Fighting Malaria with Green Chemistry (Artemisinin) - Periodic Table of Videos
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- Опубликовано: 31 июл 2024
- The Professor and his colleagues devise greener ways to produce the anti-Malaria drug Artemisinin.
Artemisinin was first discovered in China.
The main article: bit.ly/1FaQNci
Additional info: bit.ly/Malaria_Supplementary
This video features Professor Sir Martyn Poliakoff. He pays special thanks to his colleague Professor Michael George.
Also with thanks the EPSRC Manufacturing with Light programme and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Liquid Oxygen: • Liquid Oxygen (slow mo...
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You can currently see the paper for free here --- bit.ly/1FaQNci
Thank you for this video and all the others , I look forward to future videos as well!
***** That doesn't seem to be free.
***** Beautiful simplicity. I love it when a more direct approach can be found to an otherwise complex problem. It is what I strive for in my business. Too often the human mind is satisfied with complex solutions. Careful study can many times find a more direct and cleaner path.
Eric Pauker You can read it just fine, just not download it.
Eric Pauker That's unfortunate. :( It seems I can read it fine. Does it depend on where one is reading from?
Worthy work. And it's nice to be reminded that chemists don't just sit around reacting things in a vacuum; these are the building blocks of the cutting-edge developments that improve our world.
Well said
The Prof. failed some exams and is now a member of the Royal Society!? There is hope for us going into exam period :D
gooddrderl There is always hope for science students going through GCSE's, A-levels or University exams just because you get bad grades does not judge you as unable to do Chemistry or any other science.
Joshua Rohla Well, you need certain grades to get onto A-Levels, Uni etc. so you actually can't study it at higher levels!
gooddrderl Right! I'm gonna fail mine too. xD
RedInferno112 you'll be surprised even at A-levels you can still get into Uni's even if you don't get A's I know a radiologist who got E's in his A-levels and still did a Uni degree by doing a foundation year.
Joshua Rohla Yeah but that's another year
well done professor amazing work.
I wrote a literature thesis about the history and all the syntheses of Artemisinin just over 1.5 years ago, very interesting to see the recent developments! Keep up the good work!
means a lot to me to hear that he failed his finals in organic chemistry and yet is making such a huge contribution(s) to the field.
This video has lifted my spirits, greatly. Thanks to you and your colleagues for your work!!
Hey, I did my final year literature review for my chem major on modified Yeast production of Artemisinin. Awesome, inspiring science.
I really liked the way you linked a complex molecule with a complex biosynthesis to the other element videos - as soon as you mentioned oxygen-oxygen bonds I thought back to the video where Martyn showed us a model of hydrogen peroxide with its long, weak bond. Very satisfying indeed :)
The Professor is the Bill Nye of chemistry. Always a new, incredible, well explained video on chemistry! Definitely one of my favorite youtubers.
Congratulations on your publication for this work!
It is really great that you let us know what projects you are involved in and not just only the elements in the periodic system. It is interesting to learn about the process of developing malaria medicine.
Keep up the excellent work Professor Poliakoff and colleagues! And thanks for sharing.
An excellent example of the application of green chemistry principles in modern-day Chemistry. well done.
You got the mechanism of artemisinin wrong. The key is the breaking of the peroxide bond by association with iron in haem. This leads to the formation of carbon radicals which have been shown to bind to the haem molecule, preventing its detoxification (it's toxic to the parasite), or bind to parasite proteins, leading to death. Some also think it causes DNA alkylation, although there is no evidence.
So it was you! Our highschool had a course about flow chemistry one year ago and this synthesis was part of it. Congrats!
Well congrats on this "revenge" on your last exam. Oh a pun about the biosourcing : "We couldn't make it from scratch, so they made it from starch". And the term about what water makes is hydrophobic effect I guess. Anyway, great findings, green chemistry really shines when it makes the production so easy the countries that do need the products can synthetize it themselves.
I live in France and our teacher showed us one of your videos. I really liked what you were doing sqo I suscribed! I learned plenty of things watching your videos .
You explain everything perfectly. Your videos are great!
Most grateful for Prof. Poliakoff's contribution to Artemisinin based therapies, having 'celebrated' my 63rd birthday last weekend by coming down with malaria again.
An effective, cheap 3-day course of pills is a real quality of life boost compared to the hideously expensive hospitalisation and quinine drip of a few years ago.
Outstanding Professor Martin.
Failure is not something bad, it just means you gotta prepare even harder to get it done! Not a hindrance but an incentive!
Wow, the crystals really did grow fast!
I live in the north of Brazil, right in the middle of the Amazon rain forest, where the malaria is a serious issue and kills a lot of brazilians.
Thanks for all your effort on taking down this horrible disease that kills many of us every year, we all here thank you!
No, I'm from Macapa
Thank you for the video and the work! Best of luck!
Thanks for this. It's June 2023, now, and malaria is quite the topic.
You all are so amazing. Your videos, your work so productive. I give me hope that even if you fail you and succeed.
I heard once, I can't remember where, that of all the humans who have died on this planet, half of them died from Malaria. Thank you for doing what you can to help stem the tide.
Thanks for this video, thanks for all your and your team's work. Ur amazing.
This channel makes chemistry look so interesting. I wish I had the heart to actually do well in chemistry class.
That is amazing, its just boggles the mind that we are just now getting around to trying this stuff.
Inspiring, life-saving work! Well done Professor!
Congratulations, good findings! Let's hope this process will make it to the industrialization step and make artemisinin available for cheap to most people in need of it!
Amazing work guys! Well done!
In the name of the world - THANK YOU!
That reactor look really cool, we just do our larger scale UV stuff in closed boxes with lamps. Astounding how pure/easy to characterize the product was post reaction.
Am very happy for your work!
This is more like the videos i want from this channel.
Amazing work Professor. Never too late to be an organic chemist :)
Fantastic Work!
Awesome work!
Incredible... it's amazing how biochemistry works. That is a potential major I am considering (Biotechnology specifically).
Amazing! Wonderful research
I'm a student who wishes to study biochemistry, and this video cannot inspire me enough!
Thank you for a great video, and congratulations with getting your paper in Nature!
Very inspirational. I have been a subscriber for years, and I am glad to be pursuing a career in science, although in molecular biology. Videos like this make me fuzzy and happy on the inside. Thank you!
👍👍
Thats pretty awesome, good work!
How does this video have so little views? It's a breakthrough
My first thought was "Just grab the genes the plant uses to make Artemisinin, stick them into E. coli and leave it in an incubator." but I quickly realized if it were that simple, they would've done this already. I'm very happy that the Professor is making good progress towards fighting Malaria!
Looking at the structure, that peroxide bridge is pretty cool! Synthetically, its a challenge.
I know quinine help, it is in tonic like sweeps Quinine (US /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, /kwɪˈniːn/ or UK /ˈkwɪniːn/ kwin-een) is a white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic (fever-reducing), antimalarial, analgesic (painkilling), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine, which, unlike quinine, is an antiarrhythmic. Quinine contains two major fused-ring systems: the aromatic quinoline and the bicyclic quinuclidine.
Quinine occurs naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree, though it has also been synthesized in the laboratory. The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree were originally discovered by the Quechua, who are indigenous to Peru and Bolivia; later, the Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe.
Quinine was the first effective Western treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs such as chloroquine that have fewer unpleasant side effects replaced it. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions due to its low cost. Quinine is available with a prescription in the United States and "over-the-counter" (in minute quantities) in tonic water. Quinine is also used to treat lupus and arthritis. Quinine was also frequently prescribed in the US as an off-label treatment for nocturnal leg cramps, but this has become less prevalent due to a Food and Drug Administration statement warning against the practice.[2]
Quinine is highly fluorescent (quantum yield ~0.58) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution and it is widely used as a standard for fluorescence quantum yield measurement.[3][4] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Medical uses
2 Adverse effects
2.1 Non-abortifacient
2.2 Disease interactions
2.3 Hearing impairment
3 Mechanism of action
4 Regulation
4.1 United States
5 Nonmedical uses
5.1 Beverages
5.2 Scientific
5.3 Other
6 History
6.1 Synthetic quinine
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Medical uses[edit]
As of 2006, quinine is no longer recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization) as first-line treatment for malaria, and it should be used only when artemisinins are not available.[6][7][8][9]
Quinine is a basic amine and is usually presented as a salt. Various existing preparations include the hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate. This makes quinine dosing complicated, since each of the salts has a different weight.
The following amounts of each salt form contain equal amounts of quinine:
quinine base 100 mg
quinine bisulfate 169 mg
quinine dihydrochloride 122 mg
quinine hydrochloride 111 mg
quinine sulfate (actually (quinine)2H2SO4∙2H2O) 121 mg
quinine gluconate 160 mg
All quinine salts may be given orally or intravenously (IV); quinine gluconate may also be given intramuscularly (IM) or rectally (PR).[10][11] The main problem with the rectal route is that the dose can be expelled before it is completely absorbed; in practice, this is corrected by giving a further half dose.
In the United States, quinine sulfate is commercially available in 324-mg tablets under the brand name Qualaquin; the adult dose is two tablets every eight hours. No injectable preparation of quinine is licensed in the US; quinidine is used instead.[12][13]
Adverse effects[edit]
Main article: Cinchonism
Quinine can, in therapeutic doses, cause cinchonism; in rare cases, it may even cause death (usually by pulmonary edema). The development of mild cinchonism is not a reason for stopping or interrupting quinine therapy, and the patient should be reassured. Blood glucose levels and electrolyte concentrations must be monitored when quinine is given by injection. The patient should ideally be in cardiac monitoring when the first quinine injection is given (these precautions are often unavailable in developing countries where malaria is endemic).
Cinchonism is much less common when quinine is given by mouth, but oral quinine is not well tolerated (quinine is exceedingly bitter and many patients will vomit after ingesting quinine tablets): Other drugs such as Fansidar (sulfadoxine with pyrimethamine) or Malarone (proguanil with atovaquone) are often used when oral therapy is required. Quinine ethyl carbonate is tasteless and odourless,[14] but is available commercially only in Japan. Blood glucose, electrolyte and cardiac monitoring are not necessary when quinine is given by mouth.
Quinine can cause paralysis if accidentally injected into a nerve. It is extremely toxic in overdose, and the advice of a poisons specialist should be sought immediately.[citation needed]
Quinine in some cases can lead to constipation,[15] erectile dysfunction, or diarrhea.
The New York Times Magazine described a case presenting with fever, hypotension, and blood abnormalities mimicking septic shock, which was judged to be an adverse reaction to quinine.[16]
Non-abortifacient[edit]
Despite popular belief, quinine is not an effective abortifacient (a substance that may induce abortion) (in the US, quinine is listed as pregnancy category D[17]). Pregnant women who take toxic doses of quinine will suffer from renal failure before experiencing any kind of quinine-induced abortion.[18] Indeed, quinine is the only drug recommended by the WHO as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in pregnancy.[19]
Disease interactions[edit]
Quinine can cause hemolysis in G6PD deficiency (an inherited deficiency), but this risk is small and the physician should not hesitate to use quinine in patients with G6PD deficiency when there is no alternative. Quinine can also cause drug-induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Symptoms can be severe enough to require hospitalization and platelet transfusion, with several cases known to have resulted in death.[20]
Quinine can cause abnormal heart rhythms, and should be avoided if possible in patients with atrial fibrillation, conduction defects or heart block.
Hearing impairment[edit]
Some studies have related the use of quinine and hearing impairment, particularly high-frequency loss.[21][22][23] Although some studies suggest that this high-frequency hearing impairment is reversible,[21] it has not been conclusively established whether such impairment is temporary or permanent.[24]
Great stuff Professor.
that was great, professor. شكرا
Everyones favorite professor!
I would love to see a video explaining the chemical composition of certain drugs and why they are so addictive.
Great Chemistry work!
Wow this is fantastic!
Thank you ***** for sharing and spreading Knowledge!
In particular I really like the enthusiasm of the Professor Martyn Poliakoff.
An irrepresible enthusiasm of a 20 year-old boy, an enthusiasm that makes us love at the world of chemistry ans science in general..
Thank you again.
Ciao from Italy :)
Wow this is amazing!
I'm not a scientist (I studied French and English) but it is very interesting and very well explained.
Aaaaaaand this is what I want to do when I grow up. Thanks for the inspiration! :D
thats exeptional work.
You could always try isolating the gene that produces the chemical in the plant and make it produce more, or introduce the gene into a different organism to make that organism produce the drug.
Yeah, rarely is it only one gene that controls the production of substances in an organism. Usually it is a complex interaction of many many genes. For example, there isn't one gene that decides your eye colour, it is the interaction of a few genes. It isn't one gene that decides your blood type, it is multiple genes affecting one another.
It is annoyingly misrepresented in sci-fi and other literature, where a single gene changes so much about an organism (looking at you x-men). If all it took was one gene to be labelled a mutant, every human on earth is a mutant.
First I want to say that I have very much enjoyed your videos about the periodic table of elements. Next I have a question. How much do you know about the chemistry that goes on in the brain? I have a passion for psychology, but science as a whole is very fascinating to me.
Wow! There's alp lot to chemistry. Someday I hope to visit the university of Nottingham.
I wish I had decided to study abroad at University of Nottingham instead of QMUL. That would've been awesome.
I love that tie.
I'm bingewatching these
good vid guys as always now how about a look inside the crystallography lab :)
Nice one prof!
Yay retrosynthesis & green chemistry ! The exact two things i should be studying right now eh eh ... ahum
*cheers* for the usefull research professor, Good job !
Brilliant.
This process isn't just greener than the older process, it's also better for the enivronment, which is probably more significant, even if your dye is a nice color, because people don't really get to watch the electrons getting paired in large-scale production.
keep up the good work Sir. o7
Congrats for ur discovery. =>
Congratulations Professor! I have witnessed the pain and suffering that malaria can deliver. It is a slow and painful way to die. Your work is a precious gift to mankind.
Awesome.
Very intersting video! It's a nice coincidence, that I've been measuring crystals with synchrotron radiation at DESY a few days ago :)
Malaria is a horrible way to go so the more research that is done the better. Well done Professor
I love your necktie :)
Also this work is amazing, keep it up :)
Wait a minute. Water + ethanol is just vodka!
And who found the perfect ratio of ingredients for vodka? Dmitri Mendeleev
What did Dmitri Mendeleev invent? The Periodic Table!
seahawk124 You're a human toilet.
RedInferno112 Because?
seahawk124 Mendeleev illuminati confirmed
+seahawk124 So what you're saying is the Periodic Table is made by vodka?
мisteг Rㅇьloχiдп
Yes
I read a paper in Nature I think about in Asia about using the raw product for the molecules and what I have seen in papers in Malaria Journal (Biomed Central journals) that other plants have been found to treat malaria. Will there be a time that artemisinin would not get used? I did some malaria project at uni.
Could you guys do a video on the Jahn Teller Metal?
Hey im a scientific person too! Today inadded salt to water and i observed the water turning foggy. I hypothesized that it was because the salt was dissolving in the water! I tasted the water ( i know you arent supposed to taste your experiments but i couldnt resist!) and my hypothesis proved true!!!
I'm stuck! From the slide at 3:06 it the first step uses singlet O2 and then triplet in the second?
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) or Benzenehexol might do the same thing but quicker? I could've swore the precursor to aspirin, or something like it, was basically a benzehexol with a mild opiate/ anti inflamatory attached. The aztecs used to say that tree's bark would cure anything that's wrong with you.
The North Brazil would be great for testing. Jokes aside , I have a question about a previous job that you held . This related to transform polyethylene bags into feed would be possible to provide me the paper ???
Awesome. I like the vodka thing.
I literally got taught about singlet oxygen about 7 hours ago and artemisinin was the example my lecturer gave. what are the chances
Aaaah malaria... Came up in the GCSE Biology exam last Monday :)
Chiyun Lee LOL. Did you find it easy? I thought it was pretty easy.
Yeah it was pretty easy :)
Just wait for the second paper to be hard as hell :S
I'm scared for B3! I don't know anything about kidneys!!!
Hahaha. Don't worry. It's after half term so we should revise hard then!
Would it be possible for your awesome channel to do a video on c2n14.? I just find that a chemical people would find interesting.
What about pH modified acetonitrile as the solvent?
Just an idea, I don't know if you have tried it yet - is it possible to use natural sunlight to do this instead of LEDs? I think the most energy-consuming step of this experiment is the photosynthesis, but moving it to solar photosynthesis eliminates some energy consumption and makes it even greener.
Artemisinin....is that derived from the Wormwood plant (Artemisia absinthium) or one of its Artemesia relatives (sage, etc.)?
That's amazing (not in the good sense) that the bacteria are showing resistance so quickly.
@Periodic Videos any update on this?
Is the drug injected into the blood, or taken orally or what?
Plasmodium isn't a parasite, it's a protozoan. But this is a chemistry channel, not a biology one haha. Nice video as always and good job on synthesizing a drug to fight malaria. It's still such a huge problem but most people don't realize just how many die from it each year.
Moeyz69 I think they meant parasite in the common speech meaning - anything that feeds off of a host from within at the host's cost.
Moeyz69 Yeah its labelled as a parasitic protozoa, so isn't that under a "parasite"? parasite.org.au/para-site/contents/protozoa-intoduction.html
Moeyz69 that doesn't make a lot of sense. it's like saying a tick cannot be a parasite, because it's an insect.
saying that plasmodion is a protozoon gives it a place in the phylogenetic tree, while being a parasite is a way of life ;-).
tru7hhimself Thanks you just saved me a bunch of typing. Short answer - it's both.
tru7hhimself that works too
Is there such thing as Apolloinin
This is a great cause you should fundraise for it by selling the lab equipment (test tubes etc) that you use in videos as collector's items to help find a cheap way to make this chemical
+Joshua Lansell-Kenny Maybe you should do something else.
Is the drug stable and safe to handle in the lab? I usually associate organic peroxides with horrible lab accidents.
Nice
Malaria. It is so deadly, and in a painful way? What an Awesome Creator we have, one to be truly feared and obeyed.