Excellent video. But my friend made a small error. Let me clarify this for all the nerds (like me) out there. Disclaimer. This is only a small technical detail and doesn't affect or, in anyway, change the brilliant over all idea/outcome of the episode. At around @4:20, she says, a wire wrapped around the magnet produces a current. And the direction of the current depends upon the direction of which pole points up. Actually, its just the other way around. The magnet doesn't produce a current, but instead the current produces a virtual magnet (so the magnet you are seeing, is not real, it's virtual. The coiled wire with current itself behaves just like a magnet). So the alien doesn't have to wrap a wire around the magnet, instead take a wire and pass current through it. Then do the experiment and determine which pole of the 'virtual magnet' is facing up, and bam, he/she/it will be able to understand right and left.
There's no need to overcomplicate it, she just forgot to mention that you need to move the magnet. If you replace "the north pole pointing up" with "the north pole moving up" the current would be induced exactly as described in the animation, though in the video the electrons are shown moving in the same way as the current instead of the opposite way, as they're suppose to. Though if you analyze it even more closely she says: "if you take a magnet and wrap a wire around it, the magnetic field will produce a current through the wire". Technically the action of wrapping a wire around a magnet would change the magnetic flux and thus induce a current, so maybe she just set a trap for the overanalyzers and now she's just laughing at us for thinking there's something to correct ;D Please don't ask me if the described current complies with the way the wire is wrapped in the animation because my brain begins to hurt when I start thinking about it. x_x
What we can do is first test the magnet for North and South pole, once we have have that figured out then we can move the magnet through the coil of wire as shown. The change in emf will produce current in the different directions which depend upon the way the magnet is facing when moved through the coil.
Hey guys! In case you were wondering where I've been, I spent some time investing in better equipment/software so I could make better videos for you guys. Hopefully you noticed some improvement! Anyway, I'll be making videos much more regularly from now on. I'm going to be doing a few videos on relativity so suggestions are very welcome. Thanks for watching :)
YES!!!! Finally we're going to have relativity. Btw I recently took an online course in SR taught by Brian Greene and it was pretty awesome. And while it answered many questions, it raised many more as well. Can't wait for more videos.
+Up and Atom Nope. Completely free. I can't believe I didn't know about it earlier. It' been around since 2014. Now if only there were a similar course for GR. I watched Suskind's lectures on GR from Stanford but they were kinda boring tbh. I fell asleep through half of them.
Thank you for the video, it is nice to hear a simple explanation of parity! One thing I would like to note is that the Madame Wu experiment you mentioned proved violation of parity, because the electrons prefer a direction relativ to the total spin, but not a charge-parity violation! When charge is inverted too, the system stays invariant and does not violate the symmetry. The CP violation has so far only been found in Kaon systems.
Well you expected him to know where Melbourne and Adelaide are and he doesn't even seem to be in the same galaxy, so a bit of impatience is understandable. :p
Glad to see you back! It's interesting to think of those things that wouldn't change or would be different all together in those cases. It makes me wonder what things are like outside the observable universe.
This is an AMAZING video. I'm a graduate student in physics and its amazing to see such a talented science communicator especially a woman! Great to see representation and get to learn along the way. Thanks for helping with my time symmetry violation research!
I was just looking for a youtube video to learn more about parity, and stumbled over this video by Jade. I've never seen her on youtuve before, but I was impressed. She's easy on the eyes, seems educated in physics, and explains things beautifully. I'd rate her charisma up there with that of Neil DeGresse. Needless to say, I think she's in the right profession.
I clicked on this video being very certain you would talk about antimatter. Not one mention of antimatter. Instead I learn a new way of looking at reality. Awesome. :)
haha after reading this comment I thought maybe I should change my focus to something along those lines: Physics to make you rethink reality. What do you think?
Jade .. you said you'll be more regular .. Pleaaaaaase make on A2 experiments ... like you did on photoelctricity and double slit because you explain so well .. you are a true genius . Love you xxx
The magnetic north of the earth does not depend on its spin. In fact, the magnetic north and south have swapped in the past, while its spin has not reversed.
7:43, in a mirror universe, north pole would be made of electrons spinning to the left, so it would be facing upwards, and cobalts' electrons should be bubbling up (?). This would match Madame Wu's experiment, as someone outlined in the comments
This reminds me of 'S' and 'Z' twist in spun strands of thread as their 'grain' or plies (if they have multiple plies) always make either an 'S' or 'Z' when held vertical, no matter which end is held up an S is always an S and a Z is always a Z. When the right hand is stationary and the left hand rolls the fibers downward against the body, to introduce twist, a 'Z' twist is formed that will always look like a 'Z' when viewed in a vertical position, or an 'N' when viewed in the horizontal position. The opposite operation, hand-wise, produces the 'S' twist, or a horizontally reflected 'N' if viewed horizontally. No matter how they are rotated, an 'S' can never become a 'Z' without re-twisting the fibers the other way. Perhaps one could use this fact to communicate left and right to aliens if we can already communicate in two reconcilable dimensions, such as 'up/down' and 'forward/backward'. After they perform the twist operation, with one hand or the other rolling the fibers downward, then the alien hands the resulting rope, of sorts, to their buddy without letting it untwist, then they stand to the same side of their buddy as the hand that they used to roll/twist (to maintain a chain of orientation, of sorts) as the buddy orients the rope horizontally out in front of them from an imaginary origin (like coming out from the bellybutton of a human similar to an umbilical chord) and use the 'N'/flipped-'N' regime to see if the plies follow the 'S'(flipped-N), up and to the rear (in the horizontal regime) of their buddy, and that they used their left hand in the operation, or 'Z'('N'), up and to the front, of their buddy and deduce that it was their right hand that performed the rolling operation. Perhaps there are holes in this logic- I would bet that there likely are but let me know what you think!
You’re saying that the electric current shall flow towards right if we’re observing the N pole upwards, but doesn’t that depend on the winding(clockwise or anti-clockwise). In this video the winding is clockwise when seen from top. And also in the animation electrons shown flowing in the same direction as the current.
Before we flip them, remember Sir Isaac Newton did reflect them. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Since direction reverses, you get left to right lateral inversion. Applies to 2-D field charge electron, positron and their neutral state, graviton. Neutrons have 3-D function, nu standing for high frequency and tron is its character.
I recall watching a sixty symbols video saying that electrons are mostly left-handed, I think. That seems like a fundamental distinction between left and right.
More specifically, when a neutron decays into a proton by swapping a down quark with an up quark, the intermediate weak force carrier W- boson can only export that negative charge unto a left-handed electron. Keeping things simple, we use complex numbers to describe these as rotations and we know that a corkscrew can be made such that it rotates to the right or left as we look down along it's length.
Katie Katie What do you mean? Are you referring to the statement about W- Boson decay, under the condition of the positron being mostly left-handed? I would assume they are racemic 50/50 L/R virtual creations from the vacuum.
Great video! I did some detailed reading about Wu's experiment on the web, but only after watching this episode did I understand the real significance of her experiment. It gives at least one way to define an absolute left or right anywhere in our universe. But I'm still puzzled by what causes the electrons to be emitted opposite the direction of spin regardless of the spin's direction. The magnetic moment of the nucleus must somehow be affecting the electrons when they are created
Umm in the parallel universe, if the electrons' "spin" changed direction, this would affect the magnetism of cobalt too. So, shouldn't they now be attracted towards the north pole, and still fly up?
Great video~~ love all your work. But… a mirror doesn’t switch left and right (if it did, why doesn’t it also flip up and down if you turn your head). Actually, it switches front and back.
Grate video, next time, can you do a video on different dimensions like 2,4,5D etc ? I know there are lots of them on RUclips, but it's pretty hard for me to grasp ( since I'm not a Physics student ). And your animations are pretty simple to understand. Not forcing you, just do whenever you feel to. Thanks
I love that idea! Dimensions are super interesting, even if they are EXTREMELY difficult to grasp haha. I've started doing my videos in series because it's very difficult for me to switch around topics in my head and also learn all new stuff between each video. So I think I'll do a dimension series in the future for sure :) Thanks for the suggestion!
Great video! I have a question though - how do we know that life could have just as easily been right-handed, if we only have our own left-handed life as a sample? Is there evidence that right-handed life could just as easily developed? How do we know that there isn't actually something intrinsic to left-handed molecules that makes them better suited to life? Liked and subscribed :)
I think another interesting question would be: If we made an exact copy of our universe, would the two evolve in the same way? - How would life play into this? (free will should eventually lead to different decisions being made) - Is life the only thing that can cause a difference in the two universes?
Great topic, with Feynman nonetheless, kudos to you! What if there were a radial symmetry? That would respect the spin of the particle. WHAT if the black holes are the focal point of many radial symmetries!? Greetings from GB.
One additional fly in the proverbial ointment at 5:20 is that even though Earth's rotation does not change direction, Earth experiences pole reversal of our magnetic poles every 200,000-300,000 years in modern times. As such, poor Simon really does need to work with a virtual magnet by passing current through a coil.
Perhaps early in the universe during inflation the broken symmetry DID produce a positron, but it when through a phase transition and converted back into an energy field INSIDE of spacetime causing what we call dark matter. Like Hawking Radiation once energy converted to electrons and positrons the matched pairs instead of inhalating, the positron somehow was transferred into spacetime causing it to hit its elasticity yield point. So the electrons went on to make matter and the positrons went on to make potential energy in the form of an "empty" gravitation field-dark matter...
This is a really good video, but for the left- and right- handed molecules, there was one thing that isn't exactly right. Different enantiomers of a substance (like Alanine) have different chemical properties. One example is that Thalidomide was used as a morning sickness pill for pregnant women, but both enantiomers of the substance were present in the medicine. One enantiomer causes birth defects (it's a teratogen), while the other has the desirable effects of being a sedative and alleviating the symptoms of morning sickness. So I don't think it's quite accurate to say that the right-handed form of an amino acid (like Alanine) would necessarily have the same chemical properties as it's left handed counterpart (enantiomer). Anyway, the rest of the video was super informative and entertaining!
The difference between L and R forms of a chiral molecule comes from their interactions with other chiral molecules - if you had a racemic mixture of all organic molecules that interacted with Thalidomide in the body, it would react the same way to either enantiomer. If you had two, otherwise identical, people, where you replaced every chiral molecule in one body with its enantiomer to get the other, then the effects of the two forms of Thalidomide would be reversed for the two people.
It seems Madam Wu assumed both left and righthanded solenoids carried an electron current because Feynman and Wheeler decided the positron was an electron going backward in time so there couldn't be a positive current of positrons in the righthanded solenoid. But the right hand rule finding the direction of the B field doesn't work for an electron current from negative to positive. So there needs to be a positive current. Feynman and Wheeler had to be wrong. And Amperes left hand rule works for an electron current in the lefthanded solenoid. The two setups are mirror-like if the two opposite currents are assumed to be mirror-like. Then the only asymmetry is the two hemispheres of the Cobalt atom. Beta emission is always from the same pole.
If a proton is moving away from you the magnetic field becomes clockwise around the direction it is moving. Once you you have the concept of clockwise the top of the "clock" points right and the bottom points left. That would seem to establish a left and right.
What about the right hand rule? A spinning wheel will experience a force perpendicular to the plane of rotation and always in the direction given by the cross product of the velocity vectors tangent to the circle of rotation. This should brake the mirror image if I'm not mistaken. Great videos by the way.
Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. ------------------------ String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. The model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. .
Thanks for the video. Ms. Jade mentions that if the alien could find out which side of the magnet is north or south then he could determine right and left. Can you tell the alien to hold a magnet in front of him with the poles facing to the sides. The field lines between him and the magnet would face south, either to the right or left. He can then shoot a proton toward the magnet and by Lorentz law he would see a force on the proton push it down if the south end is on the right and would push it upwards if the south end was on the left. Someone please tell me what I'm missing, it's bugging me.
Hello, how do we know we do not have by pure luck only "left-handed cobalt"? For life by example we only have left-handed molecules (as you said by random spontaneous symmetry breaking) and we cannot be sure our alien friend is left-handed life as well. But for cobalt why cant it be the same logic and limitation? we could by pure luck having only left-handed cobalt without possibility to ensure cobalt on our alien friend planet is not right-handed.
You would reflect the property of the cobalt atom that makes it go south, thus it actually would work the same in the reflection. Reflecting up and down has the effect as reflecting left and right, also - just with a rotation. If there really is a physical difference then it could be due to a single reflection (and difference in higher dimensions?) rather than a double reflection (which is what you see in the actual mirror and would be the same as the normal universe). Perhaps it depends on perspective too:- If you label your hands "b" (left) and "q" (right), the mirror images say "p" (left) and "d" (right). One reflection is that left and right are flipped, and the other is that the letters are flipped, so it's a double reflection. If it was a single reflection, the official left hand would say "d" and the official right hand would say "p". If you flex your left hand in the mirror, your reflection's right hand flexes, but if you say that is actually your official left hand, then it's a single reflection. In the same way, holding a magnet horizontally, the cobalt atoms go to the left if that's the south pole. You could say that on the reflection the cobalt atoms go to the right, therefore the right is the "official south pole" (single reflection) or you could say that the reflected south pole is the north pole because it points towards the right in the reflection, therefore cobalt atoms will appear to move to the north instead. I'm sure this will all be cleared up eventually.
How about a video about the Uncertainty Principle (i.e. Schrodinger's cat story) ?? How about the concept of Red Shift in the spectroscopy? Einstein's Twin paradox story? Just a few ideas.
Thought I might just add some food for thought, let’s say there is NO Left, Right, Up or Down. Just TIME, this could mean infinite realities, possibilities (reflections). Therefore meaning both an exact reflection and infinite different reflections are possible.
So far, I love your programs, however, we have confusion and dissention in the ranks. In the end (7:36 ish) you mentioned that direction of rotation determines N and S magnetic alignment. Geologically, the Earth's magnetic poles have flipped hundreds of times (see Paleomagnetism). Instantaneous question, "Does that mean the Earth changes directions every time?" Please discuss.
If Simon lives on an anti-matter world, then his electrons are positrons with the opposite charge and would move toward the opposite pole of the magnet. Just saying.
Quick biology question! Why wouldn't/didn't live evolve to break down both left and right handed amino acids if they were both abundant at the beginning of life's emergence? What caused left and right handed amino acids to compete to the point of natural right-handed extinction?
Wouldn't this be a P(arity)-Violation instead of a CP-Violation? This only demonstrates the violation of the Parity Symmetry while Charge Symmetry seems completely untouched. Am I missing something?
Isn't there a particle that when it spins left, it spins left in a mirror. And when it spins right, it would spin right in a mirror? I think it has to do with the weak force particles or maybe it's a zero neutrino, I'm not sure. But if you have any info on it, you should do a video!
You stated that the North and South poles of Earth depend on which direction it is spinning. However, I think Earth has been spinning the same way for billions of years, and yet we have found clear evidence that the North and South poles have switched places many times throughout Earth's history. I agree that the spin helps cause the magnetic field, but I'm not sure instantly changing the direction of the spin would switch the poles, since there are complex convection currents in the mantle involved and we have seen the poles flip many times in history. Do you have any other insight into this? I just want to understand how Earth's spin affects the magnetic poles. Any explanation would be much appreciated! Thank you!
But.. If we take our mirror universe, wouldn't the electrons in cobalt atoms have inversed spin ? So they would go in the direction "away from the north pole", which would be the same as "away from the south pole" in the not mirror universe. Am i wrong somewhere ?
Hey, great question! So if you take a look at 7.50, you'll notice that the cobalt atoms' magnetic fields are also reversed. But they still go away from the South Pole, because it is an inherent property of the South Pole that this should happen. It's not necessarily because of the electromagnetic interaction between the magnet and cobalt atoms, although (as far as I know) physicists still aren't sure why it does happen. Does that help?
Ok thanks for the answer :) but i'm still on my position x) You say physicists aren't sure what's happening, so it totally could be an effect that is reversed in a mirror universe. And knowing that everything we found in physics before had no fundamental chirality, we could argue that it will more probably be the case here too. Plus, this phenomenon, lost between electric field, magnetic field and movement, seems close to induction. Maybe the responsible property is the electron's spin, or the electron's way of moving on its orbitals, or such. And so the effect would be reversed in the mirror universe.
You said at around @4:20 that 'when a wire is wrapped around a magnet, it produces a current'. Would you mind clearing that up? Magnetic field doesn't produce a current, a changing magnetic field does. What am I missing?
hi! Good to hear from you! I'm pretty sure you're right, but when I was reading Feynman's lectures (where I got this idea which I have sourced) he didn't really mention it and just said "turn your current on", which made me think that you could plug in the wire to some kind of power source? I wasn't sure, to be honest, and didn't think it was super crucial to the point of the video.
I don't like to nit pick either :) , but I feel its crucial, because the crux of the video is based on having the ability to distinguish between the direction of the current. Could you point me to the Volume No, and the chapter No. to which you have sourced this? P.S. I see all of your videos :) And yes, I see you are spending a lot of your time on making the videos better. Just keep it up and be consistent (so basically exactly opposite to what I do lol) and you will do awesome :) :)
Hey sure it's in the description under sources. And I don't think it's crucial because the current would flow the same way regardless of how it is induced, as long as the magnet is pointing the right way. Thank you for watching all my videos I really appreciate it :) I worked really hard on this one so it means a lot that you noticed.
At ~06:40 you say that the majority of electrons will "fly in the direction away from the south pole". But on the RHS the electrons clearly fly TOWARDS the south pole initially. It would be better to use a phrase like "fly in the direction North to South".
As mentioned before: a current will only be generated when the magnet is moved within the coil. Also, how do we explain to Simon what we mean with 'direction of the current'. Do we mean our own traditional 'from plus to minus' or the way negatively charged electrons move, from minus to plus? And what does 'the temperature moves down' mean to Simon, he could live in a world where thermometers work the other way round. Some snags still, but nice video...
+Up and Atom There is an error that you made @7:46. In the example you gave of the cobalt atoms decaying near the bar magnet, you said that the reflection law was broken in the mirror universe because the electrons from the cobalt atoms move downwards instead of upwards, thus defining a “left hand”. This is wrong because if the cobalt atoms in the mirror universe diagram were below the magnet instead of above, the electrons would fly away from the magnet downwards instead of upwards, but because down is not defined, neither is left. This means that in your example, the mirror universe acts the same way as our universe. I believe you were trying to demonstrate the asymmetry in left and right handedness as demonstrated by Madame Wu’s experiment. The correct way to explain that experiment is that in BOTH cases, the electrons from the cobalt atoms would fly up. This is what actually happens in the experiment, which is why it was so groundbreaking. Keep doing what you are doing. I admire your passion for making complex physics concepts digestible for the layperson. Your videos are very educational, and I hope I am contributing to your goal by pointing out an error in your work. Keep up the amazing work!
I'm confused about the analogy to Earth's magnetic field. Isn't there talk about the North and South poles on Earth flipping (or having flipped in the past) despite the fact that its rotation has been in the same direction?
Great question I didn't even think of that! Ok so after some googling this is the answer I've come up with. The Earth's magnetic field is actually caused by more than its spin. What scientists think produces the Earth's magnetic field is the flow of molten substances at the Earth's inner core (iron, nickel etc.). Two forces are causing flow here, one is differences in temperature, pressure, and composition which causes convection currents as cooler denser fluid sinks and hotter less dense fluid rises. The other is the Earth's spin which causes something called the Coriolis Effect. The movement of fluids at the inner core (generated by the spin of the Earth) causes electric currents, which in turn causes the magnetic field. So there is actually a bit more to it that what I said (that the magnetic poles depend only on the spin of the Earth). It depends somewhat on the spin, but also on the inner working of fluids in the core. Thank you for pointing this out :)
Madam thank you so much. your video helped me to join threads of my Research. please tell me some more element or something those are only right handed or left handed. or breaks physics laws. 😊😊👌
if the universe is mirrored, wouldn’t the electron from the cobalt isotope go to the other direction (away from north)? i mean not just the spins of the electrons are reversed, but also the cobalt isotopes. maybe I am wrong… but I think there is an alternative solution which doesn’t require any fancy stuff (like weak decay and special cobalt isotopes). I mean it's enough to look at the Maxwell's equation (or to recall the right- and left-hand rules in electromagnetism) to see that a mirrored universe (with the same physical laws as ours) would have a different dynamics (this is shown by the asymmetric nature of Maxwell’s equations). by this we can be sure that there must be a way to explain the handedness (meaning of "left" and "right") to an alien solely with physical laws and terms (and using only electromagnetism). clearly we just need to use some electromagnetic laws and systems. for example: let’s have a solenoid coil which stands vertically. if the electric current goes upwards (which means that the electrons go downwards, due to the not-too-smart convention), the induced magnetic field also goes downwards. here I need to declare some facts: - the expressions of “up” and “down” can be derived from physical laws like gravitation, so we can use these expressions (not like the “left” or “right”, which is the core of this whole problem). - the notions about the direction of electric and magnetic fields are arbitrary (e.g.: in case of magnetism the magnetic field lines go from north to south, and these expressions are artificial), so we can’t use expressions like “magnetic field goes this or that direction”. in case of the electric current we can use the direction of the moving electrons to express the direction of the current. but in case of the induced magnetic field we need something more, since we can’t directly observe the magnetic field (it’s invisible) and its directionality. that’s why we need one more electron. inside the solenoid coil there is an approximately homogeneous magnetic field which points down according to our convention. but if we place a moving electron inside this solenoid coil, this electron will move in a circular path (orbit) due to the Lorentz’s force induced by the magnetic field. at this point we can tell our alien the followings: “if the electrons go downwards along the coil (i.e. according to our convention the current goes upwards), then you will see the electron to move in a circular path (orbit) inside the coil. then you just need to look at this orbit from above (here we again use the logic of the “up/down” expressions). since this image is circularly symmetric, you can look at it from any direction (but it’s important to look at it from above). this is a circular motion with a defined direction, let’s call this counter-clockwise (if the electrons went upwards, it would be clockwise). if you halve this image visually (through the center of this image), then the upper half represents a motion to the “left” and the lower half represents a motion to the “right” (if the electrons went upwards, these two would be inverted). that’s all.” so all in all we needed: one solenoid coil, electric current (moving electrons along the coil) and one single electron inside the coil. with this method we utilised the “up/down” expressions (derivable from gravitation) and two “right-hand rules” (one for Ampere’s law and one for Lorentz’s force). I think this way it’s a little bit simpler and “purer”.
Just a minor nit-pick: it's "Columbia University", not "University of Columbia". Columbia is located in New York City near the north end of Central Park.
Has that experiment been replicated in both hemispheres? The earth has a much larger magnetic field than any magnet we’ve made so I’m curious, if you went to earth’s poles, could you use the planet itself in place of the large magnet to replicate the results?
I have a question, in last you said that electron will go away from south pole, and in mirror universe south pole become north so electron will come towards the pole, but this analogy required at least 2 dimensions and in parity we not only change x to -x, but also invert other axis too, therefore y become -y, and simply we can see symmetry is conserve, the idea of mirror image is hold good for 1 dimension system. please correct me if I am wrong.
5:52 (Facepalms) Just tell him that the north pole of the magnet is red and the south pole of the magnet is gray/grey! If he doesn't know what colors are or sees them differently, just talk about the visible light spectrum! Just say: "If one side of the magnet has a light range of (Light range for red light) nanometers, then it's the north pole of the magnet."!
To better understand it, don't imagine facing directly at the mirror, but perpendicular at it. I also watched that Physics Girl's video, and mirrors get hard to understand if you overthink it.
I don't think it's that hard if you are familiar with 3d axis. What a mirror does is flipping one of the axis and keeping the two other still. If you arrange your thumb, index and middle finger where each is perpendicular to the two other, you can then see what a mirror does by doing the same with the other hand. After that, just imagine a little dude on one of your finger, and imagine his left and right. Seeing a mirror as being an object that first interacts with left and right is indeed a bad way to understand what it really does.
Did Feynman know the difference between a right and left handed helix? The righthanded helix circles clockwise going away from you and a lefthanded helix circles counterclockwise going away from you. The two helices are essentially different and not upside down of each other. I dont believe Feynman understood that a left and right handed double helix was different from the two righthanded double helix of Watson and Crick. Please I really want to know. Thanks.
You should make sure you mirror everything, also the spins inside the Cobalt and of the electrons that result from the decay. I'm not a physicistian, but something tells me this hasn't happened here.
I'd love to have a chance to propose this challenge to some physics students... but than, I am a linguist, so no. Haha (maybe... if we decide to discuss the arbitrarity of direction naming...)
Wait. But if Simon then comes to look at the magnet from this side (looking away from the camera), then what side is left? You have to tell him something more, right?
Hi! What if 7:42 prooves that there are no electrons ,,going around" in a magnet, thus our model of either magnets or electrons or both are wrong and over-simplificated?
would the decay be the same if the alien planet was made of antimatter? moreover, was the experiment on earth done on both northern and southern hemispheres, to exclude the fact that the preferred south pole for the leaving electrons is due to earth's magnetic field?
Excellent video. But my friend made a small error. Let me clarify this for all the nerds (like me) out there.
Disclaimer. This is only a small technical detail and doesn't affect or, in anyway, change the brilliant over all idea/outcome of the episode.
At around @4:20, she says, a wire wrapped around the magnet produces a current. And the direction of the current depends upon the direction of which pole points up. Actually, its just the other way around. The magnet doesn't produce a current, but instead the current produces a virtual magnet (so the magnet you are seeing, is not real, it's virtual. The coiled wire with current itself behaves just like a magnet). So the alien doesn't have to wrap a wire around the magnet, instead take a wire and pass current through it. Then do the experiment and determine which pole of the 'virtual magnet' is facing up, and bam, he/she/it will be able to understand right and left.
There's no need to overcomplicate it, she just forgot to mention that you need to move the magnet. If you replace "the north pole pointing up" with "the north pole moving up" the current would be induced exactly as described in the animation, though in the video the electrons are shown moving in the same way as the current instead of the opposite way, as they're suppose to.
Though if you analyze it even more closely she says: "if you take a magnet and wrap a wire around it, the magnetic field will produce a current through the wire". Technically the action of wrapping a wire around a magnet would change the magnetic flux and thus induce a current, so maybe she just set a trap for the overanalyzers and now she's just laughing at us for thinking there's something to correct ;D
Please don't ask me if the described current complies with the way the wire is wrapped in the animation because my brain begins to hurt when I start thinking about it. x_x
FloatHeadPhysics thought pretty much the same. It would have to be a northward/southward moving magnetic field to induce a current in the coil
What we can do is first test the magnet for North and South pole, once we have have that figured out then we can move the magnet through the coil of wire as shown. The change in emf will produce current in the different directions which depend upon the way the magnet is facing when moved through the coil.
I do agree.
Ayo Mahesh was here 7 years ago
Hey guys! In case you were wondering where I've been, I spent some time investing in better equipment/software so I could make better videos for you guys. Hopefully you noticed some improvement! Anyway, I'll be making videos much more regularly from now on. I'm going to be doing a few videos on relativity so suggestions are very welcome. Thanks for watching :)
YES!!!! Finally we're going to have relativity. Btw I recently took an online course in SR taught by Brian Greene and it was pretty awesome. And while it answered many questions, it raised many more as well. Can't wait for more videos.
Oh really taught by Brian Greene? That must have been great. I didn't know he did online courses. Was it paid?
+Up and Atom Nope. Completely free. I can't believe I didn't know about it earlier. It' been around since 2014. Now if only there were a similar course for GR. I watched Suskind's lectures on GR from Stanford but they were kinda boring tbh. I fell asleep through half of them.
+Feystein omg whaaaaat?! Can you send me the link?
+Feynstein just registered :)
Wow, I was just searching videos related to Veritasium's "This particle breaks time symmetry" and found your amazing channel. Great stuff.
Thank you! :)
Thank you for the video, it is nice to hear a simple explanation of parity!
One thing I would like to note is that the Madame Wu experiment you mentioned proved violation of parity, because the electrons prefer a direction relativ to the total spin, but not a charge-parity violation! When charge is inverted too, the system stays invariant and does not violate the symmetry. The CP violation has so far only been found in Kaon systems.
True, I also feel that the title of the video is misleading as we deal with parity violations throughout the video.
I love Simon! He looks a lot like my alien friend Milton. Maybe they know each other? :-D
Haha they should meet sometime! Simon is a bit of a jerk though if you hadn't noticed.
I did notice... so grumpy!
Well you expected him to know where Melbourne and Adelaide are and he doesn't even seem to be in the same galaxy, so a bit of impatience is understandable. :p
Glad to see you back! It's interesting to think of those things that wouldn't change or would be different all together in those cases. It makes me wonder what things are like outside the observable universe.
I know, I was very shocked by this. Before making this video, I genuinely thought left and right were completely man made. Shows how much I know...
This is an AMAZING video. I'm a graduate student in physics and its amazing to see such a talented science communicator especially a woman! Great to see representation and get to learn along the way. Thanks for helping with my time symmetry violation research!
Very nice video (apart from the magnet error part addressed in the pinned comments). And Simon is so cute (and patient)! Would love to see him again!
What I find amazing is Simon's ability to put up with our sh!t
You did an awesome job job explaining this in a very understandable way ... Thank you
you're quite smart in this universe ...
I was just looking for a youtube video to learn more about parity, and stumbled over this video by Jade. I've never seen her on youtuve before, but I was impressed. She's easy on the eyes, seems educated in physics, and explains things beautifully. I'd rate her charisma up there with that of Neil DeGresse. Needless to say, I think she's in the right profession.
I had difficulty understanding this when watching other videos, but your video clarified everything. Thank you!
I love the explanation of handedness in nature. Thanks for a great presentation! One new subscriber right here! :)
Thanks Ben!
So..A pathogen which was right handed couldn't infect one which is left handed...is that the gist of it?
This is by far one of my favorite videos lol
I clicked on this video being very certain you would talk about antimatter.
Not one mention of antimatter. Instead I learn a new way of looking at reality. Awesome. :)
haha after reading this comment I thought maybe I should change my focus to something along those lines: Physics to make you rethink reality. What do you think?
Well this is a rather new and original topic.
Thank you! I'm trying to find interesting physics topics that haven't been covered. Gotta search for a bit but comments like this make it worth it :)
Jade .. you said you'll be more regular ..
Pleaaaaaase make on A2 experiments ... like you did on photoelctricity and double slit because you explain so well .. you are a true genius .
Love you xxx
I'm sorry I'm trying my best! I'm working on a card riddle video at the moment, should be out soon! :)
Wow explained in a very easy and interesting way!!! And i do love the simom👽😍👍👍👍
It's going to take a while to get my head around this, awesome video Jade.
Thank you Jonathan! Means a lot coming from you :)
The magnetic north of the earth does not depend on its spin. In fact, the magnetic north and south have swapped in the past, while its spin has not reversed.
7:43, in a mirror universe, north pole would be made of electrons spinning to the left, so it would be facing upwards, and cobalts' electrons should be bubbling up (?). This would match Madame Wu's experiment, as someone outlined in the comments
This reminds me of 'S' and 'Z' twist in spun strands of thread as their 'grain' or plies (if they have multiple plies) always make either an 'S' or 'Z' when held vertical, no matter which end is held up an S is always an S and a Z is always a Z. When the right hand is stationary and the left hand rolls the fibers downward against the body, to introduce twist, a 'Z' twist is formed that will always look like a 'Z' when viewed in a vertical position, or an 'N' when viewed in the horizontal position. The opposite operation, hand-wise, produces the 'S' twist, or a horizontally reflected 'N' if viewed horizontally. No matter how they are rotated, an 'S' can never become a 'Z' without re-twisting the fibers the other way. Perhaps one could use this fact to communicate left and right to aliens if we can already communicate in two reconcilable dimensions, such as 'up/down' and 'forward/backward'. After they perform the twist operation, with one hand or the other rolling the fibers downward, then the alien hands the resulting rope, of sorts, to their buddy without letting it untwist, then they stand to the same side of their buddy as the hand that they used to roll/twist (to maintain a chain of orientation, of sorts) as the buddy orients the rope horizontally out in front of them from an imaginary origin (like coming out from the bellybutton of a human similar to an umbilical chord) and use the 'N'/flipped-'N' regime to see if the plies follow the 'S'(flipped-N), up and to the rear (in the horizontal regime) of their buddy, and that they used their left hand in the operation, or 'Z'('N'), up and to the front, of their buddy and deduce that it was their right hand that performed the rolling operation. Perhaps there are holes in this logic- I would bet that there likely are but let me know what you think!
Hi this is a magnificent video, super useful as an introduction to symmetries.
Thank you for the kind words :)
I loved the cartoon of evolution trying to talk to physics.
You’re saying that the electric current shall flow towards right if we’re observing the N pole upwards, but doesn’t that depend on the winding(clockwise or anti-clockwise). In this video the winding is clockwise when seen from top.
And also in the animation electrons shown flowing in the same direction as the current.
Before we flip them, remember Sir Isaac Newton did reflect them. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Since direction reverses, you get left to right lateral inversion. Applies to 2-D field charge electron, positron and their neutral state, graviton. Neutrons have 3-D function, nu standing for high frequency and tron is its character.
This topic was perfect it fits right in there with worm holes... Could you please do wormholes when you get the chance .. Thanks much appreciated.. 👍
I recall watching a sixty symbols video saying that electrons are mostly left-handed, I think. That seems like a fundamental distinction between left and right.
Yes it is a related phenomena :)
More specifically, when a neutron decays into a proton by swapping a down quark with an up quark, the intermediate weak force carrier W- boson can only export that negative charge unto a left-handed electron.
Keeping things simple, we use complex numbers to describe these as rotations and we know that a corkscrew can be made such that it rotates to the right or left as we look down along it's length.
Not if positrons are mostly right handed.
Katie Katie What do you mean? Are you referring to the statement about W- Boson decay, under the condition of the positron being mostly left-handed? I would assume they are racemic 50/50 L/R virtual creations from the vacuum.
Fascinating and fun presentation. Thanks.
Thanks Jerry :)
Great video! I did some detailed reading about Wu's experiment on the web, but only after watching this episode did I understand the real significance of her experiment. It gives at least one way to define an absolute left or right anywhere in our universe.
But I'm still puzzled by what causes the electrons to be emitted opposite the direction of spin regardless of the spin's direction. The magnetic moment of the nucleus must somehow be affecting the electrons when they are created
Thanks 🙏 this made it really easy to grok parity violation
Cool video! I watched until the end cause it was interesting and nicely researched. Merci beaucoup.
Umm in the parallel universe, if the electrons' "spin" changed direction, this would affect the magnetism of cobalt too. So, shouldn't they now be attracted towards the north pole, and still fly up?
This is the mirror version of Jade.
Great video~~ love all your work. But… a mirror doesn’t switch left and right (if it did, why doesn’t it also flip up and down if you turn your head). Actually, it switches front and back.
Fabulous explanation!
Grate video, next time, can you do a video on different dimensions like 2,4,5D etc ? I know there are lots of them on RUclips, but it's pretty hard for me to grasp ( since I'm not a Physics student ). And your animations are pretty simple to understand. Not forcing you, just do whenever you feel to. Thanks
I love that idea! Dimensions are super interesting, even if they are EXTREMELY difficult to grasp haha. I've started doing my videos in series because it's very difficult for me to switch around topics in my head and also learn all new stuff between each video. So I think I'll do a dimension series in the future for sure :) Thanks for the suggestion!
Great video! I have a question though - how do we know that life could have just as easily been right-handed, if we only have our own left-handed life as a sample? Is there evidence that right-handed life could just as easily developed? How do we know that there isn't actually something intrinsic to left-handed molecules that makes them better suited to life?
Liked and subscribed :)
I think another interesting question would be: If we made an exact copy of our universe, would the two evolve in the same way?
- How would life play into this? (free will should eventually lead to different decisions being made)
- Is life the only thing that can cause a difference in the two universes?
Great topic, with Feynman nonetheless, kudos to you!
What if there were a radial symmetry? That would respect the spin of the particle.
WHAT if the black holes are the focal point of many radial symmetries!?
Greetings from GB.
One additional fly in the proverbial ointment at 5:20 is that even though Earth's rotation does not change direction, Earth experiences pole reversal of our magnetic poles every 200,000-300,000 years in modern times. As such, poor Simon really does need to work with a virtual magnet by passing current through a coil.
The whole left-oriented alanine thing is fucking with my head....thank you!
Perhaps early in the universe during inflation the broken symmetry DID produce a positron, but it when through a phase transition and converted back into an energy field INSIDE of spacetime causing what we call dark matter. Like Hawking Radiation once energy converted to electrons and positrons the matched pairs instead of inhalating, the positron somehow was transferred into spacetime causing it to hit its elasticity yield point. So the electrons went on to make matter and the positrons went on to make potential energy in the form of an "empty" gravitation field-dark matter...
This is a really good video, but for the left- and right- handed molecules, there was one thing that isn't exactly right. Different enantiomers of a substance (like Alanine) have different chemical properties.
One example is that Thalidomide was used as a morning sickness pill for pregnant women, but both enantiomers of the substance were present in the medicine. One enantiomer causes birth defects (it's a teratogen), while the other has the desirable effects of being a sedative and alleviating the symptoms of morning sickness.
So I don't think it's quite accurate to say that the right-handed form of an amino acid (like Alanine) would necessarily have the same chemical properties as it's left handed counterpart (enantiomer).
Anyway, the rest of the video was super informative and entertaining!
The difference between L and R forms of a chiral molecule comes from their interactions with other chiral molecules - if you had a racemic mixture of all organic molecules that interacted with Thalidomide in the body, it would react the same way to either enantiomer. If you had two, otherwise identical, people, where you replaced every chiral molecule in one body with its enantiomer to get the other, then the effects of the two forms of Thalidomide would be reversed for the two people.
It seems Madam Wu assumed both left and righthanded solenoids carried an electron current because Feynman and Wheeler decided the positron was an electron going backward in time so there couldn't be a positive current of positrons in the righthanded solenoid. But the right hand rule finding the direction of the B field doesn't work for an electron current from negative to positive. So there needs to be a positive current. Feynman and Wheeler had to be wrong. And Amperes left hand rule works for an electron current in the lefthanded solenoid. The two setups are mirror-like if the two opposite currents are assumed to be mirror-like. Then the only asymmetry is the two hemispheres of the Cobalt atom. Beta emission is always from the same pole.
If a proton is moving away from you the magnetic field becomes clockwise around the direction it is moving. Once you you have the concept of clockwise the top of the "clock" points right and the bottom points left. That would seem to establish a left and right.
What about the right hand rule? A spinning wheel will experience a force perpendicular to the plane of rotation and always in the direction given by the cross product of the velocity vectors tangent to the circle of rotation. This should brake the mirror image if I'm not mistaken.
Great videos by the way.
Conservation of Spatial Curvature (both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature)
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together.
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String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension?
What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine.
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change.
Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
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Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge.
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In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
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How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
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Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles?
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I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. The model grew out of that simple idea.
I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles.
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Plz make some videos on theoretical physics topics.
I looked up cp violation to find the half life 2 song and I found this
Amazing video. Thank you.
Thanks for the video. Ms. Jade mentions that if the alien could find out which side of the magnet is north or south then he could determine right and left. Can you tell the alien to hold a magnet in front of him with the poles facing to the sides. The field lines between him and the magnet would face south, either to the right or left. He can then shoot a proton toward the magnet and by Lorentz law he would see a force on the proton push it down if the south end is on the right and would push it upwards if the south end was on the left. Someone please tell me what I'm missing, it's bugging me.
Hello, how do we know we do not have by pure luck only "left-handed cobalt"? For life by example we only have left-handed molecules (as you said by random spontaneous symmetry breaking) and we cannot be sure our alien friend is left-handed life as well. But for cobalt why cant it be the same logic and limitation? we could by pure luck having only left-handed cobalt without possibility to ensure cobalt on our alien friend planet is not right-handed.
You would reflect the property of the cobalt atom that makes it go south, thus it actually would work the same in the reflection.
Reflecting up and down has the effect as reflecting left and right, also - just with a rotation.
If there really is a physical difference then it could be due to a single reflection (and difference in higher dimensions?) rather than a double reflection (which is what you see in the actual mirror and would be the same as the normal universe). Perhaps it depends on perspective too:-
If you label your hands "b" (left) and "q" (right), the mirror images say "p" (left) and "d" (right). One reflection is that left and right are flipped, and the other is that the letters are flipped, so it's a double reflection. If it was a single reflection, the official left hand would say "d" and the official right hand would say "p". If you flex your left hand in the mirror, your reflection's right hand flexes, but if you say that is actually your official left hand, then it's a single reflection.
In the same way, holding a magnet horizontally, the cobalt atoms go to the left if that's the south pole. You could say that on the reflection the cobalt atoms go to the right, therefore the right is the "official south pole" (single reflection) or you could say that the reflected south pole is the north pole because it points towards the right in the reflection, therefore cobalt atoms will appear to move to the north instead.
I'm sure this will all be cleared up eventually.
How about a video about the Uncertainty Principle (i.e. Schrodinger's cat story) ??
How about the concept of Red Shift in the spectroscopy?
Einstein's Twin paradox story?
Just a few ideas.
Great vid! More of this!
Thanks :) more to come.
Thought I might just add some food for thought, let’s say there is NO Left, Right, Up or Down. Just TIME, this could mean infinite realities, possibilities (reflections). Therefore meaning both an exact reflection and infinite different reflections are possible.
I'm a year late, but this is an extremely interesting video :D.
So far, I love your programs, however, we have confusion and dissention in the ranks. In the end (7:36 ish) you mentioned that direction of rotation determines N and S magnetic alignment. Geologically, the Earth's magnetic poles have flipped hundreds of times (see Paleomagnetism). Instantaneous question, "Does that mean the Earth changes directions every time?" Please discuss.
If Simon lives on an anti-matter world, then his electrons are positrons with the opposite charge and would move toward the opposite pole of the magnet. Just saying.
Quick biology question! Why wouldn't/didn't live evolve to break down both left and right handed amino acids if they were both abundant at the beginning of life's emergence? What caused left and right handed amino acids to compete to the point of natural right-handed extinction?
I'm just commenting now so people have proof I watched this channel before she hit 1 millions subs.
Wow this is probably the most encouraging comment I've received! Thank you so much :)
Wouldn't this be a P(arity)-Violation instead of a CP-Violation? This only demonstrates the violation of the Parity Symmetry while Charge Symmetry seems completely untouched. Am I missing something?
Isn't there a particle that when it spins left, it spins left in a mirror. And when it spins right, it would spin right in a mirror? I think it has to do with the weak force particles or maybe it's a zero neutrino, I'm not sure. But if you have any info on it, you should do a video!
You stated that the North and South poles of Earth depend on which direction it is spinning. However, I think Earth has been spinning the same way for billions of years, and yet we have found clear evidence that the North and South poles have switched places many times throughout Earth's history. I agree that the spin helps cause the magnetic field, but I'm not sure instantly changing the direction of the spin would switch the poles, since there are complex convection currents in the mantle involved and we have seen the poles flip many times in history.
Do you have any other insight into this? I just want to understand how Earth's spin affects the magnetic poles. Any explanation would be much appreciated!
Thank you!
But.. If we take our mirror universe, wouldn't the electrons in cobalt atoms have inversed spin ?
So they would go in the direction "away from the north pole", which would be the same as "away from the south pole" in the not mirror universe.
Am i wrong somewhere ?
Inverse spin or inverse whatever property making the electron going this direction.
Hey, great question! So if you take a look at 7.50, you'll notice that the cobalt atoms' magnetic fields are also reversed. But they still go away from the South Pole, because it is an inherent property of the South Pole that this should happen. It's not necessarily because of the electromagnetic interaction between the magnet and cobalt atoms, although (as far as I know) physicists still aren't sure why it does happen. Does that help?
Ok thanks for the answer :) but i'm still on my position x)
You say physicists aren't sure what's happening, so it totally could be an effect that is reversed in a mirror universe.
And knowing that everything we found in physics before had no fundamental chirality, we could argue that it will more probably be the case here too.
Plus, this phenomenon, lost between electric field, magnetic field and movement, seems close to induction. Maybe the responsible property is the electron's spin, or the electron's way of moving on its orbitals, or such. And so the effect would be reversed in the mirror universe.
@@gnanay8555 Look up CPT symmetry, and how it's been broken.
You are blinded by science jade to the truth Jades. Love Old Jeff.
You said at around @4:20 that 'when a wire is wrapped around a magnet, it produces a current'. Would you mind clearing that up?
Magnetic field doesn't produce a current, a changing magnetic field does. What am I missing?
hi! Good to hear from you! I'm pretty sure you're right, but when I was reading Feynman's lectures (where I got this idea which I have sourced) he didn't really mention it and just said "turn your current on", which made me think that you could plug in the wire to some kind of power source? I wasn't sure, to be honest, and didn't think it was super crucial to the point of the video.
I don't like to nit pick either :) , but I feel its crucial, because the crux of the video is based on having the ability to distinguish between the direction of the current. Could you point me to the Volume No, and the chapter No. to which you have sourced this?
P.S. I see all of your videos :)
And yes, I see you are spending a lot of your time on making the videos better. Just keep it up and be consistent (so basically exactly opposite to what I do lol) and you will do awesome :) :)
Hey sure it's in the description under sources. And I don't think it's crucial because the current would flow the same way regardless of how it is induced, as long as the magnet is pointing the right way. Thank you for watching all my videos I really appreciate it :) I worked really hard on this one so it means a lot that you noticed.
I just read that part.
There isn't a bar magnet. He mean't 2 solenoids, and the magnetic field is created BY the current. Not the other way around :P
But in figure 52-4 it is labelled "A magnet and its mirror image"?
At ~06:40 you say that the majority of electrons will "fly in the direction away from the south pole". But on the RHS the electrons clearly fly TOWARDS the south pole initially. It would be better to use a phrase like "fly in the direction North to South".
Great job, nice video.
Hie!!! Its not predictable to find same type of elements in other planets as in earth!! And availability of magnet could also not be predicted!!!
Thank you, nice video. You always always do an excellent job. Know anything about radioactive superconductors?
As mentioned before: a current will only be generated when the magnet is moved within the coil. Also, how do we explain to Simon what we mean with 'direction of the current'. Do we mean our own traditional 'from plus to minus' or the way negatively charged electrons move, from minus to plus? And what does 'the temperature moves down' mean to Simon, he could live in a world where thermometers work the other way round. Some snags still, but nice video...
By the end of this long-distance phone call, Simon's telephone bill will be massive.
+Up and Atom There is an error that you made @7:46. In the example you gave of the cobalt atoms decaying near the bar magnet, you said that the reflection law was broken in the mirror universe because the electrons from the cobalt atoms move downwards instead of upwards, thus defining a “left hand”. This is wrong because if the cobalt atoms in the mirror universe diagram were below the magnet instead of above, the electrons would fly away from the magnet downwards instead of upwards, but because down is not defined, neither is left. This means that in your example, the mirror universe acts the same way as our universe.
I believe you were trying to demonstrate the asymmetry in left and right handedness as demonstrated by Madame Wu’s experiment. The correct way to explain that experiment is that in BOTH cases, the electrons from the cobalt atoms would fly up. This is what actually happens in the experiment, which is why it was so groundbreaking.
Keep doing what you are doing. I admire your passion for making complex physics concepts digestible for the layperson. Your videos are very educational, and I hope I am contributing to your goal by pointing out an error in your work. Keep up the amazing work!
Your channel needs more subs
Thank you! I'm working on it :)
"Hey Simon! Hold up the magnet with the red side closer to your face and the silver closer to your feet."
I'm confused about the analogy to Earth's magnetic field. Isn't there talk about the North and South poles on Earth flipping (or having flipped in the past) despite the fact that its rotation has been in the same direction?
Great question I didn't even think of that! Ok so after some googling this is the answer I've come up with. The Earth's magnetic field is actually caused by more than its spin. What scientists think produces the Earth's magnetic field is the flow of molten substances at the Earth's inner core (iron, nickel etc.). Two forces are causing flow here, one is differences in temperature, pressure, and composition which causes convection currents as cooler denser fluid sinks and hotter less dense fluid rises. The other is the Earth's spin which causes something called the Coriolis Effect. The movement of fluids at the inner core (generated by the spin of the Earth) causes electric currents, which in turn causes the magnetic field. So there is actually a bit more to it that what I said (that the magnetic poles depend only on the spin of the Earth). It depends somewhat on the spin, but also on the inner working of fluids in the core. Thank you for pointing this out :)
Awesome mam
Madam thank you so much. your video helped me to join threads of my Research. please tell me some more element or something those are only right handed or left handed. or breaks physics laws. 😊😊👌
I thought you left RUclips, I'm happy to see I was wrong! Don't give up!
Haha noooo. Just for a little bit. Now I'm back with a VENGEANCE!
Up and Atom damn right! :)
Great video!
Thank you
if the universe is mirrored, wouldn’t the electron from the cobalt isotope go to the other direction (away from north)? i mean not just the spins of the electrons are reversed, but also the cobalt isotopes. maybe I am wrong…
but I think there is an alternative solution which doesn’t require any fancy stuff (like weak decay and special cobalt isotopes). I mean it's enough to look at the Maxwell's equation (or to recall the right- and left-hand rules in electromagnetism) to see that a mirrored universe (with the same physical laws as ours) would have a different dynamics (this is shown by the asymmetric nature of Maxwell’s equations). by this we can be sure that there must be a way to explain the handedness (meaning of "left" and "right") to an alien solely with physical laws and terms (and using only electromagnetism). clearly we just need to use some electromagnetic laws and systems.
for example: let’s have a solenoid coil which stands vertically. if the electric current goes upwards (which means that the electrons go downwards, due to the not-too-smart convention), the induced magnetic field also goes downwards. here I need to declare some facts:
- the expressions of “up” and “down” can be derived from physical laws like gravitation, so we can use these expressions (not like the “left” or “right”, which is the core of this whole problem).
- the notions about the direction of electric and magnetic fields are arbitrary (e.g.: in case of magnetism the magnetic field lines go from north to south, and these expressions are artificial), so we can’t use expressions like “magnetic field goes this or that direction”. in case of the electric current we can use the direction of the moving electrons to express the direction of the current. but in case of the induced magnetic field we need something more, since we can’t directly observe the magnetic field (it’s invisible) and its directionality. that’s why we need one more electron.
inside the solenoid coil there is an approximately homogeneous magnetic field which points down according to our convention. but if we place a moving electron inside this solenoid coil, this electron will move in a circular path (orbit) due to the Lorentz’s force induced by the magnetic field. at this point we can tell our alien the followings:
“if the electrons go downwards along the coil (i.e. according to our convention the current goes upwards), then you will see the electron to move in a circular path (orbit) inside the coil. then you just need to look at this orbit from above (here we again use the logic of the “up/down” expressions). since this image is circularly symmetric, you can look at it from any direction (but it’s important to look at it from above). this is a circular motion with a defined direction, let’s call this counter-clockwise (if the electrons went upwards, it would be clockwise). if you halve this image visually (through the center of this image), then the upper half represents a motion to the “left” and the lower half represents a motion to the “right” (if the electrons went upwards, these two would be inverted). that’s all.”
so all in all we needed: one solenoid coil, electric current (moving electrons along the coil) and one single electron inside the coil. with this method we utilised the “up/down” expressions (derivable from gravitation) and two “right-hand rules” (one for Ampere’s law and one for Lorentz’s force).
I think this way it’s a little bit simpler and “purer”.
Just a minor nit-pick: it's "Columbia University", not "University of Columbia". Columbia is located in New York City near the north end of Central Park.
Has that experiment been replicated in both hemispheres? The earth has a much larger magnetic field than any magnet we’ve made so I’m curious, if you went to earth’s poles, could you use the planet itself in place of the large magnet to replicate the results?
Professor Zhenning Yang is a legend
I have a question, in last you said that electron will go away from south pole, and in mirror universe south pole become north so electron will come towards the pole, but this analogy required at least 2 dimensions and in parity we not only change x to -x, but also invert other axis too, therefore y become -y, and simply we can see symmetry is conserve, the idea of mirror image is hold good for 1 dimension system. please correct me if I am wrong.
5:52 (Facepalms) Just tell him that the north pole of the magnet is red and the south pole of the magnet is gray/grey! If he doesn't know what colors are or sees them differently, just talk about the visible light spectrum! Just say: "If one side of the magnet has a light range of (Light range for red light) nanometers, then it's the north pole of the magnet."!
I subscribed. You smart.
How mirrors make ur left hand at right side.. According to Physics girl mirror flip things in z axis.. Btw glad ur back making vids
just experiment in front of a mirror, and conclude by yourself what implies "flipping things in z axis" ;)
Looking at the mirror my LH is at my left side from my POV.. If we look from mirror POV it's on the right side..
Yep.. ..
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What's the fuss about ".."
To better understand it, don't imagine facing directly at the mirror, but perpendicular at it. I also watched that Physics Girl's video, and mirrors get hard to understand if you overthink it.
I don't think it's that hard if you are familiar with 3d axis. What a mirror does is flipping one of the axis and keeping the two other still.
If you arrange your thumb, index and middle finger where each is perpendicular to the two other, you can then see what a mirror does by doing the same with the other hand.
After that, just imagine a little dude on one of your finger, and imagine his left and right.
Seeing a mirror as being an object that first interacts with left and right is indeed a bad way to understand what it really does.
4:24 , the current direction and imaginary magnet don't match up. It should be the other way round.
Did Feynman know the difference between a right and left handed helix? The righthanded helix circles clockwise going away from you and a lefthanded helix circles counterclockwise going away from you. The two helices are essentially different and not upside down of each other. I dont believe Feynman understood that a left and right handed double helix was different from the two righthanded double helix of Watson and Crick. Please I really want to know. Thanks.
You should make sure you mirror everything, also the spins inside the Cobalt and of the electrons that result from the decay. I'm not a physicistian, but something tells me this hasn't happened here.
I'd love to have a chance to propose this challenge to some physics students... but than, I am a linguist, so no. Haha
(maybe... if we decide to discuss the arbitrarity of direction naming...)
Wait. But if Simon then comes to look at the magnet from this side (looking away from the camera), then what side is left? You have to tell him something more, right?
Hi! What if 7:42 prooves that there are no electrons ,,going around" in a magnet, thus our model of either magnets or electrons or both are wrong and over-simplificated?
Hey talkie do a video about time travel
would the decay be the same if the alien planet was made of antimatter? moreover, was the experiment on earth done on both northern and southern hemispheres, to exclude the fact that the preferred south pole for the leaving electrons is due to earth's magnetic field?
Cp violation is a nice half life 2 song