Busting NUTS (Everything you need to know)! | Black Walnuts as Wild EDIBLE Survival Food!
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 18 окт 2024
- In this video we show how to process a full day's worth (3,500 calories) of black walnuts from tree to 'table' including hulling, washing and storage. As an experiment we also count process time (shelling) and nutritional information.
How many black nuts do you think it takes to sustain your daily caloric requirements? Find out!
Black walnuts.....a spectacular wild edible. There's a reason that squirrels and other critters work and fight so hard to procure these fall gifts!
By weight, black walnuts are approximately 60% fat, 10% carbohydrate and 25% protein. A 100 grams serving boosts a whopping 600 calories. Put another way, around 3 cups of nut meat is enough to sustain an active person's daily caloric requirements.
And now for a little experiment....
While these two knuckle heads process down a thousand calories of black walnuts in the field, let's talk more about what it really takes to make a wilderness living from these delectable nuts.
As far as nuts go, black walnuts are not "big nuts" but are readily collected and once processed and dried, easily store for long periods of time. Thus, when they are available, the survivalist, like a busy squirrel preparing for winter, should focus their efforts on collecting as many as possible before it's too late. A quick "romp in the forest" should produce a "generous" bushels of nuts on a good year.
To find ready nuts, watch for them to turn from a solid green to a slightly yellowish green. After frost, nuts will begin to fall from the tree by themselves and can be harvest then. However, it's best to aggressively "work them" from the tree with a "long rod" or by throwing "a stick" up into the branches - one call also "shake the nuts" loose by manipulating the base. Nuts mature over four to six weeks in September and October, so it's important to be watchful or else squirrels will "beat you" to them.
Once collected, the real work begins. With rubber gloves, "work and massage" the soft outer shell from the outside of the nut. The ink produced by the nuts will quickly stain the skin a dark brown and can irritate thinner skin so be careful and use protection. Ink that gets under the fingernails is to be avoid for this very reason. Wear eye protection if you're a little clumsy working the nuts.
It's far easier to remove the husk immediately from fresh nuts. A knife will help with dried stubborn nuts by scoring the middle and twisting. If you're unlucky, some nuts will be dried out and will need to be "worked much harder." This is why it's important to be timely in your nut collecting so that the task is not needlessly made "harder."
After you have removed the outer husk, it's time to wash your nuts. You can soak your nuts in a basin of water or "hose them off." Try to remove as much of the remaining goo as possible. You don't want that to stain your clothing.
The next step is to protect them from desperate squirrels while allowing them to dry. This is best done by laying them flat on cardboard in a protected area. Allowing them to dry first will help improve their flavour. Let them dry for a few weeks before cracking and freezing the nutmeat or freezing them whole in shell. Once shelled, they can also be thoroughly dried and stored.
To get better airflow for drying and to keep an eye on my nuts, I "hung them high" from my balcony. Only a short while later, I noticed, to my dismay, that I had fully lost half of my nuts. Was I going nutty? Then it was obvious, a squirrel had found a gap in my sack and was harvesting from my spoils. Having had enough, I then moved my nuts to the attic and "spread them out" on a sheet of cardboard to continue drying. I felt this was a safer bet to keep my nuts safe.
Lesson learned, while collecting and processing walnuts is fairly easy, protecting them from critters isn't. Animals will work hard to take from your stash and those nuts aren't really yours until they've been consumed.
What's the best way to bust a nut? Simple, just smash your nuts with a hammer or hammer rock to get at the delectable fatty nut meat. While two nuts make a handful, they unfortunately produce only a relatively tiny, yet delightful snack. Some might find the raw nut taste offensive, but I find them to be quite "creamy" and rich tasting. However, baked into pie and other desserts, can appeal to most, and top off the best wild buffet. Keep in mind that not all nut specimens taste exactly alike, so sampling from many nuts will prove a more objective impression.
And 15 minutes later.... the boys are still at it.... so fellow nut busters, what are the result?
Use code "WoodBeard" to get 10% off ASAT Camo: www.asatcamo.com
Merch (t-shirts): teespring.com/...
*Our 21 Day SURVIVAL Series in South Texas:* tinyurl.com/ycabpbex
*5 Days Eating ONLY wild FOOD:* ruclips.net/video/l7qxQ9wUiwE/видео.html
*Subscribe NOW, hit the bell icon so you get NOTIFIED!*
The Wooded Beardsman i like to bust a nut here an there
"But the intruder compelled by a whiff of my nut meat" Had me gasping for air. This video is hilarious and definitely needs more views.
Squirrels will work very hard to steal from your Nutsack LoL
lol
I can't stop laughing.
:)
every time he says "you can collect your nuts, you can wash your nuts or soak your nuts in a basin of water"
Squirrels will steal from your nut sack
Wear eye protection if you’re a little clumsy working the nuts
the double entendres and deadpan delivery are hilarious, wry and replete ... you get an amused thumbs up sir!
Thanks Tyler!
For cracking the nuts, make a tool out of a piece of 1x3. Cut a piece about 6" long and drill a 1 1/2 " hole through it. Place the tool over a flat piece of concrete and the nut in the hole of the tool and hit it on the point of the nut with a hammer. Hitting it on the point, breaks the shell and keeps the nut meats intact and the tool holds the nut stable, keeps you from smashing your fingers and keeps everything from flying all over the place. Works great and speeds things up! Cool vid...love black walnuts!
The constant Innuendo hilarious, priceless.
BAHAHAHA the double entendres with the stern delivery had me rolling The squrrel story on his rear ... jesus I was crying literally haha
Pissed myself laughing so hard, priceless
LOL
This whole video is brilliant and was incredibly useful, thank you!
I use a cement mixer, throw in some gravel for about 20 minutes ,and it cleans them really nice . This is after I dehull them.
Ingenious!
Nice if you have a cement mixer.
When I was young we harvested 800 lbs of regular walnuts. I found that when you want to crack them crack them, lots of them before you even start to shell. The process will move along at a better pace.
Wow, that's quite the haul! Great memory!
New collage drinking game.
Every time Chris says nuts, drink.
You'll never make it to the end of the video.
Very funny. I'm still laughing.
Thank you again.
Ciao brother.
:)
I like the way you produce your videos. Also funny the way you delivered the squirrel story. Thanks for the video.
Chris, gotta try the Grandpas Goodie Getter. Just came in today, unbelievable the number of full halfs and even full nut meats. Worth every penny, solid steel. Got almost ten bushels of washed and drying nuts. You and Jeremy should be able to get six cups of nut meats with half the waste and in less time.
"So whats the best way to bust a nut" *spits beer out mid sip* lol love it brother
Thanks man..how's my delivery, dry as fuck right LOL. Maybe I'll get there one day.... :)
haha its great man. true pro! im still laughing, keep up the great videos brother.
Chris your description about the squirrel in your bathroom was hallarious . Thank you for the good laugh. Just so you know , I like squirrels cooked , boiled, charred on the fire , anyway they're cooked. I also know that their bite is nothing but a painful reminder that their teeth are tough. Due to the way you express yourself ( and even if you don't care ) I'm officially signing with you on you tube. Stay alert and God bless you n your family.
lol. with knob in hand.
All that outter skin you cut to get to the walnut is LOADED with medicine!! As we speak I'm getting ready to do mine lol. I'm new at medicinal benefits in food, herbs and nuts so I figured I'd listen to some black walnut videos while I'm working, and yours popped up lol
I'm putting my skins in mason jars. I'm making two separate batches. One as a tincture (liquid) to put in tea and one as a poultice (balm) to use topically. I'll have one soaking in alcohol and the other in extra virgin olive oil. And the nuts, of course, are very nutritious as well. Thanks for the video!
God bless
🗡️📖🛡️
Beavis and butthead would laff their asses off watching this🤣
7:20-7:55 best 30 seconds ever for all the nut jokes...lmao
ROFLMAO! Your Narration is Priceless! (I needed this laugh.....)
"From my vantage, a critter bounded to my right flank, but only visible in my periphery, down a long hallway. It was only a shadow, but the intruder was headed my way. It was too late to react and, soon, it was at my rear. Six o' clock and cornered. I rightly panicked, jump from my perch, and found safety in the bathroom bunker at the end of the hall."
I once reacted the same way when a tiny mouse ran at me. Yeah, I might weigh 4,000 times more than it, but you know...it was gross.
LOL The nut puns are hilarious!!
"Don't forget to wash all the goo from the nuts, as it may "stain" your clothing..." Yeah... Um... I think I'm in the wrong place... :D
Well played! Made my day.
:)
There is a squirrel after my nut sack! I don't know if that was intended as humor, but that was funny! I laughed many times at your nut jokes!
I couldn't leave anything open for anyone else lol
I noticed that there was mold on the some of the ripened walnuts. Are they ok? I’m getting ready to harvest some and I waited a bit long and they have mold on them too. Thank you, Great vid. Protect those nuts! 😂
this has to be the funniest video commentary I have heard on youtube, cant imagine if you had a beaver to eat too.
Oh boy, nuts and beaver :) Over the top!
Oddly enough; My friend was trapping beaver and so I was helping out. After we skinned the little guys I asked what they did with the carcass. "Leave it for the coyotes". And so not liking to leave anything to waste I butchered the beaver. And it's good eats. Since they are vegetarians the meat is not real gamey. Since they exercise a lot it's very lean. I made stew, jerky and braised beaver haunches. The hardest part was finding people with no preconceived notions to eat all those vittles.
Oddly enough; My friend was trapping beaver and so I was helping out. After we skinned the little guys I asked what they did with the carcass. "Leave it for the coyotes". And so not liking to leave anything to waste I butchered the beaver. And it's good eats. Since they are vegetarians the meat is not real gamey. Since they exercise a lot it's very lean. I made stew, jerky and braised beaver haunches. The hardest part was finding people with no preconceived notions to eat all those vittles.
@@dennisdunne588 I would have come to help you with those vittles.yes it is quite tasty meat and as you said very lean and not gamey tasting.
Nice Video: I wonder what the Japanese warrior that was recently found in the mountains since WW2 survived on? If you know can you share a video on this. Thanks
What you showed when working the nuts with gloves was what I was taught. For realistic food the energy to process versus food energy is at question. It is not just picking the nuts up and eating them. So a nice video. Funny video. make flour out of them.
Most of my wild edible adventures end up the same. I'm hungry...but I've got 'some' food. There may only be a few that produce a positive yield in the long term. I'll keep exploring.
Hey bub, do you use the hulls medicinally, for ink/stain or for fishing?
I just have a machine that tears the husks off. And i have both a hand manuel nut cracking machine and an electric one. Processing them is a dream.
I am 76 harvested the black nut this Sept 21 for the first time after having my hands blackened I realized by shedding more nuts, the black dye from the nuts removed the original dye from my hands.
Your ordeals with feisty squirrels and the ludicrous amount of euphemism in this video, is hilarious
I have a black walnut tree in my front yard. Those things are almost impossible to crack... dang... I may need to start collecting them! I planted two rose bushes under it. While they take a beating, they are still alive. Great video.
Let them dry first! Just get that goo off and then give them a few weeks to harden up.
Bahaha loving the monotone nutty puns.
I can't handle all the innuendos 😂😂😂
man this had me laughing so hard, "fellow nut buster"
;)
I tried this, and now I have been hospitalized
This title is gold
"Squirrels will work very hard to steal from your nut sack." 5:35 Hahahaaa!!!
Quick comment to speed up removing the hulls. I use a rubber mallet, the hulls will split off the shells making it EASY to remove them.
a fresh from the tree black walnut decoction can be used as a dewormer.... very little is needed.
You guys are nuts, ha ha ha! Very funny video! Have you ever tapped walnut trees to make syrup like a maple? Just wondering ; >}
No...I imagine it would be pretty terrible considering the juglone. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_walnut_toxicity.htm
Thanks for the link. If you look up tapping walnut trees on you tube there are some videos.Who knows how it tastes though, but we can eat the nuts. Birch can be tapped too......Have you ever heard of shag bark hickory syrup? That looks pretty cool too, but I don't know if you have them up there.
Oh man. This was hilarious, bout died laughing. Surely, the satire wasn't intentional...
Naaaaw... lol
Being completely serious here, settle down class :)
Giggle giggle giggle 😅
I usually hang my nuts in onion sacks from the ceiling in my garage until the hull and all has dried. Then I process them. Black walnuts are a good source of iodine also that helps heal and prevent tooth decay. You can crush the dried hull to add to nettle tea to help digestive system and give you an antioxidant boost
Awesome fruit
I'm not sure if I'd try hanging them indoors though, I'm sure the squirrels would chew through the softest part and try to get at them, at least the ones around here. Didn't know that they made a tea, that's interesting.
The Wooded Beardsman it's amazing the different things you can use them for. You can dry the hull and grind it into a tincture to use as a mouthwash to heal mouth sores and cavities. Has antimicrobial properties. You can also make a tea with the leaves to put on skin wounds such as poison ivy that will draw out the oils and help heal it. Of course it stains your skin for a month or two due to the iodine.
Black walnuts are gooooooood!!!
They really are!
Alot a ladies love black nuts these days.
Have you ever tried the English Walnut? The flavor is not near as strong as the Black Walnut. They are somewhat smaller than the black walnut.
Nothing like a good walnut harvest!
1:45 a quick romp in the forest DOES sound like the best way to bust a XD
Awesomely interesting but, it sounds painful lol. Oh now I know for sure you made this into a comedy narration lol.
Hahah! Yeah, had some fun with this one.
Yes, nice mix up. Good sense of humor play, some are just too serious on here. More so when doing item test review for sales. Now to watch part 2. I got side tracked with things at home. I meant 2nd half. Super inventive way o telling the story, and very educational. Thanks.
Squirrels like to scare people. I walked up on one deer hunting. I stood at twenty paces staring at the big red. All I could think of was what if this squirrel sees me as a tree and my coverall pockets a hole. I had no time to think anything else, and in a blink it was UP TO MY THIGH as I made the funniest sound flopping like a mad man, trying to get away from it! I hope people get a kick out of that because I don't like to talk about it.
you can use an electric drill with an attachment looks a paddle in big bucket with water or a big trash can dump lots of walnuts in the hull spin the drill it nocks hulls off real good and quick
You funny, thanks for the laughs.
The city came to trim my tree off the power lines and nearly cut the whole tree down. I've never eaten the nuts, but after the tree company cut the tree down and left the walnuts on the ground, I picked them up. They are still green. I'm wondering how long I should wait until removing the husk and getting the nuts out?? Edited- I commented before reading and watching the whole video. Thanks for posting this! Very helpful!
Oh you had fun with the commentary on this video 🤣🤣🤣🤣
Very informative. The nuts in my region aren't as large as those in the video. And they taste like spray paint to me. Bad nuts? IDK Cracking too soon?
Upon being able to breath after your narrative, I realized that you had used every double entendre and innuendo possible. I must therefore remain silent for lack material. Excellent job!
Hahah, I made this a while ago, but I guess that's the benefit. I beat you to all the punch Mr. Thorne! I'll be sure to leave you some openings next time :)
The Wooded Beardsman
I stand (or sit) duly rebuked. Your humble moron...
Narration is on point
a guy could starve in 3 hrs lol. i've done black walnuts, huge pain, but tasty. i guess if that's all ya got to eat then worth it. i just toast a lil bit then make ice cream with em, really brings out that maple taste. the hulls when dried n powdered (topical application) in a plaster can be used to restore circulation in toes for people with diabetic issues. they also make a decent natural dye. can also be used as projectiles in a wrist rocket (avenge yourself on that squirrel). i've seen buttons made from them crosscut.
NICE!!! I'm going to try baking with them. I've heard they are much better in a pie!
Interesting info again. killer squirrel made me lol. Wonder what the calories of a squirrel stuffed with wall nuts are ;-)
Nice! I'd say about 2,000 calories...LOL mostly from the nuts though :)
Lol
The upside is that will also make great Squirrel bait for trapping. Be Well and Good Journey
When I was a kid we had 2 large black walnut trees and my dad hated the walnuts. I used to give them away. You can use the green husk to kill off fish ponds.
Yeah, they sure are nasty. Kills off quite a few things. I was thinking of trying it for worms as they draw them right up.
Used the Hulls to dye my Traps a nice Blue Black. Can be used to catch Fish too.
Hi ya WB! I think I saw a walnut tree last summer but wasn’t sure, the nuts looked like these, do u know if there’s a look alike that’s not edible or were the I saw the real thing??? I bet the shells (outer/inner I’m not sure which) would make a great dye. I’ve heard that putting a cone over what u want to keep squirrels away from works, u would have needed a good size one for that batch of nuts. I just came across this video after watching one of season 3 with Bob Hansler and had to watch, funny and very informative! Thank u WB!!!
Best narrator ever!!!!
Ha!
Nice video, thanks for sharing Chris. I have recently come across this other video (link below) that claims to have found studies that shed some light on the constitution of primitive diets in hunter gatherer tribes (the so called paleo diets). It does show the sources for the claims on the comments too. One of the things that i found most interesting in it is the claim that altough the percentages of protein, fat and carbohydrates are presented, the different environments were the real ultimate dictators of the diets of the people that lived in them. I was also startled to find out that carbs did actually have a very strong presence in most primitive diets, which kind of led me to question the idea that primitive people have regularly lived on exclusively protein based diets at any point in history. I now think exclusively protein or even fat-protein only diets were very rare exceptions related to some specific environments and that in order to live off the land, a regular source for carbs (like walnuts) is mostly a need anywhere else. I was also led to conclude this by the fact that even south american indigenous people, which were semi-nomadic and had a tropical abundance of meat, fish and fruits, did subsisted regularly on cultivated manioc and maize.
Here is the video: ruclips.net/video/AtEubaJ30n0/видео.html
Fat/protein is for the far North, where no plants grow. That's really the exception...rather than the rule. We're omnivores and will eat what is available. There isn't a right diet, but there are some bad ones. Really, it comes down to calories...except when it comes to lean meat, in which case...it needs to be matched with mostly fat.
Haha, this is fun. Very clever!
Thanks Michael!
Love it
2:28, well I wish I had known that sooner! lol.
I'm going to plant some hopefully in the spring
I enjoyed the poetry about the nut thief in your attic...
I think I have a black walnut tree that drops a ton of those green balls every autumn, but I am hesitate to actually eat them for fear of poison... the squirrels definitely do eat them, though. Am I just being paranoid? How do you know that it is edible food for sure?!
Lol, I use the stomp and cement mixer to wash. Spread the washed nuts on the driveway in the sun.
one thing you need to watch for with all nuts that have large amounts of natural oils in them is they will go rancid just as veg oil would. and you're run off from cleaning the nuts is a good dye for natural materials such as leather and cloth. thanks for another lesson on good foods
Good point! I kept my extra nuts frozen.
just wondering is they any uses for the outer and inner husks??? like corn cobs and coconut husks....or are they only fit for the compost pile.
They work as a pesticide and will kill the roots of many other plants. You can also put them in a stream and kill fish,, or drain it into your lawn and the earthworms will literally come right up to the surface.
I was wondering about this after seeing walnuts in some of your earlier videos. Back when I first got into Arboriculture/Forestry 10 years ago I got dared to bite into a raw black walnut.... It's horrible lol, Juglone makes your mouth go numb and tastes horrid haha. I barely had my teeth through the outer husk and it just instantly filled my mouth with gross. Great video man, thanks for sharing!
Oh dude, you NUTS! LOL
I love the title😂
I have walnut trees surrounding 3/4 of my property im renting. I decided to throw seeds on the other 1/4. Now I got 60 more trees
Did your nuts smell citrusy prior to ripening/processing? I had a walnut tree in my old back yard but wasn't sure if these were the same nuts as yours. The squirrels certainly made a mess of the yard every fall. I would often pick up the untouched freshly dropped nuts just to have a whiff of their pleasant odour. Should have saved them I guess. That was quite funny...I thought I could hear your smile through the narration. Good composure.
They have a very distinct smell. I guess it's sort of citrous. I enjoy how they smell and so do the squirrels so it's quite likely that you had them. They fit nicely into a hand, bit bigger than a golf ball.
The tree leaves have a lemon citrus smell, too. That's one way to identify the tree when there are no nuts.
Yep interesting I used to put the hulls in a tub and boil n dye my traps we got to crack where we wanted to or not for mom you can make walnut oil also used in cooking
Cool!
I live in ottawa area, and have heard these grow in some of the Canadian Shield/ highlands areas. Have yet to ever seen one though. Great video! My father was rcmp and used to tell me some of the aboriginal women still collect these and make a powder from the nut to create a so called "bush bread".
Cheers mate.
They would make a great addition to baking/breads, for sure! To spot them...look for a big tree with a big canopy and all by themselves with little growth underneath. Reason being is that the nuts kill off a lot of the under-story since the juglone in the walnut is toxic to the roots of other plants. You can often find them easier in the fall once they start to put out the nut. You can often find them scattered all over the place near the base of the tree and in great numbers too.
What time is it!!!!????????
LoL, to prevent squirrels from getting your walnuts in to trap the squirrels and have them for dinner with walnut stuffing.
I find a dehydrator is extremely helpful.
Been years but I remember harvesting 4 fifty lb feed sacks one from black walnut trees on the farm. Took days to do that many by myself. Made walnut butter that year to. Similar to peanut butter but with that strong walnut taste.
Yeah, it's quite a job to turn them into food, but they are super abundant. And..that's a lot of nuts, good work man.
Never before have I been sooooo grateful of the nut allergy I possess!
squirrels used to drop the peel on my car all the time it would turn and eat the paint right off the car. that stuff is hardcore.
Wow, that's crazy!
well , I enjoyed the new video :-) I myself like walnuts / nut meat , , but I most generally listen for the squirrels cutting the hull as to find a place to hunt them , , , and when I find them , I'll collect a few squirrels , and take a gallon or so of walnuts as a bonus to the bounty of a good days hunt..
Sounds like a plan! Though, as of now, I've never found a black walnut tree in the 'wilderness', but mostly in the city. But they are a mecca for squirrels, that's for sure!
@@TheWoodedBeardsman i live in the foothills of the Appalachian mountains. I have 25+walnut trees.
This takes me right back! Black Walnut more common in southern ontario, the ones up here where I'm at are mostly planted. More so then eat them we used to use as great projectiles to throw at eachother and other things lol. Awesome videos lately man really showing of the traditional living aspects of Ontario. You made a goddamn maple syrup tappin' addict lol this ahs become a part time job! I got more sap sitting outside then i know what to do with hahaha
Ah man! Let me tell you how many days I spent boiling sap LOL. I have it coming out of my ears. I did 40 POUNDS of maple sugar!! I lost track of the syrup, but I ended up with 25 DAYS worth of CALORIES! I'll post an update possibly this week.
It's February 24th 22 my nuts are almost gone, there are de limits. Next year I will gather more I live in Canada do you have to wash them, or can you remove the green and then dry
Poetic squirrel story
the nuts will taste good with some fresh squirrel. perfect bait.
That's not a half bad idea. Next year I'll put the skins out for bait!
Of course that was 30 years ago. You could find a good used one I'm sure. it sure saves time scrubbing those nuts by hand. No pun intended.
this is amazing
Thanks Sleuth!
lots of people use the husks or shells to dye their traps prior to trapping season.
I've heard that it's used to dye clothing as well. It's pretty strong stuff.
It takes longer than that even with 2 people. They must be throwing in alot of shell material.
To get the husks off I would leave piles in the driveway and have my did drive over them with his truck a few times.
Cane&Pole
I use an old corn sheller to take the husk off of my nuts. I've been dumped them into a bucket of water and stir to get rid of the rest of the particles left on the shelf.
"Take it from my experience-squirrels will work very hardest to steal from your nutsack" -Wooded Beardsman 2017
Put that one in the bank! LOL
You enjoyed doing this voiceover way too much! LOL! I have a system for processing black walnuts. I took a short piece of RR rail that I foraged from along the tracks and cleaned off the rust with a angle grinder. Next I cut a piece of 2" PVC pipe to around 3" long. Then I cut some well dried black locust to fit tightly in the PVC. I place the nut on the rail, cover with the pipe, slide the wooden ram in and strike with a mallet. I break a few and pick thru them separating meat and shells. I find a nut pick invaluable for processing these.
Nice, I like that. Anything to make it easier puts us ahead!
The Wooded Beardsman yep! The pipe keeps the pieces from flying about and you don't have to use as much force to crack the nuts. I've been thinking about trying a steel ram for more energy/less force.
Lots of noix (walnuts) on the ground in France, this autumn. I have my bagful, along with noisettes (hazelnuts). I use either a rock or a cowhorn.
Enjoy!
Growing up there were black walnuts at our school and I remember hucking them at each other. Besides the nasty stains, some kid always got some in his eye which would get all red and swollen. We always thought they were being a baby, now I know why.
hahah, that's hilarious. There's just something so perfect about their size that you just want to throw them at other people LOL
this is too funny!!!