you guys inspired me to do the same. but in a kitchen, without any lab glass, or lab material. just by using salt, water, carbon rods from old zink/carbon batteries an aquarium, piezo sparker(from a lighter) and an old mobile charger. I tried with the UV led, but no result. so I used the sparker, and for my surprise, it worked. indeed.
This also demostrate how light is quantized into different energy packets (photons) and that only photons of specific energy/wavelength/frequency can initiate the reaction.
@jacksonpeter yeah, the camera Daniel used for the high-speed has a frustrating interface-he thought he set it up in focus when it obviously wasn't. The resolution isn't great at that frame rate either. Overall the quality is rough (bad sound, shaky camera, etc), but we decided to post it anyway. Thanks for watching!
I know this is 9 years old, but I'm learning about halogens in my free time, and am blown away that negatively ionic charged chlorine is chloride and in our bodies LOL I'm glad we don't react to UV light like this 😂
The answer is… usually not at all. Hydrogen chloride is produced in large amounts using concentrated sulfuric acid and salt. Concentrated sulfuric acid is made from sulfur trioxide - obtained e.g. abundantly from fossil fuel or flue gas desulfurization -, concentrated sulfuric acid, and water. Yeah, it may sound a bit circular, but of course you obtain a lot more sulfuric acid than you started out with, so this process is entirely viable. There are also catalysts involved, but I don't understand enough about them to describe that. The reason hydrogen chloride is made this way is simple, it's using essentially what would otherwise be mostly a waste product and pollutant (sulfur from fossil fuels) and all the steps are exothermic, i.e. release energy. This energy is used for industrial heating and generating elecricity. On the other hand, to make hydrogen and chlorine gas, you need an electrolytic process which is highly endothermic and this is therefore considerably more expensive.
They don’t. To make a good amount of HCL you’d probably instead need 2 planets filled with hydrogen and chlorine, blow up half of humanity, all for a petty bottle of hydrochloric acid. Which is why sulfuric acid and salt are more commonly used.
seems like a fairly violent reaction, has anyone tried making a piston engine out using this? inject cl2/hydrogen mix and have infrared lights/lasers as the spark plugs?
Hi, #Max#. Oxygen is carefully excluded from the mixture, because it interrupts the chain reaction. The tube is filled by displacement of water, and the water bath has to be de-oxygenated for the reaction to go. I set up the hydrogen/chlorine generator hours in advance, and bubble the gas through the water to do this. Bubbling lots of nitrogen through the water also works.
Can missile use liquid chlorine and hydrogen? Used salt and 9v battery for water electrolysis, got hydrogen and chlorine gas, seems shot pipette much further than oxygen, interesting.
Compressing the gases would be dangerous, as PV is energy. Chlorine is corrosive, as is hydrogen chloride. Leaks would be bad. The volume of gas produced by the reaction is the same as the starting volume. The heat expands the gas, but the work of pushing a projectile would cool it off. Powder works by turning from solid at atmosphere into gas under pressure. Fairly optimized.
If you compress chlorine to the point of liquefaction (I think about 77 bar) will ultraviolet light still be able to split Cl2 molecules ? If a stoichiometric (forgive my spelling) mixture of H2 and Cl2 is slowly - without temperature rise - compressed to say 20 bar, will it explode in the process or will it still be able to be set off by UV light ?
+Jens Jacob Regarding your second question (and to prefigure answering your first question) it is important to know why this reaction is happening. UV light is able to homolytically cleave Cl2 into the radical species Cl* and Cl*, that is, the photon is able to break the sharing of electrons between Cl--Cl such that each chlorine gets 1 electron, making it a free radical. This radical Cl is an oxidant which enables the combustion reaction to happen. Recall, that for a fire to exists you need oxygen, an *oxidant* in addition to fuel and energy/heat--if you take away the oxygen or cap it's free radical then no fire, i.e., combustion, will not occur; likewise the free radical Cl is what rapidly initiates this combustion reaction. So it is not pressure that is causing the reaction to occur, but rather the formation of a free radical. I'm not certain so someone please correct me if I'm wrong, but being in a liquid state vs a gas state will affect bond enthalpies, i.e., how much energy is required to break a bond. The dissociation energy of Cl2(g)=242 kJ/mol, so breaking 1 bond in the diatomic molecule is: 242kJ/mol (1 mol / 6.022 x10^23 molecules) = 4x10^-19 J Regarding how much energy is required to break this bond: E=hv, v=E/h= 4x10^-19 J / 6.626x10^-34 = 6.016 * 10^14 / sec c=v*wavelength -> wavelenth = c/v = 9.89 * 10^-9 m So about 10 nm wavelength of light, UV light ranges from 400nm to 10nm (and longer than 400nm is visible, i.e., lower energy light as seen in the video, visible light did not have enough energy to break bonds ergo initiate the reaction). Hm, I think one of my numbers might be a bit off, but by my calculations they just barely had enough energy to initiate the reaction. I'm going to say, no it is not likely the reaction will proceed under the conditions you listed, because it will take extra energy to go for liquid to vapor (enthalpy of vaporization) which I don't think UV will be sufficient to provide. However, perhaps the reaction will occur in liquid form... both species are nonpolar so I don't think being in solution will affect the bond energies too much, however, I'm not sure how that amount of pressure will affect the reaction. Wow, that was a long way to say I don't know. I might dredge up some up class notes to see if I can say more definitively
Good explanation. But remember gas molecules have a much wider energy distribution at a given temperature and all you need do is initiate it. This is how free rad reactions work. It is a chain reaction.
Yep, pretty much. (a year later) This of it this way. On the light spectrum, we have radio waves (least energy), microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays (most amount of energy, shorter wavelength). If you think about it, it takes a lot of energy to create an x-ray to see the inside of your body, but very little compared to a hand-held radio. With this in mind, because violet has more energy than red light, this happens. My prof actually showed this to the class after I sent it to him. Thank You guys for making this awesome stuff. :-)
@daiwilley I don't remember where we got these particular ones. I vaguely remember them being sold at the checkout at our local hardware store? I had good luck with searching for "colored led light keychain" and finding a set of 7 for less than $5 (not including shipping).
QUESTION............Why didn't BLUE work? Or was it working but just to slow? Because i have made chlorine free radicals using LED blue light. Of course i had 18 LEDs and not just one. I mean you only need 494nm light to homolytically cleave a Cl/Cl bond which is almost in the green wavelength. And LED blue light is like 450 to 460nm light which is stronger than 494nm light
So these abundant elements can be used in combustion engines with UV ignition rather than spark plugs. Seems like a viable alternative fuel, what emissions are we looking at with this exothermic reaction?
@@NatSciDemos so what kind of DEF type system could be used? A catalytic converter with a honeycomb made with sodium could produce salt, no more plows all the cars would constantly salt the roads😆. There has to be some way to mitigate the chlorine though.
could it be a pickle jar syndrome where it just so happen to react to the ultraviolet because of the accumulation from the other colored lights just a question.
it wont really matter in most cases because hydrogen mixed with chlorine is explosive at 5-95% concentration. If you want the best ratio I'm sorry but I could not find that information.
So just an idea here. Bullets with compressed gas of these two. Instead of mechanical ignition as is common in most fire arms, you could have a small laser in the firing chamber and thus removing all that extra wight. Now I just wish there was a study I could read on the maximum theoretical velocity that this reaction could make a projectile achieve. Also even if it was something pitiful, I still think it would be cool to have a laser and hydrogen Chlorine powered 22.
quite late, but gas expansion just isnt fast enough to give a projectile enough energy to be lethal, which is why gas powered weapons are common place. i agree its a really cool idea though
Hey NatSciDemos! I have a question for you; Does this reaction need to be in the presence of oxygen for combustion? Or is the hydrogen/chlorine mixture enough?
If you want to make a gun with these materials, try burning hydrogen gas with oxygen. That is less dangerous than making a gun that produces hydrocloric gas. This also prevents using toxic chlorine gas. And it gives a nice explosion when it is ignited :)
I was just thinking that it would make a really fast machine gun do to the constant laser and as soon as a new bullet enters the firing chamber it would be activated. as far as the corrosive nature of the gases and energy not being as good as gunpowder, you could at least use a really small amount of the gas as the 'firing pin' to set off the powder. I think if you made the amount of gas really tiny the air in the environment would pretty much negate any of the bad effects on heath from the user
It's not hard to make chlorine. Just stick two electrodes in salt water and you get Chlorine at the Anode and Hydrogen at the Cathode. You also get Sodium Hydroxide at the Cathode.
By the way, if such a mix is left for longer periods, will it then slowly degrade into HCl ? If so will the degrading process be faster at higher pressures ?
The reaction will proceed very slowly, because it will have to happen mostly by a different mechanism. The UV-initiated reaction is fast because there is a chain reaction. After one pair of molecules finishes its reaction, a product is produced which causes the next molecule to undergo reaction. Without the UV light to break apart the first Cl2 molecules and start the chain, you're depending upon some relatively unfavourable molecular collisions which don't start a chain reaction. To a first approximation, the reaction rate depends on the pressures of hydrogen and chlorine (more so chlorine); since it's a gas, the HCl won't matter. (In reality, the HCl in gas phase will polarize the other molecules a bit. I seem to recall that this speeds up the reaction a little. Either way, there's a small correction factor....) So the reaction rate will be faster, but since there are more molecules of hydrogen and chlorine--that's what causes the higher pressure--the full reaction of the same volume of gas will take longer. If you have the same number of molecules packed into a smaller volume, then yes, it will be faster... but still relatively slow.
Point taken. But then you'd have millions of vehicles generating tons of two stupendously corrosive compounds. I guess you could mix them back together to get salt water, but that's an exothermic reaction too.
They absorb a photon of the ultraviolet light forming two free radicals, which are basically a single electrically neutral chlorine atom with an unfilled electron shell.
hi in the link it says: 'perform the demonstration within 5 minutes of preparing the test tube', why is that so, what happens if you wait longer? thanks
The light source I use is a 390nm LED across two CR2016 batteries. A violet laser should work. The most important consideration for this reaction is rigorously to exclude oxygen from the gas mixture. Fill the tube with the hydrogen chlorine gas mixture collected over water bath. Purge the water with nitrogen, or run the electrolytic cell (of 8M HCl, graphite electrodes, at 1 ampere) for several hours, bubbling the gas through the water bath, to get rid of dissolved oxygen. The tube, full of gas, is sealed with a cork held under water. All this generates more than an inconvenient amount of chlorine, so excellent ventilation is required.
Станислав Попов UV LED's are available on eBay or anywhere that sells electronics. The one I have is old, and low power compared to those I saw just now on eBay. The quartz test tube was bought from a local glass blower. Someone who makes scientific glassware should be able to make test tubes out of quartz. I don't know of anywhere that sells them retail. Frankly, with all the power of the modern UV LED's or lasers, regular glass test tubes should work. Pyrex reduces the UV but some percentage gets through. Also, when I say cork, I mean actual cork. If the stopper is too heavy, like rubber, the tube is likely to shatter.
Also, if you use excess hydrogen, it'll produce a lot of science, nitrogen and water. 2NO2+7H2=4H2O+2NH3 / 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO / 2NO2+H2O=HNO3+HNO2 / NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 / NH3+HNO2=NH4NO2 / NH4NO2=2H20+N2
I woul'd like to se a gunshot pisto of 6 inches of barrel and with a capsul fulled of this gás . How much kinectic energy a bullet with a 10 grams of mass would have?
And why arent we using this method for guns n ammo! Oh thats bc the controllers would never allow anyone to threaten their monopolies with new inventions
So Hydrogen water bottle is dangerous?? some people say that some of these hydrogen water bottle produces chlorine? then why are they selling them? Would love to hear your " Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations"
you guys inspired me to do the same. but in a kitchen, without any lab glass, or lab material. just by using salt, water, carbon rods from old zink/carbon batteries an aquarium, piezo sparker(from a lighter) and an old mobile charger. I tried with the UV led, but no result. so I used the sparker, and for my surprise, it worked. indeed.
This also demostrate how light is quantized into different energy packets (photons) and that only photons of specific energy/wavelength/frequency can initiate the reaction.
@jacksonpeter yeah, the camera Daniel used for the high-speed has a frustrating interface-he thought he set it up in focus when it obviously wasn't. The resolution isn't great at that frame rate either. Overall the quality is rough (bad sound, shaky camera, etc), but we decided to post it anyway. Thanks for watching!
I know this is 9 years old, but I'm learning about halogens in my free time, and am blown away that negatively ionic charged chlorine is chloride and in our bodies LOL I'm glad we don't react to UV light like this 😂
So winded after such a short walk means you know he knows his stuff.
I so gotta try this!
You did once. remember how you got that scar?
Oh yeah... but that was a small amount of gunpowder in a test tube wasn't it?
@@theCodyReeder hi Cody 🙋
@@SidewinderScience XD
I was about to comment "You really shouldn't." and then I saw who wrote it, haha
Hi Cody, big fan of your work here :)
So how do they carry this reaction on a industrial scale without blowing up the plant?
By continuously feeding and burning both gasses together in a special chamber, rather than just mixing a bunch together and setting it off.
Using diffused sunlight
ruclips.net/video/MtygiCwnEzw/видео.html
The answer is… usually not at all. Hydrogen chloride is produced in large amounts using concentrated sulfuric acid and salt. Concentrated sulfuric acid is made from sulfur trioxide - obtained e.g. abundantly from fossil fuel or flue gas desulfurization -, concentrated sulfuric acid, and water. Yeah, it may sound a bit circular, but of course you obtain a lot more sulfuric acid than you started out with, so this process is entirely viable. There are also catalysts involved, but I don't understand enough about them to describe that.
The reason hydrogen chloride is made this way is simple, it's using essentially what would otherwise be mostly a waste product and pollutant (sulfur from fossil fuels) and all the steps are exothermic, i.e. release energy. This energy is used for industrial heating and generating elecricity. On the other hand, to make hydrogen and chlorine gas, you need an electrolytic process which is highly endothermic and this is therefore considerably more expensive.
They don’t. To make a good amount of HCL you’d probably instead need 2 planets filled with hydrogen and chlorine, blow up half of humanity, all for a petty bottle of hydrochloric acid. Which is why sulfuric acid and salt are more commonly used.
It's amazing that little of a source of ignition can cause such a violent reaction with the free radicals.
good finding sir.. this may rings any bells
seems like a fairly violent reaction, has anyone tried making a piston engine out using this? inject cl2/hydrogen mix and have infrared lights/lasers as the spark plugs?
Hi, #Max#.
Oxygen is carefully excluded from the mixture, because it interrupts the chain reaction.
The tube is filled by displacement of water, and the water bath has to be de-oxygenated for the reaction to go. I set up the hydrogen/chlorine generator hours in advance, and bubble the gas through the water to do this. Bubbling lots of nitrogen through the water also works.
Great video - I will use to teach Chemistry (Bond energies and activation energy) and Physics photon energy.
I would enjoy seeing the reaction of varying relative volumes of Hydrogen and Chlorine mixtures. Avogadro etc.
Can missile use liquid chlorine and hydrogen? Used salt and 9v battery for water electrolysis, got hydrogen and chlorine gas, seems shot pipette much further than oxygen, interesting.
Compressing the gases would be dangerous, as PV is energy.
Chlorine is corrosive, as is hydrogen chloride. Leaks would be bad.
The volume of gas produced by the reaction is the same as the starting volume. The heat expands the gas, but the work of pushing a projectile would cool it off. Powder works by turning from solid at atmosphere into gas under pressure. Fairly optimized.
@Extractables ok we changed it
cool. wish i could do it with my Year 8s!
If you compress chlorine to the point of liquefaction (I think about 77 bar) will ultraviolet light still be able to split Cl2 molecules ?
If a stoichiometric (forgive my spelling) mixture of H2 and Cl2 is slowly - without temperature rise - compressed to say 20 bar, will it explode in the process or will it still be able to be set off by UV light ?
+Jens Jacob
Regarding your second question (and to prefigure answering your first question) it is important to know why this reaction is happening. UV light is able to homolytically cleave Cl2 into the radical species Cl* and Cl*, that is, the photon is able to break the sharing of electrons between Cl--Cl such that each chlorine gets 1 electron, making it a free radical. This radical Cl is an oxidant which enables the combustion reaction to happen. Recall, that for a fire to exists you need oxygen, an *oxidant* in addition to fuel and energy/heat--if you take away the oxygen or cap it's free radical then no fire, i.e., combustion, will not occur; likewise the free radical Cl is what rapidly initiates this combustion reaction. So it is not pressure that is causing the reaction to occur, but rather the formation of a free radical.
I'm not certain so someone please correct me if I'm wrong, but being in a liquid state vs a gas state will affect bond enthalpies, i.e., how much energy is required to break a bond.
The dissociation energy of Cl2(g)=242 kJ/mol,
so breaking 1 bond in the diatomic molecule is:
242kJ/mol (1 mol / 6.022 x10^23 molecules) = 4x10^-19 J
Regarding how much energy is required to break this bond:
E=hv,
v=E/h= 4x10^-19 J / 6.626x10^-34 = 6.016 * 10^14 / sec
c=v*wavelength -> wavelenth = c/v = 9.89 * 10^-9 m
So about 10 nm wavelength of light,
UV light ranges from 400nm to 10nm (and longer than 400nm is visible, i.e., lower energy light as seen in the video, visible light did not have enough energy to break bonds ergo initiate the reaction).
Hm, I think one of my numbers might be a bit off, but by my calculations they just barely had enough energy to initiate the reaction. I'm going to say, no it is not likely the reaction will proceed under the conditions you listed, because it will take extra energy to go for liquid to vapor (enthalpy of vaporization) which I don't think UV will be sufficient to provide. However, perhaps the reaction will occur in liquid form... both species are nonpolar so I don't think being in solution will affect the bond energies too much, however, I'm not sure how that amount of pressure will affect the reaction.
Wow, that was a long way to say I don't know. I might dredge up some up class notes to see if I can say more definitively
Good explanation. But remember gas molecules have a much wider energy distribution at a given temperature and all you need do is initiate it. This is how free rad reactions work. It is a chain reaction.
@Tl82T I think Daniel found it in the checkout aisle of his local hardware store. You can order multicolored LEDs online for like $6.
Very cool. From where do you get the various colored LED flashlights?
Thank you!!!
Is it because violet has more energy than red?
Yep, pretty much. (a year later) This of it this way. On the light spectrum, we have radio waves (least energy), microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays (most amount of energy, shorter wavelength). If you think about it, it takes a lot of energy to create an x-ray to see the inside of your body, but very little compared to a hand-held radio.
With this in mind, because violet has more energy than red light, this happens.
My prof actually showed this to the class after I sent it to him. Thank You guys for making this awesome stuff. :-)
Many thanks guys, keep up the good work,
cheers,
David Willey
(Mad Scientist for the Tonight show with Jay Leno)
@NZTritium I believe Stan Meyers ran a vehicle with ultraviolet light and hydrogen.
@daiwilley I don't remember where we got these particular ones. I vaguely remember them being sold at the checkout at our local hardware store? I had good luck with searching for "colored led light keychain" and finding a set of 7 for less than $5 (not including shipping).
QUESTION............Why didn't BLUE work? Or was it working but just to slow? Because i have made chlorine free radicals using LED blue light. Of course i had 18 LEDs and not just one. I mean you only need 494nm light to homolytically cleave a Cl/Cl bond which is almost in the green wavelength. And LED blue light is like 450 to 460nm light which is stronger than 494nm light
Have to try this
@sxuxnxnxy check out the google books link to Prof. Shakhashiri's writeup in the video's description section.
What UV led longwave?(nanometer)
What led, UVA or UVB or UVC?
Awesome! The captions are accurate, except for the end, when I actually said, "Ooo, I found it..."
herpaderp.
Could you set this off with a high voltage spark next to the tube? Doesn't high voltage discharges create UV light? Just a thought.
Awesome video.
Thanks! We haven't tried it with a HV spark (using an LED is simpler), but it could possibly work.
Yes it is much easier. I'm still amazed how UV Light (or any light for that matter) can cause such a reaction. Truly amazing.
Thanks
@@NatSciDemos is liquid chlorine better for launching missle
Every high explosive has a different velocity of detonation.
So these abundant elements can be used in combustion engines with UV ignition rather than spark plugs. Seems like a viable alternative fuel, what emissions are we looking at with this exothermic reaction?
the reaction produces HCl gas
@@NatSciDemos so what kind of DEF type system could be used? A catalytic converter with a honeycomb made with sodium could produce salt, no more plows all the cars would constantly salt the roads😆. There has to be some way to mitigate the chlorine though.
could it be a pickle jar syndrome where it just so happen to react to the ultraviolet because of the accumulation from the other colored lights just a question.
Why didn't you explain the reaction in more detail 😥 now I still don't know how it works!? Is that gas dangerous?
it wont really matter in most cases because hydrogen mixed with chlorine is explosive at 5-95% concentration. If you want the best ratio I'm sorry but I could not find that information.
So just an idea here. Bullets with compressed gas of these two. Instead of mechanical ignition as is common in most fire arms, you could have a small laser in the firing chamber and thus removing all that extra wight. Now I just wish there was a study I could read on the maximum theoretical velocity that this reaction could make a projectile achieve. Also even if it was something pitiful, I still think it would be cool to have a laser and hydrogen Chlorine powered 22.
quite late, but gas expansion just isnt fast enough to give a projectile enough energy to be lethal, which is why gas powered weapons are common place. i agree its a really cool idea though
From where I can get these cool key chains
can you make hydrogeon chloride by mixing chlorine and hydrogen in water?
Hey NatSciDemos!
I have a question for you; Does this reaction need to be in the presence of oxygen for combustion? Or is the hydrogen/chlorine mixture enough?
I'm obv not the person that you asked. They didn't respond i will. No. Chlorine is the oxidant. Zero oxygen.
If you want to make a gun with these materials, try burning hydrogen gas with oxygen. That is less dangerous than making a gun that produces hydrocloric gas. This also prevents using toxic chlorine gas. And it gives a nice explosion when it is ignited :)
how did u get hydrogen and chlorine without the oxygen?
How about carrying out the same experiment with Fluorine instead
what is the solution used in this demonstration?
Can you use sunlight as a UV source?
it seems plausible that sunlight would work but we haven't actually tried it.
Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations what wavelength is the violet led?
very nice
오 마이갓 가스기능사 공부중인데 ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ 대박이네요.
I was just thinking that it would make a really fast machine gun do to the constant laser and as soon as a new bullet enters the firing chamber it would be activated. as far as the corrosive nature of the gases and energy not being as good as gunpowder, you could at least use a really small amount of the gas as the 'firing pin' to set off the powder. I think if you made the amount of gas really tiny the air in the environment would pretty much negate any of the bad effects on heath from the user
yeah but how toxic is hydrogen chloride?
It's not hard to make chlorine. Just stick two electrodes in salt water and you get Chlorine at the Anode and Hydrogen at the Cathode. You also get Sodium Hydroxide at the Cathode.
By the way, if such a mix is left for longer periods, will it then slowly degrade into HCl ? If so will the degrading process be faster at higher pressures ?
The reaction will proceed very slowly, because it will have to happen mostly by a different mechanism. The UV-initiated reaction is fast because there is a chain reaction. After one pair of molecules finishes its reaction, a product is produced which causes the next molecule to undergo reaction. Without the UV light to break apart the first Cl2 molecules and start the chain, you're depending upon some relatively unfavourable molecular collisions which don't start a chain reaction.
To a first approximation, the reaction rate depends on the pressures of hydrogen and chlorine (more so chlorine); since it's a gas, the HCl won't matter. (In reality, the HCl in gas phase will polarize the other molecules a bit. I seem to recall that this speeds up the reaction a little. Either way, there's a small correction factor....) So the reaction rate will be faster, but since there are more molecules of hydrogen and chlorine--that's what causes the higher pressure--the full reaction of the same volume of gas will take longer. If you have the same number of molecules packed into a smaller volume, then yes, it will be faster... but still relatively slow.
that's wartech (0:15)
Is 400-405 nm enough?
Point taken. But then you'd have millions of vehicles generating tons of two stupendously corrosive compounds. I guess you could mix them back together to get salt water, but that's an exothermic reaction too.
maybe using a magnifying glass to focus it?
Hi
awesome.
Would it even react by just taking it outside in the sun?
We've never tried it, but probably?
2:29
wooah
How do the Chlorine molecules split?
They absorb a photon of the ultraviolet light forming two free radicals, which are basically a single electrically neutral chlorine atom with an unfilled electron shell.
hi
in the link it says: 'perform the demonstration within 5 minutes of preparing the test tube', why is that so, what happens if you wait longer?
thanks
What would be the balanced equation for this reaction?
H2+Cl2---->2HCl
Mix rate plz
Hello. Please, you can answer what length of a wave and power had your laser? I have a violet laser 10 mVt, but reaction with it didn't go.
The light source I use is a 390nm LED across two CR2016 batteries. A violet laser should work.
The most important consideration for this reaction is rigorously to exclude oxygen from the gas mixture. Fill the tube with the hydrogen chlorine gas mixture collected over water bath. Purge the water with nitrogen, or run the electrolytic cell (of 8M HCl, graphite electrodes, at 1 ampere) for several hours, bubbling the gas through the water bath, to get rid of dissolved oxygen. The tube, full of gas, is sealed with a cork held under water.
All this generates more than an inconvenient amount of chlorine, so excellent ventilation is required.
Daniel Rosenberg Sorry again. Please, can you write where it is possible to get similar LED and a quartz test-tube?
Станислав Попов UV LED's are available on eBay or anywhere that sells electronics. The one I have is old, and low power compared to those I saw just now on eBay.
The quartz test tube was bought from a local glass blower. Someone who makes scientific glassware should be able to make test tubes out of quartz. I don't know of anywhere that sells them retail. Frankly, with all the power of the modern UV LED's or lasers, regular glass test tubes should work. Pyrex reduces the UV but some percentage gets through.
Also, when I say cork, I mean actual cork. If the stopper is too heavy, like rubber, the tube is likely to shatter.
Daniel Rosenberg Thank you, I'll find)))
Daniel Rosenberg Yes! I did it! I published video with result on my canal!
Interesting
Also, if you use excess hydrogen, it'll produce a lot of science, nitrogen and water. 2NO2+7H2=4H2O+2NH3 / 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO / 2NO2+H2O=HNO3+HNO2 / NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3 / NH3+HNO2=NH4NO2 / NH4NO2=2H20+N2
@onuraydn4130 didn't we use chlorine here..?
@NZTritium No, because you'd need butt-loads of a known chemical weapon. (Chlorine gas was used as a weapon in WW1.)
I woul'd like to se a gunshot pisto of 6 inches of barrel and with a capsul fulled of this gás . How much kinectic energy a bullet with a 10 grams of mass would have?
@igikun16 8 molar of HCl
why don't I get to do this at school?
the vapour (smoke) is hydrogen chloride formed i assume?
That was fun
O bhai hum dar gaye
Hes not telling you stuff all. :)
@cowboyjames008 casio zr100
hey kids try this at the pool
hydrochloric gas!!!
TKEEO903! Wuts hatninin?!?!?!
now make a cheap gun
cool
czesc koledzy
And why arent we using this method for guns n ammo! Oh thats bc the controllers would never allow anyone to threaten their monopolies with new inventions
errrr aren't those fumes like horribly corrosive?
Yes when doing this demo you want to make sure you're in a space with adequate ventilation.
This is what future guns will made off
So Hydrogen water bottle is dangerous?? some people say that some of these hydrogen water bottle produces chlorine? then why are they selling them? Would love to hear your "
Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations"
Free all the radicals!!!! :D
witam klaso
SLOWMO GUYS!!
อื่อหึ
หึๆๆ
they can use this reaction as a fuel for firing canon balls at wars!!!!
mahir khan If you don't mind breathing in hydrogen chloride that makes hydrochloric acid in your lungs.
Anyone else here for homework
literally dogwater