F-35: Invisible in Many Unexpected Ways 🧐 (no Fat Amys in the video)
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 10 сен 2024
- An overview of the concept behind Low Probability of Intercept Radars and communications. An LPI primer.
Go Fund Me for my first book! gofund.me/11d5...
Join this channel to support it:
/ @millennium7historytech
Support me on Patreon / millennium7
One off donation with PayPal www.paypal.com...
Join the Discord server / discord
AFFILIATE LINK:
Buy an Aircraft Model at Air Models! airmodels.net/...
----------------------------
Ask me anything!
Take part to the community Q&A clicking the link below!
forms.office.c...
--------------------
Visit the subreddit!
/ millennium7lounge
---------------------
All images and additional video segments contained in the Thumbnails and/or B-roll segments are used in strict compliance with the appropriate permissions and licenses required from the source and in accordance with the RUclips Partner Program, Community guidelines & RUclips terms of service.
thank you for not making generic writing with a cheap AI voice and lots of low value videos over and over! It is refreshing to see a real author make real videos with their own voice!
Thanks for being the best at explaining and (for me) dumbing things down to my level while making it interesting and entertaining.
I only understood half of it. Great vid.
It's very complicated for anyone.
Electronic warfare has always been interesting to me, so this video was perfect. Thank you!
well here it's not warfare, it's digital radio modulation 101 🙂
Extremely well explained. I remember trying to explain DSSS many years ago (when explaining how the F-35 could still use its radar and remain hidden) and only got blank stares in return. You did a much better job than I ever could.
A number of comments:
1 - You can also modulate signals using phase.
2 - Frequency Hopping (not exactly as it is done today) was original invented by Hedy Lamarr during WWII. Note, almost all the theory here goes back the 1950s and earlier. What has happened is that we make better (smaller, faster, cheaper) electronics to perform the algorithms.
3 - Two key figures left out of most discussions here are Shannon and Nyquist and their work goes back to the 1920s.
4 - Analog voice is heavily redundant and could be transmitted with lots of interruptions just fine. The reason for digitization is that it is simpler to have 1 transmitter not 2.
Just as a reminder all EM radiation at any frequency (including light) is essentially just a radio transmitter and receiver. The core technology is quite old.
That's true but ultra wide band approaches are newer and I suspect will work better than mere hoping but that's a guess.
Only the military can develop a three-letter acronym for silence. A department head and professor in medical school who had a problem with my opining during grand rounds once took me aside to explain why I had two eyes, two ears, but only one voice. It was a good lesson.
You're never alone with a TLA :)
So two eyes are the IRST and pilots eyes, two ears are rwr reciever and radar reciever and the mouth is the one that sends out microwaves that the two ears can receive
Wait who has only 1 voice? I can do multipls voices.
@@deth3021 yeah but that is because you have a high bandwidth radar
@@deth3021 and probably different modes like grind mapping and SAR and TWS etc
Good one. Anyone who uses the term pseudo-random.deserves extra credits.
I remember arguing with someone about understanding the Fourier transform is necessary to unnderstan Millennium 7*.
That is probably the best explanation of different techniques for LPI that I have found. Thank you for another excellent video. There is nothing that comes close to your channel for accurate, reliable information. You are a legend!
I am very interested in the concept of quantum entanglement, to separate the source of the signal and the receiver. But to use entanglement to link the two. Untraceable.
Wow!! Realy another level!!!
I think you did a great job of bringing some pretty complex ideas to an audience that otherwise would never be able to understand this content. Like me! Thanks.
Dude YES!!! I love these type of videos...this, imo, is your bread and butter and the educational posts are your best work and my favorite! You really are good at explaining complex topics and getting into all the details!
Totally agree!👍
6:51 Clear as a perfect brilliant, sir! You are the teacher of the year!🥇Your six minute lecture was worth six hours by a good professor or 60 minutes by an excellent professor!.. All in 6 mins!
This video made a lot of sense to me and was easy to follow. My degree in electrical engineering and SDR hobby hardly even played a role.
The Fourier transform made a lot of sense to me once I realized it is basically the graphic equalizer on the stereo we had when I was a kid.
Thank you sir, I can only agree with the many others who have already thanked you for your work on this ❤
It's going onto my list of your technical videos which I rewatch every few months to keep it fresh.
Great video as usual. Fyi, almost every RC amateur radio uses either FHSS or DSSS. For the latter technique, Barker codes are used in Radar to implement pulse compression.
I really enjoy these types of videos. They are at the edge of what I can understand but its still intuitive.
Thanks again for the topic,great video again.
Ah, the good old Transmission basics, a three hours per week class for an entire semester, and that was just the basics of it ❤ one of my best courses ever...
Damn, this video is a trip in my memory lane, I worked for years in telecommunications. Miss that.
Edit: My work was about High Probability of interception 🙂, the more signal is captured, the better. Here is the same theory, but oriented to LPI.
Even communications bugs here is in the opposite, I tried to get rid of signal bugs, you want them to scramble the signal 🙂
Likewise. I have taken retirement from paid employment now but spent 42 years in telecomms. My specialism was in signal analysis and digital signal processing. I still have my many files of hand-written analysis of signals using various transforms including Fourier as well as many classic textbooks on signal analysis and processing. I just cannot bring myself to dispose of all that work which I absolutely loved!
Honestly I'm quite skeptical of LPI being a viable technique against modern radars, for two reasons.
- You yourself have mentioned, that digital recievers and antennas that can capture and process the entire spectrum are basically standard on all modern combat aircraft. Such technology in the form of SDR is available even to hobbyists.
- The target aircraft has a massive home field advantage because the incoming radar energy diminishes with the square of distance, while the received one with the fourth power. That means any transmission that can be recovered by the attackers radar is going to be very obvious to the target.
I'm sure there are tons of smart folks working on this problem, but if I were sitting in an aircraft, I wouldn't have a lot of confidence in that I can turn on my radar and remain undetected.
There will always be pros and cons of utilizing active sensors on the battlefield. But this doesn't mean you should completely ditch your active radar array. The most ideal outcome would be "you're not emitting anything, and yet you detected all hostile contacts". That's physically impossible to do, at least on your own. Hence in certain conditions, activating your (LPI) radar might give you an advantage against your adversaries. Knowing exactly when, where, where you're beaming the radar to, and how long you activate your radar would be the holy grail of situational awareness. Off-board sensors such as AWACS or unmanned platforms might help you a bit in this regard.
Being able to process the entire spectrum is one factor, but its will not allow you to detect the radar straight away.
Every antenna is constantly receiving input from a massive variety of sources: Telephones, radios, satellites, the sun, etc. A RWR has to filter out all the background noise before, otherwise it would be constantly giving out false positives. With a traditional radar this was relatively easy because it would emit a very powerful and constant signal across a very narrow band, making it quite easy to identify.
An LPI radar on the other hand is constantly hopping across frequencies in a seemingly random manner. By doing so, it blends in with background radiation so that the RWR filters it out. from the perspective of an enemy platform, an LPI radar looks like random emissions from dozens if not hundreds of minor sources.
Given enough time and computing power, the target can eventually figure out that these seemingly random signals are all related, but it's going to take time to do so. This identification process is going to be made even more complicated if its not just one aircraft, but multiple taking turns doing sweeps.
Like radar stealth, it doesn't make you invisible, but it does make you a fair bit harder to detect, and delays and confuses any potential response.
I get where you're coming from, but it is a hard problem to crack. You know when you're half-way between stations on the radio and it's just white noise? The truth is that the whole spectrum is full of static. You can spend forever to try to find the origin of everything, but the truth is it's one big soup; signals bouncing off the ionosphere from every which way. So you aren't going to know what part of it is coming from one source unless it can be isolated (i.e. you get lots of those spurious spikes to work on). Meanwhile, all the sender needs to do is weave in the real signal in the white noise using steganography. Since it knows the pattern, it knows what is noise and what is not when it's time to decode, but the target has no way of knowing. And if you've ever worked on steganography problems you'll know that even if you know an image (or audio file) has steganography in it, it's really hard to work how it's been woven in even with a lot of time on your hands, let alone try and isolate it. The F-35 has a couple other tricks up its sleave too - once it's found you, it actually cuts down what it transmits your way, except the minimum necessary to keep tabs on you.
You can take a away platform from off bore to the real focus and put the transmitter on loud and saturate the area so that the important signal using lpi is lost in the noise . Also since the signal is off bore it can show you extra detail the lpi might not see due to low signal strength. The awac can be to far away to get good returns but the lpi reciever platform can still pick up the reflections even if the are scattered it gives them an area to listen too
I remember the first time I heard about direct frequency spread spectrum though who knows what the grad students called it back in 2010. At my university some of the EE graduate students were working with the military on an invisible video transmission system. The University of Texas at Dallas students were working on an ultra-ultra low power streaming video protocol that when combined with the military’s secret DFSS could be used by things like toss-able surveillance cameras that couldn’t be found with radio direction finding.
Pretty mind blowing tech imo
And that is 15 years ago...
Computers and electronics have not developed since ;)
@@RogerJL not at all 🙂
Nuts huh!? Some science will always almost feel like magic do me. I understand just enough to realise how much there is to understand, & to be able to appreciate its role in our universe. 😊
And it's even more complicated he is simply fingers it by 1000 .Laplace transforms differential equations complex analysis the radar depends on the conditions and advanced algorithms are used by powerfully computers to make all this happen.another big leap with assault is that they don't have any directional mechanisms which is very important and another complicated issue. Good job my friend you are wonderfull
I really like your videos, please upload more videos with more diverse content.
I frequently almost lost the information of this digital transmition, but the message got through.
FEC (Forward Error Correction) is wonderful, right ? Like when you scratch a CD and it still works...
@@leyasep5919 True, almost forgot about that!
You are coming thru in waves. 😊
Kudos for the explanation. ✌🏾❤️🇰🇪
If I have to say it. First. 😁
Thanks for not just saying it, but also an opinion & a compliment! 😊
My dad used to work on frequency hopping (or "évasion de fréquences" in french), and emitting "under the noise" for military transmitters, coupled with atomic clocks for encryption ... about 50 years ago for the Thomson CSF :) Never understood the mathematics and electronic involved, but his stories, like being able to transmit from France when sending paratroopers on Kolwezi (Zaire) despite the Lybian jamming, with "wrapped" circuits and duct tape, were part of my childhood, and the main reason for me to go for computer science later on 😅 Thanks a lot for this comprehensive analysis !
Fun fact: that hissing signal heard on untuned analog TVs is actually the cosmic microwave background 😮.
nope...
Interesting, but a bit too complicated…but the drawing of the guy with headphones (happy/sad) was funny 😂
Double side band, single side band, and single side band suppressed carrier are 3 modulation options. These are the straightforward pre digital options based on analog multiplication of the signal by a high frequency carrier frequency. This multiplication results in a carrier frequency plus two identical side bands. By canceling out the carrier frequency, the energy is concentrated in the side bands which contain the information. Since both side bands are identical , one side band can be cancelled out leaving all the energy in the other side band. Digital processing to create the transmitted signal and extract the information replaces all this, but the theory behind it is still useful.
It's not dissimilar from witchcraft to me! 😂
Excellent explanations and diagrams sir, that took me back to my Electrical Engineering lectures in communications. You covered a lot of ground that my professor did not cover since he was not concerned with stealth of signal transmission.
Great video! Everything was well explained and easy to understand despite being very complex topics. The movable paper graphics were a clever visual tool. Well done sir.
Thank Claude Shannon. An idea for a future revisit of how to hide in plain site would be an overview of the WWII SIGSALY SYSTEM that the Allies used for high level conferences via HF. Really fascinating to see what a bunch of smart people did to implement Claude’s math with the hardware of that era.
Learned about encruption, signal processing, transmission today. Very useful video, despite knowing about fourier transform beforehand.
Thanks!!! The Best teacher😊😊.
Thankyou for another amazing video. As usual fascinating content I have learnt a lot about I had no idea about before. Can’t wait for you to go full time on the channel and I’ll continue counting down to the book release!👍👍
Your efforts in explaining complicated concepts are greatly appreciated!
Grazie mille!
I'm going to have to watch this a few times for the information to settle in my head but well explained and illustrated that even dumb old me could follow along.
You are a superb teacher, sir.
An excellent and informative video.
Great video, thanks. Brilliant content.
Thank you for your video. And thank you for touching upon a rarely touched upon subject. All to often people forget that "stealth" is a host of technologies. No point in being invisible, if people can hear you talk.
¡Gracias!
*_¡Gracias!_*
Thank you!
Thanks again signiore. Very effective way to explain those 3 ways to fool the listener. Especially for those who understand the basics
To avoid any misunderstandings by "listener" I mean the enemy side trying to intercept and decode the signals
Another excellent video! I liked the LPI techniques explanation!
Fantastic video. Love you sir from Bangladesh. ❤❤❤
Well done. It helps to have a few terms of calculus and linear algebra, but I suspect I'm not the only one here who does. Even without that a motivated and attentive listener can intuit the general principles involved from the excellent descriptions and highly advanced animations provided.
Its silly to be sad about getting old. Life is a tightrope over a dark abyss that everybody falls off of eventually. The only form of winning is to stay on as long as possible. if you think YOU are old let me lighten your burden a bit. The US Army was teaching me the basics of signal propagation, signal encoding,and cryptography at Ft. Gordon, Ga. in 1972, en setanta tre Ero fatto en Casserma Edderly, Vicenza n'il vicino di Venezia col NATO artillieria nucleare come un operatore di telecumminicazioni intercontinntale.
Second comment (sorry about that), not sure if I missed this part, but one strategy used back in the time was "information bursts". As you said, the only way to jam properly was brute force, but you could hardly intercept/override everything/everywhere. So the idea was to send random signals to "ping" from the transmitter to the receiver, and when it was successful, try to send as much information as possible in a short amount of time (a burst). Not ideal for verbose communications, but plenty enough to transmit coordinates for artillery / air strikes, or even a clearance sent to say ... a "Redoutable" SSBN, thus the twin atomic clocks, one on both side, belt and braces 😇 Amusing anecdote, when delivering the transmitter they realized that it was slightly oversized, like a couple of centimeters ... no way to alter the equipment, they had to cut the hatch, everyone was furious 😂
Thanks. A bit over my head, but I now have a little understanding.
Great video! 😊
Also, it's worth noting that if you have sufficiently good software it's impossible to fully jam communications (assuming the two nodes share a common secret). Basically, the Shannon noisy channel theorem tells you that jamming can only reduce the bit rate of the signal not prevent data from being sent.
And this makes sense. The jamming signal is adding some kind of noise to your signal and since you have a shared secret you can generate a shared random sequence of bits (more accurately cryptographically indistinguishable to jamner from random) just send the bit repeatedly xored with the random sequence. Since the sequence is random it's uncorrelated with the jamming signal so you can eventually extract the bit with any desired level of confidence.
I really like the receiver icons. You should make those into recurring characters.
Thanks!
Thank you!
When stealth fails in the traditional way of meaning it.. videos like this pop up
Thank you. This was very interesting.
Thank you. This is another example of superb explication and explanation. Cheers from NZ🇳🇿.
Low observable radar can see stealth, but getting a high fidelity tracking and targeting is a different story. There is nothing more frustrating than to be able to see a target but cannot track it or get a firing solution on it. The only stealth fighter that ever got shot down was the F-117 Nighthawk with the weapons bay open that comprised the stealth profile. However, the F-22 Raptor does not have this problem. The F-22 weapons bay opens and closes extremely fast, like 1 second.
thanks for a most excellent video
A very complex subject, converted to a bandwidth, that gives your audience, the broadest opportunity to understand.
Yes it was clear so far 😊
Thanks very well explained, I’m only at technician level but could follow enough to get the basics.
Unique content, great job
Will this was a phenomenal video. Great job breaking this down to something that’s very digestible.
Really interesting thanks Gus.
Interesting. Thanks for posting.
The Iranians had firing solutions on several F-35s during Trump admin using a Russian Rezonans-NE radar. The F-35s turned around went home. You can google that.
Yes, and Santa Claus 🎅 is going to name you the smartestest human to ever have existed. And John wick is a real person.
Oh, thank you. I learned the basics in school, but I've recently worked with LoRa radio which uses Frequency Shift Chirp Spread Spectrum. Learning about that and now this is pretty interesting.
Dude!
You know so much information bro!
It is always a pleasure to see your videos, even if I do not always agree with everything 100 percent.
That only means I am probably wrong :)
Stay well friend !
Very nice discussion
The information about LPI is interesting but an important point is that stealth is probably more about preventing a weapons quality lock than avoiding any detection.
Low frequency radar stations -- like some of the giant dishes the Russians operate -- have been able to detect stealth aircraft at substantial ranges for quite some time. However, the benefit of stealth is that even if you know a plane is there you need a higher frequency -- and thus more spatially precisce -- radar signal to guide an air defense missle to the target. This lets you shoot them before they can shoot you.
This benefit may become less useful as more countries use anti-aircraft missles with active seekers so all they need to do is roughly localize the aircraft and shoot in that direction.
Fantastic and fascinating video!!! The cat and mouse game in Ukraine must be maddening to both sides. I don't remember the name of the Russian general, but he actually said that US forces actually glow brightly on their spy satellites feeds. Russian forces probably do as well, but they probably learned some hard lessons in the early part of the war. I hope we're taking notes because one thing is for sure, the Russians are learning how to fight in this environment while we're letting the experts on our side (Ukrainians) die without imparting their expertise to us. Great video as always, your to the point, substantive and unbiased analysis is the reason I keep coming back for more. Best Aviation channel on the planet. Keep it up!!
I learned a bunch of interesting things from this video, but not things I was expecting to learn.
Awesome. Makes my point that stealth is not only a shape (well it’s the expensive part). And that’s why I think the F35 is a waste of money, awesome but wast. I’d rather put my money on a conventional airframe like the JAS39. Cheaper you can easier adapt (electronically). In a F35 you need to stay within that airframe no antennas no hanging jammers.
Awesome channel, keep up the good work.
Getting old sux... I remember when we got the F/A 18 at Cecil Field, Fl... we luved playing with the radar. Same cones but fewer and larger (lower freq and less bandwidth) and it was still mechanically sweep (PESA prelude to AESA). AT USN
Low Probability of Intercept or How to make it hard for them to Intercept your radio frequency signals. There, I just saved you 18:54. Lol! I love your videos Millennium 7!
It’s invisible in the skies, thanks to the constant groundings.
Awh you one of the Moskavas crew angry you ended up on a submarine?
😂
Me thinks having more F35 in the air at any given moment than su-57s in existence got you third worlders sad 😢
MASTERCLASS !
Funny thought comes to mind. Imagine there are aliens out there in space, the guys SETI is trying to listen for. If they all use those types of radio techniques, we'll never be able to notice their communications even though we might be drowning in them.
I remember snow on a crt. I’m old.
Touching on the DRFM next?
This subject - from basic to theoretical - takes a bit to get used to, but is fascinating.
Thanks from an old crow. The ALQ-184 resemblance to an ALQ-119 surprised me - I thought that 45 years on every thing would have integrated into the pylons.
Our CDMA phones use a form of spread spectrum. Frequency hopping is pethaps more easy to understand; direct sequence is what seems to be most favorable for our voice and data comms.
LOL the word above is "perhaps." Radar ops seem to do a lot of magic with chirp signals. LORA is cirp too, and seems pretty robust!
ANOTHER PART IN THE SERIES ON ELECTRONIC WARFARE
Initially, the F-117A and the F-22A didn't have *'Link 16'* equipped (encrypted, jam resistant, frequency hopping, low bandwidth, line of sight, data link) in order to not accidentally spoil their low observability cover with radio wave emissions - the F-117A didn't have a RADAR dish, either in order to prevent active RADAR signal emission and... _passive reflection_ - as an attack aircraft it navigated via an automated optical TV - and inertial - guidance, painting it's target via lasers, guiding it's precision payloads.
I suppose, actually simulating the procedures on a digital radio emulator software would make it more relatable - but that can wait until some outline of the field has been established.
F-117A *doesn't* ... still in use.
@@sirsmeal3192
"F-117A doesn't (...)"
You mean it doesn't have a Link 16 transmitter ?
I read that the F-22A was given one - in addition to a passive receiver - eventually (otherwise, they could neither operate as forward observers for other platforms or as UCAV air controllers).
In my understanding the SR-71 lacked Link 16 until one unit was given one in the last year of it's brief reactivation.
"Aircraft 967 was modified with a data link to provide 'near real-time' transmission of ASARS imagery to ground sites (...)"
(Richard Graham: 'SR-71 revealed : the inside story'. Page 218. 1996.)
'Near real time' is the phrase also used in documentation of the Link 16 specifications, e.g. for operator courses - but if 115 kbit/s is the maximum transfer rate, it can't stream Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging in more than 240p.
I can't recognize anything more on aerial photography in that resolution than what is already layed out in maps...
Fantastic hi tech illustrations. Did Otis draw those for you?
Since you guys liked what you heard. I will give some practical knowledge. Police traffic doppler radar just by the fact of it's very cheap design and simplicity is practically jam proof. There are severe FCC laws on the books about jamming it but no one has succeeded. One of the original designers of police radar in fact was given a challenge to Jam his own equipment He couldn't do it ! On the other hand there are no federal penalties for jamming police laser and many companies sell working systems. The reason is Laser is covered Under the FDA.
Very good. I worked on a radar that used CHIRP. Honestly, at the time I thought it was magic.
Passive radar is beter than FH, there is enough RF signal around bouncing.
We can even imagine system similar to old radar painting of the target by guidance radar for missile to pickup passive.
Drone in back of the fighter just emits and paints for the reciver-fighter.
It's pretty easy to defeat most of those techniques. You use delayed distributed aurocorrelation (this is a frequency+meat space trick). You can locate the direction of the increased integrated power, regardless of whether they hop chirp or noise (using a sweep in the phase difference of the noisy signal between two inverted receivers to obtain its angle when it's zero you have it's direction you then integrate the homodyne signal with its phase delayed counterpart to filter out the background, and what you're left with is the angle to any pointsource transmitting above background across a given the frequency range FROM THE POINT SOURCE OF THE TARGET, the rest of the signal is uncorrelated because it's coming from a different distance between your relievers and cancels out as ambient baseline the more receivers and longer the baseline the more sensitive you are a few wavelengths is sufficient). You then transmit just below the burn through level in that chunk of spectrum in that direction and look for retransmissions to confirm your distance and angle to the target. You can now track jam or send a loitering anti radiation munition down range and wait for their next transmission.
The trick is using things not too dissimilar from one shot frog (developed for ultrafast pulse measurements) to instantaneously detect the angle to pointsource anomalies in the powerspecrtum.
Any source I can read? Thanks!
@@Millennium7HistoryTech I'm curious too.
But the trick here being the multiplicity of wide-spread receivers, which would help with the correlation :
unlike with GPS-like autocorrelation, the correlation time would be specific to the distance.
3 receivers and you have direct triangulation, now the challenge is to forward the receivers' signals over to a central analysis hub...
@Millennium7HistoryTech edit: I can try and find some. Been a while since I looked into this stuff. Starting point is FROG. standard ultrafast laser technique. Then understanding the basics about phased arrays. Filter by angle and then integrate the power spectrum along that axis a transmitter will contain content when a transmission is active on a set of sub frequencies it will create a spike in the integrated power spectrum that can be seen as a function of time smeared out over the active frequencies (remember the sub frequencies themselves must have bandwidth). So your uncorrelated nose is blobs and a few random spikes (calculate the bandwidth of the sub spikes throw away everything once to hit the necessary bw for reasonable data rates then plot). Your correlated transmission HIDING in the noise is a bit of persistent speckle that integrates to a power approximately equal to your out of phase background you just zeroed out. Real hard to explain very easy to see.
You also want to throw out a few of the tallest trees (clever ppl don't announce themselves with pops). This requires tons of compute and very clean analog circuitry. However modern Nvidia cards can probably keep up real time.
In a laser lab you do most of this with a digital camera, nonlinear optics, a dispersive element or grating, and an interferometer.
Guess why some (read Gripen E) fighters have big boxes for EW at every wing tip?
@@RogerJLpresumably you could also use a group of 4 F-35 and distribute the signal across the 4 of them. That would make them able to integrate the responses but make the point source blur.
Algorhytm-Kicker!😊
As usual very well detailed but the topic was hard to approach, good work !
Next could we have … a scenario where a ews actually detects the lpi… let’s say spectra ;)
(Indian rafale have twice the normal nb of antennas to track lower frequencies as well, making it an interesting case)
So it's basically different tactics of masking your signal.
not easy to find anywhere on RUclips ❤
If just listen to an increase of 'noise' in the spectrum you should notice if there's someone out there. Decipher the signal is not the point if all you want to know if there're 'stealth' planes coming.
This really is top level introduction to EW. I had to read dry textbooks back in the day, this is so helpful.
Could you do a few videos on EW in the current conflict in Ukraine, as well as drone innovation in the electro optical spectrum. Its fascinating watching Magyar and crew innovating in real time.
What does F16 with the added pods and midlife modernization bring to Ukraine in new EW capabilities.
Can you discus distributed radar both airborne and terrestrial.
What ever happened to using the TV band as a distributed omni-directional early warning network. Could cell tower signals be used or other broadcast signals as a distributed network. Could sound be used to detect aircraft with directional listening antennas like they do for counter sniper and counter battery. Ukraine has some kind of app that accumulates intelligence from citizens to counter cruise missiles.
On RUclips, the one-eyed Man is king
This one’s for the Algorithm! 👍🏽👍🏽
The F35 is so loud that i know what it is and where it is.
Or you can forget all this hi tech and benefit from the many advantages that would bring and then simply aim to have an aircraft that has sufficient warning systems and is fast and maneuverable enough to avoid everything that is thrown at it. Hello Sweeden, maybe?
The first version of WIFI 802.11 used spread spectrum DSSS.
Today all communication, WIFI, 4G, 5G, satelite "civilian" use COFDM, it is very resistant to multipath fading and is very spectrum efficient, QAM 16 to 1024. Very close to Shannon theory.
Some satelite com use APSK since the limited power "solar panel" require high efficiency power amplifiers, Thus, nonlinear power amplifiers can be used with cobstant amplitude and only modulate the phase
If you are in control of the DSSS sequence patterns standards, is it possible they could sneak in a "backdoor" pattern unknown to users? I mean, a sort of hidden channel that looks like part of the white noise subtracted at the reciever end. My thought being that a sort of parasitic signal could utilize the totality of the internet and telecommunication to pass information around to recievers privy to that channel. Sort of like how the televison static carried demons in the movie "Poltergeist".
Great stuff !!! Excellent, I loved it.
Nice job with the explanation.