I just became an Radiologic Technologist student as of May 2022 and I find all of this fascinating! It is all new to me and I love it all!!! Thank you so much for making it interesting. RUclips would have been awesome in the 80’s!!!
"Boiling off" electrons with heat seems like a waste of energy and unnecessarily complicated when voltage alone would arc the electrons to the tungsten.
Thanks US Pirates. You are right it is more efficient to pull electrons directly but he invention of the hot cathode actually helped to significantly increase reliability and the potential exposure. A nice video from 1941 is available from the inventor himself: William D Coolidge ruclips.net/video/mbRcNV8Wkz8/видео.html . Worth a watch for sure. There are also research projects on field emission cold cathodes that are ongoing and may be used for medical equipment in the future. But for now the Coolidge tube like I described is the workhorse of x-ray and CT scanning.
Thank you for the video! Just would like to know. Are bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays produced at the same time when electrons hit the anode target? And they both are aimed at the patient in the beam as 'x-rays' not two different types? So essentially, would bremsstrahlung and characteristic be just different processes of making x-rays and both being able to do photoelectric absorption and transmission? (but of course some may be Compton scatter too)
The bremstralung photons come when the electron changes it’s momentum quickly to conserve energy. If they change direction slightly that results in low energy photons and the highest energy case is where the electron turns completely around when it passes the nucleus. The more extreme changes in electron path are less likely and hence the higher energy X-rays are less likely.
Hi!! congratulations for the video! I have a question!Why invreasing the kVp increases the amount of characteristic photons?i cannnot find te explanation. Is it because with a lower kvp its more likely that the most of the e wont have the needed energy to create them as they will have lost some due the bremsstrahlung interaction??
Eliss, thanks for the kind words. You are right at lower energy the electrons incident on the target do not have enough energy to break the inner shell electrons free. The inner shell electrons have a binding energy so that a minimum voltage V_k is required to free the electrons. For Tungsten this is about 70 keV. Then as the energy is higher it is more likely to free an electron. The amount of characteristic radiation is proportional to ~mA*(V-V_k)^n where n~1.5 and V is the voltage of a given thermionic electron. So as at higher kVp there are more high energy electrons incident on the target.
nice video but you didnt speak about the energy of the electron of kev each how many kvp to bremstrlung how many kvp to produce kev electron ejection energu needed
@@HowRadiologyWorks thank you fir your reply what mazumun range kvp is used radio therapy when not using linear aacelators only if using tube x ray what is the maximun kvp range commonly are used
X-ray tubes were used for external radiation therapy before modern linacs were developed but are no longer recommended as higher energy X-rays are really preferable for dose delivery
Sorry about that Bayan, I had to carry my bike over some rocks so I could make the breaking reference. That’s my excuse for being a little short of breath at the beginning.
For 2 years I have struggled with this concept until now! Thank you :)
Thanks Linsey, thanks for sharing. That makes me feel good about making these. Please share too ;)
Great video, thank you so much! Also I love the bike at the start hahaha
Glad you liked it. Which cocktail 🍸 does the X-ray tube remind you of?
hellothank you forthis vid this helps me a lot since im going to take a board exam this dec for radiologic technology
Good luck on your boards. Check out our other videos too for other topics on the boards
Thank you so much. I understood the topic really well. ❤️❤️
Great to hear!
Thank you so much! This was a great and clear explanation.
Thanks Izzy, I appreciate the comment. Let me know what else you are interested in
I just became an Radiologic Technologist student as of May 2022 and I find all of this fascinating! It is all new to me and I love it all!!!
Thank you so much for making it interesting.
RUclips would have been awesome in the 80’s!!!
Yeah RUclips is really revolutionizing education and entertainment. Giving us lots more chances to learn
thanks! this was rlly helpful for jee prep :)
I'm so glad! Spread the word 😉
very concise and vivid!
Thanks Tanel, vivid is a new description. Much appreciated
Thank you so much very informative!!
You’re welcome Ruby. Check out our other videos too!
Absolutely loved this vedio, thanks 4 facilitating🌹
Thanks, let me know any other topics of interest
"Boiling off" electrons with heat seems like a waste of energy and unnecessarily complicated when voltage alone would arc the electrons to the tungsten.
Thanks US Pirates. You are right it is more efficient to pull electrons directly but he invention of the hot cathode actually helped to significantly increase reliability and the potential exposure. A nice video from 1941 is available from the inventor himself: William D Coolidge ruclips.net/video/mbRcNV8Wkz8/видео.html . Worth a watch for sure. There are also research projects on field emission cold cathodes that are ongoing and may be used for medical equipment in the future. But for now the Coolidge tube like I described is the workhorse of x-ray and CT scanning.
Can you completely explain the x ray in a video with 3D diagram
Alright let me think what is best, are interested in the geometry of the electrons coming in and x-Rays coming out
Thank you for the video! Just would like to know. Are bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays produced at the same time when electrons hit the anode target? And they both are aimed at the patient in the beam as 'x-rays' not two different types? So essentially, would bremsstrahlung and characteristic be just different processes of making x-rays and both being able to do photoelectric absorption and transmission? (but of course some may be Compton scatter too)
Yes x-rays produced both ways will be part of the beam and can interact with the body and the detector via photoelectric and Compton
Thank you for the useful video. Can I ask why do we have higher number of photons for lower energy and lower number of photon for higher energies?
The bremstralung photons come when the electron changes it’s momentum quickly to conserve energy. If they change direction slightly that results in low energy photons and the highest energy case is where the electron turns completely around when it passes the nucleus. The more extreme changes in electron path are less likely and hence the higher energy X-rays are less likely.
Hi!! congratulations for the video! I have a question!Why invreasing the kVp increases the amount of characteristic photons?i cannnot find te explanation. Is it because with a lower kvp its more likely that the most of the e wont have the needed energy to create them as they will have lost some due the bremsstrahlung interaction??
Eliss, thanks for the kind words. You are right at lower energy the electrons incident on the target do not have enough energy to break the inner shell electrons free. The inner shell electrons have a binding energy so that a minimum voltage V_k is required to free the electrons. For Tungsten this is about 70 keV. Then as the energy is higher it is more likely to free an electron. The amount of characteristic radiation is proportional to ~mA*(V-V_k)^n where n~1.5 and V is the voltage of a given thermionic electron. So as at higher kVp there are more high energy electrons incident on the target.
@@HowRadiologyWorks thank you so much for responding!! means a lot!!! Happy December
THANKS! BTW YOU SOUND LIKE CLEVELAND FROM THE FAMILY GUY
Thanks Mae, I’ll take it. I heard I sounded like Kermit when I was in middle school
nice video but you didnt speak about the energy of the electron of kev each how many kvp to bremstrlung how many kvp to produce kev electron ejection energu needed
Thanks Harout, sorry I don’t exactly understand your questions. Can you ask one question at a time and try to rephrase it?
@@HowRadiologyWorks at what kev electron from atom
shels from k l and m shells are ejected to have charastarictic x rays
The k emission lines which are most common are about 59 and 58 keV for tungsten which is a common target material.
@@HowRadiologyWorks thank you fir your reply what mazumun range kvp is used radio therapy when not using linear aacelators only if using tube x ray what is the maximun kvp range commonly are used
X-ray tubes were used for external radiation therapy before modern linacs were developed but are no longer recommended as higher energy X-rays are really preferable for dose delivery
Hi assalamualaikum
Sir say something
why is he out of breath
Sorry about that Bayan, I had to carry my bike over some rocks so I could make the breaking reference. That’s my excuse for being a little short of breath at the beginning.
He's obviously just been cycling... hence the bicycle.