 316 and anti seize but it was never a permanent solution. Al in Al works a treat in light grade parts.
We use them in some locations for our helicopters, reduce weight anywhere you can.
They are used for screwed connections, which doesn't need to hold much stress, but have to be light weight. For example the steering wheel quick connections on race cars are bolted with aluminium screws, or the dashboard in a racecar. Titanium screws are mostly used for the same reasons, with the exception that they are a bit stronger, but heavier than aluminium. Titanium screws can however be much smaller compared to aluminium and still hold the same forces.
I used 6mm Al bolts and nuts to mount the individual blades of a multi-blade propeller design I came up with for use in electric model planes. The whole hub was aluminum, in fact...spinner, spinner mount bolt, spinner backplate/female collet taper, collet, collet nut and washer, front blade mount plate, plate spacer, blade mount bolts and nuts. Pix at www.bluswede.com/Funky_Props.html
TheVexCortex i used them on my aluminum siding. I'm a wannabe engineer!
I've worked with a lot of aluminum bolts, still have a coffeecan full of 3/8". They were specified for zero rust and direct contact with aluminum brackets with no risk of galvanic corrosion in a situation wherein the tensile strength requirement was minimal. This was in a penitentiary, in a perimeter security system. They do have their use.
Titanium is used a lot in racing. Teams use titanium bolts for engine and transmission mounts, housing bolts on quick-change rear ends and suspension mounting. I've seen sprint car teams drill the shank of the bolts to save weight. With that they are also replaced every race or every other race.
I see too many people using grade 8 bolts to connect thin ass sheet metal. There's two sides to this coin.
Good video!
One thing: Titanium is NOT a heat resistant material!
Here some real data: A grade 5 titanium alloy, more precice Ti6Al4V, a widely used and strong titanium alloy, has a yield strength of around 1000 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of around 1100 MPa, at 20°C. Titanium is used for applications up to 400°C but not more.
A high carbon steel like SAE 4140 or 42CrMo4 has a yield strength starting at around 800 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of around 1000-1100 MPa at 20°C. And even though this is not a super alloy like inconel, it's used at temperatures up to 500°C.
Inconel, precicely Inconel 718 has a yield strength of 1050 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 1300 MPa at 20°C. The thing is, the tensile properties of Inconel at even 400°C are as high as titanium at room temperature and at around 650°C it's as soft as 4140. Inconel is used up to 800°C.
Titanium is good, but not the holy grail of materials. It's mostly overrated by the media.
overrated you say? find me another metal with the ridiculously broad applications and high strengths like titanium at a density of 4.5 kg/dm³. it's a sclose as it gets to a holy grail if there ever was one in material research... ^^
ferze001 What I mean with overrated is that a lot of times titanium is thought to be the like strongest metal, almost like there's something mythical about it.
Just trying to clarify some things
The skin of the SR-71 was made of titanium for heat resistance up to Mach 4, just so the CIA could spy on Uncle Stalin. The designers insisted on titanium at great inconvenience to the procurement team, since they had to buy it from the Soviet Union, then the world’s largest producer.
John Petrov You certainly would not use titanium as a heat resistive material, more for it's low density and high strength.
They had to deal with around 600°C at that speeds, in fact, they just liquid cooled the whole skin of the airplane.
Nobody would build a plane out of titanium any more, fiber reinforced plastics do the job pretty good, and CMCs (Ceramic matrix composites) are just being researched and used today. Lighter than high temperature alloys and extremely heat resistant
Rudolph Ring I also remember that because the temperatures were so high, they couldn’t use any existing gasket material, and they were counting on thermal expansion to seal the fuel in (the plane got 8 inches longer during flight). Jet fuel would spew out from the plane and they would take off almost empty, then immediately refuel, then immediately climb to 80,000 feet and heat the skin up. They would usually fuel up again over the Sea of Japan, then once more over Western Europe.
Great info! Didn't even know some of these bolts existed.
A+ on the metallurgy learning curve. Thanks
Start grind testing some of your materials, titanium will give you a bright suprise
Stainless 316 says I won't rust your ass
I worked one summer on the pipe crew at a pickle processing plant. Supersaturated brine solution everywhere. EVERYTHING we put in to handle brine was stainless (they even sourced stainless nails for making decking), and some of it still only lasted a couple of months. We used cast iron on a lot of the pipes, because everything was rusted right up solid after 2 days, so when you went to change anything, you didn't even try to unscrew it, you just whacked the fitting with a hammer to shatter it.
BNFL changed their opinion on Stainless being rustproof in low oxygen environments .... Like their Sellafield Nuclear Reactor! ;0)
y'all clearly missed what I was going for here
John Ridley This is what polymer plumbing is for. :)
WHAT!?!
I loved the video. Aboot 20 years ago I rebuilt an outboard motor near that fishy market you visited. I went whole hog and replaced almost every fastener with stainless steel. Cost me nearly 200 US pesos to do that. Was well worth the price since this motor is run in salt water.
I’m my field of water treatment. We use a lot of titanium bolts for chlorine. And of other metal we use are platinum and gold. Cool test, very informative.
14:00 Inconel is not steel as it is a Nickel based alloy
Yep, primarily nickel followed by chromium, then iron and other elements that vary with the flavor.
Inco is considered a stainless steel as it's corrosion resistance steel.
Ok ok that's true. I was confused between stainless steel and cres.
Pulp and Paper? nothing compares to the Importance of the Food n drink and Pharma industry. they do use 316 a lot but 304 inst only not unheard of, its still rather common. still, you gatta segregate. one time the copper air drop was mounted to my stainless panel at the cheese factory and it started to rust the shit out of the side. (Note: I'm no chemist and I'm not super educated on reactions so if not copper i don't know what they stud welded to the stainless and i was not there to witness it, I was told half the side of the panel was covered in rust from it. when we do the pressure regulator mount we stud weld stainless to stainless and bold a stainless clip)
If you don't gas purge or flux stainless welds they can lose their stainless properties.
I used to have a very large stainless Whitworth bolt used to construct tanks used in Woolwich arsenal for the storage of dithekite , a binary explosive composed of fuming nitric acid and benzene that was developed at Woolwich, where my Dad worked during the war on this and other explosives and fuses. It was rather attractive.
Nice job with the bolt comparison.
i had to pay AUD$5600 for the Ti bolt that fuses mt Sacro Illiac joint. It must be super good. Right?
Naw, just 100 x's the real cost 'cuz it was touched by god.
Pelvic dislocation? We've all been hoggin' once, but damn.
the the non shop no metal folk... Anti Sneeze = Anti Seize used for lubricating (mostly but not always) fasteners from potential bonding usually caused by corrosion. Also, pending on chemical make up, used as rust or corrosion prevention.
Also as a parting film in stainless-stainless connections to prevent cold-welding & galling.
Brian Slover are you using it as makeup?
Just remembering they used the "Bubba Method" tightenting the structural bolts on the most recent stadium in Phoenix.(years ago) That method was spanner and sledge hammer.Thanks for the Schooling AvE.
In the electrical business and we get silicon bronze with copper bus bar fittings, aluminum with aluminum bus bar fittings, and we use 316 for all fitting to fitting/connection points.