Countries That USED TO EXIST In MEDIEVAL ASIA
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- Опубликовано: 14 июн 2024
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▶ In this video I talk about countries that used to exist in Medieval Asia. Exploring the political landscape of the continent in the year 1200 AD, highlighting the changes in borders, countries that existed then (being either annexed, destroyed, or fading away) but not today, and those that remain (plus how they evolved over time). Going into specific regions and states, including the Khmer Empire, the Ainu people, the Ghurid Sultanate, the Khwarezm Sultanate, the Champa City States, the Dali Kingdom, Mosul, and the Uyghur Khanates. The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist empire with an innovative healthcare system but faced decline due to environmental factors. The Ainu people inhabited Northern Japan until they were assimilated into Japanese society. The Uchima Kingdom's historical existence is unclear. The Ghurid Sultanate and Khwarezm Sultanate were once powerful but eventually collapsed, with the Khwarezmian Sultanate facing a devastating Mongol invasion. The Champa City States in Vietnam had a long history of sovereignty. The Dali Kingdom in China traded horses with the Southern Song Dynasty. Mosul's sovereignty in 1200 AD is questionable due to its history of changing rulers. The Uyghur Khanates in North-West and North China varied in structure and eventually fell to Mongol and Qing rule.
TIMESTAMPS:
00:00 Intro
00:40 Map Overview
04:20 Khmer Empire (Cambodia, Thailand)
05:30 Ainu (Hokkaido / North Japan)
06:25 Uchima Kingdom (Okinawa)
07:23 Ghurid Sultanate (Northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan)
08:20 Khwarezm Sultanate (Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia)
09:21 Champa City States (South Vietnam)
10:11 Dali Kingdom (South-East China)
11:07 Mosul (Iraq)
12:13 Uyghur Khanates
13:06 Summary
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*Are there any more countries that used to exist in Asia, but don't anymore?*
The Chola's, their empire was huge and encompassed essentially all of south india and south east asia, even one of the kings established the Cebu Rahjanate, a kingdom in the phillipines
Hi.
i lived in okinawa and i think uchinau means okinawa in their language because uchinauguchi is japanese for okinawain
I can’t express my appreciation for someone finally talking about Dali
The Sultanate of Rum would be a good example.
The reason you could not find any data is because "Uchima" is a spelling mistake. The correct spelling is "Uchina" with "n". The people are called the "Uchinanchu" people. The word "Uchina" is synonymous with "Ryukyu" and "Okinawa". The word "Gusuku" means castle, so "Gusuku Period" is the castle building period when they created many castles all over the island.
what? i thought uchima was just the name of the king. i haven’t seen anything about uchina
@@bigbitch584 It's Okinawan 沖縄 (Uchinā, “Okinawa”)
Yeah I was wondering about that with the map. It’s Uchinaa. But everyone else called it the Ryukyu Kingdom.
You were faster than me with pointing that out. 😄
@@ginxxxxx haven't seen your initial comment. Sorry.
I actually had another idea for a topic: Unofficial countries that exist today but only ceremonly.
Examples: Afro-Bolivian Kingdom, Knights of Malta, Kingdom of Aracaunia and Patagonia, etc.
he did that back in July, the country with no territory
You should cover more obscure medieval countries
There's no dispute regarding the Khalji Dynasty being of ethnic Khalaj stock historical archieves Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi & Tabaqat-i Nasiri also confirm that founding ruler Jalaluddin Khalji's father was a Turk named "Yughrush"
Chinggis Khan’s massacres (Mostly on Non-Turkic people’s) paved way for Turkification in Central Asian, Anatolia, Azerbaijan and many more. Which also laid the seeds of the Ottoman Empire, and Turkic rule in Iran for centuries also These massacres have also ensured that non-Turkic areas are now Turkish areas and Turkic populated, A massacre can only be this impactful.
Not just that, it paved way for Delhi sultanate to unify Northern India, and also paved way for Mughal India. They changed with South Asia completely.
It also paved the way for Moscow principality to unite all of Russia
@@darkorange835 India wished that never happened and be forgotten by history. Unfortunately the Moorish architecture like Taj Mahal is too famous to be toppled down like other mosques.
Mongols massacred everyone, including the Turkic people.
Mongols massacred Turks, more than any other nation, you moron, if you don't know, don't speak.
Surprisingly, NEPAL still exists despite of its "small land area".
Be careful. your southern neighbor isn't happy that Buddha was born in Lumbini, Nepal and not in their country that was created by the British in the last century.
The Lord Buddha was born in 623 BC in the sacred area of Lumbini located in the Terai plains of Nepal.
Its interesting how in every era there is a Persian and a Chinese empire
Well China has the longest continuous history of any country in the world, there has always been a Chinese empire/kingdom during the last 2500 or more years before the start of medieval era
Amazing video, so interesting, thank you so much for this content!!
Thank you for watching! :)
Something to keep in mind is that the notion of a modern ‘nation state’ or ‘country’ most definitely did not exist back then.
Absolutely, these were often just feudal domains of a specific ruler / warlord or people belonging to a specific ethnic group which had autonomy among themselves.
@@General.Knowledge Do you want to give a somewhat workable definition of what a 'nation state' or 'country' is in your opinion? There's a lot of variance, and I think you could provide insights for future videos and the claims you make within them.
It existed in india as indias ancient name is bharat we even had ocean boundries we have an ancient sanskrit word rashtra which means nation and in some periods of time it even had elections.
@@animex8129do you worship cows?
@@rizkyadiyanto7922 hindu respect it not worship it and i am not a hindu
Very interesting video. Congrats
So interesting! Thanks!
Thank you!
Great video!
Thanks!
Binging this channel cause I’m stuck in bed with severe back problems. You are helping 👍
I had a pretty annoying back injury a couple years back, couldn't leave the house for a week and felt like I was going crazy. Hope you make a speedy recovery and things get better as soon as possible! And I'm glad you're enjoing the videos :)
These are very interesting states, Asia truly has a magnificent history!
I enjoyed this video! Small thing about pronunciation: Khmer is pronounced kuh-mai. It’s confusing because -mer doesn’t usually make that sound, but that’s how Cambodians pronounce it.
that is fr...it is khmai
It am from there
I can confirm it is true
I learned the pronunciation from this old Fox show called John Doe. One of the first scenes is him getting pulled up by Cambodian fishermen who are shocked this white guy somehow speaks fluent Khmer (he can speak every language). They ask him “You speak Khmer?!” And from that I learned it’s pronounced khmae. When I later learned about the Khmer Rouge, I pronounced it that way and my teacher sternly corrected me. I’m glad to know I was right all along 20 years later.
It is more like «Kha-mae» not ka-mai. In Khmer this is how we write it «ខ្មែរ» literally «kh-m-e-r» but the « ែ »sound that we have is quite hard to imitate in english. Like in the word មែ mae (mother) ស្រែ srae (rice field) or បន្លែ bonlae (vegatable) has the -ae «ែ» sound.
But of course in english you don’t have any cut sound like that. That’s why many cambodian americans pronounce it as «kamai» but that’s wrong tho just saying. People in Cambodia or even me cambodian born in europe we pronounce it the proper way.
I’ve been waiting
Please do a similar video of the island nations around the world and show how they once were .. such as the Micronesia islands, Guam or Samoa , the Carribeans, the islands scattered around the pacific or Atlantic oceans , and so forth
Can you do a part 2 to this video with medieval Asian kingdoms in a different century?
By that definition they should be returned to china since they were tributaries of Ming and own Qing 😂
Wow thanks for cover Khmer empire and champa especially champa it is the first time I have heard people bring it up considering how important it is in South East Asia.
It is pretty crazy that we don't talk about it more, considering how big it was.
@@General.Knowledge most of sea people do not know , champa was the only Austronesian in mainland sea in the family group as Indonesia,Malaysia and Philippines, south China sea was called champa sea , and they also built a temple in India as a diplomatic tie ,
@@General.Knowledgevietnam people genocided champa people.
@@rizkyadiyanto7922No international law concepts like "genocide" back in 1471. Don't apply modern notions to people that long ago in the past
I already knew about most of the countries in the list but there were some which were genuinely surprising to me
There were 2 kingdoms I didn't know about
Me too! I didn't know about half of them before making the video.
Yeah, I play Civilisation 6 too.
You knew about all of the Indian countries?
@@ferretyluvyes i know about all of Indian states
Nice
always wondered about ancient medial ages time in different parts of the world. Would be great to see that about Americas and Africa too.
Will do! They're on my list :)
At 10:22. Well, "marble" in Chinese is not "大理" but "大理石," or "stone from Dali." I suppose the marble from 大理 was of such high quality it became "marble" in the Chinese languages. Somewhat similar to what happened in Europe, where marble from the Carrara mountain in northern Italy was of such high quality "Carrara" became synonymous with luxurious marble in the European kingdoms and even in North America. The Dali Kingdom or "大理" literally means "great logic" or "great truth," very likely alluding to the fact that 大理 was a kingdom known for its wise Buddhist kings in old Chinese myths.
What's interesting is not the presence of so many countries that no longer exist but how quite a few were very large. Kwarezmia the Ghurid sultanate the Jurchen and Song states all had sizes comparable to the larger states of today. This in an era when communications were slower.
They are not accurate. There were no such thing as border treaties, so there were no clear cut borders. What these kind of maps show were more sphere of influence, where territories were assumed under their control.
There mustn't be a better example of a 'moving' ethno-linguistic group than the Turkic peoples.
They started out from Eastern Siberia (Mongolia, Altai) and now are main ethnic constituents of various countries, like Turkey, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, etc.
Not genetically though except Central Asia. They just imposed culture and language on others.
Been to Angkor Wat in the 1990’s. It’s so cool. I enjoyed my visit
Don’t know if this video is part of a new series, or an ongoing one delving into old maps, but it was great and would love to see more like it!
Love this! id also love to see a video like this for Africa
12:04 There is a minor error. Hamdanid Rule* 1109 to 113 (instead of 1113)
Instant Age of Empires II flashbacks.
"Beware the Kara-Khitai. They are without honor."
Sri Lanka Ceylon has a written history of over 2500 years having had 183 Sinhalese Buddhist Kings who ruled Sri Lanka over 2500years until British occupation in 1815 captured whole of Sri Lanka
The only countries that I can find that are still in existence today are Nepal, Japan, Georgia, and Yemen.
It is striking how migrations (usually via war) led to Turkic people moving from Mongolia to Anatolia and the Huns moving from Central Asia west to Hungary, and some kept going along the northern margins of the Roman Empire past Germany (sometimes pejoratively called Huns). It makes keeping track of who is where at any given time a challenge.
I've been watching some middle eastern history on Jabzy. Seems the Ottoman Empire and Persian Empire were much like the Holy Roman Empire, with many territories exercising almost total anonymity
general knowledge is one of few RUclipsrs that teaches many geographic and other stuff to me, been subscribing since 2018 in old acc
Thank you! :)
More about Asia Minor would be good please.
Malacca!! Paramaswera - disappointed you didn't mention them!
Okinawa was politically fragmented at that time with many local lords governing different parts of the island. Traditional Okinawan history (Chuuzan Seikan) states that the Shunten dynasty governed Chuuzan at the time of that map. Also strange choice to include the Ainu as a "nation" since they never formed states. Good video otherwise
@@ginxxxxxleave. You won't be missed.
The division only lasted 100 years wheras Ryukyu as an united entity has existed for more than 450 years, and it first got annexed by japan only 150 years ago. Btw karate is actually Ryukyuan not japanese,.
Ainu is indeed a nation but an endangered one
After a quick glance at your thumbnail map, I’d guess they were all on major rivers.
As far as I know it is not "Uchima", but rather "Uchina" in the native okinawan dialect and refers to the connections of Okinawa and China . However, even before Okinawa was unified, due to its strategic position it was a hub of trade and travel from the Philippines, China and other regions.
"Uchina" is today very often a part of the name of martial arts schools teaching okinawan Karate, e.g. "Uchinadi". "Di" in okinawan dialect = "te" in Japanese. So, "Uchinadi" translates to "China Hand" or "China Technique".
If you search "Uchina kingdom" it also directs to Ryukyu Kingdom
Neat
u should do a video on the history of the basque country
I knew the Philippines🇵🇭 wouldn't be mentioned here.
1) Anyway, according to Chinese sources, during the 3rd century CE, one of the polities/trading kingdoms mentioned was "Tou-po". Scholars equate it with *Tubok* , which was the old name of Cotabato, located in the Moro Gulf of Mindanao Island.
Northwest of it, we found *Bo-tan* which could probably be a kingdom in Luzon island known for its gold.
2) During the 10th Century, *Dewata* Kingdom appeared in the Laguna Copper plate Inscription, which is a kingdom in Northeastern Mindanao Island. Its contemporary is *Tundun* Kingdom in the Manila Bay area of Luzon.
3) During the 11th to 14th Centuries, *Butuan* Kingdom succeeded Dewata and *Mait* Kingdom succeeded Tundun. At this time, the *Visayan raiders* were also recorded pillaging the coasts of Southern China. The Ilocano Kingdom of *Samtoy* was also recorded.
4) And during the 15th century, *Lusong* flourished and succeeded Mait. It was a tributary state to Ming China and it had colonies in the Malay Peninsula. The *Three Kingdoms of Sulu* succeeded Butuan, known for its South Sea Pearls. It was also a tributary state to Ming China. Other important polities are Pangasinan, Malindug (Marinduque), and Kumalarang (Basilan).
5) Finally, in the 16th century, major courts began to convert to Islamic sultanates. *Maynila* emerged in Lusong as the new port city state, and *Sulu became a Sultanate*. *Sugbo Kingdom* in Cebu also flourished and became an important trading port in the Visayas region.
These kingdoms, except the Sultanates in Sulu and Mindanao, ceased to exist during the Spanish conquest.
Dewata =devata in many Indian languages translated to divine being= god😯
@@princezuko6804 Yep. Hinduism and Buddhism along with Sanskrit and Pali reached the Philippine islands during the middle ages.
You can search Laguna Copperplate Inscription. It was written using the Javanese Kawi script but ancient Indian practices can be gleaned from it. It mentioned the use of the Saka Calendar and the knowledge of Jyotisha astrology. It also mentioned the month of Waisakha (Vesak) when most persons deprived of liberty get pardoned.
Another old inscription is the Mahapratisara Amulet found in Butuan, Northern Mindanao.
I love this post. As a fellow pinoy, I love learning of our history prior to Spanish conquest. Also, God bless LapuLapu :)
Philippine lack of archaeology and ruins unlike rest of Southeast Asia, Philipine, Papua and Timor do not have architecture, most of the kingdom are malayan people of colonized the coastal and river and build the city, word 'Kota' it malay word, mean walled city, non in tagalog have word kota, example 'kota bato or kota batu in southern philippine mandanao, in malaysia and sumatra indonesia word kota is common, like 'kota bharu', kota tinggi, kota kinabalu, kota linggi etc, no palace, temple or architecture style of philippine, we dont know and do not exist, all philippine do not have local architecture, except malayan culture bangsamoro.
@@safuwanfauzi5014 Yeah, I'm not gonna read all that. Your opinion doesn't invalidate our cultural experiences and my ancestors' past. Next!
PLEASE DO MEDIEVAL AFRICA NEXT
Fall of Civilizations helped me recognize most names
Khanate is not Kanat. "Khanate" is already an English word with the root being "Khan". The -ate suffix was just added to signify that it was a state ruled by a Khan.
'ka-nayt' would be a bit closer eh?
@@jmpht854 if u wanna go with a pronunciation spelling, lol id say khaneyt
@@xXxSkyViperxXx Does English have that ‘kh’ sound? 😂
@@jmpht854 yes, but it behaviorally uses it allophonically with k
Hey General Knowledge,
Can you do this type of video but with Africa Next?
I agree that'd be a cool video
Yes! :)
Disappointed you didn't include the Chola Empire in this one. They collapsed in the 1200s and were influential throughout South India
Nepal was literally there, in South Asia, but you didn't mention.
always love to see our old turkic brothers and sisters countries ❤
which is why sakhalin and the kuril islands should really be returned to japan
The big mistake Japanese did was to start a war with Russia. The defeated will have a price to pay.
It is good-bye forever to these islands. A Russian colleague told me if Japan relinquished the island of Hokkaido, then Russia might consider as those islands are part of it too. I think what about Okinawa ?
Ryuku kingdom is pronounced as Lushu in Chinese because they are tributary and influenced through trade by Ancient China and it had visible buildings are similar in ancient china and their religion until it colonized.
@@ALLKASDLLS-mg4lu okay I'm just stating of my opinion based of the remained ruins in the documentary videos in social media apps like youtube.
They are closely related to Japanese
@@napoleonfeanor okay
Uchinaa refers to the people and the state in the Okinawan language (Uchinaaguchi). Ryukyu Kingdom is the exonym.
Watched
I’m Cham People from Cambodia 🇰🇭
You could make a video about all the countries that used to exist in medieval India itself. Or maybe even 2
Talking about Aisa without the ability of reading Chinese, is like a blind touching an elephant 😂
For example, in your image of Okinawa/Ruyuku
These alpha beta names are just the pronunciation, the meaning of the names lost in the translation.
SANSHAN 三山 （as shown in your image）literally means three mountains
Nansan means the southern mountain
Beisam means the northern mountain
Zhongshan means the middle mountain
All these names indicate the location of the three kingdoms on that island
epic
uchima is probably a typo for uchina which probably means okinawa in okinawan. i think okinawa means a divine place and i hear stories there is like a location of great energy there.
"Medieval Asia" sounds bizzare like "Tang dynasty Europe"
Uchima appears to be an Okinawan name, so I'm guessing it's the pre-royal name of a founder of a dynasty there.
My ex- boss is a Japanese American. His family name is Uchima. He once told me his ancestors were ruling princes in Okinawa. I didn't realize until now that it wenr back to 1200s. However, there must be some truth in that map.
Countries that USED TO EXIST in Medieval Africa.
I'd love to hear more about the Ainu, it's very hard to find out anything about them. I'd love to see their culture restored and they get their own state.
Also, #FreeRyukyu
There was a state called Jaxa whose history is neither long, nor important, just a fun fact, especially for Poles.
Medival aisa gets suprisingly overlooked in favor of medival europe.
Lmao, that's what I was going to say basically
At least Medieval Asia is now also a popular theme for novels and games.
@@Bustycat i wonder if asians tend to owerlook mideval europe for medival asia
@@Farrighthungarian definitely yes
In the West we ofcourse Focus on Our History.
I think Africa (or Libya, if u know u know) would be interesting
I see this as I play legacy of Persia ck3
Im the 1935th person watching this vid
This vid was posted
51 mins ago
And 32 comment
❤🎉😊
8:24 For the Khwarezmian empire, the official title of the rulers was the “Shah of Iran,” so I wouldn't categorize the Kwarezm dynasty as a separate country.
You might want to check your English pronunciation of "Khanate." The accent is on the first "Khan" syllable and the second syllable is more like the words "ate" or "eight" than "ate." KHAN-ayte. The online OED has a good breakdown of British v Americsn pronunciations.
Thanks for the correction!
the UK is a new edition to the maps as we all know 0:08
The Turks were considered as the best warriors due to their horsemanship and skill in archery.
Kaushik Roy., n.d. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships (Bloomsbury Studies in Military History). p.24.
While there is much more than this to the Turks, it is true that Turks rank among history’s great empire-builders and rulers. Under the Ottomans they conquered vast territories in the Balkans and the Middle East and ruled for six hundred years.
Turkey Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments pp.30
The Turks can be killed, but they can never be conquered.
Napoleon in his own words from the French of Jules Bertaut p.44
Mongols beat you almost everytime so not that great warriors.
You mean the Turkic peoples. Turks just mean the anatolian ones who have not much OG Turkic genes.
@@napoleonfeanor I mean turkic people as a whole
@@napoleonfeanor both
I shall claim my pin of geography
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Writing in the ninth century, the Arab historian al-Jahiz captured the awe with which outsiders viewed these fighters:
If a thousand of their [Turks’] horse join battle and let off a single shower of arrows, they can mow down a thousand [Arabs’] horse. No army can withstand this kind of assault. The Kharajites and the Bedouin have no skill worth mentioning in shooting from horseback, but the Turk can shoot at beasts, birds, hoops, men, sitting quarry, dummies and birds on the wing, and do so at full gallop to fore or to rear, to left or to right, upwards or downwards, loosing ten arrows before the Kharajite can nock one ... and if they do turn their back,they are to be feared as much as deadly poison and sudden death; for their arrows hit the mark as much when they are retreating as when they are advancing.18
RICHARD M. EATON. India in the Persianate Age, 1000-1765 by Richard Eaton .
What?? They weren't all just one big empire called tartaria or sommat? LOL just kidding, great video!
Countries weren't as static back then as they are today. They literally came and went and there was no universal respect for territorial integrity back then.
That map is quite incorrect in South and Southeast Asia. Lots of independent and vassal city state. And its7more dynamic than you could imagine because wars happened quite usual.
"the empire referred to itself as Kambuja, which we obviously connect to..."
Me: KOMBUCHA
"...to the modern Cambodia,"
Me: oh, ok sure that too
After the Khmer Empire collapsed Kambuja (later derived to Kampuchea) still continued on.
al-Jahiz "The Goggle-Eyed":
“The Turks are famed for their prowess as mounted bowmen....
The Turk looses ten arrows before another person can let one fly.
He gallops his horse up a hillside or down a gully faster than others can make their steed go on flat ground....
The Turk's ability to stay in the saddle-trotting, sustained gallopinglong night rides, and cross-country trips-is truly amazing....
In the course of any day the Turk spends more time in the saddle than on the ground....
The Turk has adapted his body to eating only meatHis horse eats only leaves and shoots and it needs no shelter from the sun and no covering against the cold....
Turks have no interest in craftsmanship or commerce, medicine, farming, or building....
They care only about raiding, huntingriding horses, and fighting with rival clans.... They have mastered these skillswhich give them all their pleasure, glory, and interest.”
I can’t express my appreciation for someone finally talking about Dali
0:13 Apparently the island of Great Britain didn't exist back then.
It was temporarily under water
Turks indeed had a decisive role in triggering historical major events like the Migration Period, Crusades, shaping the history of Balkans, Islamization of Northern India, Age of Discovery as well as ending the Middle Ages with the conquest of Constantinople, fall of the Roman Empire
The notion that a map from 1200 provides backing for territorial claims today is absurd.
9:20 10-15 million poeple, for a few merchants and ambassadors.
After the war with Dai Viet, the people of Champa moved to Aceh and the rest of Sunda Islands/Nusantara/Archipelago...
Yunan-Mekong-Irrawady river is our second homeland after the fall of the Saka dynasty in India... Later, our ancestors moved to present day Indonesia...
Cham also moved to Hainan as Tsat
Most of them moved to Cambodia. There's even a small city there named after them: Kampong Cham
Everything is great, except you talk to fast, slow down a bit so we can understand better...
why in the world did this guy just rely on this map that some other history geek randomly made? 沖縄 (Uchinā) is Okinawan for Okinawa. It's a very ambiguous term for what was in the Ryukyu Islands at that time
There is balqa also
What was Balqa?
SelJuks, not SelYuks - the J sounds like G in George. Honshu and Hokkaido, not Onshu and Okkaido - the H is NOT silent.
Great video thank you. However, I'm sick and I'm done with these better help scam ads. Almost as phoney as those goofy Established titles scam from last year.
The Virtues of the Turks
The Turk has with him at the moment of attack everything he needs for himself, his weapons, his mount, and equipment for it. His endurance is quite amazing for long riding, continuous travel, lengthy night trips, and crossing a land. For one thing, the horse of the Khariji [a warrior identified with a radical Muslim rebellion in southern Iraq] does not have the endurance of the Turk's mount. The Khariji is not good at caring for his horse except as riders care for their steeds. The Turk is more skilled than the veterinarian and better at teaching his mount what he wants than trainers. He bred it and raised it as a foal. It followed him if he called and galloped behind him when he galloped. . . . If you sum up the life of the Turk and reckon his days you will find he sits longer on the back of his mount than on the face of the earth. The Turk rides a stallion, or a mare, and goes off on a raid, a trip or hunting expedition or some other project.
Then the mare and her foals follow him. If he is unable to hunt people, he hunts wild animals. If he is unsuccessful in that or needs nourishment, he bleeds one of his riding animals. If thirsty he milks one of his mares. If he wants to rest the one under him he mounts another without touching the ground. There is no one on earth besides him whose body would not reel against eating only meat. His mount is likewise satisfied with stubble, grass, and shrubs. He does not shade it from the sun or cover it against the cold. . . .
The Turk is a herdsman, groom, trainer, trader, veterinarian, and rider.
A single Turk is a nation in himself.
Ibn al-Haytham
there were Balhae in n.korea.
발해에 대해 영상을 만들어주세요. 중국이 중국역사라고 주장하지만 한국역사입니다. 현재는 러시아땅이고요.
Free champa.
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem should be here too
Khmer technically still exist as Cambodia
Hasn’t BetterHelp been involved in some sketchy stuff?