Sound Gun Series Ep #1: PRODUCTION SOUND

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  • Опубликовано: 19 окт 2024
  • This is TUTORIAL #1 of the Sound Gun Series! Kevin walks us through the basics of getting good production sound and why it's important.
    Watch the Sound Gun Original Short here:
    • The Sound Gun: An RJFS...
    Have questions about production sound? Ask us in the forums!
    discuss.rocket...
    Special thanks to our sponsor, Røde Microphones, for the rad gear we record with. www.rode.com
    Check out the Røde smartLav+ Mics here:
    www.rode.com/mi...
    Thanks for watching! More videos at school.rocketjump.com!
    You can also follow us on Facebook & Twitter:
    / rjfilmschool
    / rjfilmschool

Комментарии • 147

  • @DonutVideos
    @DonutVideos 9 лет назад +167

    this guy is the best at rocket jump "tutorials"

    • @musaddiqueh6248
      @musaddiqueh6248 9 лет назад +19

      Couldn't agree more, this dude is too funny!

    • @VIUSmusic
      @VIUSmusic 8 лет назад

      +DonutVideos "There's no magic in the world." XD

  • @Compulsion84
    @Compulsion84 7 лет назад +19

    I love these videos from RJFS, especially Kevin. They're educational and really funny. I busted out laughing when he rammed him off shot in the power wheel or whatever it was.

  • @KaitlynYang
    @KaitlynYang 9 лет назад +2

    Kevin you take that back! There's totes magic in the world!

  • @BakerbrothertvOfficial
    @BakerbrothertvOfficial 9 лет назад +31

    I'm loving these videos. *They're epic.*

  • @gallogjj
    @gallogjj 9 лет назад +4

    Kevin really adds a lot of fun to this videos while still getting information across. I am excited to see more!

  • @SteFun009
    @SteFun009 9 лет назад +8

    I STILL LOVE THE TRANSITION SOUND hahahahahahahahaha
    "Bloooop" at 4:05
    good work guys

  • @jonathanbrandow9959
    @jonathanbrandow9959 8 лет назад +6

    "There's no magic in the world" crushed my dreams xD hahaha

  • @RumleKjaer
    @RumleKjaer 9 лет назад +22

    Kevin is a fucking legend! It's fun and quality content. Love it!

  • @ese9087
    @ese9087 9 лет назад +1

    Awesome as always Kevin. I moved to learn more about the wild life that lives around me.

  • @Paul2
    @Paul2 8 лет назад +2

    best filmmaking channel on RUclips. no over the top jokes like Film Riot that make the video 13 minutes long, and not an amateur like DSLRGuide. Thanks!

    • @MaxHudler
      @MaxHudler 8 лет назад

      +Polan I'm surprised you would refer to DSLRGuide as an amateur; Simon understands film theory better than many people in the industry...

    • @Paul2
      @Paul2 8 лет назад +1

      +Max Hudler Really now? I was a fan at first until I realized he can't execute a lot of what he talks about, mainly where he emphasizes story.

  • @miniaturehero8898
    @miniaturehero8898 9 лет назад

    Said it before, I'll say it again. These are really, really good.

  • @RBuckminsterFuller
    @RBuckminsterFuller 9 лет назад +59

    Needs more wild life.

  • @AntonyDyer
    @AntonyDyer 5 лет назад +1

    You guys are the best!

  • @ginotarabotto
    @ginotarabotto 4 года назад

    Loved the tutorial. Helpful and hilarious. Thanks!

  • @aaronaustin7760
    @aaronaustin7760 6 лет назад

    This episode was a blast! Thank you for the humor and the incredible tips! Carry on my wayward son.

  • @LarsWaltherFilm
    @LarsWaltherFilm 9 лет назад

    What an amazing tutorial. Thank you all for it. I love your style and the shooting philosophy, as well as the *perfect* balance between information and humor. Kevin, you are a personal favourite and the best online sound teacher I've ever found. So glad you joined the RJFS.
    Another question: Is there any tip on short boom mics you can give for indoor recordings?
    Cheers!

  • @MrJohnnyPetey
    @MrJohnnyPetey 8 лет назад +1

    Awesome video Rocket Jump. It was very informative yet hilarious.

  • @mariodettomario9726
    @mariodettomario9726 7 лет назад

    Really great vid guys! Funny and professional! I like it, thanks!

  • @Guitargasm
    @Guitargasm 7 лет назад

    Awesome info dude! I wasn't expecting him to get run over by the toy car. Freakin hilarious 😄😄😝

  • @chrishogben5282
    @chrishogben5282 5 лет назад

    That slump after the echoey clap!

  • @afipdjh
    @afipdjh 9 лет назад

    These videos are really great, please keep making these.

  • @ChrisBstation
    @ChrisBstation 9 лет назад

    This is educational and hilarious.

  • @purepatter3351
    @purepatter3351 9 лет назад

    Found this both interesting and funny as hell. Especially the reenactments! ^_^

  • @CZsWorld
    @CZsWorld 9 лет назад +13

    Also: DON'T FORGET ROOMTONE!

  • @SwedishProStudio
    @SwedishProStudio 9 лет назад

    these guys are like the new refined and better FilmRiot

  • @TMWNFH
    @TMWNFH 9 лет назад

    Thanks for making these videos RJFS! I can't wait to use these tips in our future videos :)

  • @robinlightfoot5275
    @robinlightfoot5275 9 лет назад

    Great video!
    The transition at 4:06 (both audio and image-wise) is amazing >_

  • @AL3XALCAZAR
    @AL3XALCAZAR 9 лет назад

    I love this guy, and i love this videos

  • @samgu619
    @samgu619 4 года назад

    I like how you used Mozart's piano concerto in c major in the video

  • @papalove1884
    @papalove1884 9 лет назад

    Wow I enjoyed this video. I have four great movie Ideas I can't wait to realize them with you.

  • @papalove1884
    @papalove1884 9 лет назад

    awsome video. I really enjoy it and I have four great ideas movie to realize with you.

  • @femalefrankenstein
    @femalefrankenstein 9 лет назад

    New fav funny had some guy teaching film school channel!

  • @Angel_Bob_
    @Angel_Bob_ 9 лет назад

    My favorite parts of any of these videos is the transition noise.

  • @instanti1
    @instanti1 9 лет назад +9

    Rocketjump TAKE NOTES, Dont let CLINT on set

  • @Kolumaic
    @Kolumaic 9 лет назад +1

    Good lesson. I was hoping you'd bring up "Room Tone" though.

  • @MustaKrakish277
    @MustaKrakish277 9 лет назад

    This guy, Kevin. I like him.

  • @VideoCameron
    @VideoCameron 7 лет назад

    this really made me laugh, well done guys

  • @TheNateLefever
    @TheNateLefever 9 лет назад

    Sound design video presented in an untreated room....bold.

  • @TKthiagoX
    @TKthiagoX 9 лет назад

    Thanks Kevin!

  • @yxgen4
    @yxgen4 9 лет назад +5

    Lost it at Joey's editing noise.
    boo-woop

  • @Darmadore
    @Darmadore 9 лет назад

    Kevin is a fucking genius! I haven't laughed so much in a long time (and certainly not while watching an instructional video)

  • @rutujaghanwat5864
    @rutujaghanwat5864 6 лет назад

    Omg u guys are so funny 😂😂 along with amazing content..

  • @witer6325
    @witer6325 8 лет назад

    Saved my life for my college admission sketch.

  • @myname2851
    @myname2851 8 лет назад +3

    I like how he was wearing a shirt that refers to Clint, but in this clip Clint is his "enemy". (What is better word I could use there?)

  • @CZsWorld
    @CZsWorld 9 лет назад +1

    What makes the best sound blanket?

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 9 лет назад +2

      CZsWorld On-set sound blanket use is much less of a precise science than say, noise-proofing a room for a recording studio. We typically use "furnie pads," which are just furniture pads used commonly for protecting stuff when you're moving stuff in a truck. They're commonly found in grip kits, hence why they're typically used. However, most any decently thick/padded blanket will work.

    • @CZsWorld
      @CZsWorld 9 лет назад

      Kevin Senzaki Thanks!!

  • @GMMikhail
    @GMMikhail 5 лет назад

    Wow this is so good!

  • @jeruma2002
    @jeruma2002 8 лет назад

    So so so helpful!

  • @kev_mcx
    @kev_mcx 9 лет назад

    Thanks alot Clint

  • @brentlanyon8056
    @brentlanyon8056 7 лет назад

    this was very helpful

  • @EricKerkhoven
    @EricKerkhoven 9 лет назад

    As someone working in grip / lighting, 4:31 made me giggle xD

  • @TheeBobos
    @TheeBobos 9 лет назад

    Thank you kevin

  • @stitchprosupholstery5224
    @stitchprosupholstery5224 5 лет назад

    this video was amazing! freakin funny thou

  • @TheBrandonLeeCook
    @TheBrandonLeeCook 4 года назад

    such a great video loll

  • @rashmeetarora1893
    @rashmeetarora1893 7 лет назад

    Maybe a stupid question, but if there are lavalier mics, why are boom mics used at all? Are they better in some ways?

  • @OCUBOX
    @OCUBOX 9 лет назад +1

    If all goes belly up, still, get/try iZotopes RX.
    You are welcome.

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 9 лет назад +1

      ***** That's actually coming up, with RX as the demo software! But you know how it goes, you can only polish a turd so much. Best to get it right on-set, second-best, know what is and what isn't fixable with software.

    • @OCUBOX
      @OCUBOX 9 лет назад +1

      Kevin Senzaki haha, oh I know what RX can do alright, so hoping for some advanced tips too :P

  • @jacksonharpemusic
    @jacksonharpemusic 4 года назад

    Clint from Corridor Crew!!!

  • @gunslingerfourtysix
    @gunslingerfourtysix 8 лет назад

    Can you give a tip to capturing exhaust sound from a moving high speed motorbike without the wind noise ???

  • @shotgunmario
    @shotgunmario 9 лет назад

    great stuff!

  • @Ozone946
    @Ozone946 6 лет назад

    Ok, this is epic

  • @WakingNews
    @WakingNews 9 лет назад +1

    Something to add: when booming talent, aim the mic at their sternum. Just in case anyone wanted to know.

  • @himlai8048
    @himlai8048 5 лет назад +1

    If I use single camera to shoot two people dialogue scene with double audio system(boom),which method should I use?
    taking each sentence each shot(but difficult to sync)
    or to act the whole dialogue twice and taking two shot between each character?

  • @Taka_Does_Stuff
    @Taka_Does_Stuff 9 лет назад +2

    Are sound blankets made out of some kind of special material or will anything soft do?

    • @alexhoverby
      @alexhoverby 9 лет назад

      Taka Thicker blankets are best if you're in a pinch!

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 9 лет назад +1

      On sets you'll often find furniture pads (or furnie pads) which are also used by movers for helpin safely transport stuff. These are the typical go-to for sound blankets since they're commonplace, but they don't have any particularly unique material qualities in their own right. Most heavy fabric (blankets, not sheets) should have some noticeable effect.

  • @FleNikc
    @FleNikc 9 лет назад

    2:11 He should have said "Don't need a boom, I AM THE BOOM!"
    ...boowhoop...
    Also Kevin reminds me of Griffin from IndyMogul

  • @ambientart3843
    @ambientart3843 9 лет назад +1

    Now for ADR, audio mix, why not save space on hard drive and go for a 44.1 rather than a 48, what is their difference, can you even hear it? what is white noise and how to fix it as well as avoid it. I need feedback on that one. what is ACG. We all know dynamic range for camera, but what about mics? I actually need to pick up on this. How to fix peaking on live audio. What mics are best for what production? I really should have condensed this message.. oh, cardioid!

    • @ambientart3843
      @ambientart3843 9 лет назад

      I'm beginning to pick up a pattern here.

    • @noreaction1
      @noreaction1 8 лет назад +2

      ADR: do it when dialogue from shoot is unusable. Audio mix: in the final mix you should be able to close your eyes and listen to the video and 1) not get bored 2) supplement the story and 3) sound better than the unmixed version. For kHz sample rates, you record in the highest sample rate and bit depth reasonably possible and in the final mix dither down to 44.1 if cd is the final medium or 48 if Dvd is final medium. I think blu Ray supports 96k but not sure. 44.1 and 48k are "practically" the same, but will make a huge difference to record in a higher resolution for audio processing in the mix. The way to fix white noise is to turn the fridge/ac/fan/etc off while filming. Don't point the mic towards noisy things if you can help it. Dynamic range for audio is the difference in decibels between the loudest and softest point in that sound or recording. How to fix peaks on sound recordings: well record with enough headroom in the first place and if you get stuck with bad audio try rx5.

    • @ambientart3843
      @ambientart3843 8 лет назад

      Exactly right. Some things are unavoidable when you're in a 1x1 bathroom and you are using a RED on a drowning scene. Can't use lavs, not enough room for audio, talent, director, and producer to be in the same place and attempt to slate and wish to sync. I need to teach my partners to never wrap the lav cord around the base, as it creates tension, which can be heard in playback and live.

  • @nathanleblancq4217
    @nathanleblancq4217 8 лет назад

    Any one who works in film or theatre will understand why asking the grip department to "set up sound blankets" is funny as hell 😂

  • @felzic12
    @felzic12 9 лет назад +1

    Yay

  • @esbenkran
    @esbenkran 9 лет назад

    3:55 = Gold

  • @Magicbanana987
    @Magicbanana987 8 лет назад +1

    'CLINT!'
    I pissed myself.

  • @bobkin611
    @bobkin611 7 лет назад

    Good video, but I thought this was about exploding mics. One of my actors now has one ear. Careful who you buy "BOOM mics" from.

  • @TheBasCast
    @TheBasCast 8 лет назад

    Hey, thanks for the video, really informative! I would really really like to know what kind of small popscreen u used on your boommics we can see at 1:41
    I really need to know.
    Thanks a lot!

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 8 лет назад

      +TheBasCast A lot of microphones will come with some sort of foam screen in the box; that's what we have on right there!

  • @nareshbabuanga
    @nareshbabuanga 6 лет назад

    thq bro

  • @YoeriKurvers
    @YoeriKurvers 9 лет назад

    I love you clint hahah

  • @FranklinMusicAudioandVideo
    @FranklinMusicAudioandVideo 4 года назад

    Muito bom!

  • @ArchIVEDCinema
    @ArchIVEDCinema 9 лет назад

    Clint is just too funny...

  • @M3231-s3v
    @M3231-s3v 9 лет назад

    do you find a boomed mic plugged into a camera always produces a hiss? or is this inherent to cheap mics? One time I recorded a live event.. 3 cameras + 1 H2N recorder.. trying to chose the best sounds and sync them was a freakin nightmare. Not like you can use a clapper board on a live event. Suggestions?

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 9 лет назад +1

      +Martial 3231 Cameras (even expensive ones) often have pretty poor sound recording capabilities, so I think it's fair to assume the problem is likely camera-side. Ideally you'd be able to record audio separately, and have on-board camera audio for sync reference, so you'd be able to get better sound and avoid at least some of the sync nightmares.

    • @noreaction1
      @noreaction1 8 лет назад

      +Kevin Senzaki I am wondering what mics were used at 0:42, 1:35, 1:41, and 5:03. Would you be able to identify them for me?

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 8 лет назад +1

      0:42 - Schoeps brand, I believe a CMC5-U with MK41 capsule.
      1:35 - I believe an Audio Technica AT4041. A shotgun mic would make more sense outdoors (AT4041 is a cardioid condenser), but I believe the shotgun's wind screen was being used on the sound gun prop itself!
      1:41 - Same as above.
      5:03 - Same as above.

    • @noreaction1
      @noreaction1 8 лет назад

      +Kevin Senzaki schoeps, interesting. Have you used the sennheiser mkh 416? That's my everyday mic. Trying to compare.

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 8 лет назад

      The Schoeps mics are part of the kit we used for VGHS Seasons 2~3 as well; we used the Schoeps for indoors (condensers usually perform better than shotguns), but we used the 416 for the majority of our exteriors.

  • @SVAFnemesis
    @SVAFnemesis 8 лет назад

    2:06 oh I think I wet myself from laughing

  • @m.d.6068
    @m.d.6068 2 года назад

    This video explains the basic notions needed to deal with sound on set and its repercussions in post if the sound is not recorded correctly during the shoot. It certainly explains everything in a fun and comedic key, grasping your attention, keeping you entertained, and at the same time while you are learning something new with sound. Interestingly, this video is modern enough to explain that sometimes lavalier mics might not be the most up-to-date and best solutions when boom mics are not accessible, like the RODE GO II mic. which is the latest technology that comes to mics. Each actor is on set. It contains: Pre-polarised pressure transducer, Polar Pattern, Omnidirectional, Frequency Range 50Hz -20kHz, Maximum SPL, 100 dB SPL (1kHz @ 1m) dBu, Maximum Input Level (3.5mm)-20dBV,Microphone Preamp Gain20dB,Equivalent Noise Level (A-Weighted)
    22dBA,Power Requirements In-built rechargeable lithium-ion battery charged via USB 5V, 0.3A.Operating Time Up to 7 hours, Analog Inputs 3.5mm TRS (lavalier microphone input)
    Analog Outputs 3.5mm TRS, Transmission Range 200m (line of sight), Computer Connectivity USB Type-C, Weight (g) TX: 30g RX: 32g, Dimensions (mm) TX Length: 44 Width: 45.3 Height: 18.3, RX Length: 44 Width: 45.5 Height: 18.3. I recommend everyone to try it, especially if you don't have a big budget to spend on sound department or you are doing everything yourself.

  • @amoshhh
    @amoshhh 8 лет назад +1

    I guess Clint made you wear his Pwnisher T-shirt just so that you can finish recording the ending in peace...

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 8 лет назад +3

      +xFataL I wear it constantly just to weird him out

  • @AlvarArming
    @AlvarArming 9 лет назад +1

    3:57 That pun tho. :D

    • @imhellag
      @imhellag 9 лет назад

      PowerSteel TV Of corpse!

  • @4KGamesFTW
    @4KGamesFTW 9 лет назад

    When's the foley ep. coming?

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 9 лет назад

      4KGamesFTW We're releasing one per week, and in total they introduce each main aspect of the sound process. Foley is next week!

    • @4KGamesFTW
      @4KGamesFTW 9 лет назад

      Can't wait

    • @4KGamesFTW
      @4KGamesFTW 9 лет назад

      Kevin Senzaki and thanks for the reply

  • @CinematicTechnologies
    @CinematicTechnologies 8 лет назад

    0:50 If that doesn't earn a subscriber, I don't know what would.

  • @ZackLazo
    @ZackLazo 9 лет назад +1

    3:59 Hold for Sound

  • @PogieJoe
    @PogieJoe 9 лет назад +1

    I want to be Kevin.

  • @juntartful
    @juntartful 8 лет назад

    Id really like to get a boom but what kind can i get that is on the low cost side?

    • @SarangPatel
      @SarangPatel 8 лет назад

      +juntartful I suggest the Rode micro boom pole.

  • @MakeBetterStuff
    @MakeBetterStuff 4 года назад

    No magic? I want magic!

  • @MrRafaelKieling
    @MrRafaelKieling 9 лет назад

    Two things that's kind of wrong... 1- Even thought is just an insert take, always record the sound... 2- You always have to use the boom, the lavalier mic is just to emphasise the dialog.

    • @expressmotionproduct
      @expressmotionproduct 9 лет назад

      I think ima gonna trust there advice, sorry bud

    • @SnailzRus
      @SnailzRus 9 лет назад

      jschma sc rafael is a bit right on the boom part. You do want to get ambient sound even if the subject is lav'd. Cause if you try to just play a clip with lav audio it may be missing some natural sounds of the area. A boom mic, pointed towards the action but not the subject talking will help pick up the necessary background sound.

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 9 лет назад +2

      1 - you don't always record sound actually, and there's a specific term for this, "MOS." It's commonly used for inserts or shots where sound wouldn't be usable (loud exteriors without dialogue, etc.). Also, off-speed (slow motion) will sometimes be MOS as sound (at least recorded at standard sample rate) wouldn't sync.
      2 - As described in the video, some shots aren't practical for the boom, and lavalier mics will be used on their own, typically very wide shots, or shots with a lot of tracking camera movement where a boom physically can't follow. In regards to smoothing sound quality out editorially, there's two elements: one is room tone, which would be recorded on boom and can be used as fill. Second, while some ambient noise is inherent in all locations, you typically want to minimize and even remove (denoise) the dialogue in post to be as clean as possible. Consistency in scene backgrounds typically comes from a stereo background track added in post, not from the production ambient noise alone.

    • @MrRafaelKieling
      @MrRafaelKieling 9 лет назад

      Kevin Senzaki What i meant by saying to always record is that sometimes a insert take (or any other), is meant go with a music as a soundtrack or with a soundtrack done by sounds of library.But is possible for the director to change his mind. So i would take some time to the editor to recreate the ambient sound. And isn't a big effort to record a small insert shot.And with the boom thing, i still think that even if isn't practical you still have to manage a way to record something even though if is in a wide shot or something like that, because if you can used at editing, great. If you can't, it's ok, gonna take more work to reacreate the ambience sound, but it's ok. Besides of my own way of thinking, i like your work Kevin!!! Awesome vids!

    • @LukeNicolaou
      @LukeNicolaou 9 лет назад +1

      Rafael Kieling That's why you record an atmos/ambience track, so you have something to cut in for shots with no sound, or to cover up any sound edits.

  • @anorak775
    @anorak775 6 лет назад

    What mic are they using at 1:40?

  • @motherhorsefucker
    @motherhorsefucker 8 лет назад +1

    i like that its a tutorial on sound they they just have him on a shitty lapel mic

  • @djlobb
    @djlobb 8 лет назад

    Fucking Clinton! lol, Love it!

  • @cobaltfalcon9458
    @cobaltfalcon9458 9 лет назад

    I'm just sitting here, waiting on Directing lessons.

  • @SVAFnemesis
    @SVAFnemesis 8 лет назад

    3:15 okay, so you don't use compressor during recording?!

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 8 лет назад

      +SVAFnemesis For film production audio, you typically do not! It's easier in post to level out dialogue if the recording is as "natural" as possible; for the same reason, constantly riding the volume level (adjusting up and down in record volume frequently) is also not particularly advisable for the same reason.

    • @SVAFnemesis
      @SVAFnemesis 8 лет назад

      Kevin Senzaki Thanks so much for your replay Kevin

    • @KevinSenzaki
      @KevinSenzaki 8 лет назад +2

      Ideally you'd adjust the record level for the shouted line! Compression can affect the dialogue in ways that can make it sound unnatural, which is why it's not typically used for production recording. However, this is separate and different from a limiter, which most sound recorders will have - a limiter can help reduce clipping and distortion if a line is way too loud, but it usually still won't sound great. While you don't want to adjust volume too often while recording (it makes it harder to mix), the best way to deal with big volume changes is to mix the level on-the-fly during the take.

  • @pranitsai8013
    @pranitsai8013 8 лет назад

    can u suggest a good lav mic

    • @IronFilmVR
      @IronFilmVR 8 лет назад +3

      They're using Sony UWP-D11 in the video, I have them myself. Will be upgrading the stock lavs however to Oscar SoundTech 801 lavs

    • @itsoundsgoodfr
      @itsoundsgoodfr 6 лет назад

      sanken cos-11 or dpa4060 with zaxcom or lectro or audio ltd tr and tx

  • @evanvonl7297
    @evanvonl7297 7 лет назад +2

    Stopped listening after the third word because you shouldn't distort your mic in a video about production recording.

    • @nuralimedeu
      @nuralimedeu 5 лет назад

      Maybe it was a joke, you know? They probably made it distorted on purpose.

  • @csabalandi
    @csabalandi 5 лет назад

    3:55 😂

  • @AndreasFilms
    @AndreasFilms 9 лет назад

    Of corpse! heh

  • @particulafilmes
    @particulafilmes 9 лет назад

    We need subtitled vídeos in portuguese Brazil Man o/

  • @vishvakseenichamy
    @vishvakseenichamy 9 лет назад

    Under 301

  • @anteil95
    @anteil95 9 лет назад

    Am I the only one whose video is de-synced? If no then it's pretty ironic if you ask me...

  • @eustagoout
    @eustagoout 9 лет назад

    Sound is my weakest point right now :(

  • @omerbahce8377
    @omerbahce8377 9 лет назад

    :)