I'm so happy to live on an era where there are deep interest in rockets, space exploration and info is freely available in the Internet. You're part of this moment in history.
I just wish NASA would notice and start giving us more than the inane, superficial fluff we tend to get from them. NASA does tons of awesome stuff, but they SUCK at telling us about it.
@@StubbyPhillips i would love NASA to check and see the potential in this few youtube makers and at least promote them so they can have more following and with that resources to invent and create even more awesome stuff ;)
@@Hobypyrocom There is SO much potential! NASA needs presenters with the knowledge and passion of some of these RUclipsrs instead of clueless people who talk to us like we're all five years old. Unfortunately NASA is a government agency. No doubt there are a bunch of management types who wear ties and have lots of meetings making sure nothing but generic, homogenized, committee approved drivel makes it through the process.
@@thealienrobotanthropologist Indeed. That definitely contributes to the "disconnect" between NASA and the public. Nonetheless, much awesomeness happens at NASA and we catch only superficial, dumbed-down, distilled glimpses of it we even hear about it at all. Such a shame.
I went to Huston Space Center years ago and I receive their weekly newsletter. There are plenty of interesting stuff they do, however this is the 2000's way of advertising that. We live in the era of RUclips, TikTok, Twitter... and they are behind, I agree. Tech Ingredients, Mark Rober, Smarter Everyday, Veritasium and other channels fills the void.
You reactivated my 'space'project... Strictly taking me to the next level of engines.... Love your channel,greetings from a retired Dutchman living in Spain...🇪🇦😉
Me, thinking "Why don't you just make it extra long and cut off the end with the divot?" Presenter: "Now you may be thinking Why don't you just make it extra long and cut off the end with the divot?"
I appreciate the in-depth explanations of all aspects of any subject you cover. Don't let any nay-sayers convince you otherwise (if there even are any). Excellent work!
@@DullPoints ah NielRed, NileRed’s Irish cousin! Haha just teasing, Nigels channel is awesome. He’s now doing a weekly podcast with some of his other RUclipsr friends called Safety Third if you’d like to check it out.
Is Main Presenter an actual teacher? Because the way he explains things is just exactly spot on perfect for at least my brain. Factual, to the point, no fluff or tangents, very clearly articulated, at just the sweet spot of detail where I always feel like I'm learning a lot and at the very limits of my understanding, but not too complex that I'm getting lost or don't understand (even though I might have thought it'd be way over my head before watching). And it seems to be like this no matter the subject, which really speaks to not only the knowledge this man has, but also the teaching skills he possesses. Hats off to Mr. Presenter.
Ah, the memories of making sintering molds in graphite, as well as being around the rubber mixers for vehicle tire manufacture where the carbon black goes in.
If you're going employ the Magic Of Television, then have an assistant (you've got a full stage crew, right?) move the hands on the clock ;). I like how they actually made a cut in edit so that it seems legit. Jokes aside, great job guys, as always!
I'm excited to watch this video later. I've been making solid and hybrid rocket engines for about a year now and i just started on my first liquid rocket engine. This channel has been a great help in my learning process!
Your intuitive discussion of convergent/divergent nozzles was superb. I got my masters in fluid mechanics and I only had one or two professors that could communicate things like that. The math was always the clarifying factor for me though. Derivations and equations made sense to me that drove my intuition. Your explanation is just so eloquent though, with very little technical jargon to boot!
I highly recommend using beeswax, it’s energy density is about 10% higher and it’s melting point is also slightly higher. All of this combined with carbon black leads to a measurably longer burn time with comparable combustion stability and thrust!
@@antoninperbosc1532 Not if you grow your own ! It is a genuine Renewable Resource, but the global Bee population needs some help right now. Too much land-clearing, deforestation, and genetically altered cropping plants. I'm in rural Australia, our Native Bees don't do wax like Commercial Bees, and they don't have stingers. So start your own Beehive today, in the city or town, free honey and wax all year round.
Having worked with quite a few smaller solid fuel rockets and not being a design engineer, I did observe one design you may consider. On the inside of the nozzle, at the base of the convergence, there was a shoulder or lip where a thin round aluminum disc would be placed. This disc had scores in the shape of a cross. The scores were a specific thickness, depending on the rocket. My conclusion had always been that this was to prevent F.O.D., of which it does. After speaking with a designer, he explained that the disc would allow the initial ignition pressure in the rocket to build up instantly which accelerated and more evenly ignited the rocket. All this just before the disc splitting at the scores and blowing out the nozzle. This all happens in milliseconds. The overall performance increases were significant.
This isn't needed so much if you use copper thermite for ignition of composites as ignition of the entire grain(s) is instantaneous (measured about 50ms!),but if you aren't, burst disks are definitely useful, especially if you aren't running high chamber pressures (which can lead to start up instabilities and this incurs losses) !
@@mduckernz would that apply to this hollow core design? I've only had experience with the .22 caliber igniters in military applications such as ejection seats and drone launchers. I do know this is how the 2.75" rockets are fired on the Apache gunships. Actually, all of the dozens of motors I've worked on are like this. It's been a while.
@@wearemilesfromnowhere4630 super interesting to hear your contribution. Do you think there would also be a side benefit of protecting the rockets from foreign particulates or humidity?
@@abcqer555 @Paul Mclaughlin It makes sense to me that the discs provide protection, being that otherwise the nozzle leaves the the propellant and the head of the ignition primer exposed. Wouldn't want a wasp nest in there. From what I recall, the discs were not airtight or waterproof but I'm sure they can be made that way. The cast nozzles, made by Carsten, (Ping Golf Clubs) and the head or top were sealed by o-rings and locking keyways on to 4130 tubes.
Worth mentioning, latex gloves are kind of OK when using a lathe as if they get grabbed they'll just rip but never wear work gloves when using a lathe, mill or pillar drill as if they get grabbed it could get very bad. Also NEVER leave the key in the chuck if your hand isn't on the key then it shouldn't be in the chuck.
At 36:20 he left the chuck key in the chuck and walked away - big mistake! Bad habits are your own business, but you are making an instructional video that should be safe!
Slow-mo Bezos seems to think going up and down is an accomplishment in 2021, like we didn't land on the FREAKING MOON with 1/4 the tech over a half-century ago.
This has certainly got to be the BEST youtube video I have ever seen. Thank you so much for not only showing how you do things, but explaining the principles behind their design and function. Incredible! I'm now a subscriber.
Would you get an appreciable improvement if you cut the nozzles, especially the divergent, to a parabolic or semi-paraboloid curve? Or would that be a total waste of effort?
@@TechIngredients I am curious, does this have a script or do you say all these details on the fly? If you do it on the fly I'm sure you have to think about it for a while. You appear to do it in very few takes, it seems like you were born to be a teacher.
@@helpabrothawithasubisaiah5316 Seriously. The man is able to speak so articulately and explain things in easy to understand terms for almost an hour while I can't even order food without a few ums or uhs lol. He truly has a gift for teaching.
@@schwaaat590 ill be trying to explain no pickles and somehow they will put extra pickles kinda thing.. No jk jk, honestly I think I would be a good teacher if it wasn't for my patients
pretty cool that wax contracts and expands with heat, Ave did a short video on a wax motor, very simple and excellent power to size ratio with incredible simplicity, got to love material science
No questions, just admiration for your desire to share your knowledge in a way that is understandable to non-degreed people like me. I truly understand what you say because of how you present it!
On expansion ratio: how does one acquire the chamber pressure? Since thrust is created by both pressure and mass flow, you have to know the mass flow to get the pressure. Thrust formula: F=(Pc-Pa)*A+Ve*dm/dt
The mass flow is easy to estimate based on time. The effect of the simple nozzle is to augment thrust by roughly 50% vs a simple throat and chamber pressure.
Hey, I love your guys' stuff! Any thoughts on including reference material that guided you in the description of your videos? I'm often curious to dive into the more technical aspects of the concepts you explore and would find that material interesting. Also, a possible video idea: I've been toying with building a simple generator that would allow me to harvest power from wind turbines. A video on making a good, DIY-capable permanent magnet generator with no machine shop tools would be cool!
I think any synchronous motor would work as a generator. I would avoid induction motors since I think they need to be jumpstarted directly again whenever they stop turning in generator mode (not great for a wind turbine).
The gold standard deeper dive for rockets is “Rocket Propulsion Elements” by Sutton. It’s a fantastic textbook, and surprisingly accessible for being rocket science. It’s even relatively affordable for a specialist textbook!
@@TechIngredients Looking forward to it! The magnetohydrodynamic video was my first introduction to your channel, and I’ve been watching ever since. That’ll be a nice trip down nostalgia lane.
So glad I found you years ago. ALL of your subject matter (s) are things I'm interested in an I love your presentation. Knowledge IS power and YOU are a very powerful man! Thank you muchly.
Watching the stuff of life being machined is amazing. Add a glass of water, some energy and some catalysts, and you have glucose, sucrose, ethanol, methanol, or gasoline -- or paraffin. A few trace elements, and Bob's your uncle. Alternately, squeeze it down and propose to your fellow being.
Wow you’re explanation of Bernoulli’s principle is the most intuitive I’ve ever heard! Thank you for creating all these videos. You should be on Best of YT
Since you mentioned pressures and chemical reactions, do you know if there's an upper limit to the pressure that a reaction can generate? What I mean is if you had an indestructible box and set off a motor inside, how would the reaction be affected?
Having worked with quite a few smaller rocket motors, I can tell you that the when there is oxidizer in the fuel, the pressures when the nozzles are too small can be significant. I have seen high strength cast iron nozzles either fragment or even turn inside out. Once the designer does the math, it's time to experiment and that's when past experiences help tremendously. Even variations in fuel batches can make a big difference.
There probably is, like where the boundary layer of intermixing oxidiser and fuel in vapour phase becomes so thin that further acceleration becomes impossible as it becomes the rate limiting step... but practically this is impossible to achieve with most compositions, the hardware will fragment well before then
i got into candle making over the past year or so, one of the ways you can reduce shrinkage of wax is to not pour it into your mold until its a few degrees above "freezing." This greatly lessens the amount of shrinkage that occurs.
If I were to do this, I would want to set up a test stand to measure and record the thrust. Do you have suggestions on how to do that? Also, do you have any formulas for estimating the amount of thrust that will be generated from this kind of rocket motor?
if you want a starting point maybe give a look to pressures sensors (like those that the DIY racing sin rigs use) , I would also recommend using a microcontroller that supports a SD card to save the data to plot graphs later edit: checked how they are called, they are called load cell sensor
Good stuff, as always. Our design was a 12 spoke wagon-wheel design (maximize surface area) with polybutadiene+carbon black, pressurized LOx with He. We started it with a pyrophoric TeAl (triethyl aluminum). This gave us features like launch to an altitude shut-off the LOx, coast, and restart the rocket. As I recall it was about 60" diameter and 60' in length. It took two+ forklifts to pull out the spoke forms. This was in the mid-1980s .... which is now used on the Virgin Galactic vehicle.
I am fascinated with the content of this site. The only thing I would like to see more of are the actual thermodynamic calculations on the predicted rocket thrust.
I have to say maybe it’s a nostalgic thing but I much prefer the original intro music, I think it’s because I associate that with the excitement of starting to watch a new upload. Other than that I just love everything that you do.
You have the best tutorials I have ever watched! I really wish I had instructors like you when I was younger to take advantage of the time I would be able to use the knowledge.
Can you please adopt me? I know I am 48 and have children of my own but this is a minor detail! Your channel is hands down the best on RUclips, I don’t have a lot of money so donating money is hard but I do tell everyone about your channel and promote you to everyone I know.
The Intro is trying too hard. Us math folks are information based. I get excited about your videos without needing to be impressed with post production. That said, thanks for another comprehensive lesson.
With 612000 subscribers not all are like us "math folks". I didn't mind the intro but yeah on most channels I want no intros but here is fits. 1 min intro for 40 min video is ok, 1 min intro on 10 min video with 75 % fillers, is not ok.
The clock on the wall barely moved 3 seconds, don't cheat! Just kidding, love You guys! Keep up the professional in depth videos, they are truly a goldmine of information presented in casually understandable yet professional manner.
Integza should be watching these. He's too obsessed with 3d printing and seems scared of working with any other methods. I personally think 3d printing has gotten stupid with the way people use it for final products. I see value in it for testing and fitment. But the obsession about making actual products from cheap printers has gotten out of hand. I'd never pay someone for a product they're selling if it was 3d printed.
To some degree Integza 3d printing everything is for the entertainment value more so than any engineering reasoning ;) There's a core of truth to what you're saying, it's the old "if you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail" problem (when in reality, you could reach your goals faster and better with a different tool you just hadn't considered). At the same time, there is no rational reason to reject a product _just_ because it contains 3d printed parts. In some cases it's totally legitimate, produces the material properties required and in small-scale production may be more economical than injection molding or other methods.
You're not wrong. But never the less I'd love to see a wax based filament used as a fuel grain. Would be interesting to see adjustable thrust profiles by varying the diameter and geometry over the entire length of the motor.
@@ska042 A part would need to be majorly overengineered to be 3d printed and as strong amd useful as something made by a real industrial process. I also don't tend to buy stuff from low volume "maker" types of people. Not really into DIY stuff.
3D printing is an easy method for fabricating complex parts, but the systems available at a price that most of us can afford are limited to prototyping a design with limited structural capabilities.
I think Integza is too obsessed with the RUclips grind first and foremost. He has found a topic that works for him to acquire and maintain the viewership, and he is in this loop where he has to quickly produce 10+ minutes of content in a 3-act-story format for general audiences, with beginning, middle and an end every week, including scripting, "humour", production of sponsor segments and video editing, so he has remarkably little time per project to educate himself, experiment, do the actual work, or even just scour his comment section for helpful insights. He also needs to milk the system by producing fundamentally repetitive content that reuses and iterates upon the same elements that he has found success with. He has found himself in the gears of the heartless RUclips "influencer" machine which has you do one repetitive thing for a couple years on a schedule and then burns the creator out or burns the audience out and stops providing, but in the meanwhile can be used to build up a little capital. I don't know that that's really a way to live, you might as well be in an industry job which has you treat it as a religion rather than a job, do 50h overtime every week, and where the workflow is SCRUMified to the extent that you cannot have any given task take more than a week, so you resort to putting bandaids on the project week after week reporting on-paper "success" when what the project really calls for is a re-engineering effort to undo the technical debt, but it wouldn't fit into a 1-week work cycle so it cannot get approved. As to 3D printed products? Why? I mean quality is one thing, but if someone has a way of achieving it consistently and the product is designed for it... They're not very economical in terms of production time/cost per piece, but at a small scale, nothing is. Not every product needs to target tens of thousands of people. 3D printers themselves are a bit of a special case, at least two major companies use this approach with printed parts, and on the one hand it does make their products substantially more expensive, but on the other, this is how they stay flexible, this is how they learn and refine their products, since they use the same printers that they sell, and they fine-tune their quality and reliability this way. This way rather than producing waste for the purpose of testing, the machines end up producing parts that will be used to build machines for sale. Also i have seen a number of companies do 3D printed ductwork in in-ear monitors, the tiny little piece that connects several different drivers (speakers, usually balanced armature type) and acoustic impedances ("filters") to the nozzle. Before this, the ductwork used to be handmade from lengths of tiny little vinyl tubing and pretty unreliable and expensive, it was a whole faff. Now think of it, this is actually a great use. SLA or SLS will spit those tiny pieces out at really good speeds, like your company might be manufacturing a couple hundred of these IEMs a day, so a little farm of a handful of SLA or a single large SLS machine fits the workload, they've got like $20-$150 of hardware inside each IEM, and the printed pieces cost basically nothing, several cents per IEM, couldn't be made in any other way without compromises, since this network of channels cannot necessarily be economically machined or cast like that, they're consistent, it's actually perfect. I'm sure if you think about it, there will be more kinds of products where 3D printed approach makes complete sense, it shouldn't be dismissed out of hand. I'm also working on something, a piece of electronics, that if it succeeds at the technical level, it will need to use an SLA or SLS printed part to replace a very unusual connector shell, and there's pretty much no way around it at the kind of budget and scale that i expect to target. A number of years ago, this means the product would outright not be possible.
This is the only channel where I know that no matter how long a video is I'm gonna watch the whole damn thing. I love everything yall do, thanks for putting out so much amazing educational content.
I love your insights in fundamental physical principles. Your understanding is very deep, practice is very important but I think your theoretical understanding is what makes this channel different. Thanks for sharing those insights. Great video.
Great videos. I believe the limiting factor on expansion of a gas in a vacuum is that the decreasing temperature causes the fluid to condense and it will no longer be compressible and will not be able to accelerate further. Else you could accelerate a fluid infinitely
In a vacuum, what is temperature? The gas will not condense because there is no way for the particles to transfer energy out of the pair that would bind together.
@@TechIngredients when a gas is expanding as it does in the diverging section, it will cool. Condensation is a common occurrence in rocket exhaust and is a reason that rocket behavior will diverge from ideal rocket equations.
Another neat trick for cutting graphite (or anything that produces a lot of dust) is to flip the tool upside-down and run the lathe in reverse, that way the dust gets thrown down instead of into your face.
From my professional experience developing conductive polymer composites I can tell you that ultrasonic baths are a good way to break the carbon clumps and evenly distribute it. An even better option is a sonicator but those are a pretty specialized piece of kit. Used sonicators can be picked up on ebay for a few hundred bucks. In my early testing, a sonicator was orders of magnitude of better distribution over hand stirring, severeal times better than a shear mixer, and about twice as an ultrasonic bath. It's incredibly fast compared to the other methods as well and could be dipped right into your warming pot
I have several ultrasound baths as well as a sonicator. The suspension didn't last any longer after a "bath" and as you said I didn't want to demonstrate a method requiring equipment that almost no viewer can access.
Well worth the time to watch, you teach all the aspects which is important to the visually mechanically inclined that needs to know how the thrust is achieved, thank you kindly Sir...
![Gunna - HIM ALL ALONG [Official Visualizer]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/HiCxoDeo0hc/mqdefault.jpg)
I can't stop admiring your ability to make me understand things I knew nothing about half an hour ago.
I'm so happy to live on an era where there are deep interest in rockets, space exploration and info is freely available in the Internet. You're part of this moment in history.
I just wish NASA would notice and start giving us more than the inane, superficial fluff we tend to get from them. NASA does tons of awesome stuff, but they SUCK at telling us about it.
@@StubbyPhillips i would love NASA to check and see the potential in this few youtube makers and at least promote them so they can have more following and with that resources to invent and create even more awesome stuff ;)
@@Hobypyrocom There is SO much potential! NASA needs presenters with the knowledge and passion of some of these RUclipsrs instead of clueless people who talk to us like we're all five years old. Unfortunately NASA is a government agency. No doubt there are a bunch of management types who wear ties and have lots of meetings making sure nothing but generic, homogenized, committee approved drivel makes it through the process.
@@thealienrobotanthropologist Indeed. That definitely contributes to the "disconnect" between NASA and the public. Nonetheless, much awesomeness happens at NASA and we catch only superficial, dumbed-down, distilled glimpses of it we even hear about it at all. Such a shame.
I went to Huston Space Center years ago and I receive their weekly newsletter. There are plenty of interesting stuff they do, however this is the 2000's way of advertising that. We live in the era of RUclips, TikTok, Twitter... and they are behind, I agree. Tech Ingredients, Mark Rober, Smarter Everyday, Veritasium and other channels fills the void.
"You can see that it's nearly flawless"
Bro, everything you do is nearly flawless
This channel is criminally underrated.
Scott Manly: This is why rockets are complicated
Tim Dodd: This is why rockets are awesome
Tech Ingredients: To make a rocket, you will need…
I like that!
Why hadn’t anyone told me about this channel before! Subscribed! 🤡🇬🇧
True. Fast physics. Easy physics.
You reactivated my 'space'project...
Strictly taking me to the next level of engines....
Love your channel,greetings from a retired Dutchman living in Spain...🇪🇦😉
The only channel worth getting notifications for. Always something useful for non-rocket scientists as well. I'm going to make so many black candles!
Me, thinking "Why don't you just make it extra long and cut off the end with the divot?"
Presenter: "Now you may be thinking Why don't you just make it extra long and cut off the end with the divot?"
You were not alone.
*End mills left the chat*
Likewise, here! Cheers-
We are clearly ideating in a similar fashion, the presenter is an order of magnitude advanced.
Or you can add sprues that compensate for the shrink like an engineer. Then just cut the sprue off.
The machining timelapse was one of the most relaxing bits of video I've seen in ages. Your talents are boundless.
I appreciate the in-depth explanations of all aspects of any subject you cover. Don't let any nay-sayers convince you otherwise (if there even are any). Excellent work!
This channel is required viewing for my chemistry/physics students. How many channels are of this quality?
Not enough. NielRed and Cody'sLab are also excellent.
VERY FEW channels are at this level of quality. It's always exciting when there is a new video.
@@DullPoints ah NielRed, NileRed’s Irish cousin! Haha just teasing, Nigels channel is awesome. He’s now doing a weekly podcast with some of his other RUclipsr friends called Safety Third if you’d like to check it out.
Take a look at "applied science" and "the thought emporium"
Applied Science is on this level.
Somehow it's satisfying to see all the practical details you take into consideration in your videos.
Thanks!
Is Main Presenter an actual teacher? Because the way he explains things is just exactly spot on perfect for at least my brain. Factual, to the point, no fluff or tangents, very clearly articulated, at just the sweet spot of detail where I always feel like I'm learning a lot and at the very limits of my understanding, but not too complex that I'm getting lost or don't understand (even though I might have thought it'd be way over my head before watching). And it seems to be like this no matter the subject, which really speaks to not only the knowledge this man has, but also the teaching skills he possesses. Hats off to Mr. Presenter.
Thank you!
@@TechIngredients are you a teacher?
You guys are getting so much better at editing and producing videos. The hard work has clearly paid off! Well done
Thanks!
Ah, the memories of making sintering molds in graphite, as well as being around the rubber mixers for vehicle tire manufacture where the carbon black goes in.
How are your lungs holding up?
@@jaymzx0 Great.. still got a heap more hydrocarbons to breath in.
Coal is very tasty. Mmm.. yummy.
Integza really needs to see this
"Okay, it's been five minutes."
As the clock in the background only changes by like two seconds, haha
Next on Tech Ingredients: MP demonstrates his time machine
It was a joke, you realize?
@@TechIngredients i think he realized, thats why he laughed.
Thanks for your knowledge
If you're going employ the Magic Of Television, then have an assistant (you've got a full stage crew, right?) move the hands on the clock ;). I like how they actually made a cut in edit so that it seems legit. Jokes aside, great job guys, as always!
@@TechIngredients he understood the joke, you realize? ;)
Probably the best explanation of rocket nozzles fundamentals on RUclips, keep up the good work!
I'm excited to watch this video later.
I've been making solid and hybrid rocket engines for about a year now and i just started on my first liquid rocket engine.
This channel has been a great help in my learning process!
Your intuitive discussion of convergent/divergent nozzles was superb. I got my masters in fluid mechanics and I only had one or two professors that could communicate things like that. The math was always the clarifying factor for me though. Derivations and equations made sense to me that drove my intuition. Your explanation is just so eloquent though, with very little technical jargon to boot!
I highly recommend using beeswax, it’s energy density is about 10% higher and it’s melting point is also slightly higher. All of this combined with carbon black leads to a measurably longer burn time with comparable combustion stability and thrust!
The nitrous solenoid can only pulse for a certain amount of time before overheating so the paraffin probably meets their goals
Would beeswax + honey be considered a hybrid ? ;)
@@snakezdewiggle6084 strike a match on a beehive and see what happens lol
yes but beeswax is more expensive than parafine ...
@@antoninperbosc1532 Not if you grow your own !
It is a genuine Renewable Resource, but the global Bee population needs some help right now. Too much land-clearing, deforestation, and genetically altered cropping plants.
I'm in rural Australia, our Native Bees don't do wax like Commercial Bees, and they don't have stingers.
So start your own Beehive today, in the city or town, free honey and wax all year round.
This is the most complete and digestible explanation of rocket nozzles I have seen. Bravo Sir.
Thanks!
Having worked with quite a few smaller solid fuel rockets and not being a design engineer, I did observe one design you may consider.
On the inside of the nozzle, at the base of the convergence, there was a shoulder or lip where a thin round aluminum disc would be placed. This disc had scores in the shape of a cross. The scores were a specific thickness, depending on the rocket.
My conclusion had always been that this was to prevent F.O.D., of which it does. After speaking with a designer, he explained that the disc would allow the initial ignition pressure in the rocket to build up instantly which accelerated and more evenly ignited the rocket. All this just before the disc splitting at the scores and blowing out the nozzle. This all happens in milliseconds.
The overall performance increases were significant.
Interesting.
This isn't needed so much if you use copper thermite for ignition of composites as ignition of the entire grain(s) is instantaneous (measured about 50ms!),but if you aren't, burst disks are definitely useful, especially if you aren't running high chamber pressures (which can lead to start up instabilities and this incurs losses) !
@@mduckernz would that apply to this hollow core design? I've only had experience with the .22 caliber igniters in military applications such as ejection seats and drone launchers. I do know this is how the 2.75" rockets are fired on the Apache gunships. Actually, all of the dozens of motors I've worked on are like this. It's been a while.
@@wearemilesfromnowhere4630 super interesting to hear your contribution. Do you think there would also be a side benefit of protecting the rockets from foreign particulates or humidity?
@@abcqer555 @Paul Mclaughlin It makes sense to me that the discs provide protection, being that otherwise the nozzle leaves the the propellant and the head of the ignition primer exposed. Wouldn't want a wasp nest in there. From what I recall, the discs were not airtight or waterproof but I'm sure they can be made that way. The cast nozzles, made by Carsten, (Ping Golf Clubs) and the head or top were sealed by o-rings and locking keyways on to 4130 tubes.
I have never heard such an amazing practical description of the Bernoulli principle. This has been eye opening, thankyou.
Worth mentioning, latex gloves are kind of OK when using a lathe as if they get grabbed they'll just rip but never wear work gloves when using a lathe, mill or pillar drill as if they get grabbed it could get very bad. Also NEVER leave the key in the chuck if your hand isn't on the key then it shouldn't be in the chuck.
This guy probably still has most of his fingers
At 36:20 he left the chuck key in the chuck and walked away - big mistake! Bad habits are your own business, but you are making an instructional video that should be safe!
There should be spring in the key to eject the key from the socket.
Yep, you zing a chuck key at a boss and it's all over.
@@Hyperlooper For now......
Hands down best explanation of emerging converging nozzle I’ve ever heard. I really get it now.
That's great, thanks!
Can't wait to see your Surface to Air Missile defense system.
😂🤣😂
Just wait till you see our torpedos.
Gotta keep drone operators on their toes. Don't want them to get rusty
@@TechIngredients is that an innuendo?
Oh god don't give him ideas haha
Thanks love the detail, a sign of someone’s complete understanding. I hate being told without explanation, take care
This guy will get to orbit faster than Jeff Bezos.
Fact
He's actually visiting from another planet, his real science project is can he educate these primitive beings called earthlings
Slow-mo Bezos seems to think going up and down is an accomplishment in 2021, like we didn't land on the FREAKING MOON with 1/4 the tech over a half-century ago.
*sooner
Orbital velocity is unchanged, no matter how thick your wallet is.
The eight downvotes are Elon Musk’s sock puppet accounts.
This has certainly got to be the BEST youtube video I have ever seen. Thank you so much for not only showing how you do things, but explaining the principles behind their design and function. Incredible! I'm now a subscriber.
Thanks, and welcome!
More incoming.
What a birthday gift!
Thanks tech ingredients!
Happy birthday!
@@TechIngredients thank you! :)
Your explanation of physics is just absolutely brilliant. Clear, easy to grasp for laymen, without complicated math formulas just brilliant.
Thanks!
Would you get an appreciable improvement if you cut the nozzles, especially the divergent, to a parabolic or semi-paraboloid curve? Or would that be a total waste of effort?
It's probably not worth the effort.
@@TechIngredients I am curious, does this have a script or do you say all these details on the fly?
If you do it on the fly I'm sure you have to think about it for a while.
You appear to do it in very few takes, it seems like you were born to be a teacher.
@@helpabrothawithasubisaiah5316 by the looks of it, he first does a trial run, then comes up with a game plan...
@@helpabrothawithasubisaiah5316 Seriously. The man is able to speak so articulately and explain things in easy to understand terms for almost an hour while I can't even order food without a few ums or uhs lol. He truly has a gift for teaching.
@@schwaaat590 ill be trying to explain no pickles and somehow they will put extra pickles kinda thing..
No jk jk, honestly I think I would be a good teacher if it wasn't for my patients
Valuable video!
It's like the viewers themselves doing the experimenting, minus the dangers involved in the experiment. Thank you, and stay safe, too!
Best channel for sure, glad I'm early
That was an excellent explanation of Bernoulli's principle - not just what happens but WHY it happens
pretty cool that wax contracts and expands with heat, Ave did a short video on a wax motor, very simple and excellent power to size ratio with incredible simplicity, got to love material science
You can also get wax powered thermostats that work on the same principle. Really interesting stuff!
Thermal couplings do the samething...
the only people more annoying than crossfitters and vegans are AvE fanbois.
@@lordjaashin 😏 not enough angry pixies in the last session!? Or have you been skipping treatment?
@@thelazy0ne midage crisis manchilds think it is cool to repeat words said by their favorite youtuber. that about sums up your average AvE fanboi
No questions, just admiration for your desire to share your knowledge in a way that is understandable to non-degreed people like me. I truly understand what you say because of how you present it!
Thank you!
13:23 "Okay that's 5 minutes"
Clock on the wall: 5 seconds
Good catch
That's a really nice explanation of rocket nozzles. Now I finally get it.
Under a minute in and with a beer in hand, I'm not sure if i've had enough or not enough to drink. Great!
Very detailed and interesting. I like that old lathe.
I enjoyed the out-take ! How about some bloopers......there must be one or two every so often :-)
I would definitely buy tech ingredients merch…gotta rep my favorite YT channel.
On expansion ratio: how does one acquire the chamber pressure?
Since thrust is created by both pressure and mass flow, you have to know the mass flow to get the pressure.
Thrust formula: F=(Pc-Pa)*A+Ve*dm/dt
The mass flow is easy to estimate based on time. The effect of the simple nozzle is to augment thrust by roughly 50% vs a simple throat and chamber pressure.
Your taste in music for your lathing work is exceptional. I’d love to see close up shots of the nozzle after you’ve polished it with the scotch brite
Hey, I love your guys' stuff! Any thoughts on including reference material that guided you in the description of your videos? I'm often curious to dive into the more technical aspects of the concepts you explore and would find that material interesting.
Also, a possible video idea: I've been toying with building a simple generator that would allow me to harvest power from wind turbines. A video on making a good, DIY-capable permanent magnet generator with no machine shop tools would be cool!
Good suggestion!
I think any synchronous motor would work as a generator. I would avoid induction motors since I think they need to be jumpstarted directly again whenever they stop turning in generator mode (not great for a wind turbine).
The gold standard deeper dive for rockets is “Rocket Propulsion Elements” by Sutton. It’s a fantastic textbook, and surprisingly accessible for being rocket science.
It’s even relatively affordable for a specialist textbook!
ruclips.net/video/8SWq5Pskpug/видео.html
Video from a series about turning a scrap yard washing machine into a hydroelectric generator.
So clear - so interesting. So many memories of using an old lathe back in the 60's. Happy days. Thanks for your Great Work! Greetings to you and yours
Great video. Out of curiosity, whatever happened to the magnetohydrodynamic project?
It's waiting for us to wrap up the rocket series.
@@TechIngredients Good deal - thanks for documenting and walking us through these projects.
@@TechIngredients Looking forward to it! The magnetohydrodynamic video was my first introduction to your channel, and I’ve been watching ever since. That’ll be a nice trip down nostalgia lane.
@@TechIngredients Yeah...
So glad I found you years ago. ALL of your subject matter (s) are things I'm interested in an I love your presentation. Knowledge IS power and YOU are a very powerful man!
Thank you muchly.
yes, rocket fuel should be sinister in appearance!
Metal.
"I'm being a bad boy."
Thank you, thank you so much, I think you are the only person on the internet i found that can explain why are nozzles
Watching the stuff of life being machined is amazing. Add a glass of water, some energy and some catalysts, and you have glucose, sucrose, ethanol, methanol, or gasoline -- or paraffin. A few trace elements, and Bob's your uncle. Alternately, squeeze it down and propose to your fellow being.
Awesome stuff. You might also like the Miller Ulrey experiment then ?
Best explanation of the fundamental phenomenon in bernouli’s principle ive ever heard
Wow you’re explanation of Bernoulli’s principle is the most intuitive I’ve ever heard! Thank you for creating all these videos. You should be on Best of YT
I knew I bought that lathe for a reason :)
I love how you explain the how and why of science in a very understandable way. I wish you were my science/physics teacher in high school.
Since you mentioned pressures and chemical reactions, do you know if there's an upper limit to the pressure that a reaction can generate? What I mean is if you had an indestructible box and set off a motor inside, how would the reaction be affected?
Having worked with quite a few smaller rocket motors, I can tell you that the when there is oxidizer in the fuel, the pressures when the nozzles are too small can be significant. I have seen high strength cast iron nozzles either fragment or even turn inside out. Once the designer does the math, it's time to experiment and that's when past experiences help tremendously. Even variations in fuel batches can make a big difference.
Pressures above 100,000 psi can be generated and this tends to be self reinforcing with a positive feedback loop. Testing is mandatory.
I think he is asking for the math.
There probably is, like where the boundary layer of intermixing oxidiser and fuel in vapour phase becomes so thin that further acceleration becomes impossible as it becomes the rate limiting step... but practically this is impossible to achieve with most compositions, the hardware will fragment well before then
@@TechIngredients Interesting that it produces a feedback loop. Do you know of any literature on the topic?
You took a topic I thought I had got everything out of RUclips I could get and taught me more. Damn I love this channel
So it literally is rocket science?
... and it doesn't even look THAT complicated 😋
That is the best explanation on Bernullli's I've heard!
You should do a colab with @bpsspace putting your engines in his rockets.
i got into candle making over the past year or so, one of the ways you can reduce shrinkage of wax is to not pour it into your mold until its a few degrees above "freezing." This greatly lessens the amount of shrinkage that occurs.
If I were to do this, I would want to set up a test stand to measure and record the thrust. Do you have suggestions on how to do that?
Also, do you have any formulas for estimating the amount of thrust that will be generated from this kind of rocket motor?
In the next video we'll cover that, demonstrate our test stand and it's principles.
if you want a starting point maybe give a look to pressures sensors (like those that the DIY racing sin rigs use) , I would also recommend using a microcontroller that supports a SD card to save the data to plot graphs later
edit: checked how they are called, they are called load cell sensor
Good stuff, as always.
Our design was a 12 spoke wagon-wheel design (maximize surface area) with polybutadiene+carbon black, pressurized LOx with He. We started it with a pyrophoric TeAl (triethyl aluminum). This gave us features like launch to an altitude shut-off the LOx, coast, and restart the rocket. As I recall it was about 60" diameter and 60' in length. It took two+ forklifts to pull out the spoke forms. This was in the mid-1980s .... which is now used on the Virgin Galactic vehicle.
Could you make the black powder rocket from scratch like they used to do long way ago in china? Like a historic reproduction? Everything from scratch.
Look at some of the older vids...He did !
I am fascinated with the content of this site. The only thing I would like to see more of are the actual thermodynamic calculations on the predicted rocket thrust.
Is there an emulsifier that would help suspend the carbon in the wax?
Maybe, but I'm not aware of one.
Glycerol monostearate should help. Like the wax, totally non toxic.
I have to say maybe it’s a nostalgic thing but I much prefer the original intro music, I think it’s because I associate that with the excitement of starting to watch a new upload.
Other than that I just love everything that you do.
Darn, you didn’t show the closeup of the finished nozzle. 😭😭😭
You have the best tutorials I have ever watched! I really wish I had instructors like you when I was younger to take advantage of the time I would be able to use the knowledge.
Kinda threw me off with the first word being something other than "Hi."
Great vid, really liked your explanation of Bernoulli’s principle and how it works with rocket nozzles.
Can you please adopt me?
I know I am 48 and have children of my own but this is a minor detail!
Your channel is hands down the best on RUclips, I don’t have a lot of money so donating money is hard but I do tell everyone about your channel and promote you to everyone I know.
Thanks, that really helps!
35:45 quickest way to square the cut off tool i found is to wind the saddle to the face of the chuck with it loose then tighten up the bolts
The Intro is trying too hard. Us math folks are information based. I get excited about your videos without needing to be impressed with post production. That said, thanks for another comprehensive lesson.
With 612000 subscribers not all are like us "math folks". I didn't mind the intro but yeah on most channels I want no intros but here is fits. 1 min intro for 40 min video is ok, 1 min intro on 10 min video with 75 % fillers, is not ok.
This channel is pure gold.
No need for such a long intro imo
The clock on the wall barely moved 3 seconds, don't cheat! Just kidding, love You guys! Keep up the professional in depth videos, they are truly a goldmine of information presented in casually understandable yet professional manner.
Thanks.
Ya, I know. I was joking as well.
Integza should be watching these. He's too obsessed with 3d printing and seems scared of working with any other methods. I personally think 3d printing has gotten stupid with the way people use it for final products. I see value in it for testing and fitment. But the obsession about making actual products from cheap printers has gotten out of hand. I'd never pay someone for a product they're selling if it was 3d printed.
To some degree Integza 3d printing everything is for the entertainment value more so than any engineering reasoning ;)
There's a core of truth to what you're saying, it's the old "if you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail" problem (when in reality, you could reach your goals faster and better with a different tool you just hadn't considered). At the same time, there is no rational reason to reject a product _just_ because it contains 3d printed parts. In some cases it's totally legitimate, produces the material properties required and in small-scale production may be more economical than injection molding or other methods.
You're not wrong. But never the less I'd love to see a wax based filament used as a fuel grain. Would be interesting to see adjustable thrust profiles by varying the diameter and geometry over the entire length of the motor.
@@ska042 A part would need to be majorly overengineered to be 3d printed and as strong amd useful as something made by a real industrial process. I also don't tend to buy stuff from low volume "maker" types of people. Not really into DIY stuff.
3D printing is an easy method for fabricating complex parts, but the systems available at a price that most of us can afford are limited to prototyping a design with limited structural capabilities.
I think Integza is too obsessed with the RUclips grind first and foremost. He has found a topic that works for him to acquire and maintain the viewership, and he is in this loop where he has to quickly produce 10+ minutes of content in a 3-act-story format for general audiences, with beginning, middle and an end every week, including scripting, "humour", production of sponsor segments and video editing, so he has remarkably little time per project to educate himself, experiment, do the actual work, or even just scour his comment section for helpful insights. He also needs to milk the system by producing fundamentally repetitive content that reuses and iterates upon the same elements that he has found success with. He has found himself in the gears of the heartless RUclips "influencer" machine which has you do one repetitive thing for a couple years on a schedule and then burns the creator out or burns the audience out and stops providing, but in the meanwhile can be used to build up a little capital. I don't know that that's really a way to live, you might as well be in an industry job which has you treat it as a religion rather than a job, do 50h overtime every week, and where the workflow is SCRUMified to the extent that you cannot have any given task take more than a week, so you resort to putting bandaids on the project week after week reporting on-paper "success" when what the project really calls for is a re-engineering effort to undo the technical debt, but it wouldn't fit into a 1-week work cycle so it cannot get approved.
As to 3D printed products? Why? I mean quality is one thing, but if someone has a way of achieving it consistently and the product is designed for it... They're not very economical in terms of production time/cost per piece, but at a small scale, nothing is. Not every product needs to target tens of thousands of people. 3D printers themselves are a bit of a special case, at least two major companies use this approach with printed parts, and on the one hand it does make their products substantially more expensive, but on the other, this is how they stay flexible, this is how they learn and refine their products, since they use the same printers that they sell, and they fine-tune their quality and reliability this way. This way rather than producing waste for the purpose of testing, the machines end up producing parts that will be used to build machines for sale.
Also i have seen a number of companies do 3D printed ductwork in in-ear monitors, the tiny little piece that connects several different drivers (speakers, usually balanced armature type) and acoustic impedances ("filters") to the nozzle. Before this, the ductwork used to be handmade from lengths of tiny little vinyl tubing and pretty unreliable and expensive, it was a whole faff. Now think of it, this is actually a great use. SLA or SLS will spit those tiny pieces out at really good speeds, like your company might be manufacturing a couple hundred of these IEMs a day, so a little farm of a handful of SLA or a single large SLS machine fits the workload, they've got like $20-$150 of hardware inside each IEM, and the printed pieces cost basically nothing, several cents per IEM, couldn't be made in any other way without compromises, since this network of channels cannot necessarily be economically machined or cast like that, they're consistent, it's actually perfect. I'm sure if you think about it, there will be more kinds of products where 3D printed approach makes complete sense, it shouldn't be dismissed out of hand.
I'm also working on something, a piece of electronics, that if it succeeds at the technical level, it will need to use an SLA or SLS printed part to replace a very unusual connector shell, and there's pretty much no way around it at the kind of budget and scale that i expect to target. A number of years ago, this means the product would outright not be possible.
best channel i have ever seen on youtube the level of detail you get into and all the prossese is perfect keep it going!
This is the only channel where I know that no matter how long a video is I'm gonna watch the whole damn thing. I love everything yall do, thanks for putting out so much amazing educational content.
Literally just watched Part One. Then Part Two came up in my Recommended. Happy Days!
This channel contains some of the best videos on the Tube. Thank you Tech Ingredients.
Just stumbled upon this video, and I couldn't look away! I have to say, you're a terrific communicator, and entertaining to boot. Subscribed!
Thanks and welcome!
I will building this soon. you are the reason why I am confident in my project. Thank you a million !!!!!!
That intro was sick. It's a good day when I see Tech Ingredients in my notifications.
Another great physics lesson!! Thank you for spending the time to explain all this in such great detail.
your vintage lathe is a beaut.
i like to see the old iron maintained and productive.
I love your insights in fundamental physical principles. Your understanding is very deep, practice is very important but I think your theoretical understanding is what makes this channel different. Thanks for sharing those insights. Great video.
Thanks!
You are an extremely well explainer making complicated topic so easy to understand - Great Talent
Thank you!
Great videos. I believe the limiting factor on expansion of a gas in a vacuum is that the decreasing temperature causes the fluid to condense and it will no longer be compressible and will not be able to accelerate further. Else you could accelerate a fluid infinitely
In a vacuum, what is temperature? The gas will not condense because there is no way for the particles to transfer energy out of the pair that would bind together.
@@TechIngredients when a gas is expanding as it does in the diverging section, it will cool. Condensation is a common occurrence in rocket exhaust and is a reason that rocket behavior will diverge from ideal rocket equations.
Very good Instructor!
What a fantastic series and what a great project for my new lathe.
Another neat trick for cutting graphite (or anything that produces a lot of dust) is to flip the tool upside-down and run the lathe in reverse, that way the dust gets thrown down instead of into your face.
From my professional experience developing conductive polymer composites I can tell you that ultrasonic baths are a good way to break the carbon clumps and evenly distribute it. An even better option is a sonicator but those are a pretty specialized piece of kit. Used sonicators can be picked up on ebay for a few hundred bucks.
In my early testing, a sonicator was orders of magnitude of better distribution over hand stirring, severeal times better than a shear mixer, and about twice as an ultrasonic bath. It's incredibly fast compared to the other methods as well and could be dipped right into your warming pot
I have several ultrasound baths as well as a sonicator. The suspension didn't last any longer after a "bath" and as you said I didn't want to demonstrate a method requiring equipment that almost no viewer can access.
That intro music did add a kickass feeling!
I get so so sooooo happy when this channel uploads
My sphincter clenched when the chuck key was left in, but cool old machine and great video as always.
You speak very well. You have a technical background I’m sure. Good video.
Paul
I love your explanation of the Bernulli's law
Well worth the time to watch, you teach all the aspects which is important to the visually mechanically inclined that needs to know how the thrust is achieved, thank you kindly Sir...