Great video but it has two minor errors that might throw people off. @7:30 The transverse vector decays much more quickly than the longitudinal vector is restored and so the transverse vector decay is effectively independent of the longitudinal relaxation. @8:22 To convert from the k-space (frequency domain) to the spatial domain you take the inverse Fourier transform, not the Fourier transform. Keep up the good work :)
this video is totally helpful for those who took the course and had difficulties but if a person has no idea about MRI before this will seem very complicated
I took a 4th year physics course that discussed how MRI works. I was surprised how complicated it really is. Even K-Space is complicated, you could take a 16 week course on just K-Space.
maybe if you're very low IQ? K space is just spatial frequency space. It just so happens it's the domain in which the signal is sampled. How is that complicated?
I'll start MRI school at Casa Loma in October. I'm hoping to know pretty much all of the anatomy and physics by then. Hopefully this is what they cover.
Very informative. Got a bit lost in how the XYZ value of a point in space, in the body part, correlates with the X magnet, Y magnet and Z magnet values.
Lightbox Radiology Education It should be noted that it is an inverse Fourier transform that is applied (since you're moving from a frequency to a spatial domain).
is it a shame that i only learn fourier series in my mechanical engineering course or is it always linked together (ie fourier series with fourier transform)
@ 2:00 Hydrogen-atoms are spin-1/2 particle. Due to their 'spinning' they don't align with the B-field, but they start precessing. And nobody understands why the magnetization-vector is formed (if there is one).
Thank you. It's just fascinating how the transverse magnetization and relaxation is actually being received in radio frequency. I suppose that proves that the mouth is not the only thing we communicate with. I could be wrong
X axis (horizontal) produces sagital images? And Y gradient produces coronal images? The diagram at 4:10 seems to show the opposite. Can someone clarify please?
imagine the x, y and z vectors as "normal-vectors" (it's the german word for that, dont know the english One atm) (basically a vector that stands perfectly orthogonal on a plane. those planes are the pictures you'll get
Where you wrote Fourier Transform it’s actually where you perform an inverse Fourier Transform, as you first Fourier Transform the digital signal (and you are in k-space), and then you do an inverse FT of the digitalised signal in order to visualise the image
I am still starting to Learn about MRI but the physics is very hard to understand, so if there is any courses to help me through this please drop a link, also thanks for this amazing video ✨
one of the powerful/non destructive non evasive tool for perfect analysis.the Super-con magnet developed for low consumption of lq. helium is a boon to the user.A small version only for orthopedic investigation @ low field designed for arm/leg would be an advantage.
Actually, the use of the term "randomly" when talking about the alignment of hydrogen in water. In water, the hydrogen atoms tend to bias toward one side of the oxygen (108 degree angles, not 180). It is the spin of the proton that gives it a magnetic field, positive at one end, negative at the other. The oxygen bonds with the hydrogen by pulling away its one electron- and that means that the outer shell of the oxygen is now a negative charge (electrons are negative). At the hydrogen end, where the lonely positive hydrogen protons are both repelling each other, but still held to the oxygen(hence, again, 108 degree angles) The protons in the hydrogens now lack their electrons most of the time, and the positively charged proton give this side a positive charge. So the water molecule now has a positive pole and a negative pole (the reason water is called "polar"). So two neighboring water molecules tend to want to align with each other, positive pole to the other's negative. This can point the water in pure samples into a matrix where most of the water molecules face one direction, and the magnetic poles in the molecules proton wants to align in that matrix (Sometimes that amount of alignment is reduced by other molecules and their charges, as with nitrogen atoms in amino acids- which are in proteins). All this dynamic now performs when placed in a magnetic field and protons are struck with radio waves at their resonant frequency.. So my reason for all this is to make sure we understand the lesser but important role of the electron in all this, since the diagram seems to not be thorough enough in this area.
As a safety measures for people fear death, do not scan the brain and had the brain outside of the scan area then design so that the synchronized field top down or bottom up and spin around as the recorder of the response of body then in case of burial start the shape of the wave in sine wave and shooting emission of beta at same result in side way in to extract energy and matter small amount at a time until entire body convert into energy light. In the MRI used as treatment and diagnostic is the same first part is matching natural body internal energy motion then slowly down and recorded emit energy then speed up and recorded response and detect anomaly in responded reaction to indicate the illnesses and focus on adjust it back to normal until all response according to organ functional standard of most normal healthiest state that recorded on file for each person under 30 years old and this is forever life is achieved
I can't understand the difference between H2O and fat on their T1 and T2. Actually, from many references, T2 of Free molecules (in solution) is larger than those attached (near the solute surface), but none gives an exact reason.
There is a lot of Simultaneous discoveries throughout history It kind of strange take the invention of the radio I pretty breathe taking advancement. The technology that made this discovery possible was available since Maxwell's equations came about but yet it was discovered Simultaneously in Italy and north America almost at the same moment It's just a head scratcher
It is 100% advanced as it summarize MRI magic/physics in 8 minutes. This is perfect for someone who already learned and need a refreshment for a work interview which brought me here. But this is a great start to go through it couple times then start studying and come back later and it is all will make perfect sense. each minute of the video needs a 10 minutes explanation if you dont have MRI background.
I was looking for an intro for my organic chemistry course for undergrad health science majors. They will only see this after I introduce magnetic resonance basics to tie it all together .
the hydrogen atoms do not align parallel or anti parallel. They exist in a superposition of the two possible eigenstates (parallel / anti parallel). Virtually none of them are actually in this eigenstate though
Why would spin orientate antiparallel to B0 ?? anyone ? its an unstable equilibrium position but still an equilibriumposition, is that the reason? in opposition to a stable one when they are parallel.
Philippe... initially when the sample/patient goes into the static field, the nuclei orient along B0 also called the static magnetic field. When you impose the RF pulse, you USUALLY select to rotate the nuclear alignment by 90 degrees, but can actually select for any angle. In fact, the 'inversion pulse sequence' rotates the direction by 180 degrees.
MRI was NOT discovered in 1947- MRI is magnetic resonance imaging, and the picture is Ralph Damadian, who developed the first practical scanner (Indomitable) and scanner his first volunteer (chose a chest to scan, which was ambitious since there were fleshier body parts that would have worked better) in July 1977. MRI is an offshoot of nuclear magnetic resonance, which was discovered in 1947; radar had been developed seven years earlier, but it was noticed that on occasion there were delayed signals received from animals. The effect was understood and the NMR machine (analyzing samples in test tubes) was developed shortly after. Using NMR effect for imaging was considered for decades, but until Damadian discovered that water molecules in tissues often aligned using magnetism and that a combination of gradient fields and radio pulses can display the constitution of tissues; and by understanding that tissue constitution changes in that water alignment, hence, a disease detector. So, NMR in 1947, MRI 1977
It depends on an intrinsic quantum property called 'spin', which is either 1/2 (parallel) or -1/2 (anti-parallel) for protons. Because there are more (1 in every *10^6) protons aligned parallel to z axis as it requires less energy, overall net magnetic field of the body is parallel to B0.
![Felix "Unfair" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Oswujxm2Ag0/mqdefault.jpg)
this 8 minute is greater than the whole semester lecture
When pink floyd said "we dont need no education" everyone thought they were craizy.
soo true haha.. biomedical engineering student here
Yap bro vryy true
😂 True💯 preparing for tomorrow's viva
@@PasanJayaweeraYashoda can u help to find out any ideal book or lectures,, you tube channel for detail study
Great video but it has two minor errors that might throw people off.
@7:30 The transverse vector decays much more quickly than the longitudinal vector is restored and so the transverse vector decay is effectively independent of the longitudinal relaxation.
@8:22 To convert from the k-space (frequency domain) to the spatial domain you take the inverse Fourier transform, not the Fourier transform.
Keep up the good work :)
this video is totally helpful for those who took the course and had difficulties but if a person has no idea about MRI before this will seem very complicated
Definitely the best explanation video I've seen on youtube.
Student radiographer and on placement and this was what I needed. Thanks sir.
Thanks ...I was reading whole day ..and 8 min saved me..Thanks from India 🙏🏻
Keep coming back to this to learn MRI physics. Superb!
This is a very well done introduction to MRI. Only eight minutes long too. It doesn't waste my time with rambling nonsense.
Great explanation sincerely. The only thing you could have emphasised more was how the image formations changes among T1 and T2 sequences.
Thanks. Excellent explanation on the basis of NMR imaging. Lucid and very helpful.
Thanx
Understood this better since i've been thru MRI Physics class.
Excellent video for 8 mts whole MRI study pls update all videos sir tnq u so much .
I took a 4th year physics course that discussed how MRI works. I was surprised how complicated it really is. Even K-Space is complicated, you could take a 16 week course on just K-Space.
maybe if you're very low IQ? K space is just spatial frequency space. It just so happens it's the domain in which the signal is sampled. How is that complicated?
Yoyo you read and copy out of books very well! Hope your proud of your little ego self!
Thank you Lightbox Radiology Education! I am taking an Intro to fMRI class this semester and this video is really helpful!
Are you still in the career?
I'll start MRI school at Casa Loma in October. I'm hoping to know pretty much all of the anatomy and physics by then. Hopefully this is what they cover.
still seems like magic
Danny Kendra hi
One of the best intro videos I have seen :D (y)
yeah im going to have to watch this a few times! but a very imformative video.
Very informative. Got a bit lost in how the XYZ value of a point in space, in the body part, correlates with the X magnet, Y magnet and Z magnet values.
This is a great video. It's actually helped me out a lot writing a short essay on MRI scan for a master course.
I repeated this video 3 times , how much is informative
Need to do a prensentation about contrast agents in MRI. Video helped a lot as a basic overview. Thanks
Wow, since I learned about fourier transformations I keep seeing it everywhere.
It is impossible to escape Fourier transformations.
Lightbox Radiology Education It should be noted that it is an inverse Fourier transform that is applied (since you're moving from a frequency to a spatial domain).
is it a shame that i only learn fourier series in my mechanical engineering course or is it always linked together (ie fourier series with fourier transform)
Freak I am so jealous of you dude
Have not learned about that yet in my radiology course I'll look into it might help me be ahead in future courses. Thanks
You sir have been of great help to me. I thank you wholeheartedly.
Best review and easy to understand breakdown of MRI physics.
This was such a great video, a concept that was so hard to understand got completely understood. Thank you!
This is best video i seen on youtube on this topic. its really clear my concepts..thanks a lot. Dr M A Qureshi.
@ 2:00 Hydrogen-atoms are spin-1/2 particle. Due to their 'spinning' they don't align with the B-field, but they start precessing. And nobody understands why the magnetization-vector is formed (if there is one).
Great video. Cleared a lot of confusion. Thanks!
Great introductory video! Thank you!
Awesome job!! Very clear and concise, thank you for uploading this video!!
Thank you very much for the Video. It Helps me a lot.
Well Explained.
The video is so good
Well explained
thank you so much, this video helped me a lot understanding what´s happening during pulsed NMR experiment
Great vedio. Could you do more vedio on MRI physics
Excellent video, helped massively with my assignment on medical physics.
Very good explanation! Using the info from this for a biopsychology presentation.
Thank you so for the elaborate explanation
Well done end-to-end explanation!
Perfect for medical students, thank you!
Great video, simple n easy to understand 👍
Thankyou for this video on Introduction to MRI Physics-Alexis Kironde
Thank you. It's just fascinating how the transverse magnetization and relaxation is actually being received in radio frequency. I suppose that proves that the mouth is not the only thing we communicate with. I could be wrong
wow wow great contribution
I think at the end it is to do inverse-Fourier Transformation to get the image in time domain.
X axis (horizontal) produces sagital images? And Y gradient produces coronal images? The diagram at 4:10 seems to show the opposite. Can someone clarify please?
imagine the x, y and z vectors as "normal-vectors" (it's the german word for that, dont know the english One atm) (basically a vector that stands perfectly orthogonal on a plane. those planes are the pictures you'll get
Thanks a lot, this is the best Video for learning MRI Physics!! :)
Amazing ♥️♥️. I wish I could find videos with more detail on T1 and T2.
Thanks. Excellent that video is informative.
Best lecture ever 🤟🤟
an absolute outstanding job!
I have concern. My proof said that that x gradient coil is for coronal and y gradient coil is for sagittal.
Amazing, enjoyed watching:) thanks a lot!
Can anyone suggest recent books or articles to make this clearer, please?
So basically, MRI show tissue in fluid, correct?? And when you see a metastases, that’s fluid buildup.
Where you wrote Fourier Transform it’s actually where you perform an inverse Fourier Transform, as you first Fourier Transform the digital signal (and you are in k-space), and then you do an inverse FT of the digitalised signal in order to visualise the image
Very well explained, thanks 🙏
That's really awesome, But I have a question, Why we use 90degree pulse for RF? and how is it work?
I am trying to start the MRI program at a private school and wanted to watch this to see what I am up against. I guess it’s doable
I am still starting to Learn about MRI but the physics is very hard to understand, so if there is any courses to help me through this please drop a link, also thanks for this amazing video ✨
Very well done.
Excellent!
You saved my life, THANK YOU
a good video oh ma gosh, i finally understood T1 and t2 hooray!
Wow its great. Real engineering.
Can you please upload the pdf of the notes displayed in the video ?
Great help before the exam!!!!
Is it possible to access the animation script ? thank you!
Great leacture
one of the powerful/non destructive non evasive tool for perfect analysis.the Super-con magnet developed for low consumption of lq. helium is a boon to the user.A small version only for orthopedic investigation @ low field designed for arm/leg would be an advantage.
A small orthopedic unit was available 20 years ago. No more.
I think GE makes them
Actually, the use of the term "randomly" when talking about the alignment of hydrogen in water. In water, the hydrogen atoms tend to bias toward one side of the oxygen (108 degree angles, not 180). It is the spin of the proton that gives it a magnetic field, positive at one end, negative at the other. The oxygen bonds with the hydrogen by pulling away its one electron- and that means that the outer shell of the oxygen is now a negative charge (electrons are negative). At the hydrogen end, where the lonely positive hydrogen protons are both repelling each other, but still held to the oxygen(hence, again, 108 degree angles) The protons in the hydrogens now lack their electrons most of the time, and the positively charged proton give this side a positive charge. So the water molecule now has a positive pole and a negative pole (the reason water is called "polar").
So two neighboring water molecules tend to want to align with each other, positive pole to the other's negative. This can point the water in pure samples into a matrix where most of the water molecules face one direction, and the magnetic poles in the molecules proton wants to align in that matrix (Sometimes that amount of alignment is reduced by other molecules and their charges, as with nitrogen atoms in amino acids- which are in proteins). All this dynamic now performs when placed in a magnetic field and protons are struck with radio waves at their resonant frequency..
So my reason for all this is to make sure we understand the lesser but important role of the electron in all this, since the diagram seems to not be thorough enough in this area.
In 8 min!!! Awsome thanks.
MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES IS AN IMPORTANT ALL OVER THE WORLD CHOOCE THE SWUITABLE ONE
Great explaination
Great job dude.
As a safety measures for people fear death, do not scan the brain and had the brain outside of the scan area then design so that the synchronized field top down or bottom up and spin around as the recorder of the response of body then in case of burial start the shape of the wave in sine wave and shooting emission of beta at same result in side way in to extract energy and matter small amount at a time until entire body convert into energy light. In the MRI used as treatment and diagnostic is the same first part is matching natural body internal energy motion then slowly down and recorded emit energy then speed up and recorded response and detect anomaly in responded reaction to indicate the illnesses and focus on adjust it back to normal until all response according to organ functional standard of most normal healthiest state that recorded on file for each person under 30 years old and this is forever life is achieved
i cant understand that
is there anyone can help me ?
i am study radiography but i cant understand how the mri work!!!!
This was really helpful. Thank you!
I can't understand the difference between H2O and fat on their T1 and T2. Actually, from many references, T2 of Free molecules (in solution) is larger than those attached (near the solute surface), but none gives an exact reason.
i dont understand shiit
only people with brains only understand
I don't understand it either and I know I have a brain.
😂🤣😩
Title: "Introduction to MRI"
Me after 30 seconds into the video: 😅😳 I'm suffering
I recommend study more from the below link after watching this introduction version. Hope this help. ruclips.net/video/djAxjtN_7VE/видео.html
Easily the coolest part of physics
Awesome🙏🙏🙏
very informative, thank you for the video.
There is a lot of Simultaneous discoveries throughout history
It kind of strange take the invention of the radio I pretty breathe taking advancement. The technology that made this discovery possible was available since Maxwell's equations came about but yet it was discovered Simultaneously in Italy and north America almost at the same moment
It's just a head scratcher
Can anyone please eloborate T1 and T2 relaxation? i have a confusion.
Great video!
Any one else think this is a little advanced for a intro?
It is 100% advanced as it summarize MRI magic/physics in 8 minutes. This is perfect for someone who already learned and need a refreshment for a work interview which brought me here. But this is a great start to go through it couple times then start studying and come back later and it is all will make perfect sense. each minute of the video needs a 10 minutes explanation if you dont have MRI background.
I was looking for an intro for my organic chemistry course for undergrad health science majors. They will only see this after I introduce magnetic resonance basics to tie it all together .
"In reality the spins dephase much quicker than T2 because of inhomogeneities in the magnetic field ( Bo)" :D :D :D
To@@the9thcloud
@@tonibell1766I think nmr is easier than mri
My Forever Passion is to ALWAYS BE LOVING-ALEXIS KIRONDE
Thanks bro❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
the hydrogen atoms do not align parallel or anti parallel. They exist in a superposition of the two possible eigenstates (parallel / anti parallel). Virtually none of them are actually in this eigenstate though
Exactly, spin is a quantum state and not a physical observable quantity.
Why would spin orientate antiparallel to B0 ?? anyone ? its an unstable equilibrium position but still an equilibriumposition, is that the reason? in opposition to a stable one when they are parallel.
Philippe... initially when the sample/patient goes into the static field, the nuclei orient along B0 also called the static magnetic field.
When you impose the RF pulse, you USUALLY select to rotate the nuclear alignment by 90 degrees, but can actually select for any angle. In fact, the 'inversion pulse sequence' rotates the direction by 180 degrees.
Thank you... It helped so much... 😊
MRI was NOT discovered in 1947- MRI is magnetic resonance imaging, and the picture is Ralph Damadian, who developed the first practical scanner (Indomitable) and scanner his first volunteer (chose a chest to scan, which was ambitious since there were fleshier body parts that would have worked better) in July 1977.
MRI is an offshoot of nuclear magnetic resonance, which was discovered in 1947; radar had been developed seven years earlier, but it was noticed that on occasion there were delayed signals received from animals. The effect was understood and the NMR machine (analyzing samples in test tubes) was developed shortly after.
Using NMR effect for imaging was considered for decades, but until Damadian discovered that water molecules in tissues often aligned using magnetism and that a combination of gradient fields and radio pulses can display the constitution of tissues; and by understanding that tissue constitution changes in that water alignment, hence, a disease detector. So, NMR in 1947, MRI 1977
why is the hydrogen atoms aligned parallel or anti-parallel?
It depends on an intrinsic quantum property called 'spin', which is either 1/2 (parallel) or -1/2 (anti-parallel) for protons. Because there are more (1 in every *10^6) protons aligned parallel to z axis as it requires less energy, overall net magnetic field of the body is parallel to B0.
YOU ARE ALWAYS LOVING-ALEXIS KIRONDE
awesome video, helped a lot .
thx
Does not say how it gets spatial variation = image, in 1D or 2D or 3D
Great video, it helped a lot! Thank you :-)
Thank you very much very helpful.
Well done!