Planck's approach to Blackbody Radiation was to analyze the entropy as a function of energy. To make both high-frequency and low-frequency data consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, he included an additional "guess" term proportional to the frequency (hf); this results in Planck's Law. Planck's subsequent application of Boltzmann's Statistical Mechanics to justify his guess then led to his revolutionary conclusion that the material of the walls emit and absorb radiation in discrete quanta. A paper titled "Planck’s Route to the Black Body Radiation Formula and Quantization" by Michael Fowler (7/25/2008) gives a nice discussion. "Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics" (1984) by Malcolm S. Longair contains more details. One can only speculate on the development of Physics if both Maxwell and Boltzmann had lived longer.
Now we are waiting for the next Boltzman, but with a happier ending! Lifting general relativity and quantum mechanics in to a more universal perspective.
Kirchhoff and Planck considered black body as a concept. He didn't notice that black bodies are real. Kirchhoff's law of radiation is only valid for perfectly absorbing walls. It was noticed instantly and Planck's cavities were covered with sooth, i.e. carbon to make the radiation black. He never explained what natural phenomenon causes this behavior. He never explained how carbon emits thermal photons. The whole quantum mechanism is disconnected form natural world to this very day. Not every cavity produces thermal emission. Perfect reflector walls don't, so we can have today resonating cavities in telecommunication, lasers and MRI.
I'm beginning to suspect that "entropy" is a notional abstract monopoly that is sprawling over and controlling too many diverse disciplines, not to mention youTube videos, and that should be broken up into independent corporations by the IPRB* _____ *International Physical Regulatory Body
It's not true that entropy is always increasing, just that any decreasing is extremely improbable. This point needs to be made much more clear when we teach physics.
@@jasonbrown3925 locally and globally it increases. When you drop a glass on the floor and it shatters, you never see one reassemble itself from the floor and jump into your hand. That is a local effect. Global ones are more difficult to find examples for. You might say the evolution of life on earth is a tendency toward more order but the diversity of life-forms seems to be chaotic (except for them being destroyed by development and industry). As well, that tendency toward greater order is only occurring in a tiny speck of the cosmos (as far as we know)
As someone who suffers from depression, diagnosed with bipolar, Boltzmann is one of my heros. When i get overwhelmed with everything and find it hard to go on i try to remember Boltzmann's amazing contributions to this world and how much more he would have been able to contribute if he had decided to go on. I hope there is a timeline out there where he changed his mind.
17:45 Here, Planck goes on to essentially describe Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology hypothesis (CCC). Through entropy, the universe is on a march toward maximal entropy. Essentially, long from now one single remaining interaction will be all that's left before the universe ticks over to a constant state that would (in theory) last forever. But then again, consider that at finally arriving at maximal entropy (upon the carrying out of that last disquinquishable microstate) a new "thing" will have ushered forth: a cosmological coin, if you will. Max entropy on one side. But upon flipping it over, you see with the change in perspective that the obverse is in fact 'highly ordered' (at scale). And when a highly ordered state comes about, all the energy of that system will be massively unstable...hanging on a knife's edge...awaiting a perturbation from something quantum (maybe an inflaton). Inevitably though, a new (scale-adjusted) big bang will usher forth. So postulates Roger.
@@Filip-ci3ng the internet contains many kinds of dangers carelessly posted to draw attention…. I’ve seen flashing lights of the kind that are known to trigger grand or petit mal seizures posted in game ads. People are so careless when they want to make money or draw attention
That is a really awful effect, and triggers a danger instinct in my brain, like trouble is about to happen. I imagine it might trigger worse in people with epilepsy. One other RUclipsr employs a similar effect: "KnowingBetter." I figure it's a millennial's way to try to appear "cool" but it's just bad.
We don’t realize just how many past and present individuals have gone through the same experience except they weren’t well known scientists just regular folk. Speak the truth, write with clarity, and stick with it to the end-as Boltzmann says.
Well balanced and thorough non-mathematical description….two omissions and corrections though are as follows. Einstein’s four “Annie mirabilis” papers of 1905 led to or included the equivalence of matter and energy, and/or their inter convertibility, thereby showing that both the atomists and energeticists were correct in a way. Moreover, the diffraction of X-Rays by H.G. Moseley also demonstrated the usefulness and hence the correctness of the atomic hypothesis. As far as I am aware, reference materials (sources) are not presented.
There was also rather strong evidence for the existence of atoms and the validity of the atomic hypothesis from chemistry and the successful application of ideas about atoms to gasses,,chemical reactions and stoichiometry
I remembef my days of thermodynamics, both in and engineering and chemistry " environment" ...uniquely interesting, conceptually challenging and brilliant. Applications of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and that beautiful family of curves ( isentropic and adiabatic etc ) . Still has me amazed.
It is true that entropy always increases, but the rate of increase isn't always constant. Evolution of life is the result of controlling the rate of change of entropy. Throughout my life entropy changed by a small margin compared to the sun and in a black hole the entropy changes very little from equilibrium state.
[11/12, 10:35 AM] S.Balachandran: What was the reason for his death? [11/12, 10:35 AM] Meta AI: Ludwig Boltzmann died by suicide on September 5, 1906, in Duino, Italy. He suffered from: 1. Depression: Struggled throughout his life. 2. Mental health issues: Experienced anxiety, mood swings. 3. Physical ailments: Had asthma, arthritis. 4. Professional pressures: Faced criticism, opposition to his ideas. 5. Personal losses: Lost his son, Hermann (1900), and friend, Ernst Mach (1902). These factors, combined with his intense perfectionism and sensitivity, contributed to his tragic decision. *Legacy* Boltzmann's work continues inspiring physicists, philosophers and mathematicians. Would you like more information on Boltzmann's life or contributions?
With regard to the time reversibility of entropy, it's interesting to look at the entropic consequences of Mirror Universe proposal put forth by Neil Turok and others at the Perimeter Institute. Here the Time dimension originates in the Big Bang and progresses in both positive and negative time with approximately half of the matter and energy existing along each of these timelines. Although the Mirror Universe has a lot of development ahead before widespread acceptance and currently doesn't address entropy, it seems clear that entropy would function in the same manner in both halves of a bifurcated universe. But, since entropy increases along both a positive and negative timelines, the total entropy of the closed system (the entire universe) doesn't change. The time reversibility of entropy is only a problem if you passively accept that time only moves in one direction. Just a side note: While some are viewing the Mirror Universe of Turok, et al., as having a unique take on the cosmogeny of the universe, Isaac Asimov proposed a similar beginning back in the 60's or early 70's in a magazine piece. It was later incorporated into his book "Science, Numbers, and I" published about 1972.
I am increasingly disappointed in Neil Turok. He seemed to be on the right course and then he goes there. There is no need for a singularity or mirror universes. He is just fishing to find a universe to match his maths.
@@pmhwoodcraft9934 He's trying to find simplicity in a milieu that is increasingly prone to complexity. A mirror universe is one way of simplification, at the risk of sounding fanciful.
@@-danR As a non-scientist and non-mathematician, I'm a big fan of simplification. 😁 The mirror universe may be fanciful, but certainly no more so than most of the other ideas that seem to pop up weekly. And, if done right, I believe it can solve some of the major questions in cosmology while leading to more comprehensive set of conservation laws, including entropy, space, and time.
@@miguelderijckke5907 Well, not really. If one believes in an omnipotent God, He would have the ability to be anywhere, everywhere, at any time and at all times. He could be the master of infinite dimensions and universes while watching a butterfly land on a flower. There was a book written back in 1953 by J.B. Phillips entitled "Your God is Too Small" and I think that may apply to your conception of God. Although I'm very skeptical about the idea of a multiverse, many of our best cosmologists believe that our universe is one of many, perhaps infinite, universes. A God who is the creator of everything wouldn't be confined to any one of them since he made them all. Also, the term "mirror universe" is one that is attached to the particular theory proposed by Turok and others in which the Big Bang is the center point of a universe which expands both directions along the Time axis. And there wouldn't really be 2 universes but only one in which half moves in the opposite time direction of the other half. Neither one is "backwards" in time, but only opposite in relation to the other. So an entity in the part of the universe moving opposite from us would still experience time and entropy just like we do. Their part of the universe would also be expanding. So, there would only be one universe structured in a different architecture than we normally consider. And I don't believe that God would have any trouble at all being in both halves.
This video is shameful. He didn't commit suicide because people thought atoms didn't exist. He committed suicide because he was depressed and likely suffered from bipolar mania. There currently are life-saving treatments for people in his condition.
@@irenehartlmayr8369 No. He had episodic manic depression throughout his life. Ignoring the biological basis for bipolar is really harmful - it is now a manageable condition. Certainly external conditions are a factor in any disease, and the death of his mother followed by the death of his 11 year old son were important factors. Boltzmann had been hospitalized in a psychiatric facility but this was long before the discovery of the value of Li and there were no chemical treatments at that time. The ignorance of the biological basis of mental illness is barbaric and there is no excuse for it. Many of the most productive people are bipolar and there should be no shame attached to seeking help for this treatable condition.
@@FR-kb1fc Well,I am not ignoring anything about the biological basis and I wrote that his condition was probably aggravated by the opposition he was shown by colleagues. I am a scientist myself and a Biochemist besides so I know about these things. So what are you talking about by using the word " barbaric " ? ...as you know nothing about my knowledge of these things.... Scientists are always ready to attack colleagues with other ideas and are very ruthless about it. Its the worst characteristic of the scientific community. Besides,Boltzmann was also very artistic,a good pianist,and artistic people are usually very sensitive.. It doesn't have to be bipolar either,all kinds of psychological disorders have a biological basis and,as nobody is spared some kind of life's mishaps,these things aggravate an already existing condition or tendency.
The form of bipolar mania that you mentioned is buried directly in the concepts & personalities in conflict. The one who was a troll succeeded in humiliating the other. For Boltzmann honor and truthfulness were very high on the list.
Entropy is a potential that measures the number of independent (micro)states that give the same total energy. In the classical mechanical concept this number is infinite for an ideal gas, since the atoms can be at any position and at any speed in a defined space. It is quantum mechanics, i.e. the concept of Planck that the momentum is discrete, which makes the number of microstates quantified and finite.
Einstein did not accept quantum mechanics: "God does not play dice." He did win a Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect which said that light sometimes acts as a particle.
@@pshehan1 Einstein did not accept it as a complete theory. However he contributed to quantum theory with his A & B emission and absorption probabilities, without which lasers would not have been developed and we would not be communicating this way
@ Einstein had his limitations, just like everyone else. However, he had to accept the statistical properties of light in explaining the photoelectric effect, though they were not then recognized to be such.
Congratulations for spreading the good news. In 2009 I co-authoreda book which was deducted to him as well. What an outstanding Homo Sapiens Sapiens. Keep on the superior work you do.
I feel ashamed for struggling so much to understand concepts that should be so straightforward. I was born more than a century later, have all their papers, textbooks, videos, great teachers and all these tools that they do not have and yet I fail to understand it as clearly as they did...
Actually the Swiss Mathematicians and Physicists Daniel and Johann Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler built in the 18 hundreds their still valid theories on the notion of Atoms.
Hell, everyone understands entropy, they just didnt know what it was called. Every time the river rises, it pushes boulders and cobblestones downstream. They hit each other, slowly knocking off little pieces, getting smooth and smaller. What that you call it? Entropy? Got it.
@@samiirai well to laugh at someone for an idea is pretty arrogant. The only thing funny in this conversation is you ignored that I also said energy and the fact that you said supposedly in your supposedly %100 statement.
“Ludwig Boltzmann, who spent much of his life studying statistical mechanics, died in 1906, by his own hand. Paul Ehrenfest, carrying on the work, died similarly in 1933. Now it is our turn to study statistical mechanics. Perhaps it will be wise to approach the subject cautiously.” - D. L. Goodstein, the opening paragraph of his textbook _States of Matter_
One of the potentially momentous consequences of Boltzmann’s suicide was that the young Viennese engineering student (on the threshold of groundbreaking philosophical work), Ludwig Wittgenstein, had wanted to study under Boltzmann. Arguably Heinrich Hertz was more appropriate to Wittgenstein’s projects as a noviciate physicist and aspiring logician. Wittgenstein’s own family, indeed the Viennese intellectual ‘malaise’ of the time (Stefan Zweig managed to cling on until 1942), seemed bound up with suicide. Wittgenstein lost two brothers. The subsequent work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, a snazzy title suggested by mentor and friend GE Moore (after Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Philosophicus) may have owed more to Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics than Boltzmann. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus remains in my opinion among the most beautiful and difficult of all his works. And it grew from a time when physics and philosophy had not yet grown asunder, as witnessed by Pierre Duhem’s publications in the first decade of the new century.
As far as I read, Boltzmann did not realize the connection between entropy (S = k lnW) and information. G N Lewis was the first to explicitly state the relationship between entropy and information
Lohschmidt's reversibility objection is not true anymore. All atoms and molecules consist of electrons, which on close approach will create induced dipoles. This creates dispersion. This is a quantum mechanical effect where the Heisenberg principle kicks in. That is to say, that small perturbations make it impossible to know the exact position and speed of the molecules. So there is no reversibility on atomic scale Even when we would be able to bring the atoms/molecules at zero Kelvin in a defined position, the heating by a heating source will introduce the quantum uncertainty where the hottest spot is located and thus where the first molecules start to move. Q.E.D. This uncertainty principle can be found in the entropy of an ideal gas as defined by Sackur and Tetrode, where the Planck constant quantifies the uncertainty in momentum of the ideal gas particles
If entropy tells us anything about the universe is that it will reach equilibrium. What this mean is that outside our universe is a temperature that is different than what's inside. It is colder outside, that's why the universe temperature keep on decreasing until one day, we reach thermal equilibrium. The same with earth. When outside temperature is high, the temperature on earth increases. Then when temperature outside is cold, the temperature on earth decreases. We can infer, from this, something on the outside causes temperature to change on earth. We call that something the sun. Same logic can be applied to the universe. We can calculate what the temperature outside the universe that causes the big bang to cool in temperature over 13B years. We can also explain temperature of outside and inside of inflation (if it actually exists).
110821 Here is a thermal management exercise of little practical value. There is little tendency towards disorder if the quite durable tanks are cooled by devices which convert heat directly into electricity and heated by ordinary electric heaters. If the tanks would be cooled by ordinary refrigerators there would be a lot of inelegant complications. Consider a liquid in a tank farm with simple consistent specific heat between 10 and 90 Celsius, a range that will not be exceeded. The operator wants to test the equipment that redistributes the temperature among five equally constructed tanks. The first setup is (5 tanks @ 50 C). Their second setup is (3 tanks @ 50 C, 1 tank 20 C,1 tank 80 C). The third setup is (1 tank @ 50 C, 2 tanks @ 15 C, 2 tanks 85 C). The heat stored in the tank farm remains the same. Energy is not gained or lost. There is little tendency towards disorder for any number of changes in the heat content of the individual tanks for a constant tank farm heat content. Aloha
Also, the absolute entropy of a closed system never actually changes. So, the entropy of parts of the universe change and entropy flows from place to place, but as a whole it doesn't change for the universe. If I were to put my $ on the existence of something fundamental, time would lose out and entropy would win. Time isn't money, entropy is. We all suffer a strange observational bias probably due to the limitations of our hardware that time is somehow fundamental. If we were made of more exotic states of matter and still capable of complex thinking about this stuff I suspect those biases would disappear and we'd understand why entropy is the real fundamental property of existence.
Agreed. This is why I separate Entropy Time and Clock Time. I strongly feel it's 1 of the 2 most fundamental concepts. Entropy and Energy. Entropy can be described as slowing of vibrations of an object making it change forms. Energy is the highest form of matter. All matter is slower by a factor of c2. So before the beginning of Clock Time, there was only Potential Energy and Entropy due to conservation. Potential energy will keep increasing but Entropy keeps increasing until the earliest form of energy slows down enough through Entropy to form a photon. This is when all of the stored Potential Energy changes into Kinetic energy and boom. A singularity of energy just started the universe. But what do I know? 😂
@froggarana entropy cannot flow from a completely isolated system unless there's another system to which it might flow. Case in point assuming that the universe is expanding faster than light surrounded by an event horizon that's essentially a 2 d surface of quantized spatial Planck units... That entropy as an absolute will never increase (unless some shady women pull up, stick a needle in my neck full of tranquilizer, throw me in their UFO trunk and bring me to a new universe... guaranteed delta S will be instantly positive there)...
to use the word ''' increase decrease''' is not proper when referring to entropy... ''' entropy slows- down () entropy speeds-up''' is a more accurate description of entropy scattering in the space area...
ai voices are getting rlly impressive, granted im just playing this in the backjground as i code but it took me like 90% of the video before i realized
2nd law of thermodynamics doesn't explain well about elementary particles: 1. von Neumann entropy of an elementary particle does NOT increase at all because it cannot "degenerate" due to the fact that it is ELEMENTARY. 2. In quantum entanglement with pure state, von Neumann entropy of two particles DECREASES. The von Neumann entropy is 0 for a pure state, altough both of entangled particles have positive von Neumann entropy. Given the abovementioned fact, you just cannot say that 2nd law of thermodynamics is a universal law of physics. Instead, it is ONLY the law of structural destruction, but NOT a law of construction. The structural constructions, such as quantum entanglement, have nothing to do with 2nd law of thermodynamics.
"EntropyRulesAll" was the name of a real smart ace on Twitter years ago. DON'T DROP THE SOAP OFF YOU'RE STILL PHYSICAL. ⚡️💥🐍💥⚡️ 2:25pm Sunday, Nov 10, 2024
The fundamental laws of physics apply to discrete objects, simple systems, but the behavior of complex systems can be emergent, acting at a higher-than-fundamental levels, to which the fundamental laws are irrelevant.
It's called the renormalizability of *ALL* physical theories on an energy-scale hierarchy. Everything is indeed physical but there are different levels of energies involved. Atomic nuclear changes tend to be on the level of mega-electron-volts but chemical and biological changes of atomic and molecular species tend to be on the level of near-one electron volts.
Entropy DOES NOT define arrow of time. For more details, you may read books on entropy by Prof Arieh Ben-Naim, especially the ones:"Entropy Demystified" and "Entropy, The Truth the only Truth and Nothing but the Truth"
@@paxwallace8324 Hi, it's not a question of one wishing to stick with someone's theory or idea, simply because entropy is a very well-defined quantity and there's absolutely NO room for any philosophical connection, NO room for taking stand for anybody's 'opinion' Or school of thought.. It's clearly defined ONLY using SMI concept.. One will understand this only if they read books by Prof Arieh Ben Naim. Again, I am not here to preach on his ideas, but simply informing, those who are interested, that entropy is REALLY a simple idea which one can understand once read those books
@krishnadaskr4656 why the 2nd law of thermal dynamics stipulates that one can only remember the past but not the future is perfectly reasonable. Entropy can only increase shit can only run down so we inexorably march into the future. Now if you're a Buddhist/Hindu physicist or just Eckhart Tolle one might argue that the universe is evolving towards consciousness which is an anti-entropic vector I guess.
Chemists believed in atoms well before Physicists. Mendeleev arranged them into a systematic chart, the 'periodic table', in 1869. Emil Fischer knew the structures of caffeine, xanthine, and theobromine molecules in 1882, placing their constituent atoms into their correct positions. All you need is to identify chemical elements as atoms. It is as if the truth was said in a foreign language, and Boltzmann could not translate it.
These curious minds asking about why it goes one wat, and not the other - should ask, "if i perceive it moving one way, then, can i conclude that this *one way* is not also the other simultaneously", but then what does it look like to be two different ways, for if i conclude that something does move, he might then say it has another way in which it couldve moved. Thats all to say that, the question is a product of science, foundational to a system that has treated time as something more than it is, and has too treated its events, holding them up as if theyll slide back down. Though the mind is not without its own ways of sliding around, whether two, four, six, etc. So many different ways then, could entropic properties be moving -> this way -> < - that way
I'm no physicist, but it seems to me that the Universe is not biased one way or the other when it comes to order. The universe has black holes all over. Isn't gravitation a form of enforced order?
very surprising, scientist took his own life because his counterpart was not agreed with his theoretical concept. This is proved how Boltzmann was deeply involved himself in Physical concepts...very sad
‘k’ was a constant discovered by Planck (who also discovered ‘h’). If temperature is redefined as internal (average) kinetic energy of molecules, then ‘k’ becomes dimensionless, and can even set to 1 with the right choice of the unit of temperature. Then entropy S becomes dimensionless as well, as it is only a measure of randomness (chaos, versus order) of a big collection of particles, which is only mathematical.
It is perfectly true that you cannot compel others to accept your personal conviction as universal truth without substantiation by incremental logic, ie Math-Physics Newtonian style temporal superposition identification of probabilistic correlations in Polar-Cartesian self-defining infinitesimal differentiates integrated metastability here-now-forever, Calculus, mental math-music reciprocation-recirculation theory that confirms WYSIWYG Numerical harmonic resonance Observation. (Don't despair if you don't get it in the flash-fractal elemental self-defining logic all-ways all-at-once sync-duration holography dimensionality you think you see)
For the most accurate and correct definition or understanding of entropy, one should read the books of Prof. Arieh Ben-Naim, a professor of Physical Chemistry retired from Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The books, "Entropy Demystified" and "Entropy: The Truth, the only Truth, Nothing but the Truth" are especially written with crystal-clear clarity and scientific rigor. After reading these books, if anyone asks you 'what is entropy?', one can say, "Entropy of a Thermodynamic system is the Shannon's Measure of Information, or SMI, when applied to a system at thermodynamic equilibrium". This is the most accurate definition that captures all the characteristics of entropy. No other descriptors such as chaos, disorder, energy spread, etc CANNOT accout for the characteristics of entropy, as the SMI descriptor does. After reading these books, one will understand that theres is no enigma or mystery regarding entropy.
I'll check them out if there's something online, but I really don't like Shannon's legacy as it elevated 'Information Conservation' to the level of 'Energy Conservation', and I firmly believe Black Holes break information conservation, but not energy conservation.. I also have a problem with maths and physical reality contradictions. Time-reversibility is obviously needed mathematically for doing calculations, but in reality Time only allows one fundamental 'operator' , +, not the + AND - that Space allows... Obviously 3D space and 1D time make sense in Cartesian geometry, but if spatial dimensions are 2 way and Time is only 1 way can we not say Time is 1/2 a dimension!?... It seems a reasonable way to encapsulate this property 3 space + 0.5 time Dimensions... -- To me, Entropy Law is less important than a Law of Simplicity/Complexity, to coin a phrase... COMPLEXITY: Closed system complexity reduces over time. Uniformly (dis)ordered (hot)/cold matter is simplest... with a complexity factor being the same at high and low temperatures. A load of the same atoms in a cold volume will tend to form a uniformly ordered solid or a uniformly disordered gas at high temperature. Same complexity value at each extreme. We can predict what each will form equally at each temperature using just temperature (and basic chemistry / QM). A hot gaseous volume complexity is quantified mainly by motion, while a cold solid's complexity is quantified mainly by structure...?!
@@PrivateSiI’m thinking a cold solid’s complexity could only be assessed at T = absolute zero, but QM effects are probably still extant. Not sure. Dr Feynman??
@@PrivateSi But it is only a "belief" that Time is restricted to being one way. It is even possible that time is a 4th spatial dimension. And that would change the whole way we think about the universe.
@@triplec8375 .. It's the most well evidence fact in physics... Just because Relative Time has synchronisation issues at the quantum level doesn't alter this FACT... Same for incomplete relativity equations not accounting for this in its equations that have no lower or upper bounds, creating unwanted, erroneous infinities. You're in denial, like all math sci-woo types!... Laws of entropy are one way as time is one way. If you can prove otherwise via non quantum maths-woo experimentation with your time travel machine then go and get your noble prize... But be warned, the Time Lords will kill you faster than you can Quantum Leap!... Sci-fi brain in a jar!... I bet you believe we live in a Simulation too!?!?.. I'm the opposite of those types, with GOOD REASON and EVIDENCE!
@@triplec8375 .. Looks like they're censoring me. It's backed up by REALITY, and evidence, and The Entropy Law!.. GR is incomplete, with no limits at the quantum or universal scales, so theoretical nonsense like 'white holes' are possible, and time is two way. Relativistic temporal anomalies at tiny space and time scales are just down to relativity. EVIDENCE.. EVIDENCE. EVIDENCE!
Ramanujan showed the world the one essential thing about maths. That is is as endless as the universe. with such a possibility it therefore shows all of us why we have had endless arguments based on researching minds with varying levels of maths. and also why einstein the smart cookie of his time created his world famous equation to stop it from getting overboard. it had lasted many decades and is riding on our backs once again.
Can we say mathematics was developed to model the Universe? And, if our model is wrong our mathematics is wrong? A fundamental device of mathematics is the "equation". It is the equation that is symmetrical (reversible). But, we can see the arrow of time. Therefore our language (mathematics) is flawed? Perhaps, we need something other than the equation to model the Universe? If I recall correctly, chemistry has a symbol that indicates an irreversible process.
Einstein published his theory on brownian motion in 1905 which also was basically the same things, existence of particles. I don't believe someone that smart would give up like that. It must have been some mental issues out of his control.
If Entropy always goes from a high to low state, then where or how did the initial high state come into existence? If we can quantify the current state of the entropy of the universe and the rate of change of universal entropy, then should we be able to work out the starting state and time at the beginning of the entropic state of the universe ?
I’m still really confused about what phone is the score of the universe I know that’s where all the planets are in and stars but they treat the universe like it was separate from beyond the universe because they’re not sure if our universe goes on forever which I think it does mean without having a brain you can figure this one out so if you go to the edge of the universe unless the universe has the ending somewhere good all common sense tells you they have to be something even if it’s completely empty I think what we call the universe goes on forever that’s another conundrum what exactly is forever I hope I’m not confusing you other words time in the universe is far back as it is for it that’s a very strange concept I can’t wrap my mind around it too much but I gave it 60 years of thinking and studying science thank you for listening to me ramble on
I was trying to say time in the university and the word forever is as far back as it is for it no beginning no end but it exist I’m sure you’re really confused but now I know I am
Check your facts, wrong equation on Boltzmann's tombstone. Cathy Loves Physics has a good video on it. Also, the idea most people were against atoms/particles is an absolutely absurd inversion of history.
You are wrong. The equation in Boltzmann's tomb was first written by Boltzmann himself, albeit in a different form. Also, nobody is saying everyone was against atoms. We have a whole section in video dedicated to allies and rivals of Boltzmann's atomic ideas
It is like saying Maxwell's equations should be called Heaviside equations because Maxwell never presented in that form .. Maxwell's equations can be written in more than 10 different equivalent forms, just like Boltzmann's entropy formula.
@quantverse1294 Absolutely. The 4 equations taught _should_ be called the Gibbs-Heaviside equations and correctly recognised as being an extremely shallow rip-off of Maxwell's actual theory which included all degrees of freedom you find in field theories up until and including SU(3) ... U(1) and U(1)×SU(2) fields also already covered by Maxwell's actual equations; which were 10 (reducible to 7) quaternion equations. The reasons Gibbs-Heaviside "won" is because people could not break free of the chains of the Cartesian method by which they'd sadly learned geometry. The idea that Gibbs-Heaviside simplified Maxwell's theory and retained all its essentials is an absolutely completely insane mathamatical impossibly. And yet, for reasons which have more to do with geopolitics than anything else, we are all still taught it happened to this day. Despite the fact literally any topologist will tell you it's completely fundamentally impossible.
*Sean Carol is WRONG and misleads everyone including the narrator!* His claim that Boltzmann's macrostates of the system are Pressure, Volume, Temperature and Number of particles being macroscopic properties is *wrong!* It is also incorrect to call entropy the log of a probability. It's not because W is not a probability but it is the numerator of a probability. It was Claude Shannon's H theorem that counts the capacity of a signal in BITs that is the log of a probability and which Shannon called 'uncertainty' a much more correct term. Entropy is not a measure of information or the lack of information and has nothing to do with either information or energy! W is the number of microstates in a CHOSEN macrostate (by an observer) so is totally SUBJECTIVE! And that is what they are trying to avoid by defining the macrostate in such a way it collapses the Boltzmann equation to classical thermodynamics which only applies at equilibrium and allows an objective measure. Even classical Entropy change ds = Int (dQ/T) has units Energy / Temp = E/T but Temperature is the average energy per molecule T = E/N Therefore Entropy ds = E/E/N = N *it has NO UNITS!* Disorder = [0 < W/Wtot < 1] the probability of the system being in a macrostate with W microstates not the total number of microstates as incorrectly put in many places. Of course the real problem with what Boltzmann discovered was that entropy as a measure of disorder predicts a creation because order must increase into the past but must stop at a maximum so the you have God to deal with and they must avoid that at all costs even telling lies to everyone.
Thermodynamic entropy is "The Shannon's Measure of Information, SMI, when applied to a system at Thermodynamic Equilibrium". If you want to understand and convince yourself, read the books " Entropy Demystified " and "Entropy: The Truth, the Only Truth and Nothing but the Truth", written by Prof Arieh Ben Naim, University of Jerusalem. If you read these and understand, you will realize that not only Sean Carrol, almost anyone who spoke about entropy, including Feynman and Roger Penrose were wrong!
@@krishnadaskr4656 I have read them all been there and done that.. Only classical thermodynamics must assume the system is in equilibrium which removes any way of measuring the entropy of any improbable state like a statue or book or even just a glass. This is the reason there is no proper definition of macrostate. If you only have equilibrium thermodynamics you cannot define the macrostate of any improbable (ordered) arrangement like a statue. But all such states are lower in entropy than equilibrium.
@@mikebellamy Lots and lots of meaningless jargon in what you have written. Can you explain (to anyone) what do you mean by "improbable (ordered) arrangement such as a statue... "?! Anyway, there's no problem in estimating entropy of statue, glass, or whatever, provided if we know it's composition in detail, and parameters such as T, P and size (volume, for example) of the system.. If we knew only equilibrium or classical theodynamics, one CAN define a macrostate of some system like a statue! We just need to know the details that i mentioned before. To me, a statue, or a glass, or a book, etc can be best described or identified as a system at thermodynamic equilibrium which will have a macrostate that has been characterized by well defined parametees that i mentioned above. In contrast, a glass of water kept open can be identified as a system not in equilibrium and in that case we can't define or estimate entropy. I think you need to read the books, that I mentioned, taking mxuh more time, care and focus to clearly what is a jargon and what is a crystal-clear writing of science
Answer to What is Spin? Physical measurement, Math-Phys-Chem and Geometry, categorical labelling of e-Pi-i omnidirectional-dimensional flash-fractal cause-effect of time-timing. I-inflation => "big bang Conformal Field Condensation Correspondence = holography.
Planck's approach to Blackbody Radiation was to analyze the entropy as a function of energy. To make both high-frequency and low-frequency data consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, he included an additional "guess" term proportional to the frequency (hf); this results in Planck's Law. Planck's subsequent application of Boltzmann's Statistical Mechanics to justify his guess then led to his revolutionary conclusion that the material of the walls emit and absorb radiation in discrete quanta. A paper titled "Planck’s Route to the Black Body Radiation Formula and Quantization" by Michael Fowler (7/25/2008) gives a nice discussion. "Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics" (1984) by Malcolm S. Longair contains more details.
One can only speculate on the development of Physics if both Maxwell and Boltzmann had lived longer.
Now we are waiting for the next Boltzman, but with a happier ending! Lifting general relativity and quantum mechanics in to a more universal perspective.
Kirchhoff and Planck considered black body as a concept. He didn't notice that black bodies are real. Kirchhoff's law of radiation is only valid for perfectly absorbing walls. It was noticed instantly and Planck's cavities were covered with sooth, i.e. carbon to make the radiation black. He never explained what natural phenomenon causes this behavior. He never explained how carbon emits thermal photons. The whole quantum mechanism is disconnected form natural world to this very day. Not every cavity produces thermal emission. Perfect reflector walls don't, so we can have today resonating cavities in telecommunication, lasers and MRI.
I'm beginning to suspect that "entropy" is a notional abstract monopoly that is sprawling over and controlling too many diverse disciplines, not to mention youTube videos, and that should be broken up into independent corporations by the IPRB*
_____
*International Physical Regulatory Body
@@-danR xD love it! Beware, soon it spreads to metaphysics and we have Zentropy.
@@douglasstrother6584 journal reference please?
It's not true that entropy is always increasing, just that any decreasing is extremely improbable. This point needs to be made much more clear when we teach physics.
Entropy is cyclic. "Order" is a subjective perception of a preferred arrangement.
Read about dissipative structures. Very real circumstances cause temporary negentropy within a larger system. It's not just statistical probabilities.
😅 22:47 22:47 22:47 22:47 22:47 22:47 22:47
22:47 22:47 22:47
@@jasonbrown3925 locally and globally it increases. When you drop a glass on the floor and it shatters, you never see one reassemble itself from the floor and jump into your hand. That is a local effect. Global ones are more difficult to find examples for. You might say the evolution of life on earth is a tendency toward more order but the diversity of life-forms seems to be chaotic (except for them being destroyed by development and industry). As well, that tendency toward greater order is only occurring in a tiny speck of the cosmos (as far as we know)
With all the youtube, internet and years of study, I still cannot think like Boltzman.
As someone who suffers from depression, diagnosed with bipolar, Boltzmann is one of my heros. When i get overwhelmed with everything and find it hard to go on i try to remember Boltzmann's amazing contributions to this world and how much more he would have been able to contribute if he had decided to go on. I hope there is a timeline out there where he changed his mind.
17:45 Here, Planck goes on to essentially describe Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology hypothesis (CCC). Through entropy, the universe is on a march toward maximal entropy. Essentially, long from now one single remaining interaction will be all that's left before the universe ticks over to a constant state that would (in theory) last forever. But then again, consider that at finally arriving at maximal entropy (upon the carrying out of that last disquinquishable microstate) a new "thing" will have ushered forth: a cosmological coin, if you will. Max entropy on one side. But upon flipping it over, you see with the change in perspective that the obverse is in fact 'highly ordered' (at scale). And when a highly ordered state comes about, all the energy of that system will be massively unstable...hanging on a knife's edge...awaiting a perturbation from something quantum (maybe an inflaton). Inevitably though, a new (scale-adjusted) big bang will usher forth. So postulates Roger.
Sounds like a great point
Please don’t use that screeching sound in transitions it’s hurting my ears
@@Filip-ci3ng the internet contains many kinds of dangers carelessly posted to draw attention…. I’ve seen flashing lights of the kind that are known to trigger grand or petit mal seizures posted in game ads. People are so careless when they want to make money or draw attention
That is a really awful effect, and triggers a danger instinct in my brain, like trouble is about to happen. I imagine it might trigger worse in people with epilepsy. One other RUclipsr employs a similar effect: "KnowingBetter." I figure it's a millennial's way to try to appear "cool" but it's just bad.
Please stop the screeching!
same here... it's way too loud too
Thank you for your feedback. We will remove them in upcoming videos.
It's interesting that it's commonly thought of as disorder when in another sense it's the universe moving toward ultimate equilibrium.
Just love this, well put together
Thank you😊
wisdom, love, and family are things that (can) grow stronger in time.
love is a function of an expanding universe.
We don’t realize just how many past and present individuals have gone through the same experience except they weren’t well known scientists just regular folk. Speak the truth, write with clarity, and stick with it to the end-as Boltzmann says.
Well balanced and thorough non-mathematical description….two omissions and corrections though are as follows. Einstein’s four “Annie mirabilis” papers of 1905 led to or included the equivalence of matter and energy, and/or their inter convertibility, thereby showing that both the atomists and energeticists were correct in a way. Moreover, the diffraction of X-Rays by H.G. Moseley also demonstrated the usefulness and hence the correctness of the atomic hypothesis. As far as I am aware, reference materials (sources) are not presented.
There was also rather strong evidence for the existence of atoms and the validity of the atomic hypothesis from chemistry and the successful application of ideas about atoms to gasses,,chemical reactions and stoichiometry
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry#:~:text=The%20term%20stoichiometry%20was%20first,the%20Chemical%20Elements)%20was%20published.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moseley
I remembef my days of thermodynamics, both in and engineering and chemistry " environment" ...uniquely interesting, conceptually challenging and brilliant. Applications of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and that beautiful family of curves ( isentropic and adiabatic etc ) . Still has me amazed.
It is true that entropy always increases, but the rate of increase isn't always constant. Evolution of life is the result of controlling the rate of change of entropy. Throughout my life entropy changed by a small margin compared to the sun and in a black hole the entropy changes very little from equilibrium state.
[11/12, 10:35 AM] S.Balachandran: What was the reason for his death?
[11/12, 10:35 AM] Meta AI: Ludwig Boltzmann died by suicide on September 5, 1906, in Duino, Italy. He suffered from:
1. Depression: Struggled throughout his life.
2. Mental health issues: Experienced anxiety, mood swings.
3. Physical ailments: Had asthma, arthritis.
4. Professional pressures: Faced criticism, opposition to his ideas.
5. Personal losses: Lost his son, Hermann (1900), and friend, Ernst Mach (1902).
These factors, combined with his intense perfectionism and sensitivity, contributed to his tragic decision.
*Legacy*
Boltzmann's work continues inspiring physicists, philosophers and mathematicians.
Would you like more information on Boltzmann's life or contributions?
This is good work. Thank you. Nice one.
With regard to the time reversibility of entropy, it's interesting to look at the entropic consequences of Mirror Universe proposal put forth by Neil Turok and others at the Perimeter Institute. Here the Time dimension originates in the Big Bang and progresses in both positive and negative time with approximately half of the matter and energy existing along each of these timelines. Although the Mirror Universe has a lot of development ahead before widespread acceptance and currently doesn't address entropy, it seems clear that entropy would function in the same manner in both halves of a bifurcated universe. But, since entropy increases along both a positive and negative timelines, the total entropy of the closed system (the entire universe) doesn't change. The time reversibility of entropy is only a problem if you passively accept that time only moves in one direction. Just a side note: While some are viewing the Mirror Universe of Turok, et al., as having a unique take on the cosmogeny of the universe, Isaac Asimov proposed a similar beginning back in the 60's or early 70's in a magazine piece. It was later incorporated into his book "Science, Numbers, and I" published about 1972.
I am increasingly disappointed in Neil Turok. He seemed to be on the right course and then he goes there. There is no need for a singularity or mirror universes. He is just fishing to find a universe to match his maths.
@@pmhwoodcraft9934 He's trying to find simplicity in a milieu that is increasingly prone to complexity. A mirror universe is one way of simplification, at the risk of sounding fanciful.
@@-danR As a non-scientist and non-mathematician, I'm a big fan of simplification. 😁 The mirror universe may be fanciful, but certainly no more so than most of the other ideas that seem to pop up weekly. And, if done right, I believe it can solve some of the major questions in cosmology while leading to more comprehensive set of conservation laws, including entropy, space, and time.
@triplec8375 If you are believer in one God
Has he to stay in either the Mirror Universe or ours...
@@miguelderijckke5907 Well, not really. If one believes in an omnipotent God, He would have the ability to be anywhere, everywhere, at any time and at all times. He could be the master of infinite dimensions and universes while watching a butterfly land on a flower. There was a book written back in 1953 by J.B. Phillips entitled "Your God is Too Small" and I think that may apply to your conception of God. Although I'm very skeptical about the idea of a multiverse, many of our best cosmologists believe that our universe is one of many, perhaps infinite, universes. A God who is the creator of everything wouldn't be confined to any one of them since he made them all. Also, the term "mirror universe" is one that is attached to the particular theory proposed by Turok and others in which the Big Bang is the center point of a universe which expands both directions along the Time axis. And there wouldn't really be 2 universes but only one in which half moves in the opposite time direction of the other half. Neither one is "backwards" in time, but only opposite in relation to the other. So an entity in the part of the universe moving opposite from us would still experience time and entropy just like we do. Their part of the universe would also be expanding. So, there would only be one universe structured in a different architecture than we normally consider. And I don't believe that God would have any trouble at all being in both halves.
This video is shameful. He didn't commit suicide because people thought atoms didn't exist. He committed suicide because he was depressed and likely suffered from bipolar mania. There currently are life-saving treatments for people in his condition.
Has it ever ocurred to you that the opposition to his ideas CAUSED his depression and condition ? Or,at least,aggravated it...!?
@@irenehartlmayr8369 No. He had episodic manic depression throughout his life. Ignoring the biological basis for bipolar is really harmful - it is now a manageable condition. Certainly external conditions are a factor in any disease, and the death of his mother followed by the death of his 11 year old son were important factors. Boltzmann had been hospitalized in a psychiatric facility but this was long before the discovery of the value of Li and there were no chemical treatments at that time. The ignorance of the biological basis of mental illness is barbaric and there is no excuse for it. Many of the most productive people are bipolar and there should be no shame attached to seeking help for this treatable condition.
@@FR-kb1fc Well,I am not ignoring anything about the biological basis and I wrote that his condition was probably aggravated by the opposition he was shown by colleagues.
I am a scientist myself and a Biochemist besides so I know about these things. So what are you talking about by using the word " barbaric " ? ...as you know nothing about my knowledge of these things....
Scientists are always ready to attack colleagues with other ideas and are very ruthless about it.
Its the worst characteristic of the scientific community.
Besides,Boltzmann was also very artistic,a good pianist,and artistic people are usually very sensitive..
It doesn't have to be bipolar either,all kinds of psychological disorders have a biological basis and,as nobody is spared some kind of life's mishaps,these things aggravate an already existing
condition or tendency.
The form of bipolar mania that you mentioned is buried directly in the concepts & personalities in conflict. The one who was a troll succeeded in humiliating the other. For Boltzmann honor and truthfulness were very high on the list.
@@FR-kb1fc
Entropy is a potential that measures the number of independent (micro)states that give the same total energy.
In the classical mechanical concept this number is infinite for an ideal gas, since the atoms can be at any position and at any speed in a defined space. It is quantum mechanics, i.e. the concept of Planck that the momentum is discrete, which makes the number of microstates quantified and finite.
Einstein did not accept quantum mechanics: "God does not play dice." He did win a Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect which said that light sometimes acts as a particle.
@@pshehan1 Einstein did not accept it as a complete theory. However he contributed to quantum theory with his A & B emission and absorption probabilities, without which lasers would not have been developed and we would not be communicating this way
Of course he also contributed in a major way with his recognition that the photoelectric effect pointed directly to the quantization of light
@@dougr.2398 Yes, I did acknowledge that.
@ Einstein had his limitations, just like everyone else. However, he had to accept the statistical properties of light in explaining the photoelectric effect, though they were not then recognized to be such.
Well done documentary!
Very nice instructive video, the background of the tv in the video had a nice high entropy touch!
Glad you liked it!😊
@@MrVerseKAC Thanks, yes anyone that loves philosophy and physics probably will love Boltzman's work. It is one of the pillars of modern physics.
Our thermodynamics professor said: "What is entropy? God knows it, the professor feels it, and the students learn how to take it into calculation".
great presentation! Please try not to use that sound for the static between scenes, distracting af waste of entropy lol
Thanks, will not use it again😊
That was the strangest Emo Phillips stand-up I've ever seen on YT.
true
Why should I comment if it's just going to get deleted?
may e tou should take the hint…🤣
Congratulations for spreading the good news. In 2009 I co-authoreda book which was deducted to him as well. What an outstanding Homo Sapiens Sapiens. Keep on the superior work you do.
I feel ashamed for struggling so much to understand concepts that should be so straightforward. I was born more than a century later, have all their papers, textbooks, videos, great teachers and all these tools that they do not have and yet I fail to understand it as clearly as they did...
Actually the Swiss Mathematicians and Physicists Daniel and Johann Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler built in the 18 hundreds their still valid theories on the notion of Atoms.
Ur videos are impressive…. Keep it up. Wow
Excellent Teaching Observations and collaborative comments.
Thank you kindly!
Hell, everyone understands entropy, they just didnt know what it was called. Every time the river rises, it pushes boulders and cobblestones downstream. They hit each other, slowly knocking off little pieces, getting smooth and smaller. What that you call it? Entropy? Got it.
Entropy is a consequence of an expanding universe. Because matter and energy has more possibilities on where to move than it did previously.
this is not true lol
@ maybe it is or maybe it isn’t. But one thing for certain is that it was not funny.
@@binbots But it is, before the expansion - there supposedly was no matter, so its not true all. The funny part is how wrong it is.
@@samiirai well to laugh at someone for an idea is pretty arrogant. The only thing funny in this conversation is you ignored that I also said energy and the fact that you said supposedly in your supposedly %100 statement.
Live is an example of deentropy. Mas order than disorder....
“Ludwig Boltzmann, who spent much of his life studying statistical mechanics, died in 1906, by his own hand. Paul Ehrenfest, carrying on the work, died similarly in 1933. Now it is our turn to study statistical mechanics. Perhaps it will be wise to approach the subject cautiously.”
- D. L. Goodstein, the opening paragraph of his textbook _States of Matter_
One of the potentially momentous consequences of Boltzmann’s suicide was that the young Viennese engineering student (on the threshold of groundbreaking philosophical work), Ludwig Wittgenstein, had wanted to study under Boltzmann. Arguably Heinrich Hertz was more appropriate to Wittgenstein’s projects as a noviciate physicist and aspiring logician.
Wittgenstein’s own family, indeed the Viennese intellectual ‘malaise’ of the time (Stefan Zweig managed to cling on until 1942), seemed bound up with suicide. Wittgenstein lost two brothers. The subsequent work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, a snazzy title suggested by mentor and friend GE Moore (after Spinoza’s Tractatus Theologico-Philosophicus) may have owed more to Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics than Boltzmann. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus remains in my opinion among the most beautiful and difficult of all his works. And it grew from a time when physics and philosophy had not yet grown asunder, as witnessed by Pierre Duhem’s publications in the first decade of the new century.
Boltzmann agreed that entropy equals information.
As far as I read, Boltzmann did not realize the connection between entropy (S = k lnW) and information. G N Lewis was the first to explicitly state the relationship between entropy and information
Every computer scientist lives by this rule as we're always asking how many bits do we need to hold all possible values for a variable.
Entropy/ disorder is the inverse of information. Shannon developed information theory
What about the convertion of matter in gravitational energy the Universal Retro Expansivity Theory told?
When a toy slows down because the battery is getting weak? That's entropy.
does time move inone direction becase the universe expands, ie entropy increases?
An Elliptical Wave Tank, would be a useful lab toy. Allowing a wave to disperse from one focus, and converge at another.
when matter was first created did it send out echo.s or vibrations through empty space
Great infos. Wonder if there is any physics theory out there that has similar controversial debate.
Interesting video. Where did you find Max Planck's clip?
That interview is available on YT video id v=B9FpAGK8bj8 (not posting a link, since that usually makes my comments disappear).
Thank you !! @@michaeldamolsen
Lohschmidt's reversibility objection is not true anymore. All atoms and molecules consist of electrons, which on close approach will create induced dipoles. This creates dispersion. This is a quantum mechanical effect where the Heisenberg principle kicks in. That is to say, that small perturbations make it impossible to know the exact position and speed of the molecules. So there is no reversibility on atomic scale
Even when we would be able to bring the atoms/molecules at zero Kelvin in a defined position, the heating by a heating source will introduce the quantum uncertainty where the hottest spot is located and thus where the first molecules start to move. Q.E.D. This uncertainty principle can be found in the entropy of an ideal gas as defined by Sackur and Tetrode, where the Planck constant quantifies the uncertainty in momentum of the ideal gas particles
If entropy tells us anything about the universe is that it will reach equilibrium. What this mean is that outside our universe is a temperature that is different than what's inside. It is colder outside, that's why the universe temperature keep on decreasing until one day, we reach thermal equilibrium.
The same with earth. When outside temperature is high, the temperature on earth increases. Then when temperature outside is cold, the temperature on earth decreases. We can infer, from this, something on the outside causes temperature to change on earth. We call that something the sun.
Same logic can be applied to the universe. We can calculate what the temperature outside the universe that causes the big bang to cool in temperature over 13B years. We can also explain temperature of outside and inside of inflation (if it actually exists).
From the title, I thought the video was going to be on Claude Shannon.
Thanks for the video
110821 Here is a thermal management exercise of little practical value. There is little tendency towards disorder if the quite durable tanks are cooled by devices which convert heat directly into electricity and heated by ordinary electric heaters. If the tanks would be cooled by ordinary refrigerators there would be a lot of inelegant complications.
Consider a liquid in a tank farm with simple consistent specific heat between 10 and 90 Celsius, a range that will not be exceeded. The operator wants to test the equipment that redistributes the temperature among five equally constructed tanks. The first setup is (5 tanks @ 50 C). Their second setup is (3 tanks @ 50 C, 1 tank 20 C,1 tank 80 C). The third setup is (1 tank @ 50 C, 2 tanks @ 15 C, 2 tanks 85 C). The heat stored in the tank farm remains the same. Energy is not gained or lost. There is little tendency towards disorder for any number of changes in the heat content of the individual tanks for a constant tank farm heat content.
Aloha
Also, the absolute entropy of a closed system never actually changes. So, the entropy of parts of the universe change and entropy flows from place to place, but as a whole it doesn't change for the universe. If I were to put my $ on the existence of something fundamental, time would lose out and entropy would win. Time isn't money, entropy is. We all suffer a strange observational bias probably due to the limitations of our hardware that time is somehow fundamental. If we were made of more exotic states of matter and still capable of complex thinking about this stuff I suspect those biases would disappear and we'd understand why entropy is the real fundamental property of existence.
Agreed. This is why I separate Entropy Time and Clock Time. I strongly feel it's 1 of the 2 most fundamental concepts. Entropy and Energy.
Entropy can be described as slowing of vibrations of an object making it change forms. Energy is the highest form of matter. All matter is slower by a factor of c2. So before the beginning of Clock Time, there was only Potential Energy and Entropy due to conservation. Potential energy will keep increasing but Entropy keeps increasing until the earliest form of energy slows down enough through Entropy to form a photon. This is when all of the stored Potential Energy changes into Kinetic energy and boom. A singularity of energy just started the universe. But what do I know? 😂
where you say closed i think you mean isolated (closed means something different in thermodynamics) but the entropy of an isolated system can increase
@froggarana entropy cannot flow from a completely isolated system unless there's another system to which it might flow. Case in point assuming that the universe is expanding faster than light surrounded by an event horizon that's essentially a 2 d surface of quantized spatial Planck units... That entropy as an absolute will never increase (unless some shady women pull up, stick a needle in my neck full of tranquilizer, throw me in their UFO trunk and bring me to a new universe... guaranteed delta S will be instantly positive there)...
to use the word ''' increase decrease''' is not proper when referring to entropy... ''' entropy slows- down () entropy speeds-up''' is a more accurate description of entropy scattering in the space area...
It is simple...
To make a system ordered, you MUST lower its heat content.
The problem for Mach is that our human senses are very limited to experiencing a narrow range of our universe.
ai voices are getting rlly impressive, granted im just playing this in the backjground as i code but it took me like 90% of the video before i realized
2nd law of thermodynamics doesn't explain well about elementary particles:
1. von Neumann entropy of an elementary particle does NOT increase at all because it cannot "degenerate" due to the fact that it is ELEMENTARY.
2. In quantum entanglement with pure state, von Neumann entropy of two particles DECREASES. The von Neumann entropy is 0 for a pure state, altough both of entangled particles have positive von Neumann entropy.
Given the abovementioned fact, you just cannot say that 2nd law of thermodynamics is a universal law of physics. Instead, it is ONLY the law of structural destruction, but NOT a law of construction. The structural constructions, such as quantum entanglement, have nothing to do with 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Being alive is basically slowing down entropy the best you can😂 do
these screeching sounds turn a 10/10 into a 6/10
Why ask why?
"EntropyRulesAll" was the name of a real smart ace on Twitter years ago. DON'T DROP THE SOAP OFF YOU'RE STILL PHYSICAL.
⚡️💥🐍💥⚡️
2:25pm Sunday, Nov 10, 2024
The fundamental laws of physics apply to discrete objects, simple systems, but the behavior of complex systems can be emergent, acting at a higher-than-fundamental levels, to which the fundamental laws are irrelevant.
It's called the renormalizability of *ALL* physical theories on an energy-scale hierarchy. Everything is indeed physical but there are different levels of energies involved. Atomic nuclear changes tend to be on the level of mega-electron-volts but chemical and biological changes of atomic and molecular species tend to be on the level of near-one electron volts.
S=KlogW entropy why we can't remember the future. The only idea in physics that defines the arrow of time
Entropy DOES NOT define arrow of time. For more details, you may read books on entropy by Prof Arieh Ben-Naim, especially the ones:"Entropy Demystified" and "Entropy, The Truth the only Truth and Nothing but the Truth"
@krishnadaskr4656 I'll stick with Brian Cox
@@krishnadaskr4656 Thanks for those book recommendations; just found both of them online.
@@paxwallace8324 Hi, it's not a question of one wishing to stick with someone's theory or idea, simply because entropy is a very well-defined quantity and there's absolutely NO room for any philosophical connection, NO room for taking stand for anybody's 'opinion' Or school of thought.. It's clearly defined ONLY using SMI concept.. One will understand this only if they read books by Prof Arieh Ben Naim. Again, I am not here to preach on his ideas, but simply informing, those who are interested, that entropy is REALLY a simple idea which one can understand once read those books
@krishnadaskr4656 why the 2nd law of thermal dynamics stipulates that one can only remember the past but not the future is perfectly reasonable. Entropy can only increase shit can only run down so we inexorably march into the future. Now if you're a Buddhist/Hindu physicist or just Eckhart Tolle one might argue that the universe is evolving towards consciousness which is an anti-entropic vector I guess.
Expansion and Contraction in order to Maintain Equilibrium 😢🎉 speeding up and slowing down
13:30 - Basic probability of two choices 2D and then the complexity therein arises?
Chemists believed in atoms well before Physicists. Mendeleev arranged them into a systematic chart, the 'periodic table', in 1869. Emil Fischer knew the structures of caffeine, xanthine, and theobromine molecules in 1882, placing their constituent atoms into their correct positions. All you need is to identify chemical elements as atoms. It is as if the truth was said in a foreign language, and Boltzmann could not translate it.
Since matter (atoms) is energy, then both Boltzmann and the "energeticists' were correct.
These curious minds asking about why it goes one wat, and not the other - should ask, "if i perceive it moving one way, then, can i conclude that this *one way* is not also the other simultaneously", but then what does it look like to be two different ways, for if i conclude that something does move, he might then say it has another way in which it couldve moved. Thats all to say that, the question is a product of science, foundational to a system that has treated time as something more than it is, and has too treated its events, holding them up as if theyll slide back down. Though the mind is not without its own ways of sliding around, whether two, four, six, etc. So many different ways then, could entropic properties be moving -> this way -> < - that way
I'm no physicist, but it seems to me that the Universe is not biased one way or the other when it comes to order. The universe has black holes all over. Isn't gravitation a form of enforced order?
1:20 Four giants. But I'm glad to know that Maxwell was on his side. Most physicists understand Einstein's mathematics, few understand Maxwell's.
very surprising, scientist took his own life because his counterpart was not agreed with his theoretical concept. This is proved how Boltzmann was deeply involved himself in Physical concepts...very sad
entropy does not increase decrease in matter, it increases- decreases in speed or movement... 'speeds or slows '''
The reason why he commited suicide still unclear you'd better not take it for granted.
High entropy hard drives are the best! If I could use black holes for data storage I would choose nothing else.
You can always tell the pioneers - they're the ones with arrows in their backs...
The sound effects are annoying.
What you mean by that time people dont believe in atoms ????
‘k’ was a constant discovered by Planck (who also discovered ‘h’). If temperature is redefined as internal (average) kinetic energy of molecules, then ‘k’ becomes dimensionless, and can even set to 1 with the right choice of the unit of temperature. Then entropy S becomes dimensionless as well, as it is only a measure of randomness (chaos, versus order) of a big collection of particles, which is only mathematical.
Entropy links the chaos to it´s rules.
(If I understand that right)
Negative entropy is the Hawking radiation of the super-blackhole from beyond the void of creation…
Boltzman ❤
Türkçe altyazı?
Great video, thank you very much , note to self(nts) watched …… 20:14
It is perfectly true that you cannot compel others to accept your personal conviction as universal truth without substantiation by incremental logic, ie Math-Physics Newtonian style temporal superposition identification of probabilistic correlations in Polar-Cartesian self-defining infinitesimal differentiates integrated metastability here-now-forever, Calculus, mental math-music reciprocation-recirculation theory that confirms WYSIWYG Numerical harmonic resonance Observation.
(Don't despair if you don't get it in the flash-fractal elemental self-defining logic all-ways all-at-once sync-duration holography dimensionality you think you see)
For the most accurate and correct definition or understanding of entropy, one should read the books of Prof. Arieh Ben-Naim, a professor of Physical Chemistry retired from Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The books, "Entropy Demystified" and "Entropy: The Truth, the only Truth, Nothing but the Truth" are especially written with crystal-clear clarity and scientific rigor. After reading these books, if anyone asks you 'what is entropy?', one can say, "Entropy of a Thermodynamic system is the Shannon's Measure of Information, or SMI, when applied to a system at thermodynamic equilibrium". This is the most accurate definition that captures all the characteristics of entropy. No other descriptors such as chaos, disorder, energy spread, etc CANNOT accout for the characteristics of entropy, as the SMI descriptor does. After reading these books, one will understand that theres is no enigma or mystery regarding entropy.
I'll check them out if there's something online, but I really don't like Shannon's legacy as it elevated 'Information Conservation' to the level of 'Energy Conservation', and I firmly believe Black Holes break information conservation, but not energy conservation.. I also have a problem with maths and physical reality contradictions. Time-reversibility is obviously needed mathematically for doing calculations, but in reality Time only allows one fundamental 'operator' , +, not the + AND - that Space allows... Obviously 3D space and 1D time make sense in Cartesian geometry, but if spatial dimensions are 2 way and Time is only 1 way can we not say Time is 1/2 a dimension!?... It seems a reasonable way to encapsulate this property 3 space + 0.5 time Dimensions...
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To me, Entropy Law is less important than a Law of Simplicity/Complexity, to coin a phrase... COMPLEXITY: Closed system complexity reduces over time. Uniformly (dis)ordered (hot)/cold matter is simplest... with a complexity factor being the same at high and low temperatures. A load of the same atoms in a cold volume will tend to form a uniformly ordered solid or a uniformly disordered gas at high temperature. Same complexity value at each extreme. We can predict what each will form equally at each temperature using just temperature (and basic chemistry / QM). A hot gaseous volume complexity is quantified mainly by motion, while a cold solid's complexity is quantified mainly by structure...?!
@@PrivateSiI’m thinking a cold solid’s complexity could only be assessed at T = absolute zero, but QM effects are probably still extant. Not sure. Dr Feynman??
@@PrivateSi But it is only a "belief" that Time is restricted to being one way. It is even possible that time is a 4th spatial dimension. And that would change the whole way we think about the universe.
@@triplec8375 .. It's the most well evidence fact in physics... Just because Relative Time has synchronisation issues at the quantum level doesn't alter this FACT... Same for incomplete relativity equations not accounting for this in its equations that have no lower or upper bounds, creating unwanted, erroneous infinities. You're in denial, like all math sci-woo types!... Laws of entropy are one way as time is one way. If you can prove otherwise via non quantum maths-woo experimentation with your time travel machine then go and get your noble prize... But be warned, the Time Lords will kill you faster than you can Quantum Leap!... Sci-fi brain in a jar!... I bet you believe we live in a Simulation too!?!?.. I'm the opposite of those types, with GOOD REASON and EVIDENCE!
@@triplec8375 .. Looks like they're censoring me. It's backed up by REALITY, and evidence, and The Entropy Law!.. GR is incomplete, with no limits at the quantum or universal scales, so theoretical nonsense like 'white holes' are possible, and time is two way. Relativistic temporal anomalies at tiny space and time scales are just down to relativity. EVIDENCE.. EVIDENCE. EVIDENCE!
Switzerland also once gave the lowest points to Albert Einstein
Ramanujan showed the world the one essential thing about maths. That is is as endless as the universe. with such a possibility it therefore shows all of us why we have had endless arguments based on researching minds with varying levels of maths. and also why einstein the smart cookie of his time created his world famous equation to stop it from getting overboard. it had lasted many decades and is riding on our backs once again.
Can we say mathematics was developed to model the Universe? And, if our model is wrong our mathematics is wrong? A fundamental device of mathematics is the "equation". It is the equation that is symmetrical (reversible). But, we can see the arrow of time. Therefore our language (mathematics) is flawed? Perhaps, we need something other than the equation to model the Universe? If I recall correctly, chemistry has a symbol that indicates an irreversible process.
Einstein published his theory on brownian motion in 1905 which also was basically the same things, existence of particles. I don't believe someone that smart would give up like that. It must have been some mental issues out of his control.
If Entropy always goes from a high to low state, then where or how did the initial high state come into existence?
If we can quantify the current state of the entropy of the universe and the rate of change of universal entropy, then should we be able to work out the starting state and time at the beginning of the entropic state of the universe ?
I’m still really confused about what phone is the score of the universe I know that’s where all the planets are in and stars but they treat the universe like it was separate from beyond the universe because they’re not sure if our universe goes on forever which I think it does mean without having a brain you can figure this one out so if you go to the edge of the universe unless the universe has the ending somewhere good all common sense tells you they have to be something even if it’s completely empty I think what we call the universe goes on forever that’s another conundrum what exactly is forever I hope I’m not confusing you other words time in the universe is far back as it is for it that’s a very strange concept I can’t wrap my mind around it too much but I gave it 60 years of thinking and studying science thank you for listening to me ramble on
I was trying to say time in the university and the word forever is as far back as it is for it no beginning no end but it exist I’m sure you’re really confused but now I know I am
Loschmidt, not "Lohschmidt"
17:25 planck
The AI images kinda ruin the video :/
Thank you for the comment. We will try reducing AI Images. It is kind of distracting.
All is true and entrapy is king till we get a rebang and entrapy re-starts
Check your facts, wrong equation on Boltzmann's tombstone. Cathy Loves Physics has a good video on it. Also, the idea most people were against atoms/particles is an absolutely absurd inversion of history.
You are wrong. The equation in Boltzmann's tomb was first written by Boltzmann himself, albeit in a different form. Also, nobody is saying everyone was against atoms. We have a whole section in video dedicated to allies and rivals of Boltzmann's atomic ideas
It is like saying Maxwell's equations should be called Heaviside equations because Maxwell never presented in that form .. Maxwell's equations can be written in more than 10 different equivalent forms, just like Boltzmann's entropy formula.
@quantverse1294 Absolutely. The 4 equations taught _should_ be called the Gibbs-Heaviside equations and correctly recognised as being an extremely shallow rip-off of Maxwell's actual theory which included all degrees of freedom you find in field theories up until and including SU(3) ... U(1) and U(1)×SU(2) fields also already covered by Maxwell's actual equations; which were 10 (reducible to 7) quaternion equations.
The reasons Gibbs-Heaviside "won" is because people could not break free of the chains of the Cartesian method by which they'd sadly learned geometry.
The idea that Gibbs-Heaviside simplified Maxwell's theory and retained all its essentials is an absolutely completely insane mathamatical impossibly. And yet, for reasons which have more to do with geopolitics than anything else, we are all still taught it happened to this day. Despite the fact literally any topologist will tell you it's completely fundamentally impossible.
*Sean Carol is WRONG and misleads everyone including the narrator!*
His claim that Boltzmann's macrostates of the system are Pressure, Volume, Temperature and Number of particles being macroscopic properties is *wrong!* It is also incorrect to call entropy the log of a probability. It's not because W is not a probability but it is the numerator of a probability.
It was Claude Shannon's H theorem that counts the capacity of a signal in BITs that is the log of a probability and which Shannon called 'uncertainty' a much more correct term. Entropy is not a measure of information or the lack of information and has nothing to do with either information or energy!
W is the number of microstates in a CHOSEN macrostate (by an observer) so is totally SUBJECTIVE! And that is what they are trying to avoid by defining the macrostate in such a way it collapses the Boltzmann equation to classical thermodynamics which only applies at equilibrium and allows an objective measure.
Even classical Entropy change ds = Int (dQ/T) has units Energy / Temp = E/T but
Temperature is the average energy per molecule T = E/N
Therefore Entropy ds = E/E/N = N *it has NO UNITS!*
Disorder = [0 < W/Wtot < 1] the probability of the system being in a macrostate with W microstates not the total number of microstates as incorrectly put in many places.
Of course the real problem with what Boltzmann discovered was that entropy as a measure of disorder predicts a creation because order must increase into the past but must stop at a maximum so the you have God to deal with and they must avoid that at all costs even telling lies to everyone.
Thermodynamic entropy is "The Shannon's Measure of Information, SMI, when applied to a system at Thermodynamic Equilibrium". If you want to understand and convince yourself, read the books " Entropy Demystified " and "Entropy: The Truth, the Only Truth and Nothing but the Truth", written by Prof Arieh Ben Naim, University of Jerusalem. If you read these and understand, you will realize that not only Sean Carrol, almost anyone who spoke about entropy, including Feynman and Roger Penrose were wrong!
@@krishnadaskr4656 I have read them all been there and done that..
Only classical thermodynamics must assume the system is in equilibrium which removes any way of measuring the entropy of any improbable state like a statue or book or even just a glass.
This is the reason there is no proper definition of macrostate. If you only have equilibrium thermodynamics you cannot define the macrostate of any improbable (ordered) arrangement like a statue. But all such states are lower in entropy than equilibrium.
@@mikebellamy Lots and lots of meaningless jargon in what you have written. Can you explain (to anyone) what do you mean by "improbable (ordered) arrangement such as a statue... "?! Anyway, there's no problem in estimating entropy of statue, glass, or whatever, provided if we know it's composition in detail, and parameters such as T, P and size (volume, for example) of the system.. If we knew only equilibrium or classical theodynamics, one CAN define a macrostate of some system like a statue! We just need to know the details that i mentioned before. To me, a statue, or a glass, or a book, etc can be best described or identified as a system at thermodynamic equilibrium which will have a macrostate that has been characterized by well defined parametees that i mentioned above. In contrast, a glass of water kept open can be identified as a system not in equilibrium and in that case we can't define or estimate entropy. I think you need to read the books, that I mentioned, taking mxuh more time, care and focus to clearly what is a jargon and what is a crystal-clear writing of science
Did they bring Cedric Villani from the past ??😅
Whait, what?! Wasn't it 1905 when Einstein published paper proving existance of atom!?
The man who discovered that all shit in this side of the universe flows downhill.
Time is the tangential line at a curve in any curved space-time made by big objects.
Answer to What is Spin? Physical measurement, Math-Phys-Chem and Geometry, categorical labelling of e-Pi-i omnidirectional-dimensional flash-fractal cause-effect of time-timing. I-inflation => "big bang Conformal Field Condensation Correspondence = holography.
22.12 Boltzmann brain. That was not Boltzmann
.. Quantum Information and Quantum Entanglement are Fundamental.
Entropy increases,
Time is only going one way, forward.
Hope he can look down from the other side, and see this video.