Theories of Emotion | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy
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- Опубликовано: 18 май 2024
- Created by Jeffrey Walsh.
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sometimes i think im dumb then khan academy makes me feel smart again
i think that no one is dumb, just that they don't meet the right teacher
@@khaihuynhcao7929
They are made dumb by their Religious scholars who brainwash them since childhood. They tell children to believe blindly. They tell people to give shahada (Proof of existence of Allah & his Messenger Muhammad) without any verification of any sense.
Accurate 😂
AAMC has a different interpretation of James-Lange, such that there is no interpretation of the arousal, and instead the process goes: Event>Arousal>Emotion, whereas Khan Academy states the process goes: Event>Arousal>Interprentation>Emotion
2:19
"I don't hate you cause you're fat, you're fat cause I hate you"
LOL I spit out my drink xD
well I think you dislike fat people
that line reminds me of merchant of venice act 1 sc1 ... where salanio/ salarino says ...you are sad because you are not sad .......
-_-
Great Video, really helpful for my exam preparation!
Jazak Allah.
Here's a mnemonic that I am using to remember these
Jef can sing alone
James-Lange Excitation Feeling Cannon-Bard Associated Neurotransmission Schachter-Singer Incident Naming Gusto Analogous Lazarus Opinionated Naming Excitation
...Appraisal Lazarus...
Very good. Easy to understand. Thanks!
Thank you so much, I'm studying for EPPP and your power point was so helpful in understanding these theories :-)
Indeed. Great video! Thanks
This channel saves my life
Really nice video made my concept clear
Thank you
Thank GOD for this video!!
Good video for IB psych CLOA. helped a lot.
The Cannon-Bard theory sounds like it was proposed before we understood how neural transmission occurs
Sorry, I’ve been reading quite some time now. After seeing alot of lessons and difference among them about Theories of Emotion, I too thought that James-Lange included interpretation. Check E.B. Titchener (1910) book, p.474, citing a direct quote from James/Lange. I reviewed again, and concluded that just as we are aroused automatically/subtle-like-a-sounding-board
(or arousal results to excite-bodily/physiological change), emotion occurs as a result of the sum of these "elements" or bodily-changes. Hence, it immediately results to emotion without any interpretation.
If this is wrong, please, point me to the proof. If not, I would have to agree to the other half of people's interpretation that physiological change was required for emotion, without pause or interpretation. It makes sense since Cannon-Bard's statements and arguments tries to counter James-Lange. If that's their motivation and argued as they did, it would be pointless if it didn't contrast James-Lange.
Thank you for reading this. Thank you also for the video. Stay safe and healthy, take care, and God bless.
P.S. I just want to imprint in my brain what I learn about psychology without a sheer of uncertainty.
My textbook couldn’t do it for me, so I came here, thanks!
Thanks sir you make it alot easier.
i love your voice. thank you for the video.
Thank you
thanks god i understand these theories eventually
Thanks sir , this is helpful my exam
Excellent....
For me it seems to go event>emotion>arousal>reflection/interpretation. The emotion seems to happen in real time, and my comprehension of why lags behind considerably. It's like the emotion part of my brain works 10 times faster, borderline instantaneously, then my relatively slow logic brain deconstructs the why.
event -> psychological >+ label = creating emotion
GOOD VIDEO
All the 4 components of the theory of emotions Relate together to form the minds interpretation of the psychological response.
0:15 Who doesn’t?
I certainly do. 😂
1:30 Any response has to be processed by making a comparison between what is currently being experienced with what has already been experienced.
Ideas are neutral until they are associated with a particular emotional center, and the strength of that connection determines the intensity of the emotion elicited.
Whether something is directly experienced, imagined, or remembered, they are all ideas represented by particular groups of neurons, but they are differentiated by the intensity of the perception. Consequently, whether you experience holding your cat, remember holding your cat, or imagine holding your cat, the same basic group of neurons that are associated with your dopamine pathways will activate. Because each type of perception has various levels of intensity, the subsequent emotions elicited will have a corresponding level of intensity. In other words, directly experiencing your car will be a more intense activation of the associated neurons that represent that situation which will result in a more intense perception of happiness than if you remembered the situation or if you imagined it.
So, until that comparison can be made, no emotion can occur.
You cannot have an emotion for something that has no associations to any emotional centers, except the default of excitement as your neurons are given a new purpose: the making of new connections with each other to represent new ideas associated with the new experience. Other than that, if you’ve never saw grass before, then no emotions can be had about it because one were associated to it before.
4:00 This theory makes more sense considering the organization of the neurons in the brain being a complex and decentralized mesh network that lends towards high degrees of parallel processing.
90 percent of the data collected by the senses are processed before a final summary reaches the PFC leading to conscious awareness. Multiple other pathways can also be activated depending upon prior experiences.
The PFC is meant to handle the highly variable nature of present reality by delegating repeated data and tasks to subcortical regions: “skill” mastery. Being able to conduct complex series of tasks without thinking about them allows the PFC to attend to any variances in the situation. For example mastering the operation of a manual transmission allows the PFC to conduct a conversation while dealing with traffic and navigating. Even mastering the expression of ideas allows the driver even more cognitive resources to deal with traffic as words flow easily one after the other to describe an idea firmly established in the mind.
5:30 I don’t like this theory too much. Things can occur without bout conscious awareness of it. We can subconsciously perceive something in the visual field without paying much attention to it. We can feel happy without being consciously aware of that state.
People can most certainly be doing something and smile without even realize they are smiling.
However, this begs the distinction between “you” as the conscious being manifested by prefrontal cortex, or the “you” which is the sum total of all your brain processes; most of which are below conscious awareness.
6:30 This is the one that makes the most sense. I use the term “evaluate” rather than “label”, though. An evaluation accounts for direction as well as magnitude.
Negative eMOTIons arise to MOTIvate MOTIon away from negative situations while positive eMOTIons arise ti MOTIvate MOTIon towards positive situations. The interesting thing is negative and positive situations always come in pairs. For example, hunger and satiation.
Now, depending on which situation of the duality one pays attention to, the associated emotion arises. An extension of the interesting idea in the last paragraph is that regardless of which situation you choose to focus on and the emotion that manifests from that focus, the result is a motion in the same direction. Fearing starvation motivates you to take a positive action (gather food) to avoid starvation while hoping for satiation motivates you to take the same positive action (gather food) to approach satiation.
The ONLY difference between the two situations is the perspective the individual wishes to take. I would say that, generally. a healthy exercise of both perspectives and their associated emotions is best so that all cognitive faculties are evenly processed so that extremes are avoided like mania and depression. It’s good to be concerned about starving (low-level fear) and interested in being satiated.
The reason I use “evaluate” as opposed to “label” is that magnitude and direction are easily understood. It’s a throwback from simple life where receptors in the membrane were tied directly to motile structures so that when detrimental substances were detected, those motile structures would be immediately engaged and produce motion away from that substance, and the opposite would occur for beneficial substances.
As life evolved other ways of perceiving the world, new senses were associated to these processes allowing for longer range detection of detrimental/beneficial substances. Since chemical interactions were the basis for the earliest evaluation systems, our senses that use chemicals would evolve from those earliest structures: gustatory and olfactory. Then vibrations were used to detect which lead to auditory and tactile sensation. Lastly, vision came along. At each stage, our perception of the world reached out further and further. The newer senses acted as early warning systems giving us more time to evaluate situations. Our oldest senses being the final checks before ingesting anything and subjecting our internal domain to the substances we collected.
i especially like this theory aswell, there also seems to be no conflicts with it either
Understanding what an emotion is , will give you a better understanding of what its purpose is. These theories are pretty basic and seem to be missing other aspects.
can you explain for me your point in more details
There is also one Theory Of Emotion which I missed in this video.The Zillman-Dolf Excitation Transfer.
What is the difference between cognitive appraisal and affective appraisal, and which comes first?
讓我們持續討論有關情緒，如果你回憶先前的電視節目，情緒是由一系列的認知.心理學的，行為的，激烈的反應，但是是哪種反應先發生 ?還有這是那些題目中的一個我認為我們很多人都同意的，而這些事發生在我們日常生活當中。但我們逐漸地不讓它失敗且考慮到在納悶的成分裡頭哪一個才是首先的來到的。所以感謝上天我們有心理學家替我們做。當你可能有一個想法時，這可能是一個很複雜的主題，所以情緒不只是一個論說情緒有很多的學說，為了我們的用途我們將要討論四個有關情緒不一樣的地方。第一個被稱為情緒的 James-Lange理論。它命名的兩位研究人員獨立地想出了這種理論早在 19 世紀。所以他們其實不工作在一起。他們只是每個人都趕上了它大約在同一時間。所以為了公平起見，他們決定給它命名他們兩個。所以這就是為什麼它被稱為情緒的 James-Lange理論。它的假設是情感的體驗是感知你的生理反應。這意味著什麼?那麼讓我們來想想也許舉行你的寵物的一個例子。比方說你有一隻寵物貓。抱著你的寵物貓抒發情感的幸福。它是怎麼做到的?好根據 James-Lange情緒理論，拿著你的寵物貓原因也許增加心率的生理反應。某些神經遞質改變你的大腦。也許你會開始微笑你牽著你的貓。情緒的 James-Lange理論與眾不同的是，他們說這是導致幸福的情感這生理反應的解釋。所以它實際上並不抱著你的貓本身，讓你快樂。就是那只貓做什麼對你的身體，讓你感覺你做的方式。所以，你意識到這些發生，讓你意識到你是快樂的過程。在另一個例子，你可以說當你難過的時候，你不會哭因為你難過。你難過了，因為你哭。它是你心靈的解釋你的生理反應。現在，你可能坐在那裡發現很難相信。如果你覺得這種方式，它可能會感興趣讓你知道有其他的情感以及湧現，因為他們不同意 James-Lnge這樣的理論。這樣一種理論被稱為情緒的Cannon-Bad理論。而這些兩個理論家不同意 James-Lnge理論的人。他們認為生理反應引發情緒的想法有一些主要的缺點。首先他們認為，一個人可以沒有感覺任何特定的情感體驗生理喚醒。所以想想它。你的心會比賽當你感到害怕。但你的心也比賽如果你只是有一個長時間運行。這所以怎麼可能?如果一切都是需要去產生一種情感的生理反應，心跳加速的任何人不應該感到害怕嗎?在同一行的思想，這些研究人員也注意到很多不同的情緒有生理反應相同的模式。所以想想喜歡你心跳加速或呼吸急促，那些伴隨的憤怒，以及興奮的感覺。他們是完全不相同的情緒。最後，他們覺得生理反應系統只是太慢產生情感以至於看起來幾乎瞬間發生。舉例來說，如果你聽到一個很大的聲音，也許你會瞬間感到害怕或驚訝。然後你會心跳加速，肌張力增高等等．．．他們提出的理論為Cannon-Bad理論。他們相信生理和情感是同時出現的。所以，當你發生事情時，會造成生理和情緒同時出現。轉過頭以你養的貓為例，當你抱著你的貓，這就是一件事情。藉由抱著你的貓，你的心跳會開始輕微增加。在你大腦裡神經傳遞會有些變化。當這件事發生的時候，同時你會感覺很快樂。那就是你經歷到的情緒。最重要的是這個理論是，這兩個動作發生在同一時間。現今，情緒的另一個重要理論是Schachter-Singer理論。在這理論的論點中，生理和認知反應可能同時從以前的情緒中反應。更具體地說，如果我們引起生理反應，直到我們能夠解釋或定義這個情況之前，我們不會覺得這是一個特定的情緒。以我們前面的例子為例，當我們談到你養的貓，你可能心臟加快或改變你的神經遞質反應。但是，你不一定感到開心，直到我們發覺定義這個情況。所以，你辨認出這是生理反應的原因，然後確定這件事情的原因。所以你會對著自己說，這真是非常好的，我喜歡我養的貓，這會讓我感到開心，這正是開心的情緒。這種識別和認知能力能理解發生了什麼事情。現在，另一種被稱為Lazarus理論，他提出了情緒的經驗取決於如何認知評斷這經驗。你可能會認為這聽起來非常相同，我們剛剛在Schachter-Sing理論中討論過，但這是不一樣的，我會告訴你為什麼。所以我們要在一次以你養的貓為例，在Lazarus理論中，如果你定義這個狀況是壞的，這個情緒便會是負面的。如果你定義這狀況是好的，這情緒便是正面的。因此，他們的區別為，如何定義狀況依賴個人經驗、文化差異或環境因素。而當這次狀況再發生，生理和情緒便會一起出現。就如你看到的，比起Schachter-Singer理論，這是不同順序的東西。用貓為例，有個人曾經被貓咬傷過或是有不好的經驗，那個人的定義就會是驚嚇，這情緒便會慘生害怕。在另一方面，有個人是貓的情人，從小跟他一起長大的貓，他可能會定義這情況是美好的、開心的。一切都是定義。而我喜歡的思考方向是嗜好方面。以跳傘為例，有些人會定義跳傘是可怕的活動，他們會體驗到可怕的情緒。另一些人，或許是冒失鬼，他們定義跳傘為令人振奮的活動，他們會體驗到開心的情緒。但你站在這裡看，跳傘是一樣的情況，但它卻會因人產生完全不一樣的情緒。這是今天討論的四種情緒理論。
Still helpful in 2024
3:44 True, but are you not also producing a motor movement during jump scares? We are unaware of our emotions until they're capable of being processed by our cognition (i.e. PFC regions), whereas motor responses can occur instinctively & rapidly. What you call "fear" emotion is your interpretation of the arousal - emotions have no inherent meaning, hence why when your heart rate is high you can't possible know why until you either consider your environment (and thus your physiological response) or introspect (such as in anxiety disorders where the blame is then look inside oneself). From my point of view they simply cannot arise simultaneously or alone for that matter, since emotions can only occur after (subconscious) interpretation. This could also explain how awareness & mindfulness training can aid in reducing negative interpretation of thoughts by exerting more cognitive effort.
in the 1st theory James-Lange , I cannot understand the word,he says imagine you hold ___what?Sorry I am stuck.If anyone can help.Thank you :)
A pet cat
❤️
is lazarus theory the same as the cognitive appraisal theory?
+miryochi Yeh you point the big things. It's depends how you describe "cognition" you can find a resume of this on the first page in Scherer's & Sander's book.
I also think same
So basically the Schachter-Singer theory is identical to the James-Lange theory. "Identify the reason for the..." is synonymous with "interpretation of..."
Can someone help me understand the difference between Schacter-Singer and James Lange? Like how is "Identifying the reason for" (SS) different from "Interpretation of" (JL)? In both cases, an event triggers a physiological response, followed by a cognitive appraisal, which determines the emotion. Even the princeton review explanation is wacky, it says that JL = emotion is the direct result of specific physiological and behavioral responses and SS = physiological arousal and subsequent emotional experience is determined by the context of the situation. In either case, there's some event or stimulus, which elicits a physiological/behavioral response, a subsequent interpretation of the response given the context of the situation, which ultimately leads to an emotion. CB is very clearly unique, but the other two seem oddly similar.
This is probably too late, but the way I understand it, in James-Lange, after the physiological response occurs, the person puts a label(emotion) on that physiological response, regardless of the events surrounding it. Which is also a big flaw in this theory, as each physiological response should be relatively unique to correspond to one emotion. On the other hand, in Schacter-Singer, after the physiological response occurs, the person thinks about both the event and the physiological response before labeling the emotion.
it's a little bit better at 1.25 speed
Schacter Singer has 2 S's, so it needs to identify two reasons. James LANGE is just as long. Cannon Bard is kind of shaped like a cannon if you connect event, emotion and physiological response. Welcome to the stupid world that is my brain.
Call simply put an order for the human body to evolve in order for the molecular structure to evolve spirit absolute energetics spirit that is invisible to all the naked eye hast to be present in order for those bodily functions to actually balance themselves out so it doesn’t matter how much psychology you have any do not have energetics balance you do not have balance. And so it is
I'm not sure why science is so obsessed on positing everything as a theory instead of being bold & positing it as a truth.
Emotion does not exist if capacity for interpretation does not exist. Two people get stung by a bee. One knows about bees well, & understands it to be a defense mechanism by the animal & will likely react logically & rationally based on context.
The person who knows nothing about the bee could likely respond out of context to the injury, fearing only the pain & what it might lead to.
Same instance. Different reactions. NOW that the reactions have been completed, we can attribute an emotion to them. Person A acted: calmly. Person B acted: hysterically.
You cannot assign a feeling until you have witnessed the phenomena. Water is water because it meets the properties of water. Metal & plastic are differentiated by specific qualities; so are anger & happiness, sadness & elation, etc.
Emotion is just a definition. Like green. Or purple. If the common understanding of how angry people behave changes, then the annotation of that emotion changes.
Not rocket science. No need to keep positing theories. It's just a descriptive term. Like "bright," "small," etc
ollo
I can't see..
Why is it black though, it's really hard to see when you're studying at night hehe
Emma Edin true !
Emma Edin wtf how? It's black to make it easier on our eyes...if anything it should be difficult in the day time to see like this. I seriously don't understand how 10 of you came to this conclusion lol
Video not clear
I ll go for lazarus theory 😂
Thank you