Memory and Learning: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 6 май 2024
- If you're a fan of neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychology, be sure to visit our online store at www.etsy.com/uk/shop/BioBrain.... We offer a wide range of brain-inspired fashion, neurology-themed merchandise, and apparel, including t-shirts, art prints, and more. By supporting our store, you'll not only get cool and unique items, but you'll also help us to continue creating informative and engaging content for our channel.
In this video, we will explain long-term potentiation as a physiological mechanism of learning and memory, and then we will discuss the differences between both early and late LTP.
Quick background: 0:00
Basic principles of LTP: 1:24
Early LTP: 5:30
Late LTP: 8:12
Outro: 10:40
LTP is the mechanism that leads to the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons within the brain. This happens because of the brain's ability to reform its neurons (either short-term or long-term); an ability called neuroplasticity. These resultant functional alterations lead to changes in synapse efficacy. This is measured by increased post-synaptic currents and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) which are temporary depolarizations. Over time, this reorganises the cortical map by changing the brains wiring/network structure. This growth and reorganisation are what allows the formation of neuronal connections throughout life. Appositively, there is long-term depression which leads to the weakening of synaptic connections so that the brain remains efficient. This is where the concept of ‘use-it’ or ‘lose-it’ principle comes from.
SUMMARY - Mechanism of LTP:
• Sensory information activates glutamate release
• Glutamate binds to AMPA and NDMA
• AMPA allows Na+ in - a build-up of which activates NDMA
• NDMA allows Na+ and Ca2+ in which activities CaMKII, PKC and PKA
• Early LTP -- synaptic plasticity increasing AMPA and NMDA receptors from stored vesicles
• Late LTP -- both synaptic and structural plasticity producing more dendrites, new NDMA receptors and motor proteins to allow early LTP to occur quicker
• Cells that wire together fire together - LTP leads to stronger connections between neurons so that the neurons that fire is stronger
It is also important to remember that:
• LTP occurs all over the brain - AMPA and NMDA are located everywhere
• LTP only occur via glutamate-dependent NMDA and AMPA receptor activation
• NMDA can allow in sodium and potassium like AMPA receptors, but also calcium.
• Calcium is required for LTP
• Early LTP results in transient activation of protein kinases
• Late LTP results in functional gene expression and changes
• The difference between early and late LTP is the different levels of calcium - late has even more calcium and early has less.
• The mechanism of Late LTP is yet to be fully understood
#youcanlearnanything #neuroanatomy #memorypathway
Reference:
Kandel, E., 2001. The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses. Science, 294(5544), pp.1030-1038.
Track: Satara - The Game
Music Provided by Magic Records
Listen To The Original: • Satara - The Game (Mag...
Free Download: fanlink.to/bRCW 
Наука
Most beautiful educational video I've seen in years.no colorful clutters no unnecessary intros words rumbling, better than khan academy. I needed explanation on what happened before during and after LTP outside, inside and around neurons, and you answered all of it in a calm, beautiful, soundy way. i needed references and you supplied it in the description. this channel is so underrated 🥳🤯🙌🏼
Thank you, we appreciate this so much! We hope to provide more information videos in the future too!
This explanation is better than university's
Haha thank you so much!
Absolutely great video to review with! My neural plasticity test is today and this video summed it up in a quick review.
Thank you so much for watching and supporting the channel! Good luck with the neural plasticity test, that that part of a university module?
@BioBrainBuddies the review helped tremendously! I'm a sophomore neuroscience major so I'll definitely be coming back to this channel for more reviews!
this explanation is so much better than many I watched. it is simpler and at the same time deeper. it seems coming from a person who REALLY understands what she is talking about. Thanks for a great presentation. Now I have a better idea of what's going on in how the memories are strengthened.
Thank you so much! I'm so glad we are able to help!
med student here, from national university of la plata (argentina)
I´ve watched it like 3 times and every time I do so it´s even clearer to me the mechanisms that result in LTP (early or late fase).
u have a talent. this video is the result of great educational skills combined with great editing skills. thank u
Thank you so much for such a lovely comment! I hope it helped!
There are calcium permeable AMPA receptors as well! Not only NMDA. This is important for plasticity!!
Yeh you are right! Both of these receptors are very important for neuroplastic growth!
1.NMDA 2A subunit...,2B...utilizes for formation of LTD.
2.NMDA 2A receptor is also having Glycine...which detatch during the electrostatic repulsion phase..
3.NMDA also acts as "*coincidence detector*" as it can sense both pre & post synaptic changes..
4. CAMK II not only helps to translocate more AMPA rec at post syn area but also helps in retrograde release of neurotransmitters like NO, CO & Endocannabinoids....altogether they increase AMPA rec CONDUCTANCE...gradually in Eaerly phase of LTP.
5.In late LTP not only AMOA, NMDA rec take part but also PI3K & mGluR get activated....ultimately via CREB gene & ERK pathways....BDNF, PSD 95 genes are synthesised....and help to store memories in cerebral cortices....
🙏
Yes! I was going to add these as well in case someone is studying neurobiology!
How fascinating is our brain!!!! This is just a model happening in one of the millions of the neurons
I know right its amazing!
Simply superb, amazing work!
Best video ever to explain this. The visual presentation is outstanding.
Thank you so much! We are so happy you found the video helpful!
This is beautiful and straightforward, just what I needed. Thank you for the hard work and for sharing it.
Thank you so much! I'm glad you enjoyed it!
I'm a high school student doing a research project about alcohol addiction, and I was struggling to read research papers. But this video is so straightforward and has helped me massively!! Thank you so much :)
Learn begin neuroscience
Dopamine too
This is a great video especially for someone who doesn’t know much about the brain!
Thank you so much!!
A great explanation of this important mechanism, was pretty clear!. Thanks so much :)
Thank you so much!
Brilliant! Thank you very much 🙏🏻
No problem thanks for watching!
awesome explanatory . thank you. look forward for others videos
Thank you!
You deserve more subscribers
Thank you so much!
Excellent Video.Thank You
Thank you!
The best explanation so far ❤️
Thank you so much!
AHHHHHH, this is such a beautiful video, explaining things clearly with a lovely voice (even tho I can't understand). Please have more these kind of videos and maybe do something in electrical engineering lol. 💖
Thank you so much!
While spiraling down into the rabbit hole of deviating from the initial question review for my STEP 1, I came across this gem of a video!! Amazing work, great quality and content!! I will look into more of your content. I just hope LTP is real and it help me recall that Mg only blocks NMDA (and not AMPA) receptors at resting membrane potential. 🤖
Sorry for the late reply! Thank you so much for watching! Really appreciate the viewership. Really need to get editing some more videos!
very helpful video, thank you!!!!!
Thank you so much!
Your videos are excellent. Thank you very much.
Thank you so much! I'm glad you enjoyed :)
thank you!
No problem!
Really good video, thanks! I have been reading a lot of source papers on molecular basis of memory. But my knowledge of the dynamics is pretty patchy from just those. So nice to have things displayed visually like this!! Id just note that when you say "weaker action potentials can then lead to greater depolarisation" I assume you are referring to summation from a smaller than usual number of pre-synaptic inputs can lead to depolarisation (given there are potentially hundreds or thousands of inputs to a single post-synaptic neuron)? Rather than the actual strength of a given action potential from one presynaptic neuron (which is always the same for a given pre-synaptic neuron).
Thanks for watching our video Francis!
You are right! I was explaining summation and how even smaller AP can lead to depolarisation.
Do you have any other topics you think is in need of explaining within memory?
Excellent video, thank you for sharing :)
Thanks for watching!
Great video....I appreciate 👍....few extra things i want to add or highlight in this context are as follows.....(these are there in my youtube channel tutorial session...Memory/Neuroplasticity)...
Excellent!!!
Thank you so much!
Awesome video!!!!
Thank you!!
Thanks, I am very grateful for the knowledge shared. Just one question, the Na ions that enter the AMPA and NMDA channels of the post synaptic receptors, where are they derived from? Thanks
Hey, I'm glad you enjoyed the video! The Na outside the cell is maintained through the resting potential Na K pumps. So after the action potential these pumps with pump out the Na from the cell while pumping K in
NMDA is a glutamate receptor
So the condition of opening NMDA receptors is the depolarization of the postsynaptic shaffer collateral neuron. What causes the depolarization that causes the influx of Na+?
Hey there! So, the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron happens when glutamate (a neurotransmitter) is released from the presynaptic neuron. This glutamate binds to NMDA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. However, for these receptors to fully activate and allow Na+ influx, the postsynaptic neuron needs to depolarize, which typically occurs due to the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels triggered by other neurotransmitters or electrochemical events. It's like a key (glutamate) unlocking a door (NMDA receptor), but the door only opens when there's enough energy (depolarization) to push it open. Na+ Influx occurs by diffusion as there is a great concentration of Na+ outside compared to inside the neuron. Hope that helps clarify things!
Ma'am, where does the human brain store visual long term memory of shape ?
Hey, I haven't done much reading on visual long term memory but will read about it tomorrow and let you know :)
@@BioBrainBuddies ok sir.
Please let me know.
Thank you.
All memory is stored on the motorcortex and acts on the primary and largest part of the cerebral cortex, the outter layer of the cerebral, the neo cortex.
Hi! This should be stored within the hippocampus :)
Eu gostei muito do vídeo. Obrigado. Excelentes animações.
Thank you so much!
Great video, very helpful!
Thank you!
Hocayla alakası yok, konuyla ilgili önbilgisi bulunmayan, branşın cahili anlamaz.
Hocayla alakası yok, Boğaziçi psikoloji düzeyinde önbilginizin olması lazım konunun cahili anlamaz.
Thanks
No worries!
Outstanding
Thank you
Great, you people!
Thanks!
Great video ❤❤
Thank you ❤️
That's very useful 👌
Thank you so much!
High yield
The mg+ is expelled from the NMDA due to the Na+, Then Why Ca+ which is + can go in through the NMDA as so many Na+ in the post synaptic neuron?
It expells the Mg+ based on the relative positive charge provided by the Na+, the neuron still has the graident to allow both Ca+ and Na+ to enter but it just happens quicker. Just because the Mg+ was expelled doesn't mean the postive-negative gradient has met equilibrium. At least this if from my understanding.
❤❤❤❤
ti amo
Ti amo! Thanks
your video did not address the fact on how knowledge (picture) as information parts (jigsaw) as binary 01 combination form is stored in the individual neural potential bed (the so called Read only memory , ROM chip) of the neuron. This is what Long term memory is on our brain.
Each neuron contains only a portion of that picture (which is the information) , like a part or a jigsaw puzzle.
interconnected neurons (each containing jigsaw parts of the information) through synapses, is like assembling the jigsaw parts near to its associated meaning full order to resemble the original picture.
When a trigger stimuli enters the brain , the hippocampus evaluates the stimuli and creates a mimic picture in form of signals of specific frequency that will fire across the cortex .
Once a existing receptive neurons are hit by the signal , it will light up and fires up the the interconnected neurons causing all to increase potential from rest state.
This is similar to close fitting the jigsaw parts to form the whole picture of the knowledge stored for use by the mind (operator)
I hope to the above process visualize in your succeeding videos .
Thanks
Yes you're right! This was very briefly touched on in the Hippocampus video where it explains that, when retrieving a memory, this firing pattern would appear as a cortical representation of the memory [I.e the bits of info stored in the neurons across the cortex will fire like a cortical representation]
Super cool stuff!
I don’t get it! But I like it! 😃😃 so complex hahah I’ll stick to drawing 😂😂😂
Haha, yeh it's abit of a complicated topic but super once you get your head around it it's really interesting! I'm glad you still enjoyed it
Is that you Liam? Hahaha glad you enjoyed it though, your art is AWESOME.
Can you add Turkish subtitles to the videos?
Heyy, thanks for watching the video, I can try to see if I can use Google translate to translate it for you!
@@BioBrainBuddies I will have exam on June 25th and your videos (a few more videos on your channel) will help me a lot. If you add subtitles, I will always be grateful to you.🙂❤️
@@esmanur1762 I will see what I can do tonight. Isn't there auto generative captions?
@@BioBrainBuddies I don't know 🙁
@@esmanur1762 Yeh there is a autotranslate, RUclipsrs don't add captions anymore as its all autogenerated. If you press CC on the video it should have it in turkish if you phone/device is in turkish.
This shoes why the United KINGDOM repeats its malevolent history since beer replaced poisonous infected water a couple thousand years ago. Cheers and trebles all around!
👁🔺
XD
So. If I get this right, being a descendant of cannibalism, I am much smarter than the average bear, bone marrow being a favourite food source of mine.
Whattt? 🤣🤣