Big thanks to the early gang! Because as noted a few episodes ago: Since our comment response livestream, we've noticed that YT isn't sharing our videos as much with our subscribers. So we're asking our subscribers to 1. switch their subscriptions from "PERSONAL" to "ALL" (just click on the subscribe button and you'll see it) and 2. Watch new episodes as soon as they can!
congressman Tim Burchett said on fox 6 days ago that we are not alone, we will get answers at the hearings and we have been planning it for quite some time. Those are disclosure words. The clip is on his youtube channel. It's showtime in our local spacetime.
*Amazing❤️🙌Being able to provide all my needs without the help of the Government is really a dream come through and I’m getting $43,050 returns from my $7k investment, glory to the everlasting God almighty.*
@Christine Carola West After I got up to $300k trading with Mrs Mary margaret Schimweg i bought a new House and I'm now able to send my kids to a better school in the states thanks to her. When someone is straight forward with what he or she is doing people will always speak up for them.
I've accumulated generational wealth in two years trading with Mary Margeret schimweg's services. Her firm and brokerage is the best I have encountered in my life history of investing in stock and crypto market and other digital assets like real estate..
Neat how the Supernova in the intro animation seems to be stuck in a geostationary orbit in the middle of the sky while all the other stars keep scrolling in the background.
Even though it’s incredibly unlikely, I can’t help but hope we get lucky and get to see Betelgeuse go supernova within our lifetimes. Would just be so cool
That supernova was not a natural occurrence: the supernova and the unusual behavior of its shockwave (which travelled through subspace at superluminal speed) were caused by an Iconian-designed doomsday weapon. Don't ask me how I know this... 🤣 [Canonicity: This is from Star Trek Online.]
@@Jack_Redview No, it doesn't stop moving, but SNs happen quickly (on the order of seconds to maybe minutes), and stars don't move very far in such a short time. Besides, it makes the drawing clearer. Or you could just say that the pictures are mde from the star's reference frame. Unless you are talking about that bit near the beginning of the video where the Australopiticene is watching the SN, which is probably just a mistake.
@@waynesmallwood6027 Here is some Probability (from a guy with a Masters degree in Engineering and a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt: over 99.9999999% of the solar system is in hospitable to life. ;)
You sure? Given how hostile it is and life still start? Id say it was made for life or life thrives in this hostile universe. Almost like its gonna startin every universeover and over cause its in the fabric,in the genes,in the math.It cant cant happen.It _must_ happen. Its harder to defeat than HIV.
@@ArawnOfAnnwn Had to rewatch but that is what he said. “This releases an explosion of neutrinos that are so numerous and energetic that they blast the surrounding layers back out. That’s the supernova.” 4:19 I get what the original comment is saying. The neutrinos are blasting the layers out making the explosion. If they didn’t then there is no explosion.
A channel called "But Why?" has made an excellent video about the details of core collapse supernovae called "When Stars Outshine Galaxies." It's a really strange and complicated event.
@@WemplesTemple Because then they might actually *do* something, instead of just sitting there expecting to be spoon-fed. You have to be pretty stupid to expect a physics channel that's been going *for almost ten years* to have *not* covered the topics they mentioned, and if that's the case, then a gentle reminder to *not* be an imbecile might- *might-* do some good. 🍄
@the_unrepentant_anarchist. I get your point but like even the creator said it was a good idea like some people don't have the time or know where to start plus he does a good job of putting in terms many people can understand so they probably trust the channel
@@the_unrepentant_anarchist. And they just commented themselves that it's a great idea. So they probably did not. Also, something went wrong during parenting. Having an attitude like that towards random people sharing idea's, one of the core things within science.
I for one have no complaint's about living in a boring "Goldilocks zone" of the universe. Humanity has enough on it's plate to deal with already. Thanks for the video.
I just watched a video by Dr. Becky in which she mentioned that a new scientific paper calculated the time for Betelgeuse to go Super Nova to be decades / up to a 100 years. The paper has not been peer reviewed yet, but if it is true it might happen in our lifetime!
What's more astonishing is that the collapse turned 15-20% of the rest mass energy into pure explosion! Apparently 100% of the rest mass is converted at the moment the star collapses to the event horizon.
Type II are *not* caused by neutrinos. They are caused by the star running out of fusible elements in its core. The rebound from the core collapse is not powerful enough to unbind the star. It's the enormous number of outbound neutrinos that finish blowing the star apart.
Was always lead to believe it was chiefly the outer layers catching up with the core (on collapse) and rebounding of it that caused most of the drama. Neutrino activity is an added bonus.
@@nuntana2 you are correct! The majority of the energy for the explosion is caused by exactly that! However when the first simulations of supernova were ran, the matter failed to escape the stars immense gravity after rebounding off from the central iron core. Meaning a complete supernova did not occur. it wasn't until the neutrino was discovered and subsequently added to the simulation, that a complete supernova occurred. Essentially, the effects from neutrinos attempting to escape the stars gravity, added just enough energy to the system to allow the whole thing to go boom!
coming from a neuroscience undergrad, I see supernovae as action potentials in the neural net of the cosmic web. they're catalysts for information aggregation and dispersal, on scales of time and space that we can never truly comprehend
Eta Carinae is also a good candidate for a naked-eye-visible supernova (though not as close as Betelgeuse.) It's a wacky weird star though (two, actually), so its behavior is more unpredictable.
@@Arsenico971 But it's still close enough for our big telescopes to get a good view of what's happening, so there would be a lot of very interesting discoveries made, no doubt.
@@Arsenico971 Eta Carinae is already visible with the naked eye though (although at 4th magnitude currently, it's nothing spectacular to look at with the naked eye), so it wouldn't be coming from an empty spot in the sky. When it goes supernova, it will definitely well surpass the brightness of Venus.
Also probably should note when talking about Eta carinae about the supernovae impostor event of the 1800's where observations from 1827 1845 known as the great eruption where it peaked at around -1 apparent magnitude before declining drastically due to the rapid cooling of the refractory component of the ejected material blocking the majority of the stars light lowering it to magnitude 7.6 at its lowest before gradually returning to 4th magnitude in the late 20th to 21st centuries (with several much smaller erratic outbursts that reverted on mush shorter timescales). Note that without the obscuring dust nebulae of past ejections the more massive of the pair of stars would be about 1.5 magnitude from Earth so definitely would be optically visible provided one is in the southern hemisphere to see the star. Some other relevant stars which could go boom soon astronomically speaking is Antares which is ared supergiant around 550 light years away. Also another relatively "soonish" supernovae candidate is the central star of IRAS 00500+6713 which is itself a supernovae remnant from SN 1181 a rare type Iax supernovae event which is a special variant of a type Ia supernovae where the progenitor star isn't totally destroyed. In this case the merger was between a massive Carbon Oxygen white dwarf and a high mass Oxygen Neon white dwarf which managed to together to be just massive enough to reestablish hydrostatic equilibrium between runaway fusion and gravity. The resulting object weighs more than 1.5 solar masses and can only sustain itself though its runaway fusion reactions for somewhere less than 10,000 years at which point it will have to undergo a core collapse supernovae. The luminosity estimate tells us a minimum mass but still has some range of variability so the more massive the merger product remnant the sooner the star goes boom again. As a run away fusion product the stars spectrum is also quite bizarre dominated by elements like Neon Magnesium Sulfur and Silicon.
My YT name has been disfigured by the addition of four numbers without my consent! Have I suddenly phase changed and ended up in another parallel universe? Nah, probably Google has figured out again a new way to make even more money out of me.
I study caves here in Jamaica. Might filter the database with a few parameters (distance below surface, hydrology, accessibility) to find a good hidey-hole.
Super Novae take place in a very short amount of time. How come the aftermath of the event can be seen over weeks? What is the reason for the slow decline of the brightness curve?
The light you see following a supernova is from the expanding gasses, still heated to such high temperatures that they're glowing white hot in visible light. It takes weeks or even a couple months for this cloud of gas to expand and cool to the point that it's no longer emitting visible light.
If you can honestly attest that the first half of this video does not send your "Death by Supernova Anxiety Meter" through the roof, then that makes you my new hero... Good golly, I was seriously debating going to locate a lead umbrella for myself... Thank you to the wonderful narrator for bringing us back down to normal before you finished explaining the concept therein.
I doubt our ancestors of that time ever even noticed that was happening in the sky. They were too busy looking in front of themselves, trying to stay alive.
Betelgeuse may be closer than you suggest. The amount of carbon fusion seems to be ending, which could mean that we could be within decades of the star going SN
Great vid, as always. I'd really like to see a supernova (from a safe distance!). One comment on the bit of CGI right at the start -- it's showing what I assume is supposed to be the supernova, but the bright light is static in the sky and not moving with the background stars.
@@Flesh_Wizardwhy? If you're living on an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star, does it matter that there's no Milky Way in the sky? Maybe there's some physics that precludes a Sun-like star in the middle of nowhere; all I know about the subject is from Lee Marvin singing "I was Born under a Wand'rin' Star" in Paint your Wagon.
Which of the following would be brighter, in terms of the amount of energy delivered to your retina: A supernova, seen from as far away as the Sun is from the Earth, or The detonation of a hydrogen bomb pressed against your eyeball? The supernova. By 9 orders of magnitude. Randal Monroe, XKCD
Mass extinctions should be visible in the evolutionary record as well. Since it would have been peculiar features that determined what survived and what died when the environment suddenly shifted, it seems likely to me that there would have been relatively few who had a genetic disposition to relatively unforeseeable circumstances. I imagine it was likely a useless chance mutation until rather suddenly it was the only way to survive. Like the forking of a root growing from the depths of the sea, reaching endlessly into the unknown.
Spacetime is the best youtube channel. Hopefully they can diversify their revenue streams enough so that they can keep making content and weather the youtube storms.
I've had the great privilege of living through several rare celestial events, like the 2000 conjunction and Hale-Bop, but if I get to see Betelgeuse go supernova, it'll be the crown jewel of a life well lived observing astronomy.
I recently found Spacetime and binge watched all the episodes over the last few months. Thanks for such an amazing show Spacetime team! I look forward to watching new episodes as they come out.
Please ask Gabe to come help with comments. 1. He is missed. 2. Missing comments/questions is a core part of the series and each time it’s skipped it hurts the quality of the community imo
I love these videos, but I have to say, there is something weird with sound/voice compression on youtube. I started noticing, a few weeks ago, some distortions in the voice, and weird stereo panning (checked it on audacity sound editor, and both android/windows devices). If you use headphones it gets worst. It is happening in lots of videos, not only here.
@@djmips Sometimes that's the cause. But in this case it is something related to how they record the voice. When he talks about brilliant, (at the start and at the end of the video), the voice is nice without distortions.
I simply want to thanks PBS for doing with it too everything they said was true and the way they present the information treats us like we're not stupid you don't know how or maybe you but it's incredibly valuable that we're not treated like we're stupid
I love that this extremely dangerous thing is not happening and that makes us disappointed. “It would be really cool to look at though”. Not hating, I agree. Would be extremely cool to look at.
We had better be right about Betelgeuse’s distance and it’s power at SN. James Web has been reminding us we don’t know that much…After all, how many SN’s have we observed lately…that are remotely close to us.
Your video is much easier to follow for a non native english speaker like me than your old ones were, i hope i can watch the other ones to the full again in the future because they are super interesting
And here we have part of the answer to the Fermi paradox. Taking supernova in their various types into account and the frequency and dispersion of them and to stars in their vicinity....odds are high that most life in the universe will never advance into higher forms...at least not for long. Earth is a rare exception. And seems more rare all the time.
Keep in mind that a portion of the Earth will generally be completely shadowed from a supernova, depending on its location in the sky. In the extreme, a supernova in the direction of Polaris would not be visible in the southern hemisphere at all, despite Earth's rotation.
Good catch. And if anyone's wondering: earth axis of rotation is not at all aligned to the rotational axis of our Galaxy, and also our Galaxy easily messages a few kill zones in thickness. A half fried earth could actually happen :) not sure though, if the atmospheric ozon will stay bound to one hemisphere, when the other hemisphere is depleted for 100s to 1000s of years
That´s only correct for a short gamma - or X- ray burst, but any particle rain lasts longer than one day. Btw, how possible is it to be hit rightway polar? Don´t hold your breath ..... I´d really like to watch Betelgeuse go supernova, but who knows when?
Depleting all the ozone on one side of the planet is still getting into the danger zone, And since air circulates, the depletion will be ongoing if the effect of the supernova persists for longer than a few days.
Sometimes, I like to listen to those videos while in bed. But, the ending part always snaps me back to reality, briefly causing me to forget where I am😅
In the death throes of a dying star on its way to becoming a neutron star or black hole, they're produced in such insanely prodigious quantities that the rare probability of interaction with all the light elements in the outer shell becomes an inevitability. It's actually kind of wild. There are several waves of neutrino interaction in the forms of "swells" that create a physical pressure that expands the core's material before gravity pulls it back in again and restarts the cycle. It's actually so spectacularly balanced, I actually kind of think of it as one of these more overlooked "fine tuning" arrangements. These erstwhile almost useless, very confusing particles have one of the most important roles to play in not just stellar evolution, but cosmological evolution. Think about it. If neutrinos were perfectly neutral, there would not BE all the rich heavy elemental star stuff around to build US.
If it makes you feel any better, the building you’re in could completely collapse at any point due to a structural flaw, and the surrounding area would be sad for an afternoon before continuing business as usual the next morning.
Great shirt! And awesome production as always. I was looking at Spica other night, powerful star 1000x times more luminous than our sun if I remember correctly. Antares and Arcturus are awesome stars. Antares appeared deep orange, and Arcturus slightly brighter reddish orange was shining brilliantly just observing such powerful energetic suns at those distances keeps me awakened. Vega is a bright one much closer blue star and with totally different physical properties. 👍
It is abit- al- jawza. The armpit of giant. ابط الجوزا. Although both names (hand=yad/abit=armpit)used frequently always, but "beatlguse" word is kind of derived from "abit-al-aljawza".
According to the latest Transformers movie, where smashing the MacGuffin Crystal would release the power of a super nova, you're good as long as the super nova is outside of any nearby city.
Matt is out of Gabes shadow. He's casting it on the other PBS presenters (maybe not that dinosaur bloke). Best compliment I can give. High praise indeed.
Probably because they get emitted slightly before the actual explosion of the supernova. Not because they are faster than light Neutrinos can also travel straight through matter and won’t be reflected or absorbed like photons into the dust from the supernova
Yes. You might have heard it noted that light in the sun's core can take 10'000 years to make its way to the surface. The light in a supernova must make its way through the star's outer layers. This takes a shorter time since those layers are being exploded into space and thinned out, but it still slows the light in a way that neutrinos do not experience.;
im surprised they made that weird choice of having the supernova stationary. i guess maybe they didnt create this animation and decided the inacuracy was worth it.
Quick correction: I researched "yad al jausa" trying to figure out where the "giant" translation came from since "yad" means hand not shoulder, and jausa means Gemini, all arabic lexicons had no reference to giants in the جوزاء section My best guess is that it came from جَوَزُ , meaning "middle" since the star is in the middle of the constellation... Ye astro student with a masters in IT and an major in Arabic 😂 ... Shoot me please😂
0:25 you missed a great opportunity to call australopithecus interested in stars as astrolopithecus. I heard new simulations show it is about 10-150 years from going supernova, so quite high probability we could see it.
@@narfwhals7843That goes without saying. The proliferation of man made chemicals in the biosphere and the insane ongoing geoengineering initiatives will result in disastrous and detrimental results we see today. I was merely commenting on the specifics discussed above.
I went on such a tangent right at the beginning. I was listening along and then I was like "wait, giant is Amlaqu what's going on here?" Jawza means central one rather than giant and then I was in the Hans Wehr rabbit hole looking up roots! In short, super engaged.
I've been following the micronova people, not going to mention names but the 12,000 year pole shift is beginning to add up,starting with Carrington,the sunspots of Dec '57 ,Antarctica, etc.
In actual fact, a recent research paper suggests that Betelgeuse is in the carbon fusing space and almost out of carbon. The paper suggests we're looking at Betelgeuse going supernova within the next 100 years. So, there's a decent chance that it's already gone but we just haven't seen it yet.
I wonder, if you happened to be looking at Betelgeuse with a telescope (I have a 6" Newtonian) when the visible light from the supernova reached the earth, would that damage your vision? Or camera sensor, since that's what I usually have connected?
At it's brightest it's probably like the sun? So it would probably do damage but maybe it would take more than a few seconds to do it's worst damage. 🤷
Neutrinos do not travel faster than the speed of light. Light gets slowed down by gas from the explosion while the neutrinos pass through it easily, and when they have so much energy, they move at speeds very close to c and can outrun the scattered light
Big thanks to the early gang! Because as noted a few episodes ago: Since our comment response livestream, we've noticed that YT isn't sharing our videos as much with our subscribers. So we're asking our subscribers to 1. switch their subscriptions from "PERSONAL" to "ALL" (just click on the subscribe button and you'll see it) and 2. Watch new episodes as soon as they can!
congressman Tim Burchett said on fox 6 days ago that we are not alone, we will get answers at the hearings and we have been planning it for quite some time. Those are disclosure words. The clip is on his youtube channel. It's showtime in our local spacetime.
Is audio garbled on the upload? Seems a one off, all your other videos are perfect. :)
(Ah, might be RUclips still processing?)
@@DanFrederiksen not the best sources you have there but I too believe there might be something to the ufos!
You can do it man! Have a good day!
That's jedi hand wave makes me think spica's name isn't spica.
*Amazing❤️🙌Being able to provide all my needs without the help of the Government is really a dream come through and I’m getting $43,050 returns from my $7k investment, glory to the everlasting God almighty.*
@Christine Carola West After I got up to $300k trading with Mrs Mary margaret Schimweg i bought a new House and I'm now able to send my kids to a better school in the states thanks to her. When someone is straight forward with what he or she is doing people will always speak up for them.
I've accumulated generational wealth in two years trading with Mary Margeret schimweg's services. Her firm and brokerage is the best I have encountered in my life history of investing in stock and crypto market and other digital assets like real estate..
Write her, she will guide you.
+1947
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Neat how the Supernova in the intro animation seems to be stuck in a geostationary orbit in the middle of the sky while all the other stars keep scrolling in the background.
neat?
@@busimagen thought they were ded
I'm happy someone pointed this out.. I feel bad for how much that bugged me.
@@busimagen or drink water
@@sub-vibesThat's what I was wondering about.
"Supernova Kill Zone" is a great album name.
Wake up the dawn and ask her 'why a dreamer dreams, she never dies?' Wipe that tear away now from your eye.
.eman mubla taerg a si "enoz llik avonrepuS"
Alien Superstar is a Beyoncé song name lol
Or name for a band.
Albums don't exist anymore.
TLDW? Summary: If you say Betelgeuse 3 times a massive star will explode in about 50,000 years.
What do we think will happen if everyone in the Space Time audience says Betelgeuse 3 times? Think we can knock that number down to our lifetime?
@@pbsspacetime Love group projects! Let's try it. :)
Also, if you don't say 'Betelgeuse' three times, or at all, the same star will go boom at the same time it would have if you do say it three times.
@@michaelsommers2356proof that even stars are susceptible to reverse psychology
We come for your satellites, Chuck.
Between 10 and 100,000 years. That's when the cable guy said when he would show up.
Even though it’s incredibly unlikely, I can’t help but hope we get lucky and get to see Betelgeuse go supernova within our lifetimes. Would just be so cool
IIRC, we just have to say its name three times?
Would be HOT - just saying 😉
It would be Absolutely Mind-blowing! And would probably disturb a lot of small minded individuals, which would be icing on that proverbial cake!
It already did what it does, he said it. It expelled a layer from itself.
Any aliens living on a planet near BeatleJuice probably don't share your sentiment.
I always love seeing the creative ways Matt finishes off with "Space Time" every episode!
Me too!
He said the thing!
I really wish you said "finishes off every episode with "space time"" :)
Can you explain how the Romulans were caught unaware by the supernova that destroyed Romulus?
That supernova was not a natural occurrence: the supernova and the unusual behavior of its shockwave (which travelled through subspace at superluminal speed) were caused by an Iconian-designed doomsday weapon. Don't ask me how I know this... 🤣 [Canonicity: This is from Star Trek Online.]
We were going to say "NO", but it looks like @juliasophical has successfully covered for our lack deep cut star trek knowledge!
@@Jack_RedviewFair question from the beginning, it gets Aristotelic as you keep reading.
@Jackie Chan lol, it's just how the animated it. There was no hominid sitting under the tree for days on end watching a stationary supernova.
@@Jack_Redview No, it doesn't stop moving, but SNs happen quickly (on the order of seconds to maybe minutes), and stars don't move very far in such a short time. Besides, it makes the drawing clearer. Or you could just say that the pictures are mde from the star's reference frame.
Unless you are talking about that bit near the beginning of the video where the Australopiticene is watching the SN, which is probably just a mistake.
The religious say the universe was "designed for life". Really? Looks like life is a bug in our universe and NOT a feature.
Well the universe is compatible with life, just about
@@DrWhom Except for literally 99.9999999999999999% of it. Of which environments will KILL all life. Nice try religitard.
Makes more sense if you study Probability.
@@waynesmallwood6027 Here is some Probability (from a guy with a Masters degree in Engineering and a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt: over 99.9999999% of the solar system is in hospitable to life. ;)
You sure? Given how hostile it is and life still start? Id say it was made for life or life thrives in this hostile universe. Almost like its gonna startin every universeover and over cause its in the fabric,in the genes,in the math.It cant cant happen.It _must_ happen. Its harder to defeat than HIV.
Crazy to think ghostly neutrinos have enough interaction to explode a star o.o
Yeah how does that work? Which of the four forces are they using to push the matter outwards?
They don't explode the star, they're just the most numerous stuff that gets exploded out when the star explodes.
@@ArawnOfAnnwn Had to rewatch but that is what he said. “This releases an explosion of neutrinos that are so numerous and energetic that they blast the surrounding layers back out. That’s the supernova.” 4:19
I get what the original comment is saying. The neutrinos are blasting the layers out making the explosion. If they didn’t then there is no explosion.
@@TheRABIDdude Iirc it's the weak force. It's what they called a "neutral current" in the early days of neutrino observation.
A channel called "But Why?" has made an excellent video about the details of core collapse supernovae called "When Stars Outshine Galaxies." It's a really strange and complicated event.
Matt is BY FAR my most favorite speaker. I could listen to this man for hours and I would never get tired, he's the coolest
I found Matt's mum's RUclips account 😊
@@abursh go on give us a look
@@abursh Spill
Guess you haven’t heard Dr. David Kipping on Cool Worlds then.
The spokesman for cool worlds is phenomenal if you’re looking for somebody good. Both are great.
Notice how Matt specifically said, "Your ancestors," and not "Our Ancestors..."
If I were a science show host I’d totally pretend to be an alien very good at hiding and occasionally make “mistakes” like this
he's an alien his ancestor was some kind of squid.
Could you do a video on everything about light, like how it carries momentum despite being massless, and how it has polarization
Oooh. That's a pretty good idea! Thanks!
PBS did all of them ages ago- try looking instead of expecting things to just be given to you.
🙄
🍄
@@WemplesTemple
Because then they might actually *do* something, instead of just sitting there expecting to be spoon-fed.
You have to be pretty stupid to expect a physics channel that's been going *for almost ten years* to have *not* covered the topics they mentioned, and if that's the case, then a gentle reminder to *not* be an imbecile might- *might-* do some good.
🍄
@the_unrepentant_anarchist. I get your point but like even the creator said it was a good idea like some people don't have the time or know where to start plus he does a good job of putting in terms many people can understand so they probably trust the channel
@@the_unrepentant_anarchist. And they just commented themselves that it's a great idea. So they probably did not. Also, something went wrong during parenting. Having an attitude like that towards random people sharing idea's, one of the core things within science.
I for one have no complaint's about living in a boring "Goldilocks zone" of the universe. Humanity has enough on it's plate to deal with already. Thanks for the video.
I for one have complaints about your spurious apostrophes
@Deipatrous be thankful that you have so few real problems as to worry about other's punctuation.
I just watched a video by Dr. Becky in which she mentioned that a new scientific paper calculated the time for Betelgeuse to go Super Nova to be decades / up to a 100 years. The paper has not been peer reviewed yet, but if it is true it might happen in our lifetime!
This. I was going to mention this if I didn't see it in the comments.
It's "New study claims Betelgeuse supernova IMMINENT | Night Sky News June 2023" 🌠💥
@@skierpage I bet that brought a few more clicks than usual
That would beyond awesome, I'd travel around the world to see that
@@zakzwijn8410 I think Orion would be visible many places
It never ceases to boggle the mind that type 2 supernova are caused by the humble neutrino. A particle that interacts so weekly with regular matter.
What's more astonishing is that the collapse turned 15-20% of the rest mass energy into pure explosion!
Apparently 100% of the rest mass is converted at the moment the star collapses to the event horizon.
Type II are *not* caused by neutrinos. They are caused by the star running out of fusible elements in its core. The rebound from the core collapse is not powerful enough to unbind the star. It's the enormous number of outbound neutrinos that finish blowing the star apart.
Weakly.😊
Was always lead to believe it was chiefly the outer layers catching up with the core (on collapse) and rebounding of it that caused most of the drama. Neutrino activity is an added bonus.
@@nuntana2 you are correct! The majority of the energy for the explosion is caused by exactly that! However when the first simulations of supernova were ran, the matter failed to escape the stars immense gravity after rebounding off from the central iron core. Meaning a complete supernova did not occur. it wasn't until the neutrino was discovered and subsequently added to the simulation, that a complete supernova occurred. Essentially, the effects from neutrinos attempting to escape the stars gravity, added just enough energy to the system to allow the whole thing to go boom!
coming from a neuroscience undergrad, I see supernovae as action potentials in the neural net of the cosmic web. they're catalysts for information aggregation and dispersal, on scales of time and space that we can never truly comprehend
I HIGHLY recommend reading the Cixin Liu novel “The Supernova Era”, which details how humanity reacts to the devastating impact of a nearby supernova.
That first pre-pre-pre-pre-stargazer was clearly a member of the Astronomopithicus genus
Imagine how brave (or foolish) that organism had to be to leave cover at night, exposing itself to nocturnal predators.
Astronomopithicus? One who throws stones at the sky?
Eta Carinae is also a good candidate for a naked-eye-visible supernova (though not as close as Betelgeuse.) It's a wacky weird star though (two, actually), so its behavior is more unpredictable.
That's 7500 ly away, I'm afraid what we would see from here would just be a new "regular" star in a formerly empty spot of the sky.
@@Arsenico971 But it's still close enough for our big telescopes to get a good view of what's happening, so there would be a lot of very interesting discoveries made, no doubt.
@@Arsenico971 Eta Carinae is already visible with the naked eye though (although at 4th magnitude currently, it's nothing spectacular to look at with the naked eye), so it wouldn't be coming from an empty spot in the sky. When it goes supernova, it will definitely well surpass the brightness of Venus.
@@Arsenico971there's also a chance that Eta Catarine may go hypernova witch would make for a significant bigger boom
Also probably should note when talking about Eta carinae about the supernovae impostor event of the 1800's where observations from 1827 1845 known as the great eruption where it peaked at around -1 apparent magnitude before declining drastically due to the rapid cooling of the refractory component of the ejected material blocking the majority of the stars light lowering it to magnitude 7.6 at its lowest before gradually returning to 4th magnitude in the late 20th to 21st centuries (with several much smaller erratic outbursts that reverted on mush shorter timescales). Note that without the obscuring dust nebulae of past ejections the more massive of the pair of stars would be about 1.5 magnitude from Earth so definitely would be optically visible provided one is in the southern hemisphere to see the star.
Some other relevant stars which could go boom soon astronomically speaking is Antares which is ared supergiant around 550 light years away.
Also another relatively "soonish" supernovae candidate is the central star of IRAS 00500+6713 which is itself a supernovae remnant from SN 1181 a rare type Iax supernovae event which is a special variant of a type Ia supernovae where the progenitor star isn't totally destroyed. In this case the merger was between a massive Carbon Oxygen white dwarf and a high mass Oxygen Neon white dwarf which managed to together to be just massive enough to reestablish hydrostatic equilibrium between runaway fusion and gravity. The resulting object weighs more than 1.5 solar masses and can only sustain itself though its runaway fusion reactions for somewhere less than 10,000 years at which point it will have to undergo a core collapse supernovae. The luminosity estimate tells us a minimum mass but still has some range of variability so the more massive the merger product remnant the sooner the star goes boom again. As a run away fusion product the stars spectrum is also quite bizarre dominated by elements like Neon Magnesium Sulfur and Silicon.
My YT name has been disfigured by the addition of four numbers without my consent! Have I suddenly phase changed and ended up in another parallel universe? Nah, probably Google has figured out again a new way to make even more money out of me.
Perfect timing, I just finished rewatching the GRB video for extra existential horror :')
My favorite part was the “we are fine -> we are dead” meter. 😂
It’s probably a good idea to build colonies deep in the sea or some way underground just in case.
I study caves here in Jamaica. Might filter the database with a few parameters (distance below surface, hydrology, accessibility) to find a good hidey-hole.
Great something tied to Life on Earth at last! And it further disproves Anti-Darwin Creationism that dominates US.
Also, a lot of salt mines. If someone notices a lot of neutrinos suddenly, look up your countries local salt mine. ;)
@@TechyBen And plenty opportunities for engennering new race of humans deep sea fish like
A deep sea colony would be extremely dangerous with the pressure and such.
Perfect ! This timeline gives us a little leeway to focus on solving the very insignificant problems that our planet is currently experiencing. 😬
Great! We'll solve our problems just in time to be exterinated by a supernova. Or a Vogon Constructor fleet.
Super Novae take place in a very short amount of time. How come the aftermath of the event can be seen over weeks? What is the reason for the slow decline of the brightness curve?
Distance
The light you see following a supernova is from the expanding gasses, still heated to such high temperatures that they're glowing white hot in visible light. It takes weeks or even a couple months for this cloud of gas to expand and cool to the point that it's no longer emitting visible light.
@@juliasophical thank you!
If you can honestly attest that the first half of this video does not send your "Death by Supernova Anxiety Meter" through the roof, then that makes you my new hero... Good golly, I was seriously debating going to locate a lead umbrella for myself...
Thank you to the wonderful narrator for bringing us back down to normal before you finished explaining the concept therein.
This is swaggiest swag ive ever seen
Amen
so swag
Yeet
rt
Great shirt!
I doubt our ancestors of that time ever even noticed that was happening in the sky. They were too busy looking in front of themselves, trying to stay alive.
I love when astronomy and paleontology connect
Excellent video. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.
44 minutes after posting and there’s already a million comments? I feel like I’m insignificant among the stars.
Betelgeuse may be closer than you suggest. The amount of carbon fusion seems to be ending, which could mean that we could be within decades of the star going SN
Hi Matt!
This channel is a supernova of knowledge.
Great vid, as always. I'd really like to see a supernova (from a safe distance!). One comment on the bit of CGI right at the start -- it's showing what I assume is supposed to be the supernova, but the bright light is static in the sky and not moving with the background stars.
Matt and PBS!
Is Life in inter Galactic space possible?
The medium between galaxies is rarely discussed. Anywhere.
Oooh. That's also a pretty good topic. Thanks for the suggestions!
That would be the loneliest existence I can possibly imagine
@@Flesh_Wizardwhy? If you're living on an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star, does it matter that there's no Milky Way in the sky?
Maybe there's some physics that precludes a Sun-like star in the middle of nowhere; all I know about the subject is from Lee Marvin singing "I was Born under a Wand'rin' Star" in Paint your Wagon.
Which of the following would be brighter, in terms of the amount of energy delivered to your retina:
A supernova, seen from as far away as the Sun is from the Earth, or
The detonation of a hydrogen bomb pressed against your eyeball?
The supernova. By 9 orders of magnitude.
Randal Monroe, XKCD
Bro, you gotta be careful saying Betelgeuse repeatedly in a short period of time. Lori Lightfoot may show up suddenly.
Mass extinctions should be visible in the evolutionary record as well. Since it would have been peculiar features that determined what survived and what died when the environment suddenly shifted, it seems likely to me that there would have been relatively few who had a genetic disposition to relatively unforeseeable circumstances. I imagine it was likely a useless chance mutation until rather suddenly it was the only way to survive. Like the forking of a root growing from the depths of the sea, reaching endlessly into the unknown.
I loved the fact that Matt just knew everyone was thinking how far betelgeuse is and just answered it without a thought!
😊
The audio on this one is a phasing nightmare
Spacetime is the best youtube channel. Hopefully they can diversify their revenue streams enough so that they can keep making content and weather the youtube storms.
Sounds like a "Great Filter" in regards to the Fermi Paradox to me
I've had the great privilege of living through several rare celestial events, like the 2000 conjunction and Hale-Bop, but if I get to see Betelgeuse go supernova, it'll be the crown jewel of a life well lived observing astronomy.
Amazing vid as always. One of my favourites channels on YT
I recently found Spacetime and binge watched all the episodes over the last few months. Thanks for such an amazing show Spacetime team! I look forward to watching new episodes as they come out.
Please ask Gabe to come help with comments. 1. He is missed. 2. Missing comments/questions is a core part of the series and each time it’s skipped it hurts the quality of the community imo
I love these videos, but I have to say, there is something weird with sound/voice compression on youtube. I started noticing, a few weeks ago, some distortions in the voice, and weird stereo panning (checked it on audacity sound editor, and both android/windows devices). If you use headphones it gets worst. It is happening in lots of videos, not only here.
Yeah, I was noticing that too.
Perhaps you've been watching a lot of videos right after they were uploaded? They are lower quality initially and then get better over time.
@@djmips Sometimes that's the cause. But in this case it is something related to how they record the voice. When he talks about brilliant, (at the start and at the end of the video), the voice is nice without distortions.
Added to which this guy punctuates virtually every word with an exaggerated wave of his hands which makes watching him talk difficult !
Commenting to help the algorithm. Love these videos and glad pbs is still putting out these
I was hoping for this video forever! Thanks for existing PBS SpaceTime❤
I simply want to thanks PBS for doing with it too everything they said was true and the way they present the information treats us like we're not stupid you don't know how or maybe you but it's incredibly valuable that we're not treated like we're stupid
I love that this extremely dangerous thing is not happening and that makes us disappointed. “It would be really cool to look at though”. Not hating, I agree. Would be extremely cool to look at.
Thank you, honestly you should be Australian of the year mate. I greatly appreciate and anticipate this video. Let's go! ❤
Mass extinction sounds serious!!!
Yes! Or PM
@@scottslotterbeck3796 it'll be okay man. Just live each day as best as you can.
@@jestermoon I wouldn't get education involved in Politics ahaha.
My best guess for the question is 10 light years distance for a small super nova to give us problems.
I always wonder how many humans through time have realized that the stars where just like our sun, just farther away.
I wonder what fractions of humans living *today* realize that.
The Backbone of Night.🌌
We had better be right about Betelgeuse’s distance and it’s power at SN. James Web has been reminding us we don’t know that much…After all, how many SN’s have we observed lately…that are remotely close to us.
Your video is much easier to follow for a non native english speaker like me than your old ones were, i hope i can watch the other ones to the full again in the future because they are super interesting
me: Matt can we get a supernova?
Matt: we have supernovas at home
Matt, Shock Front is officially the name of your new metal band.
And here we have part of the answer to the Fermi paradox. Taking supernova in their various types into account and the frequency and dispersion of them and to stars in their vicinity....odds are high that most life in the universe will never advance into higher forms...at least not for long. Earth is a rare exception. And seems more rare all the time.
Keep in mind that a portion of the Earth will generally be completely shadowed from a supernova, depending on its location in the sky. In the extreme, a supernova in the direction of Polaris would not be visible in the southern hemisphere at all, despite Earth's rotation.
Good catch. And if anyone's wondering: earth axis of rotation is not at all aligned to the rotational axis of our Galaxy, and also our Galaxy easily messages a few kill zones in thickness. A half fried earth could actually happen :) not sure though, if the atmospheric ozon will stay bound to one hemisphere, when the other hemisphere is depleted for 100s to 1000s of years
Have you ever seen the movie The Knowing
That´s only correct for a short gamma - or X- ray burst, but any particle rain lasts longer than one day.
Btw, how possible is it to be hit rightway polar? Don´t hold your breath .....
I´d really like to watch Betelgeuse go supernova, but who knows when?
You know that the air and ocean boiling away on one side of the planet would be global extinction anyway, right?
Depleting all the ozone on one side of the planet is still getting into the danger zone, And since air circulates, the depletion will be ongoing if the effect of the supernova persists for longer than a few days.
Sometimes, I like to listen to those videos while in bed. But, the ending part always snaps me back to reality, briefly causing me to forget where I am😅
Good work! This is super interesting! So, neutrinos can actually interact with matter under certain conditions?
Not so much certain conditions, just an incredibly small chance
The supernova just produces _that_ many neutrinos
In the death throes of a dying star on its way to becoming a neutron star or black hole, they're produced in such insanely prodigious quantities that the rare probability of interaction with all the light elements in the outer shell becomes an inevitability. It's actually kind of wild. There are several waves of neutrino interaction in the forms of "swells" that create a physical pressure that expands the core's material before gravity pulls it back in again and restarts the cycle. It's actually so spectacularly balanced, I actually kind of think of it as one of these more overlooked "fine tuning" arrangements. These erstwhile almost useless, very confusing particles have one of the most important roles to play in not just stellar evolution, but cosmological evolution. Think about it. If neutrinos were perfectly neutral, there would not BE all the rich heavy elemental star stuff around to build US.
@@bengoodwin2141 Oh interesting!
@@sciencoking Oh nice!
12:40 "FrequentLY"
I know it's unlikely but still pretty scary that we could be wiped out by a GRB from thousands of lightyears away at any point.
If it makes you feel any better, the building you’re in could completely collapse at any point due to a structural flaw, and the surrounding area would be sad for an afternoon before continuing business as usual the next morning.
Asteroid could take a building out pretty quick. Earthquake is a bit slower if you are not in a rush.
Trying to be funny: Ia it to early to say: Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse???
Very cool that a predion of a supernbva has been made!
Great shirt! And awesome production as always. I was looking at Spica other night, powerful star 1000x times more luminous than our sun if I remember correctly. Antares and Arcturus are awesome stars. Antares appeared deep orange, and Arcturus slightly brighter reddish orange was shining brilliantly just observing such powerful energetic suns at those distances keeps me awakened. Vega is a bright one much closer blue star and with totally different physical properties. 👍
Where do we get the shirt?
Doesn't need a supernova - we're already in the middle of the "Anthropocene mass extinction event"
Can you do a series on chaos/complexity theory and how it relates to physics?
It is abit- al- jawza. The armpit of giant. ابط الجوزا. Although both names (hand=yad/abit=armpit)used frequently always, but "beatlguse" word is kind of derived from "abit-al-aljawza".
Yeah I was wondering about that because it sits at what I would call the shoulder which is of course also pretty much the location of the armpit
I have watched PBS Space Time for 6 years since now
Long time watcher also
Wonderful summary. I posted a link on Facebook, suggesting it could inspire future astronomers.
According to the latest Transformers movie, where smashing the MacGuffin Crystal would release the power of a super nova, you're good as long as the super nova is outside of any nearby city.
Can't believe Matt didn't make a joke about the Astronopithecus
Matt is out of Gabes shadow. He's casting it on the other PBS presenters (maybe not that dinosaur bloke). Best compliment I can give. High praise indeed.
4:55 wait how would the neutrinos arrive BEFORE the light?
Probably because they get emitted slightly before the actual explosion of the supernova. Not because they are faster than light
Neutrinos can also travel straight through matter and won’t be reflected or absorbed like photons into the dust from the supernova
Why isn't the supernova rotating with the night sky? :/
IDIOCY
sloppy animation.
I tend to "illustration purposes", to show, how it would look like during night and during day.
Because, both scenarios are possible.
How do the neutrinos arrive before the light if nothing is faster than light? Does the dust slow the light down?
Yes. You might have heard it noted that light in the sun's core can take 10'000 years to make its way to the surface. The light in a supernova must make its way through the star's outer layers. This takes a shorter time since those layers are being exploded into space and thinned out, but it still slows the light in a way that neutrinos do not experience.;
I recall that Kurzgesagt made a video about this exact topic this year, and then it got me thinking how cool a mash up episode would be ❤
They both have silly accents and are pretty similar. Matt just uses less r’s and is more condescending.
@@stalexannSpacetime is wayyy less preachy though
So many things that could kill us - including us. It's a miracle we are still here.
I for one welcome our Supernova overlords and their cleansing fire!
im surprised they made that weird choice of having the supernova stationary. i guess maybe they didnt create this animation and decided the inacuracy was worth it.
This channel makes some badass videos for real
Quick correction: I researched "yad al jausa" trying to figure out where the "giant" translation came from since "yad" means hand not shoulder, and jausa means Gemini, all arabic lexicons had no reference to giants in the جوزاء section
My best guess is that it came from جَوَزُ , meaning "middle" since the star is in the middle of the constellation...
Ye astro student with a masters in IT and an major in Arabic 😂 ... Shoot me please😂
0:25 you missed a great opportunity to call australopithecus interested in stars as astrolopithecus.
I heard new simulations show it is about 10-150 years from going supernova, so quite high probability we could see it.
Toutatis or a long period comet is a much greater concern in the present context for Earth. Good video.👍👏
Humans are a much greater concern in the present context for earth(in the context of humans living on it). But that's boring.
@@narfwhals7843That goes without saying. The proliferation of man made chemicals in the biosphere and the insane ongoing geoengineering initiatives will result in disastrous and detrimental results we see today. I was merely commenting on the specifics discussed above.
I went on such a tangent right at the beginning. I was listening along and then I was like "wait, giant is Amlaqu what's going on here?" Jawza means central one rather than giant and then I was in the Hans Wehr rabbit hole looking up roots! In short, super engaged.
I've been following the micronova people, not going to mention names but the 12,000 year pole shift is beginning to add up,starting with Carrington,the sunspots of Dec '57 ,Antarctica, etc.
In actual fact, a recent research paper suggests that Betelgeuse is in the carbon fusing space and almost out of carbon. The paper suggests we're looking at Betelgeuse going supernova within the next 100 years. So, there's a decent chance that it's already gone but we just haven't seen it yet.
Best show on RUclips!
I wonder, if you happened to be looking at Betelgeuse with a telescope (I have a 6" Newtonian) when the visible light from the supernova reached the earth, would that damage your vision? Or camera sensor, since that's what I usually have connected?
At it's brightest it's probably like the sun? So it would probably do damage but maybe it would take more than a few seconds to do it's worst damage. 🤷
It'll be no brighter than the moon. People look at the moon with telescopes all the time
How would neutrino detectors “go crazy” before the light arrives, as the video implies?
Neutrinos do not travel faster than the speed of light. Light gets slowed down by gas from the explosion while the neutrinos pass through it easily, and when they have so much energy, they move at speeds very close to c and can outrun the scattered light
Prolly happen around next Sunday AD
did the ancestor's supernova knock out their cell service?
HUmbly requesting for tl:dr version of these 16 min of video. Thanks in advance.
Death by supernova would be kind of badass though
YOU SAID HIS NAME THREE TIMES! Now Alpha Orionis is going to show up wearing a stripy suit and annoy the daylights out of you!
ironically my own heart is trillions and trillions times more likely to kill me than any star.
would be amazing if we saw it go off in our lifetime :) anyways love the channel thanks.
At what distance from the supernova would microwave pizzas be perfectly cooked for eating?