AL STEWART Roads to Moscow REACTION - Majestic piece of music! First time hearing

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  • Опубликовано: 27 дек 2024

Комментарии • 109

  • @kennethknoppik5408
    @kennethknoppik5408 Год назад +36

    This is a history lesson put to music. Absolutely brilliant

    • @garyneilson3075
      @garyneilson3075 11 месяцев назад +4

      Yes, schools should teach with music like this as well as books, the kids might remember and understand things better....

  • @sourisvoleur4854
    @sourisvoleur4854 Год назад +34

    My favorite song of all the songs in the world. Still makes me cry. First heard it on the King Biscuit Flour Hour back in 1975ish.

  • @pauldover1403
    @pauldover1403 Год назад +64

    Thanks for this Harri, it's my favourite Al Stewart song and the most meticulously researched, he says that he read through something like 50 books for background. As you say, it's supposed to be about Alexandr Solzhenitzin (it's easier to say the English version than it looks although the Russian pronunciation is a little different). Alexandr was also the inspiration for Renaissance's "Mother Russia" which you reviewed some time ago.
    Josef Stalin is often looked upon as a benign leader who turned the tide of the war. Nothing is further from the truth. Both Hitler and Stalin were very similar in their political views, but Stalin was the more ruthless. The Soviets managed to turn the tables on Hitler for three reasons - first, they received considerable help from the allies; second, the Russian winter bogged down their tanks and exposed the shortcomings of their supply chain and finally, the Soviet soldiers were more afraid of what the Communists would do to them and their families than they were of the Nazis.
    The Russians savagely occupied most of Eastern Europe and were only halted at Berlin when they were faced with the allied forces.
    The return to the Soviet Union which many had dreamed of turned sour when the Communists dragged their political opponents, those who they considered untrustworthy and the Cossacks from the trains and sent them to the Gulags in Siberia where they worked as slave labour in concentration camps until they were killed, died or in some cases released but notv set free.
    Solzhenitzin was sentenced to eight years in the Gulags and then internal exile during which time he wrote "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch" and "The Gulag Archipelago" which are essential reading about the insanity and terror within the Soviet Union. Both works were influential in Eastern Europe (when available) and the west. The books saved Solzhenitzin, because he was exiled in 1974 and lived in West Germany, Switzerland and the United States which he denounced for its decadence and finally was allowed to move back to Russia in 1994 and died there in 2008.
    One blot in his life is that he was an early supporter of Putin although I think that had he lived, he would have turned against him and his savagery.
    All in all, a brilliant song.

    • @donnamoskowitz4978
      @donnamoskowitz4978 Год назад +6

      Wow! Thanks for your comment! You won't find any current artists researching books for a narrative song based on true events! Thanks again for sharing that information!

    • @dalexfilms
      @dalexfilms Год назад

      That is helpful historical background, so it's surprising that you are all wet about Putin. Too many Americans buy into the media propaganda painting him as some ruthless KGB thug, when he is simply a consumate diplomat, doing his job very well. (The economic recovery and growth of Russia since 2001 proves that.) Those who think Ukraine is being abused by Russia should know about this background information:
      First, NATO broke its promise (made in 1991) not to expand past Berlin. Since 1991, about nine eastern European countries have joined NATO, taking the alliance far eastward. A NATO-aligned Ukraine would be on the actual border of Russia. Putin has warned about the consequences of such encroachment for more than 15 years. NATO offers no benefit to Ukraine; the US has simply been trying to antagonize Russia.
      Second, literal Nazis are in control of Ukraine -- people whose grandparents assisted Hitler, and massacred thousands of Jews. Well over 20 million Russians died in WW II; if there is anything they will not tolerate, it is having Nazis on their border. (Zelensky is a powerless puppet who has no control over them whatsoever.)
      Finally, Crimea and the entire eastern part of Ukraine is ethnically Russian. They were shelled (rockets, mortars, and artillery) for eight years between the US-backed Maidan coup in 2014 and Russia's intervention in 2022. Around 10,000 people died, so Putin had a completely legitimate humanitarian right and obligation to protect Donbas from Nazi slaughter.
      Any immorality in this conflict rests squarely on the shoulders of Ukrainian Nazis, US/UK puppet Zelensky (who destroyed his country for foreign interests), and the U.S. government -- principally warmongering neoconservatives like Victoria Nuland and corrupt leeches like Joe Biden and his son, Hunter.

    • @MrRonk55
      @MrRonk55 Год назад

      I read his books in the late 70's, or early 80's, and saw the TV movie on "One Day in the Life" with Jason Robards. People who find history boring are the ones who never understand that Life is a constant struggle, and not a spectator's sport. Slava Ukraine.

    • @billperspic2479
      @billperspic2479 11 месяцев назад

      You should hire me to do the correct translations on the screen

  • @VanirTraditionalist
    @VanirTraditionalist Год назад +17

    Al may be the greatest living pure musical storyteller. Modern day bard. Master of transporting the listener to exotic locations throughout history. He’s up there with McCartney and Dylan in his ability to paint vivid images with lyrics.

  • @TheJohnnywbred
    @TheJohnnywbred Год назад +27

    Al Stewart combines great music and historical narrative ❤️

  • @jimmayors2315
    @jimmayors2315 Год назад +14

    Al Stewart is in a sub-genre all his own!

  • @Ferdinand314
    @Ferdinand314 Год назад +27

    Roads to Moscow is one of the most beautiful, intelligent, and lyrical popular songs ever and deserves much more attention. Also, Alexander Solzhenitsyn won a Nobel Prize for writing several of the 20thC's most important novels, including 2 that helped bring down the USSR. Thanks for making this video!!!

    • @annabodot962
      @annabodot962 7 месяцев назад +3

      Damn. I never knew until today this was about Solzhenitsyn. Always took it as about an innocent soldier betrayed. Makes sense now.

    • @Ferdinand314
      @Ferdinand314 7 месяцев назад +3

      @@annabodot962 Solzhenitsyn WAS an innocent soldier betrayed.

    • @nickmills8476
      @nickmills8476 6 месяцев назад +2

      I didn’t know that. What a man Solzhenitsyn must have been. To not be broken by his experiences.

    • @muff.t2780
      @muff.t2780 6 месяцев назад +4

      Our soldier was not released, he escaped. Stalin was not the kind of leader to care
      He was a mass murderer. Unfortunately during WW2 he was our mass murderer.
      " 2 Brocken tigers on fire in the night, flicker their souls to the wind". Lord if I had written that line I would die a happy.

    • @BenjaminVanpelt
      @BenjaminVanpelt 2 месяца назад

      Once again Artificial Intelligence screws up the lyrics

  • @trevorwalsh9205
    @trevorwalsh9205 Год назад +22

    Stunning song. Thanks for the reaction! The guitar in particular is so haunting, matching beautifully with the tragic lyrics.

  • @sheilathailand1903
    @sheilathailand1903 Год назад +12

    Such a timely song. It's my favorite Al Stewart song. Thanks for reacting to it.

  • @taun856
    @taun856 Год назад +13

    When you look in a dictionary for the word "Masterpiece" it simply says "Roads to Moscow" (Or at least should).

  • @donaldbass6737
    @donaldbass6737 18 дней назад

    Al Stewart is one of the 5 best songwriters of our generation and “Roads to Moscow” is his masterpiece.
    Not war…history. Al integrates history into a great deal of his songs. Genius lyrically. Excellent melodically. Brilliantly performed.

  • @doug3691
    @doug3691 Год назад +10

    Not too many people do reactions to this one. Thank you for sharing yours. Such a hauntingly beautiful song.

  • @tessesmom
    @tessesmom Год назад +5

    I have loved this song since I first heard it many moons ago. Thanks for your reaction ❤

  • @3035cr
    @3035cr 11 месяцев назад +2

    Crazy fun fact.
    Was played very prominently in the lepisode sode of the show Our Flag Means Death!
    Lol

  • @philscarriage73
    @philscarriage73 10 месяцев назад +2

    Never get tired of hearing this very atmospheric song from the 1970s

  • @indiandaeng
    @indiandaeng Год назад +7

    Al rates as good as any song writer of his era. His lyrics were over the heads of the general listening populatin in America.

    • @mahatmarandy5977
      @mahatmarandy5977 6 месяцев назад

      I dunno about that. Most Americans have never heard of him, and he’s not considered a commercial act over here because he’s an acoustic folk troubadour and there’s just no radio stations that run that sort of thing. But I saw him at an outdoor concert once in Florida and there were hundreds of people there who were totally into it. Also: one of the best shows I’ve ever seen in my life

  • @danielthompson6880
    @danielthompson6880 Год назад +8

    All songs on Past, Present, Future were written by Al Stewart. On the Sleeve notes inside the album cover, he originally set out to write a song representing each decade of the twentieth century. He achieved this marvelously. If you can find the sleeve notes somewhere they will explain each song. It would take up too much space here. Great review. Great explanation by Paul Dover on the meaning of Roads To Moscow.

  • @lbd-po7cl
    @lbd-po7cl Год назад +11

    This is such an extraordinary and evocative song, brilliantly imagined and brought to life by Al Stewart. You truly get the feeling you f the 4 year journey of the soldier, and the ebb and flow of the war, surviving the horrors only to be betrayed by his own soul de at the end.
    Another episode song steeped in history and allegory by Stewart I recommend in Nostradamus.

  • @donnamoskowitz4978
    @donnamoskowitz4978 Год назад +5

    Great song and reaction. However at mark 10:53 I notice a womans face in the trees. Now that was awesome! Love from Texas!!!

  • @razorsharpe3371
    @razorsharpe3371 Год назад +3

    This is a most incredible song . Thanks for reacting to it. Your honesty and willingness to reaction to a great variety of music is a great combination. Cheers!

  • @BlizzardSeeker
    @BlizzardSeeker Год назад +7

    Great reaction Harri! Al Stewart's music is in a genre of its own.

  • @penshaw2
    @penshaw2 Год назад +6

    Everything he does is amazing but this is my fav Al Stewart song of all time. Try Night Train to Munich for another great WW2 song.

  • @armadillotoe
    @armadillotoe 14 дней назад

    I read that Al Stewart spent 7 years researching Russian history for this song. Like most things, I cannot verify that is true. I can say this is my favorite Al Stewart song.

  • @danieltruyts-ke4gi
    @danieltruyts-ke4gi 2 месяца назад +1

    I learned more about history from listening to the songs of Al Stewart than I did at school.

  • @helenh6442
    @helenh6442 Год назад +2

    I had the album Past, Present, Future. I was fascinated by this song, hauntingly beautiful. It did give you history and facts on the songs.

  • @brealistic3542
    @brealistic3542 Год назад +1

    Al Stewert is a gift to us all.

  • @lucianaromulus1408
    @lucianaromulus1408 Год назад +3

    My favorite type of music, that tells a story, especially historical stories.

  • @matthewoconnor5838
    @matthewoconnor5838 11 месяцев назад +1

    One of my favourite artists ever.

  • @kirkknight5308
    @kirkknight5308 Год назад +2

    I always have a strong reaction to this song. If you understand the history behind the song, you then understand why everyone loses in war, and it must be avoided if at all possible.

  • @hudsonhollow
    @hudsonhollow Год назад +1

    Al Stewart has many songs about our history. This part of our history is very important for all of us to remember, whether we like it or not. Lots of people gave their lives for the freedom that we enjoy so much. Never take that for granted. Freedom is not free. It was paid for in blood and given to you and I.

  • @daviddragavon7555
    @daviddragavon7555 Год назад +4

    I remember this from when it was new. Sadly, it never seems to end there (and elsewhere)..but Ukraine is a lot of the same actual ground.

  • @ericclayton6287
    @ericclayton6287 Год назад +3

    Al got the idea from The Gulag Archipelago by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Many of his songs deal with historical events, particularly the period 1919-1950s

  • @bobbyclemente21
    @bobbyclemente21 Год назад +5

    Stewart has said at concerts that this song is about Alexander Solzhenitsyn. I was curious if smooth jazz great Peter White was the one playing acoustic guitar but couldn't find anything. It was probably Stewart and probably before White started working with Stewart. White co-wrote "Year of the Cat" if I remember correctly.

    • @danielthompson6880
      @danielthompson6880 Год назад +3

      The two acoustic guitars were played by Al Stewart and Tim Renwick.

  • @thomasa.bradley6292
    @thomasa.bradley6292 Год назад +4

    Having grown up in the post WWII era, these events are still etched into my mind. This is an amazing song capturing the feeling from the Russian perspective.

  • @joepollard3228
    @joepollard3228 6 месяцев назад +1

    This is one of the great songs about war. It is the only one that is not an anti-war song, but does not glorify war. There is one that stands above the rest. That is And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda. It's worth a listen.

  • @doreybain
    @doreybain Год назад +4

    This one is the best song from a great album, 'Past Present Future'. Best album of the year but hard to pigeonhole for radio stations. You do songs other reactors don't cover and I like that.

  • @kensmith8152
    @kensmith8152 Год назад

    Al Stewart’s use of historical imagery, exotic instrumentation coupled with such beautiful harmonies make for an iconic and unique song!

  • @Jokepy
    @Jokepy 12 дней назад

    I still have the vinyl album that I bought not long after it was released. This song was/is my favourite from it.

  • @ron88303
    @ron88303 Год назад +2

    Irrespective of the expansive text, the lyrics are powerful enough.

  • @synapse1able
    @synapse1able 4 месяца назад +1

    The most haunting part of the song is when the chorus start singing

  • @peddler38501
    @peddler38501 Год назад

    Mad props for reacting to this gem. This is Al's best song.

  • @keithgrossmith6090
    @keithgrossmith6090 Год назад +1

    I first heard the album 'Past, present and future' in 1978. I was punk generation, age 15. But this set my mind and heart down a different road-not better than the artists i already admired but simply different and just as important.
    Roads to Moscow blew me away and I'm absolutely certain i could have created the first selfie video, enacting the whole lyrical scene in my bedroom mirror. Al Stewart actually led me to a love of history, as well.
    What a poet, writer, lyricist, musician, story teller.
    What an ARTIST.

  • @lauriehutchison449
    @lauriehutchison449 Год назад +1

    Oh man! All these years I’ve had to that album, since it was new, loved the music of that song, and never knew the connection to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. After being shipped off to Siberia, to the Gulag, he managed to do rather a lot of writing, and became known as a dissident. In the mid 1970s these was a well known book of his circulating, a VERY long and rough read - I never did finish it although I most likely still have it. After getting somewhere near halfway through I had to shelve it, and not for the usual reasons. Gulag Archipelago.

  • @melindavinet7460
    @melindavinet7460 Год назад +1

    Such beautiful music and singing, but a painful story to listen to.

  • @danielthompson9509
    @danielthompson9509 Год назад +1

    On the notes on the album cover it stated that Al wanted to write a song about each decade after the war. Nostradamus was also on this album which loosely ties in with later decades. This whole album is so well written and performed. Al Stewarts lyrics are truly amazing.

  • @bobbifreedman2435
    @bobbifreedman2435 5 месяцев назад

    It is a great song.

  • @adktowerboyadk6238
    @adktowerboyadk6238 8 месяцев назад

    Your first word after the sone finished was "Wow". That was exactly what I said when I first heard this song on the radio late one evening in 1973. Long tracks, like this, would sometimes be played after 10 pm on our local rock station and I still am mesmerized by this song so many years later. Great summary of the song Harri!

  • @wowtuninglancs
    @wowtuninglancs Год назад +4

    Ignore the pictures and listen again...

  • @ron88303
    @ron88303 Год назад +3

    P.S., The ending is chilling.

  • @biffmarcum5014
    @biffmarcum5014 4 месяца назад

    Past, Present and Future was a really, really great album!

  • @F1carsguitar
    @F1carsguitar Год назад

    I love your reactions very intelligent and you get it. Thank you!

  • @KenniCampbell-o2c
    @KenniCampbell-o2c 10 месяцев назад

    The arrangement is beautiful, vocal harmony, crescendos and diminuendos expressing so much. I love the touch Isaac Guillory has on his guitar. evoking such feeling. I believe this to be Al Stewart's 'magnum opus'. He did so many beautiful things but I never quite appreciated them in the same way as this composition. I liked the innocence of 'Denise at Sixteen', just an innocent guitar instrumental and quite moving. Unfortunately, I can't appreciate his oeuvre is the same light. - Thanks for your reaction Harri, and God bless!

  • @valeriefrazier7830
    @valeriefrazier7830 Год назад

    Eloquent reaction to an amazing performance.

  • @JorgeCarranza-dv7ge
    @JorgeCarranza-dv7ge Год назад

    Hello friend, It's good that you brought something, especially this song in particular. I love music.I agree with you, because he had to investigate and to obtain all this information and thus share it with all your followers. Everything he say in this song is true because I like history all the time I read history okay have a nice day

  • @rayhallett
    @rayhallett 4 месяца назад

    One of the greatest ballads about one of the most momentous events in history, told from the perspective of an ordinary soldier just hoping to get by. And the betrayal at the end! So many Soviet soldiers who had been captured by the Germans, forced to live as slaves in factories and dying by the thousands, they survive to the end of the war only to be put in gulag camps after the war. What a country Russia is! What suffering they endure! Why doesn't it change?

  • @daviddragavon7555
    @daviddragavon7555 Год назад +1

    Pretty accurate description of the War on the eastern front.
    How do you spell Alexandra' last name? He reminds me of somebody I have heard about.

  • @dundaravewine2390
    @dundaravewine2390 Год назад

    Tim Renwick playing some fine guitar!

  • @MikeMacYT
    @MikeMacYT 9 месяцев назад

    Al Stewart is an accomplished student of history. He has a big library of songs (he wrote) from the Middle Ages to today. His “Coldest Winter In Memory,” about Charles of Sweden’s invasion of Russia is every bit as haunting and beautiful as “Roads to Moscow.” I highly recommend it.

  • @brealistic3542
    @brealistic3542 Год назад +1

    Listen to The Murmansk Run by Al Stewart .. Even better.

  • @LKingsley-k8z
    @LKingsley-k8z Год назад

    Thank you for the historical education you provide.
    November 12 is Remembrance Day to honor the 500,000 Allied deaths in The War to End All Wars - WWI - and WW II which defended the evils of Nazi-ism and fascism.
    Winston Churchill was the Global Indispensable Man who had to fight his own countrymen, who understandably, did not want repeat the loss of blood and treasure of WW One.
    There is an ancient Latin maxim which translates:
    If you want peace, prepare for war
    Thank you for introducing young people to the sacrifices of the last 100 years in defense of freedom - imperfect as it is.

  • @LKingsley-k8z
    @LKingsley-k8z Год назад

    Subscribed!

  • @viewfromvt4698
    @viewfromvt4698 Год назад +6

    You may not like to think about the war but you would not be sitting doing a RUclips Channel if these men didn’t g fight for your freedom. The British and Americans allowed freedom to continue for us to be free. War needs to be always thought of. We can’t forget. We owe our very existence to the greatest generation. So how ever painful it is to learn we must always keep our children aware.

  • @simonverkerk8392
    @simonverkerk8392 3 месяца назад

    The words are mostly from the soldier,s diary!

  • @kensmith8152
    @kensmith8152 Год назад

    I’m surprised you mentioned Alexander Solzhenitsyn!
    He was sent to the Siberian gulag because his letter complaining about the war was intercepted and read by the censors.
    He was made famous by his book the Gulag Archipelago detailing his horrific experiences there.
    A really good song that honors him is a song by the group Renaissance called Mother Russia. Give a listen, it’s a fantastic song!

  • @mega00760
    @mega00760 11 месяцев назад

    if not for FM radio back in the mid 70's this never gets played but it did at that time, FM music as such no longer exist.

    • @robinsmith1614
      @robinsmith1614 10 месяцев назад

      Yes. FM radio mid 70s. Progressive rock station is where I first heard this. Always been a fan of AL. RoadsTo Moscow always my favorite.

  • @bryansmith9231
    @bryansmith9231 Год назад

    Was he not a Russian partisan, or the perspective thereof? Not a German, a Russian I thought. It was good seeing him perform it live also.

  • @GeorgeTrader-qb4kj
    @GeorgeTrader-qb4kj 8 месяцев назад

    Would be better if you could get the Lyrics from Lyrica so you could read along. The story,is gripping. Soldier was put back on a train sent deep into Siberia to a "transient camp" to die. Solsenietsen,did not die. Says,last line" and I wonder when I'll see home again,and my mind whispers "never",and the steely gray Russian Skies go on Forever"...
    Incredible.

  • @Safc73
    @Safc73 2 месяца назад

    Wrong my friend he was sent to the Transit Camp because he was a Russian Jew and Stalin wanted to "get rid of them" and this was a great opportunity this is without doubt a great histiorical song and without doubt his best

  • @timothykelley3635
    @timothykelley3635 Год назад

    Check out Broadway Hotel

  • @j.dragon651
    @j.dragon651 Год назад

    The song never states that he was turned over by the Germans. It says, "they only held me for a day, a lucky break I say, they lean and listen closer". He never finishes the story. He could have escaped and went back to the front line. It was the end of the war and the German army was in disarray. It wasn't just soldiers that were captured and released. It was almost every Russian soldier that was captured was sent to the gulag. Even if they were liberated by their own army or they had escaped German captivity..

  • @garyneilson3075
    @garyneilson3075 11 месяцев назад

    Soul shin eat zin is, I think, how you pronounce it?

  • @barryervin8536
    @barryervin8536 Год назад

    Al doesn't write songs about war, he writes songs about history. And unfortunately war is a big part of history. It always has been and it seems it always will be.

    • @annabodot962
      @annabodot962 7 месяцев назад

      Past, Present, and Future was the album. Are we condemned to repeat history over and over and over? Good God, it sure seems so.

  • @MrRonk55
    @MrRonk55 Год назад

    Stalin would not even negotiate for the release of his own son when he was captured. A very complicated and dangerous individual. Funny though, as much as a sociopath and narcissist as he was, even Truman admired him as a man of his word, and that's what shocked Stalin that Hitler wasn't the same. This is what ART is about.

  • @kevinbarrett6393
    @kevinbarrett6393 8 месяцев назад

    of course he wrote the song.

  • @JoeGulick-o6x
    @JoeGulick-o6x 2 месяца назад

    Al Stewart is obviously a historian.
    Even in his song: last day of June 1934, is about the execution of Ernest Rohem; Hitlers best friend.

  • @briandonovan1584
    @briandonovan1584 Год назад +15

    Captured, released but they had contact with the West. The special trains did not take them home. Rather, they went to the Gulags ... Eventually to die as slave laborers in the frozen Gulag system. Very powerful and evocative. Al often writes songs about real people and events throughout history. He is brilliant and one of a kind. He also LOVES fine wine. He did an album, Down in the Cellar all about wine ... Brilliant. Cheers, Harri from the steamy heat of the Nicaraguan jungle.

    • @cramer7854
      @cramer7854 Год назад +1

      "Harri from the steamy heat of the Nicaraguan jungle." Further explication is needed.

    • @briandonovan1584
      @briandonovan1584 Год назад

      I live in the hot and steamy jungle in Nicaragua. Cheers!

    • @colacurciolaw7745
      @colacurciolaw7745 Год назад

      I am not sure that the person in the song had been released by the Germans. The lyric is also consistent with him escaping because of a lucky break. Imagine spending the rest of your life in a gulag because you were able to break out of a prisoner of war camp. Stalin was a special kind of evil.

  • @johnegray9150
    @johnegray9150 Год назад +5

    The closed captions are ridiculously bad. The music and lyrics are sublime. The Russians forgot what the Ukrainians did to slow down the Nazis so they couldn't take Moscow in the first year of the war. They never did... the Ukrainian will to fight against all odds hasn't change since WW2.

  • @soundking4
    @soundking4 5 месяцев назад

    The story of a Russian soldier in WWII. Returning to Russia after fighting for 4 years, he is sent to Siberia to never see his home again.

  • @F1carsguitar
    @F1carsguitar Год назад

    This was a Russian soldiers personal account of this battle defeating the German army to help turn the tide of the war against Hitler.

  • @johnevans388
    @johnevans388 2 месяца назад

    To put this in context you need to go to Russia in mid-Winter and stand at the points where the Germans were stopped. Cold and bleak doesn't even start to describe it. The German soldiers in their grey wool uniforms didn't stand a chance against the Soviet Army and the Russian Winter.

  • @rancors1
    @rancors1 4 месяца назад

    Your ai captions are so far off that they read like comedy.

  • @craigswitzer544
    @craigswitzer544 5 месяцев назад

    The lyrics are wrong throughout the song the translation from some foreigner are screws up the song

  • @keithhart3689
    @keithhart3689 Год назад +1

    Alexandr Solzhenitzin was a great writer and won the Nobel prize

    • @annabodot962
      @annabodot962 7 месяцев назад

      His brutal writing ultimately brought down the Berlin Wall and ended the massacre once and for all. Or so we thought,