Blown Apart | Partnair Flight 394
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- Опубликовано: 20 май 2020
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Partnair Flight 394 was a chartered flight which crashed on 8 September 1989 off the coast of Denmark, 18 km (11 mi) north of Hirtshals. All 50 passengers and 5 crew members on board the aircraft died, and it is the deadliest aviation disaster in Denmark. The crash was caused by use of counterfeit aircraft parts in repairs and maintenance.
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Artist: Dalo Vian
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This video answers many questions for me. I was a mechanic on CV-580 aircraft from 1967 until about 1982. When I heard that this crash had been attributed to structural failure I was skeptical. I have never worked on an airplane tougher than the 580, and I never saw any corrosion or fatigue problems on the airplane that were not easily corrected before any harm was done. Now that I know that counterfeit parts and poor maintenance practices were involved, I can finally understand what brought this airplane down. Those bogus parts dealers are murderers.
Ex structural mechanic and aviation mechanical fitter IAF. We meticulously inspected not only each structural repair but the adjacent area for FOD and any other possible problems over and over before signing off on a job. Our phantoms were in tiptop condition, we took so much pride in our work. Using fake substandard parts is just beyond comprehension.
Having worked in the legal field for 22 years, my 10 bucks says that maybe a few of those fake parts dealers can be traced back to China.
@Rich H No way !! You mean to say China actually counterfeit, steal, lie, falsify documentation and are all round scoundrels ? I never would have believed !
@@WeGoWalk We (maintenance) were aware of the existence of bogus parts at least thirty years ago. The origins were domestic.
@@WeGoWalk This accident happened in 1989. China was just starting to make T-shirts and socks back then. It had nothing to do with this accident or the counterfeit rings back then.
I honestly believe this is one of the most important accidents in aviation history. It shon a light on a serious underbelly of the spare parts industry and has probably saved millions of lives since.
@@bigballz4u ALL of the airplanes, everywhere now have to wonder if any of the parts they've used over the decades have been fakes, the cost to dig into every single potential part on every plane is astronomical, not to mention any of the structures that might get destroyed when an accident happens due to these fake parts. And that's not even counting the lives both in and out of the planes that would be killed or injured. There is no way to calculate the true cost of slipping in fake parts unseen. The penalty for making, selling, promoting, offering and using fake parts ought to reflect these facts. It is tantamount to murder.
Ian Chameleon I think it saved billions of lives.
@@rigged4red153 It was certainly a very important discovery, but Ian Chameleon is right. There's no way it could've saved millions of lives, almost nobody would continue flying if it was anywhere remotely near that dangerous.
@@MendTheWorld Maybe even trillions!
Companies don't care about lives.. It all about money, it will never stop..after market parts
okay, but can we talk about how incredible the investigators did with discovering all of this data? they did an amazing job narrowing down the cause of the crash and the exact details that contributed to the accident. may all who perished rest in paradise.
Just Saph, I was looking for this comment. Very impressive investigation!
@@drkatel Don't be silly--NOBODY does that on RUclips. I mean look to see if someone else has posted a comment before posting your own saying the same thing. Surely you've noticed how a simple misspelling can bring 25 or 30 identical comments pointing it out, each poster rushing to achieve immortality by getting their name in the comments section. Thank you for not following this practice--what a much more rewarding experience RUclips would be if others did the same thing!
@@jamesclendon4811 I do.
@@qwerty13380 same
☝☝☝
When it said "pilots are best friends and both were going to retire." I knew. So sad.
I know, so sad:(
@rob hooper the positive is that their unfortunate deaths lead to the arrest of frauds and criminals endangering lives. That's it.
@rob hooper What!? I know you're joking. lol
The only thing more chilling than a "prize flight" is a "children's special". These can't represent anything but a tiny percentage of all flights, yet several noteworthy crashes have occurred on such flights.
rob hooper You are correct. In the US retired pilots die at an average age of 66. So by checking out a little early the men received fame and their families were financially compensated to be better off. I think people should see the glass as half full.
Thank you for a great vlog of this tragic accident. I saw this plane take off. It dep on rwy 19 at FBU. One hour later I saw on the news that the plane was missing. One of the FA on board had lost her sister in the PA103 accident 9 months before. The two pilots had bought tickets to fly around the world, also to fly on the Concorde. The CEO and the top brass of WWL had taken the red eye to HAM to meet and greet the party. They were all in chock of course. 15 yrs later my sister got a job at WWL and she told me the her boss and dir of PR attended all 50 funerals. May the all rest in piece.
That was one of the most fascinating, and angering, accident analyses I've ever seen. Even old aviation buffs can learn from this one.
Yes. They should jail those responsible and throw away the key. Let thos who were responsible rot their lives away. Stinger words come to mind but do not want to write here.
Jane I was about to say that! Alaska Airlines 261 was just basically massacre
You should look at the accident report, especially the pictures of the deformed parts. They show an elevator tube with scratches all over it and metal plates with holes deformed beyond recognition. Scary stuff.
This accident was featured on one of the air disaster shows here. It left open the question of whether the F-16 actually was the straw that broke the camel's back in this accident (prob not, but who knows?). Counterfeit parts... whoever made them and sold them should get life for 52 counts of second-degree murder. They killed those 52 people. All for some dollars...
So sad. Nice vid as always, Allec...
F-16 overflying it would not cause that.
I think it was just only a coincidence
Agreed, when watching the F16 part my first thoughts were possible jet wash. It is curious that the aircraft fell right after the F16 flew over.....now with all the fake parts and vibrations I bet it was the last straw....any other aircraft would have shrugged it off but this one was in a world of hurt. RIP to all aboard
💯💯☝
@@jyralnadreth4442 No, as SMB 226B says it was just a coincidence. Two completely random events separate from each other. To destabilize the Partnair flight, the F-16 should have flown less than a meter from it !
My father was participant to several aircraft wreck investigations; the stuff he had to say about counterfeit parts does not bear repeating in polite company.
Suffice to say, it was blistering.
Laird Cummings
A very sobering and frightening thought.
I was in the airline business for decades as an independent technical representative to Boeing and Douglas, and had my own provisioning service for the airlines I served. As policy, I would never consider any part other than "manufacturer new" in any potentially critical assemblies, systems or applications. FAA 8130 tags with complete traceability were standard and expected. To think anybody would provide a fake or counterfeit part to an operator for inclusion into an aircraft carrying people is frankly unthinkable.
@@alexp3752 Lots of sociopaths in this world :(
I don't blame him.
Geez, counterfeit parts.... and this accident was 6 years before Ebay.
It must be very difficult to control quality now with the amount of fake and 2nd hand stuff being peddled as new. I've been caught out more than once with electronic components.
@@greenpedal370 that's why you buy from the manufacturer
@@greenpedal370- Then there are the spy chips concealed on motherboards. Concealed in plain sight disguised as other parts, or hidden inside the cases of chips.
@@algrayson8965 You are correct, there are. Perhaps more modern equipment is less susceptible to fraud.
Engines sound like lawn mower engines.
Wow...I agree with the commenter who said the people involved in the dastardly deeds of trafficking bootleg parts should have been held accountable for 52 murders. And who knows, maybe we’ve all flown in an aircraft with these flimsy parts...😳
Very well researched and presented, Allec!
I'm now thinking back to when I was flying with my family from Tampa to Indianapolis and back. Who knows if any of those planes had them.
Having flown the original piston powered (P&W R2800) Convair as a newly hired copilot, 6 years prior, the 8 months as my first left seat assignment, in the doubled horsepower Convair 580, in 1972 was the most pure flying fun of my career, which included those two types, plus the FH227 turboprop and three turbojets. Those powerful GM Allisons, with the hugh four bladed props, were phenomenal on that airframe. It could exceed VMO in level flight with one feathered.
Some lottery that turned out to be.
Lottery of death, and chinesium
Reminds me of Christa McAuliffe winning the competition to become the first teacher in space. She died in the Challenger accident while her back-up Barbary Morgan, who came in second, eventually did fly in space.
Deadly
We were all thinking it, I'm glad you said it
I'm from New York, and I've heard of and seen a lot of different fake merchandise, but fake airplane parts is a new one to me. And the most despicable by far. Unbelievable. That's some serious scummy stuff. Those poor people. Half of a company, and 2 veteran pilots a few months from retirement. Anyway, great video brother. I learned something new today, definitely. Thanks for sharing. 👍🏻👍🏻
@AE Schneider Absolutely!
Counterfeit parts are more common than most think. I am a flight attendant and we in Aviation know this. In Miami around the Airport The FAA busted alot of these dealers. They are criminals and murderers playing with our lives.
I think this is one of your very best videos Allec. Thank you. You continue to do really high quality work
This is a textbook example of how a specific and statistically ultra-rare “chain of events” has to take place to cause an accident. In this case, the missing link in the chain of destruction happened to be the highly unusual operation of the APU inflight, the broken mounting resulting in a vibration that by itself wouldn’t be an issue. The fact the tail was steadily weakening from the use of counterfeit frame bolts made it possible for the unfathomable combination of factors in that particular flight to result in a catastrophic failure. These are the kinds of scenarios no one can possibly anticipate.
In years gone by, I've flown on many Convair 580 airliners. Great planes to fly on for sure! BOGUS parts sold by CRIMINALS..... hopefully these people have been arrested & brought to justice!!!
The fact the same guys had sold parts to the US Airforce for the 747 Airforce One got the FBI interested. The 747 parts came from an Iraqi Airlines 747 blown up in the first Gulf War.
Great video. It really shows how counterfeit parts can ruin a perfectly working plane.
And imagine the mechanic that changed the bolt, too. Imagine what he had to go through, just doing his job of fixing the plane but accidentally making things worse. He inadvertently brought the natural frequencies of the tail and APU to be practically the same, but how in the world is he supposed to know that? They didn't have equipment to test stuff like that.
Well done, as usual Allec.
I was a passanger at this plane 10 days before it went down.
It was chartet by brewery Carlsberg for guest by the accomondatioen industry from Stavanger (SVG) in Norway to Copenhagen i Denmanrk.
Chilling feeling cause the return to SVG in the evening, the aircraft would not start, so after some hours, we got an old Caravelle jet to flew us home....
Same operator... only old planes
Nothing wrong with old planes BUT they need to be maintained right & with approved parts.
Sometimes I worry that we've run out of interesting crash stories and then we get this. Bravo!
Unfortunately we had an A320 go down in Pakistan today.
I would like to see him do Air Indiana flight 216...its the crash that killed the 1977 University of Evansville basketball team.
Would be an interesting one.
@Sir Tristan Being interested in history is not necessarily "cheering for the existence of death and destruction." Whether someone is interested in airplane crashes or not, they happened and unless you have a way of changing history, they will have always have happened. This is similar to how people are interested in other historical events, such as wars, assassinations, or plagues. There are people who even reenact battles; reenacting a battle does not necessarily mean that the reenactors and those who watch them are in favor of death and destruction.
This has to rate as one of the saddest tales. The two pilots, their faultless careers almost at an end, good friends about to retire. The high spirits of the passengers looking ahead to their 'lucky' company outing.
Great video Allec! Good job on reaching 220,000 subscribers!
Really interesting. Your animation has always been top class but your written content now matches it. Thanks, Allec!
Although it was a sad ending, I enjoyed watching this video mainly because the visual narration was on screen long enough to read, unlike some. Well done to all the investigators and the many, many hours they put into it.
What a bloody shame. Kudos to those investigators.
Great Video as always Allec👍👍
Extremely important story. Very well done as usual.
To put into perspective how poweful the Phenomena of resonance is, imagine you’re being pushed by a friend on a swing set. If you’re friend pushed you forward when you were at 75% of your back swing, you’d lose almost all the energy you had in your swing and you’d swing forward, but barely. You’d have to restart your swing.
Now lets say your friend pushed you forward when you were at 100% of your back swing. In other words, you’re at that brief second where it feels like you aren’t moving before you fall back down again into your forward swing. If your friend were to push you at that moment, think of how much higher you will go on your forward swing. This is because the frequency of your swings matches, or “resonates,” with the frequency of your friend’s pushes.
If you have a Left and Right stero speaker at home, switch the polarity of one of the speakers and the output volume is almost zero. That’s because the speakers are outputting sound waves that are 180° out of sync so they cancel. When you connect the polarities correctly, the two sound waves are in sync, they are resonating, and therefore the sound is much louder than “zero.” The speakers are producing sound normally.
Imagine these principles scaled to the size of an airplane which is being subject to tens of thousands of pounds of aerodynamic forces. These poor people didn’t stand a chance.
In the original Air Crash Investigation episode they quoted the ill-fated Tacoma bridge that gave way in 1940 due to the same resonance phenomenon after it shook with the wind. It's called aeroelastic coupling. This bridge was gone with the wind, literally.
@@julosx read an account of harmonic frequently in a ship mid seventies, harmonies were far less understood then, the investigators concluded it had been hit by a wave of the same frequently as the ship and sheared the ship at the waterline, the only survivors were two painters hanging over the side, they said one minute they were way above the sea and next they were swimming for their lives with no warning anything was wrong, even the weather was calm, ships today are compartmentalized to prevent this, it was only the survival of the painters that lead to the conclusion otherwise it would have been a mystery.
Lots of seemingly innocuous design features are there to elimihate/reduce vibration, which, as we have just seen, can be catastrophic. The largest ships have 5 bladed propellers (not 4) to prevent resonance.
Allec, again you attracted me to your video. Thank you for your effort in - especially in this case - telling the story behind the story. Great investigation by you and the actual investigators who made the purchasers of the companies aware of faked material for sale. Horrible, parts worth a few dollars caused the crash and subsequently the death of 52 people, leaving their families in pain. This example points out even more, that there´s a reason why airplanes need to be cared very much for and the safety must be worth something. Low-budget flying on the expense of safety threatens lives and the existence of airlines. RIP to all the lost people.
A very thorough investigation, and in the end it may have saved many lives on other flights. Also, a very thorough report by Allec!
Back in the 80's in CT there were two major Pratt Whitney Aircraft facilities employing thousands. A 3rd company, a subsidiary called Turbine Components opened in Branford and while most everybody were laying off there was a great need for workers. This new facility took used engine compressor and fan blades, inspected them for cracks and welded them. The job paid astronomical wages amid a recession. Unskilled labor including 2 of my family members were hired as welders but for a given period of time because the operation was damaging to the optic nerve. After your stint was complete you could move on to the dept that ground the welds. Not long after, fan blades started shattering in mid air causing catastrophic engine failures. In some cases the vibration caused an engine to vibrate, shear the bolts of the engine pylons ( which I believe were also found to be counterfeit) and engines were simply falling off planes. Eventually Turbine Components laid off most of the hires. Pratt Whitney didn't survive in CT after that. My coworkers and I had a running joke about ducking falling engines but soon conflict with Iran threatened to return the draft and we who hadn't previously served would be inducted. I was in my early 20's and scared to death. Upon a massive investigation things came to light and the counterfeit market collapsed. I believe most every airship was retrofitted.
So many things wrong on this flight. I’m terrified of flights but love to watch planes and videos about crashes in the comfort of my room. Stay safe everyone. ❤️😍
Outstanding and thorough presentation as always. Thank you.
More like this please! You really went into the hunt for answers on this one!
Astonishing investigative work.
Some really excellent detective work in this one.
Excellent presentation of a sad story. Thank you!
By far and away the best at this - hats off to you Mr Ibay
Allec, love your work. Keep it coming.
Another outstanding piece of work. Great visuals and description.
Great video. Incredibly sad. RIP all.
What was expected to be the reward of a lottery turned out to be a death ticket for the passengers on board that flight....At least it's fitting to know that the pilots, being close friends, died together trying to save their aircraft and its occupants to the very last moment. I also appreciate how the investigators of the crash really put in a hard effort to determine the exact and underlying causes of the crash, and I especially appreciate as to how far they went to crack down those who sold the fake aircraft parts on the black market. Now that's got to take some hard wit. Well done, Allec, keep uploading your well-made and well-thought out videos to educate all who desire to fly safely and to commemorate the victims of all those fatal, horrid crashes. And for all who have watched this, keep in mind to stay safe, and please offer your deepest condolences to the victims who suffered today from the crash of Pakistan Airlines Flight 8303. Keep well, and Happy Memorial Day weekend to all!
As always well done allec!👏💯👍
RIP
To the passengers and crew of Partnair Flight 394
Fascinating. Well done. Amazing investigation and results.
Another great video. Thanks.
Another nice job, Alec!!
Thank you for that informative and beautifully presented episode. Such a tragedy. Very well explained.
Excellent as usual!!
This was a huge problem at the time and several scientific and governmental organizations looked into it. It was beyond the aerospace industry. They found these sub-standard bolts in nuclear plants, submarines, bridges, etc. They were good copies and even had fake company logos, certification marks, and material lot numbers on the head of the bolt.
been waiting for this one
Thanks always for well done videos ❤
Another moral of the story; do not use counterfeit parts for life and death equipment.
The problem with counterfeit parts with proper paperwork is that they appear legitimate.
Like all the highly flammable cladding used around the world, including Grenfell Tower
I absolutely love the work you do. Nice job, very interesting videos. I've been an avid aviation lover for years. Please keep up the great work! Brian, aviation lover and private pilot.
Nice graphics 🤙🏻
i remember this scandal. its so sad that peoples greed led directly to the death of others.
ALL of the counterfeiters should face murder charges.
Agreed
Hell of an investigation.
How sad. Irony with the name of the airline “part”NAir
Excellent video 👌
Very very complex causes of this accident. Whew.
It’s interesting that the old analog data recorder provided them with more information in this case. A digital data recorder would have recorded the flight data without the vibrational interference.
That aggravates me as I have discovered counterfeit parts in the automotive repair industry coming out of China.
Back then, those counterfeit parts didn't even come from China. I guess it was thus easier to catch the criminals.
I think I might have a counterfeit oil filter in my car, so I'll avoid driving at 22,000'
When I worked for Rockwell we had a problem with fake imported air brake parts that carried our logo. Air brakes failing on a passenger bus could kill more people than on that plane.
Wow, what an incredible insightful investigation.
Man those Allison turbines sure sound a lot like wasp 2800s! Lol. Just giving you a hard time. Another great one, thanks for sharing.
Nicely done. That music! 😭
What a sad ending because of the mechanics putting in bad parts. God Bless the families and sorry for all victims.
Wow what a beautiful roaring sound of the Engine
Wow, layers and layers deep. Very interesting. And terribly, terribly sad.
Such a sad, preventable tragedy. 😧😠
And when you think people couldn’t be more evil... a black market of counterfeit plane parts????? This can’t be real. Amazing video Allec... what a tragedy.
That's not what the Alison 501 D3's sounded like.
Don't forget they were prop jet engines.
For reference, listen to them on the Lockheed L-188 Electra.
I thought the 580’s used Rolls Royce Darts
I shouldn't have watched it then. Such important information.
Guess what, he aliased it with R-1820 or 1830 sounds LOL....
The sound of it hitting the water didn’t sound correct either. Lol
@@abandonedchannel281 RR Rda-10 turboprop engines were used on CV-240 airframes to produce the Convair 600 aircraft. These aircraft were quiet and smooth flying for passengers, but did not not have adequate engine power to carry full loads from high-elevation airports. CV-340 and CV-440 airframes were equipped with Allison 501D13H turboprop engines to produce the larger, more powerful, and more popular Convair 580. The 580 was a reliable, tough, and very capable airplane, but the propeller noise and vibration made the flight experience less pleasant, at least for me.
Wow.....just stunningly sad.
Damn, imagine a plane crash, that blew up an entire market of fake parts.
Imagination not required
@AE Schneider- People can't be educated not to be wicked.
A very very expensive crash.
@AE Schneider I agree with "an educational system that teaches high standards both personally & professionally," but the creation and passing off of these fake airplane parts probably has nothing to do with education, but all to do with greed.
Love these
Kuya Allec. One of the more sadder crashes you documented on. I never heard of this particular crash being reported. Winners of a company lottery. Wonder how many "never won anything before"? Sad. A joyous exciting vacation turned tragic for so many families, co-workers, and friends.
Outstanding work as always Kuya Allec. Salamat po
Those people pushing the fake parts should be Hung.
I don't care much about their penis sizes, but I think the people pushing the fake parts should be sentenced to death.
@ Sad ,but true.
@ most likely yes. Who doesn't like getting a deal on something, saving a little money? Be that as it may, they had no reason to suspect that the parts were not authentic, properly manufactured or brand new. So I fail to understand what your point has to do with anything. Were they somehow responsible because they were smart shoppers and fell victim to fraud that most people would never have suspected someone would perpetrate? Are they supposed to feel guilty over that?
Anyone who would produce and sell fake arts for an aircraft has a very sick mind. No one uses knock-offs on airplanes. That's not even heard of.
Nice job Joshua. Your videos are always so right on with very good details. I know that you spend hours doing these vids, so I never minded contributing to your channel.
The plane was a 580 variant of this aircraft type with Allison turbo prop engines. Seems unusual to miss this fact on this story as Alecs’ recreations are so damn good. Keep them coming either way.
Yes...the plane dated to 1953 but would have started life as a piston engined 340 or 440. Conversions to the 580 began in 1960, with some airframes newly built as 580s.
That would be so terrifying to be headed straight down and be unable to do anything but watch the water approach. Does one think about his life, his loved ones, his sins? Maybe in terror, you don’t think about anything.
The two pictures at the end of these videos are amazing. They should be shown on their own without all the junk layered on top, at least for few seconds.
The very first summer job I had was working for Field Aviation at Pearson Intl Airport in Toronto. I was in the parts department shipping and receiving aircraft parts all day long. Every single piece had a paper trail going back to the manufacturer or the previous owner or the aircraft scrapper who documented what aircraft the part was stripped from. Any instrument we shipped out had test results certifying it's function along with its provenance. Mind you that was back 50 years ago. I first heard about bogus parts in the end 70s when I worked for Mc Donnell Douglas in Toronto. Some crimes deserve the death penalty. This is one of them.
Very well done sir
I worked aircraft logistics more than 22 years, commercial and military. One ugly addition is reused parts from matching model. Problem with this many are untested or certified for continued use. We, our loggia group held up $2-3 million in parts destined to use pending QA eval. They failed in the QA test lab. Counterfeit parts were discovered being sold through a 3rd party wholesaler who did not validate suppliers. Of course bogus vendors are gone.FBI got involved we never heard anything about it. Procurement policy changed to OEM only or OEM certified by FAA and NIST and OEM.
I flew on this plane's sister ship Galway-Luton while it was on lease to RyanAir in the summer of 1988.
Such a beautiful airplane.
Rest in peace Yngvar Holene (Flight Engineer)
And RIP to all people on board, the crew and the passengers!
The CV-580 didn't require a flight engineer.
Bottom line....... corruption caused this accident .
Excellent vid Allec.
Greetings from South Africa 👋🇿🇦
How much time did you save not typing eo?
Still remember that Day when it happened. It was just a few days after my Birthday. I have been working for Intair Ground Services in Hamburg, was Shift Leader that Day in Operations. We where expecting that Flight from Oslo. I have been several Times on that Airplane. It was a very strange Atmosphere when we where starting to wonder where the Plane is, after we should have been contacted by the crew some time ago. it then took about another Hour before we where sure that something is not going right. We all had to find out what its like, when a plane crashes an how this effects everyone being involved. It still feels like it just happened a while ago.
Thanks 👍.
You should read the Norwegian accident report- its plain scary-, almost every entity involved in the maintenance committed gross errors and allowed an improperly maintained and inspected aircraft to leave the ground multiple times, unbelievable. As a matter of point the possible counterfeit parts in the vertical stab attachments were only part of the problem as there was a " home-made" forward apu attachment which had failed sometime before and the apu assy became resonant with the oscillations of the vertical stab which were assumed to have originated from worn rudder hinges ( elevator hinges were worn also, possibly inducing flutter vibrations) in short this thing, In my opinion, was a flying hunk of junk.
Ok, but did they name the ship after the accident at all?
What a shady business at one point. Criminals show up in just about every aspect of life, even when you least expect it. Aircraft bolts!? Incredible.
An incredible chain of events and an even more incredible investigation. Those counterfeiters are evil, greedy bastards.
My friend owns her own overhaul station. She was telling me how large the counterfeiting business is. She even has been taken a few times.
And this is how a true friendship became eternal🙂🙂🙂
Friggin’ counterfeit parts - amirite?
what will passengers feel on those seconds...
My main problem with this video is that the engine sound is wrong. A Convair 580 is a jet prop or turboprop, which burns jet fuel (aviation grade kerosene). Your engine and cockpit sounds clearly depict engine noise emanating from a reciprocating engine, which burns avgas (aviation grade gasoline). Two totally different operating and sounding aircraft engine types.
I as a general machinist know that it is time consuming to make a machinery part. You have to follow a procedure that involves some well pre-defined principles & processes.
At first the stock material to be procured must be certified and to be the one that the designer requested. Then the processes of metal manufacturing must followed, whether it involves any or all of next processes;
1. Fabricating
2. Welding
3. Turning
4. Drilling
5. Milling
6. Machining
7. Fly_cutting
8. Boring
9. Tre_panning
10. Surface grinding
11. Cylindrical grinding
12. E.D.M machining
12a. Honing
13.Heat Treating (a.k.a.
Hardening/Quenching /Tempering to. required
13. (continued) degree of Hardness. & Toughness.
14. Inspection re: Xrays for integrity and re: manufacturing Tolerances & Allow_ ances.
15. Detailed & exact maintenance of all mechanical /electrical /electronic machinery
Thus a metal part is an expensively made one if all the processes are followed. But there are are not measures or *checks & balances* to control the Huge number of metal parts manufacturers of parts for machinery/automotive/aircraft/ships/infra_structure etc. Thus along the General Procedures various "short-cuts" are initiated by un-scrupulous operators to lower the cost of production , dis- regarding quality requi- rements , resulting in premature failing of parts and machinery.
On that flight, the sister, or cousin of one of the flight attendants on Pan Am 103 worked. Their names were Skabo. So in that family they lost 2 girls, both stewardesses, both in aviation accidents. Ironically the Partnair employees, espacially crew, dubbed that aircraft to "Panam'en". ("The Pan Am"). Both for its reg (LN-PAA) and due to its light blue passenger seats. And also the blue line in the livery gives a Pan Am feeling. But all planes in their fleet had blue lines. The aircraft first flew for United.
These lives were not lost in vain, but theyre lost just the same. RIP.