Yugoslavian News Intros before 1993 | REMAKE

Поделиться
HTML-код
  • Опубликовано: 9 янв 2025
  • КиноКино

Комментарии • 275

  • @fellowbalkaner09
    @fellowbalkaner09 Год назад +72

    5:48 the Earth is neither flat nor round, it is a massive "Vijesti"

  • @fellowbalkaner09
    @fellowbalkaner09 Год назад +22

    I noticed that the earliest news intros of nearly all SRs sample “There will always be an England”.

    • @DMXRUSER
      @DMXRUSER 3 месяца назад

      oh yeah, but why?

  • @NickAndriadze
    @NickAndriadze 5 месяцев назад +4

    ''Every dream has a meaning!''
    My dreams: *9:02*
    Jokes aside, amazing compilation. These are some of the most fun & charming news intros ever.

  • @GaelFP
    @GaelFP 2 года назад +27

    is really nobody gonna say anything about the fact that the music at 10:00 is literally the back to the future music

    • @the__ushanka
      @the__ushanka Год назад +1

      Macedonia showing their love for Back To The Future

    • @jankupka9106
      @jankupka9106 6 месяцев назад

      It was ripping off Turkish TV news intro from the late 80's

  • @user_ejg943jtv0tjt
    @user_ejg943jtv0tjt Год назад +23

    I like how the aired Serbian version of the TVP intro has more cleaner audio than the others. If only someone seeing this would remake this good tune, and as well make it clean like the real Serb version.

    • @life69467
      @life69467 Год назад +1

      Searched for Group: Azra,Aeodrom,Leb I Sol,Divlje Jagode,Riblja Corba .

    • @user_ejg943jtv0tjt
      @user_ejg943jtv0tjt Год назад

      @@life69467 Which one though???

    • @life69467
      @life69467 Год назад

      @@user_ejg943jtv0tjt Just Type (Koncert Split 1985) You will by Surprised by Have good It was to by teen in Balkan in 80's.Is sad my peers from West born in 1960's Don know have good it was .And tget we have ther own (Live Aid ).And our (Hit Meseca ) Was like our Type of (Top of the Pops) All this stuff you can find on RUclips to Prove you How That Country never Was So strict or Tight by regime . like other in East Block .Sometimes I ask my Self did you in West Europe or Usa know Tennegerhs (Behind the Iron Curtain ) Have oso Jeans,Chlosthes in Color .It was Hard here until 1967 Yugoslaw border was open .Even in 50s,And Earlier 60's it was better than in Bulgaria,Poland,Chech and others East Countries .

  • @NotteShock
    @NotteShock 2 года назад +25

    19:53 The crayons makes me feel like it's a children program instead of a news program
    20:10 That feels weird
    20:36 I don't know if i can call that low budget or not

    • @wendywithagun
      @wendywithagun 2 года назад +1

      I thought the crayons were bombs but with colour

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +4

      it's not low budget, they made an intro inspired by bits

    • @Олеся234
      @Олеся234 2 года назад

      @@akouna TOO VHS GENERATION LOSS!!!!!!!

    • @Олеся234
      @Олеся234 2 года назад

      @@akouna WHAT?????

    • @Олеся234
      @Олеся234 2 года назад

      @@akouna ARE YOU FREAKING SERIOUS?????????

  • @cfsk-tv
    @cfsk-tv 2 года назад +9

    Happy 1st Anniversary! Great video you made!

  • @josipajagnic5604
    @josipajagnic5604 2 года назад +4

    Svaka čast za 1 godine od yugoslavije.

  • @Kierunkowy7471
    @Kierunkowy7471 2 года назад +19

    17:01 Wasn't it a united news program for all Yugoslavian*-speaking stations? (for covering a congress of League of Communists of Yugoslavia) Music is an interval signal of Yugoslavian radio.
    *or rather Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian-Herzegovinian-Montenegrin-Voivodinian-whatever-it-is-going-too-long-just-stop-it!

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +4

      yes

    • @WNSQ-TV
      @WNSQ-TV Год назад +4

      objectively it's serbocroatian and lots of dialects but nationalism in each country is too strong to use the actual name, so each country calls it serbian, croatian, montenegrin, bosnian etc

  • @laz719
    @laz719 2 года назад +3

    Happy First Anniversary AlePoroto!

  • @yorkshireball_animations
    @yorkshireball_animations 7 месяцев назад +13

    20:25 It was found!

  • @GeorgianBoy-c4d
    @GeorgianBoy-c4d 3 месяца назад +2

    0:00 that’s a MTV ident in Finland.

  • @cerionerwarriorgamer1754
    @cerionerwarriorgamer1754 2 года назад +1

    Happy 1st anniversary Aleporoto.

  • @wendywithagun
    @wendywithagun 2 года назад +3

    At 13:06 the stuff at the bottom says БЕЗ КОМЕНТАРА!!! Београд - Галерија РТС-а, 5. јул 2015. "ТВ-ОД ЕВОЛУЦИЈЕ ДО РЕВОЛУЦИЈЕ" which according to google translate means NO COMMENTS!!! Belgrade - RTS Gallery, July 5, 2015 "TV FROM EVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION"

    • @AP-yx1mm
      @AP-yx1mm Год назад +3

      Yes this Format "No Comments" usually shows peculiar stuff, like a corrida in Spain or Chinas Ice Buildings in Harbin. And it is without comment, you just enjoy it, sometimes you hear background noise etc

    • @Serlavian
      @Serlavian 8 месяцев назад +1

      "bez" can mean "no" or "without"
      Source: I'm serbian

    • @roblogez
      @roblogez 2 месяца назад

      @@Serlavian means without. when do you use "bez" for no?

    • @Serlavian
      @Serlavian 2 месяца назад

      @@roblogez Ponekad se prevodi u engleskom kao „no“

  • @juanindojorgijanad782
    @juanindojorgijanad782 2 года назад +7

    Lithuanian evening news intro please! This is a message from the country's national radio and television, Vilnius' public broadcaster. It's "Panorama", actually.

  • @tci897
    @tci897 2 года назад +1

    Happy Anniversary🥳

  • @user-cvbnm
    @user-cvbnm Год назад +4

    I wonder will there be a color version of the dnevnik globe in the 70’s

    • @WNSQ-TV
      @WNSQ-TV Год назад +1

      there probably wasn't one, closest thing is the tv beograd dnevnik intro from 1978

  • @goofyuhhvyond
    @goofyuhhvyond Год назад +8

    5:44 *D O N U T*

  • @karonzilla
    @karonzilla 2 года назад

    nice.
    also, happy 1st anniversary!

  • @raistherais
    @raistherais 2 года назад +5

    5:47 the earth is "vijesti" confirmed

  • @atv4113
    @atv4113 2 года назад +4

    In one of the video channel Animàtica (from barcelona)the video called demo 90 (it's video presentation intro made which has an animàtica ) Actually there is an intro telexornal from galicia self intro made in 1989 Truth probably unused

    • @atv4113
      @atv4113 2 года назад

      ruclips.net/video/wYk3-bKM4OA/видео.html 4:34

  • @SrSander
    @SrSander 2 года назад +2

    feliz primer aniversario!!!!!!!!!!11

  • @dandysworldonrobloxmemes
    @dandysworldonrobloxmemes 2 года назад +6

    13:20 broadcast operations?

  • @midju
    @midju Год назад +3

    0:17:15 ♥️

  • @enuigita188
    @enuigita188 9 месяцев назад +3

    i like 24:26 a lot

  • @RussianEagle6123
    @RussianEagle6123 2 года назад +16

    Soviet News intro PLEASE !!

  • @neptune8thplanet
    @neptune8thplanet Год назад +7

    for some reason the 1970 versions of dnevnik here sounds like im in a pirate ship ready to attack or is it just me

  • @Flowwgen
    @Flowwgen Год назад +5

    18:27 reminds me of those creepy hispanic suns you can buy

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад +2

      argentina

    • @Flowwgen
      @Flowwgen Год назад +2

      @@akouna yea basically the sun on the Argentina flag

    • @BOX_corporation.
      @BOX_corporation. Год назад

      Serbia is my country

  • @LDTV22OfficialChannel
    @LDTV22OfficialChannel 11 месяцев назад +2

    19:36 someone tell me the name of this song it's so grand

  • @SemiSonicMiraculer
    @SemiSonicMiraculer 5 месяцев назад

    7:10 one of my favorite intros :3

  • @Flowwgen
    @Flowwgen Год назад +7

    3:23 sounds like old shopping mall music

    • @m1ki666
      @m1ki666 Год назад

      Radio Television Bosnia and Herzegovina

    • @Flowwgen
      @Flowwgen Год назад +1

      @@m1ki666 i k n o w

  • @eduardvlad926
    @eduardvlad926 2 года назад +7

    4:57 Source?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад

      ruclips.net/video/k3vH0H2eIak/видео.html

  • @elviacomballer
    @elviacomballer Год назад +1

    Thx

  • @skyfuzzball8312
    @skyfuzzball8312 2 года назад +4

    4:11 my favorite

    • @Serlavian
      @Serlavian 8 месяцев назад

      Do you seriously like Croatian news intro more than Serbian one?

    • @skyfuzzball8312
      @skyfuzzball8312 8 месяцев назад

      @@Serlavian yeah

    • @Serlavian
      @Serlavian 8 месяцев назад

      @@skyfuzzball8312 why?

    • @skyfuzzball8312
      @skyfuzzball8312 8 месяцев назад

      @@Serlavian The Croatian one has much more Majestic feel (audio) thân Serbian to me

    • @Serlavian
      @Serlavian 8 месяцев назад

      @@skyfuzzball8312 what about the image/design, like Serbian one has pixels in the entire world and then they make it like a globe and then add "dnevnik"

  • @Alozhatos
    @Alozhatos Год назад +1

    I thought during Yugoslavia days, TV channels were broadcast from Belgrade to whole Yugoslavia.

    • @ChristopherSobieniak
      @ChristopherSobieniak Год назад

      I suppose when you still had a few other languages to deal with outside "Serbo-Croatian", it necessitated the need to regionalized its newscasts.

    • @shrillbert
      @shrillbert Год назад +5

      They were at first, but as the country decentralised, each Republic and Autonomous region got their own news.

  • @UpinAndIpinRPGGirls1987YT
    @UpinAndIpinRPGGirls1987YT 2 года назад +1

    Happy 1st Annniversary

  • @rezaalan3991
    @rezaalan3991 2 года назад +3

    Happy 1st Anniversary. My question is what the meaning of Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow at Croatian Television News programs?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +1

      I think it was a resume of what happened/will happen. The program ended with the Croatian Independence

    • @lejindaryswag4915
      @lejindaryswag4915 2 года назад

      My favorite was 4:01 which 100/10

  • @desauhac8793
    @desauhac8793 2 года назад +4

    4:33 TV DX link?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +1

      search for yourself

    • @desauhac8793
      @desauhac8793 2 года назад +1

      no
      link?

    • @gamma123-xyz
      @gamma123-xyz 9 месяцев назад

      ​@@desauhac8793no
      search. for. yorself

  • @r.j.lombardi111
    @r.j.lombardi111 3 месяца назад +1

    So... Macedonia used the Back to the future tune and got away with it?
    How?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 месяца назад

      we certainly don't know...

  • @OrangeShellGaming
    @OrangeShellGaming 2 года назад +1

    Which DX footage shows the logos at 4:31? To me it appears more likely that these logos were used briefly, if at all.
    I was able to find evidence of the 4:42 logo being used as early as 1987. The video title is "TV Zagreb - Vijesti, odjava i pregled programa za 20.09.1987." and it's recorded on September 19, 1987 (the 20 is because it's showing the schedule for the next day, i.e. September 20). The date is confirmed by the listed programs (1987 Portuguese Grand Prix and the 1987 FIBA World Cup finals, both listed under sport programs).

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +1

      ruclips.net/video/LWHZc3U2AyY/видео.html

    • @OrangeShellGaming
      @OrangeShellGaming 2 года назад

      @@akouna Sorry, I meant the logos shown for 1987-1989 (shown in 4:32-4:40)... 4:31 indeed still points to the previous logo

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад

      @@OrangeShellGaming ruclips.net/video/et0AtX5DOMU/видео.html

    • @OrangeShellGaming
      @OrangeShellGaming 2 года назад

      @@akouna I think that video just has the photo taken from that same post on yugopapir, rather than an actual DX recording of those logos...

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад

      @@OrangeShellGaming it is, you can see the source below the date on the video

  • @sawyaolingmoe2728
    @sawyaolingmoe2728 Год назад +2

    They're all from Dnevnik Tv

  • @jamesgreen1166
    @jamesgreen1166 8 месяцев назад +1

    We gonna see another remake now that the Macedonian intro has been found?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  8 месяцев назад

      not only the macedonian one, but many others too

  • @AnsgarisIoannes
    @AnsgarisIoannes 4 месяца назад

    10:04 con tema de apertura de _Regreso al Futuro_

  • @DoorDasherIg
    @DoorDasherIg 2 года назад +1

    yO BRO WHAT THE 1ST ANNIVERRSARY SOUND CALLED

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад

      MTV Oy (1990 - 1992)

    • @DoorDasherIg
      @DoorDasherIg 2 года назад

      @@akouna Thank you for the answer

  • @cristibratu5616
    @cristibratu5616 2 года назад +2

    Can You Do Moldova 1 Mesager Again

  • @chaixxxx
    @chaixxxx Год назад +2

    R. I. P. Yugoslavia

  • @InsertUsername2
    @InsertUsername2 2 года назад +5

    12:48 What happened here?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +3

      bad frame interpolation

    • @life69467
      @life69467 Год назад

      Searched for 80's group called :Azra,Leb I Sol,Divlje Jagode.

  • @USER9646_YT
    @USER9646_YT 2 месяца назад

    5:49
    earth is vesti/vijesti confirmed!11!1!1!

  • @sunha.
    @sunha. Год назад +1

    20:21 Yes. That small is south Korea.
    24:57 That Vojvodina uses Hungarian language.

  • @Артёмпередерий-ш7б
    @Артёмпередерий-ш7б 11 месяцев назад +1

    24:09 HÍRADÓ

  • @tomaszadamski9618
    @tomaszadamski9618 Год назад +1

    25:52 - was it generated on nintendo or what?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад +1

      nah it was an amiga ig

    • @tomaszadamski9618
      @tomaszadamski9618 Год назад +1

      @@akouna that why yugoslavia is so interessant country in the history - from one side socialism from another american, western equimpent in regime's TV

    • @ChristopherSobieniak
      @ChristopherSobieniak Год назад +1

      ​@@tomaszadamski9618Not being a Warsaw Pact nation helped. Yugoslavia traded regularly with the west since they were not in the Soviet Bloc.

  • @fireydoesstuff_real
    @fireydoesstuff_real 2 года назад +2

    I made a remake of 4:25

  • @annadurczok5093
    @annadurczok5093 Год назад

    zdravo

  • @SwabianBall1893
    @SwabianBall1893 2 года назад +3

    I thought hirado was only in hungary

    • @bundesautobahn7
      @bundesautobahn7 2 года назад +6

      Híradó I believe means "News" in Hungarian. I guess there is/was an ethnic Hungarian minority in the Vojvodina big enough to cater dedicated Hungarian language programming, much like the Italian RAI does with German language programmes in Südtirol.

    • @SwabianBall1893
      @SwabianBall1893 2 года назад

      Danke/Thanks!

    • @Scwarzkop
      @Scwarzkop 2 года назад +1

      @@bundesautobahn7 Yes

    • @dusanstankov120
      @dusanstankov120 Год назад +5

      Vojvodina has biiiiggg Hungarian minority

    • @ChristopherSobieniak
      @ChristopherSobieniak Год назад +3

      @@bundesautobahn7 Slovenia has a similar case with a minority of Italian speakers near the border with Italy. A channel serving these people is called TV Koper Capodistria.

  • @skafovic
    @skafovic 5 месяцев назад

    Can you remake it including RTV Koper/Capodistria please? 🙏

    • @akouna
      @akouna  5 месяцев назад +1

      @@skafovic sure, the day i remake it i will include that station c:

    • @skafovic
      @skafovic 5 месяцев назад

      @@akouna cool! Many thx!

    • @mikuoctoling
      @mikuoctoling 2 месяца назад

      ​@@akouna it's Time

  • @archived-channel
    @archived-channel 2 года назад +1

    When are you making some western european countries news intros

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +2

      i guess never because i am not interested on them

    • @archived-channel
      @archived-channel 2 года назад

      @@akouna well its okay

  • @goatgamer001
    @goatgamer001 Год назад

    Do you have a video with the 2023 intros

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад

      That would be so long

  • @Flowwgen
    @Flowwgen 8 месяцев назад +1

    9:56 VIP *back to the future theme*

  • @hipocresia
    @hipocresia 9 месяцев назад +1

    25:27 Sounds like a Mega Drive/Genesis NBA game

  • @Android1996
    @Android1996 5 месяцев назад

    7:20 1988-1990

  • @drinews272
    @drinews272 2 года назад +2

    When you will upload the video about HRT Dnevnik intro history?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +1

      i already did it

  • @elviacomballer
    @elviacomballer Год назад

    How app do you make the sound

  • @karonzilla
    @karonzilla 2 года назад +3

    also, for the serbia one, how could they manage to record the logos before VCRs were commonly avaviable?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +6

      film

    • @karonzilla
      @karonzilla 2 года назад +1

      @@akouna ohok.
      but, how did the live programming get from the station to film?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +3

      @@karonzilla i don't know, but they had really old cameras

    • @karonzilla
      @karonzilla 2 года назад +1

      @@akouna ohok

    • @tv-dawniej
      @tv-dawniej 2 года назад +7

      telerecording, pointing an film camera at a television screen

  • @FamtechVideos
    @FamtechVideos 7 месяцев назад

    1978-1979 Serbia has the incorrect music.

  • @JoyManoppo
    @JoyManoppo Год назад

    What about koper capodistria?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад +1

      i didn't include it because i didn't think it was the main one

    • @JoyManoppo
      @JoyManoppo Год назад

      @@akouna i see. But what about dnevnik titograd latin version and vijesti crne gore version?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад

      @@JoyManoppo those were discovered after i made this compilation

    • @ChristopherSobieniak
      @ChristopherSobieniak Год назад +1

      ​​@@akounaIt is a very minor station serving a minority of Italian speakers living in Koper (a.k.a. Capodistria) near the border with Italy.

    • @user_ejg943jtv0tjt
      @user_ejg943jtv0tjt Год назад +1

      @@ChristopherSobieniak Yeah I was confused on how TV Koper Capodistria wasn't mentioned as it had the generic Yugoslav globe intro

  • @NotteShock
    @NotteShock 2 года назад +2

    23:38 Vojvodina is NOT a country, it's just an autonomous region of Serbia
    --1000 yugoslav social credits-

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +4

      please note, is for the 8 main stations in former Yugoslavia

    • @NotteShock
      @NotteShock 2 года назад +4

      I forgot that, also please ignore my top comment, it somehow sounds like nonsense

    • @Wind2000channel
      @Wind2000channel 2 года назад +4

      Yes, it is an autonomous region of Serbia, but it has the hallmarks of a state.

    • @dzonikg
      @dzonikg 2 года назад +2

      @@Wind2000channel Kosovo and Vojvodina were provinces off Serbia but had own TVs..TV Pristina and TV Novi Sad ..Serbia was one off 6 republics in Yugoslavia.
      Why communist only created provinces in Serbia in 1974 and not in other republics is for debate but it was basicly to Serbia not be more powerfull then rest off republics

    • @ИосипБроз-я9з
      @ИосипБроз-я9з 6 месяцев назад

      @@dzonikg Don't look for a conspiracy theory where there isn't one. Autonomies were created in Serbia for the reason that a huge part of national minorities lived and still lives on their territory. Vojvodina is largely populated by Hungarians, and Kosovo by Albanians.
      Why didn’t a similar fate affect other republics? It’s simple: in other republics, if there were national minorities, they either lived in a small area, and it would be strange to create autonomy for 1 town and 3 villages (as in Slovenia with the Italians and in Macedonia with the Albanians), or they already had their own republic (like Croatian and Bosnian Serbs).

  • @kamenatlanta5661
    @kamenatlanta5661 2 года назад

    What's the difference between "Dnevnik" and "Vijesti"?

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +9

      Dnevnik (Diary) are long news while Vesti (News) are short reports

  • @LankyMarko
    @LankyMarko Год назад +1

    News from east germany please

  • @tribinaaux4043
    @tribinaaux4043 Год назад +1

    Where is Yutel

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад

      I included the main ones that were used along

  • @midnight_styx
    @midnight_styx 2 года назад +2

    8:43

  • @alkansfunadventures
    @alkansfunadventures 10 месяцев назад

    3:01 da hek

    • @ИосипБроз-я9з
      @ИосипБроз-я9з 6 месяцев назад

      Someone wrote a postscript about the Bosnian war, which began around this time, over the recorded broadcast.

  • @c101vp
    @c101vp 3 месяца назад

    bro i swear to god these facebook uploaders with their watermarks and text

    • @akouna
      @akouna  3 месяца назад

      @@c101vp which uploaders?

  • @atv4113
    @atv4113 2 года назад

    En general, te felicito en dos idiomas. In general, I congratulate you on two languages (SPANISH) feliz primer aniversario (ENGLISH) Happy 1 anniversary

  • @fabianiandrade290
    @fabianiandrade290 9 месяцев назад

    2:14 2:15

  • @pasoska_kontrola
    @pasoska_kontrola 7 месяцев назад

    First and foremost, thank you for this collage, its such a pleasure to watch all these intros.
    I think that Bosnia had the best intros alltogether (but the last one really is terrible), but TVP really had no right to make bangers like it did 😁

  • @fabianiandrade290
    @fabianiandrade290 9 месяцев назад +1

    3:13

  • @dawidtan8
    @dawidtan8 2 года назад +1

    Happy 1 Año 😘🤪

  • @YerassylKh
    @YerassylKh 2 года назад +2

    ruclips.net/video/rV40xI2aSC0/видео.html - TVCG Vijesti studio in 1991/1992
    also happy first anniversary

    • @akouna
      @akouna  2 года назад +2

      ruclips.net/video/HzeosP_h1Ew/видео.html
      (Found by Paul's International Television)

  • @fabianiandrade290
    @fabianiandrade290 9 месяцев назад

    0:31

  • @utkarshkulkarni8777
    @utkarshkulkarni8777 Год назад

    ☭ लाल सलाम ☭ 🇮🇳

  • @zaidmaaita3759
    @zaidmaaita3759 Год назад +1

    Who is that clown who decided that military music would be appropriate for the intro at 5:27 ? 😆😆

    • @akouna
      @akouna  Год назад +3

      bro that's the anthem of croatia

  • @mikuoctoling
    @mikuoctoling 2 месяца назад

    KOSOVO IS HUNGARY !

  • @OmarBromar-l5o
    @OmarBromar-l5o 5 месяцев назад

    Kosovo is Albania

  • @salvatoremaglione6398
    @salvatoremaglione6398 7 месяцев назад +2

    19:19

  • @vojinvlahovic6547
    @vojinvlahovic6547 7 месяцев назад +37

    Kosovo is Serbia

    • @akouna
      @akouna  7 месяцев назад +39

      Kosovo is Peru

    • @balaearom7331
      @balaearom7331 7 месяцев назад +12

      ​​@@akouna Kosovo is albania

    • @akouna
      @akouna  7 месяцев назад +25

      @@balaearom7331 Kosovo is TURKMENISTAN

    • @vojinvlahovic6547
      @vojinvlahovic6547 7 месяцев назад +11

      ​@@balaearom7331Kosovo is Serbia😡😡😡😡😡

    • @balaearom7331
      @balaearom7331 7 месяцев назад

      @@vojinvlahovic6547 Kosovo is "north" Macedonia

  • @Jolandfan188
    @Jolandfan188 Год назад +1

    0:33 Source?