Organic Chemistry for IGCSE chemistry 2025 Exams

Join my IGCSE Live Revision Chemistry classes every week on Zoom 👇
chem-bio.info/...
Get the full course of IGCSE Chemistry and study by your own pace 👇
www.chem-bio.i...
Get the latest 2025 notes for IGCSE Chemistry 🧪
www.chem-bio.i...
Organic Chemistry for IGCSE exams in 2025
**Functional Group**: Atoms responsible for an organic compound's properties 🌿
**Hydrocarbon**: Made only of hydrogen and carbon atoms ⚗️
Fossil Fuels
**Coal**: Mainly carbon; burning causes acid rain 🌧️
**Natural Gas**: Composed mainly of methane (CH₄) 🔥
**Petroleum**: Mixture of hydrocarbons, separable into valuable products ⛽
Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
Petroleum is boiled and vaporised 🥵
Vapors pass through a fractionating column 🌡️
Distillates with lower boiling points collected at the top, heavier ones at the bottom 🔄
Bitumen, a solid residue, is collected at the bottom 🛣️
Fractions of Petroleum
**Volatile Fractions**: Fewer carbons, lower boiling point, more combustible 🚗
**Less Volatile Fractions**: More carbons, higher boiling point, less combustible 🛳️
Examples include gasoline for cars and kerosene for jets ✈️
Homologous Series
Compounds with the same functional group and general formula 📏
Consecutive members differ by a CH₂ group 🔄
Examples: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Halogenoalkanes 🧪
Drawing Organic Compounds
Must contain carbon and hydrogen, possibly oxygen, halogens, or nitrogen 🖌️
Each element has a specific number of bonds 🔗
Naming Organic Molecules
Find the longest carbon chain for the prefix 🔍
Number the chain for the lowest functional group number 🔢
Use prefixes like Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, etc. 📚
Structural Isomers
Same molecular formula, different structures 🔄
Similar chemical properties, different physical properties due to structure 🧩
Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds, low reactivity 💤
Used as fuels; methane is a main component of natural gas 🔥
Chemical Reactions of Alkanes
**Combustion**: Produces carbon dioxide and water, or carbon monoxide if incomplete 🔥
**Substitution**: Reaction with halogens in UV light, forming halogenoalkanes 🌞
Alkenes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds, more reactive than alkanes ⚡
Used for fuels, alcohol manufacture, and plastic production 🏭
#igcsechemistry #pastpapers #pdf #notes #paper4 #paepr6 #exam

[@AzlanZayan]

Thus helped me get good notes . And helped me a lot for today's mock