The post-war generation left rebuilding a divided country | Growing up in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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- Опубликовано: 29 июн 2024
- The Bosnian War is the worst conflict on European soil since World War II. We went to Sarajevo and Banja Luka to meet Selma and Danilo, and learn what growing up in the country is like for the post-war generation.
Selma and Danilo belong to two of the three ethnicities making up Bosnia and Herzegovina's people. To this day, ethnicity is tightly linked to religious denomination: the Balkan country is home to Bosniak Muslims, Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats.
The groups fought a civil war against each other for four years: 100,000 people died, millions were displaced, and convictions of genocide and war crimes still cast a shadow on the country's unity. We went to Sarajevo and Banja Luka to meet the post-war generation left to build their country's future without having the same version of the past.
NB: We chose to identify Banja Luka as the capital of RS because it is, de facto. Sarajevo is that of the entire country, but the seat of government of the Republika is in Banja Luka.
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Chapters:
00:00 - 01:06 Intro
01:06 - 02:07 Bosnia's ethnic communities
02:07 - 04:35 War stories
04:35 - 05:08 The dissolution of Yuguslavia
05:08 - 05:54 Bosnia's missing chapter
05:54 - 07:08 1992, the war begins
07:08 - 08:06 Srebrenica
08:06 - 09:27 No common ground
09:27 - 10:20 Post-war nationalism
10:20 - 11:48 A precarious system
11:48 - 12:34 Road to EU
12:34 - 13:41 What's next?
13:41 - 14:10 Credits
Hi all, Elena here, the journalist who worked on this. This topic was incredibly hard to cover, and surely some of you will think we should have done something differently.
Particularly, note that the experiences of ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks can differ immensely, even within the ethnic group. If what you see here does not reflect your experience, please say so respectfully, so the conversation can be fruitful.
Thanks for watching!
Goodwork Elena !
... so where are the Croats in your story? Whatever you wish to say about Bosnia and Herzegovina, you cannot say it without one of the constitutive nations. You cannot just interview 2 of 3 nationalities and think that you have some objective picture of complex situation in BiH. Without the 3rd nation this video is completely false.
Hi Ellena @enentr . Its not CIVIL WAR . IT IS AGGRESSION ON THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.
judgments of the international court in the Hague are something you do not respect?
That's what we based our facts on. The UN maintains this began as a civil war and developed as an international armed conflict. We said it started as a civil war, not that it's all it was.@@magistarfarmacije
Great content. I am always reading about Bosnia, mostly books, as Ivo Andrić and Sasa Stanisić. Congrats from Brazil!
Yup, Ivo Andric, a Serb born in Austro-Hungarian Empire who won a Nobel Prize. My favourite choice too👍
There is no any other capital then Sarajevo, Banja Luka is just a city like any other, but Sarajevo is the capital city by Constitution.
Indeed -- Banja Luka is, however, the de facto capital of the Republika Srpska. As we mentioned, Sarajevo is Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital of course
@@enentractually Eastern Sarajevo is republika srpskas capitol Banja Luka is the Administrative Center
for other ordinary people in the world - it's one nation with one language divided by religion.
and it's terrible
Yugoslavia was never ruled by komunist block. It was neutral and never belonged to any blocks. It was socialist regime and not communist, federation of 6 Republics.
Indeed the Federation remained largely independent from the Soviet Union, we never suggested otherwise. Yet the league of communists of Yugoslavia ruled the Federation almost until its dissolution, Tito himself was its leader. There’s no doubt that the Socialist country was built and led following Communist Marxist-Leninist principles.
@@enentrMarxist-Leninist aka Stalinist? No. Not since 1948 or 1950s. SFR Yugoslavia had a model of workers' self-management and actually had certain market mechanisms (market socialism) instead of having the fully centralised economy. People were also able to move across the borders and travel to Western Europe. There were different socialist systems as there are different capitalist systems (Thailand and Germany don't have the same systems and experiences of capitalism, I am sure).
@@withoutshadowww yes, all studies on the Yugoslav form of communism point to a Marxist-Leninist inspiration, this has never been confuted. Tito himself was very open about the Leninist approach and the fact that even decentralisation was conceived as temporary (regardless, decentralisation, as long as it increased the output while keeping freedom for its workers, which was the case, was not seen as going against Leninist principles). To read about this you can read: Yugoslav Communist Theory, Tito and the problem of the vanishing dialectic, 1954. Of course there are different communist systems, Tito's Yugoslavia was a Leninist one.
@@enentrThanks for the textbook but I am quite well informed about that country and the system. Tito could have written whatever he wanted in 1950s, but the system after 1948/50, especially in 1970s and particularly in 1980s for sure was not "Marxist-Leninist" or "Stalinist". In addition, Tito was not (!) the main person/thinker behind the Yugoslav model of socialism, but there were a few other intellectuals who were more in charge of creation of the Yugoslav-style of socialism.
And even if Marxism-Leninism was at the core of the system at the beginning, and its features were existing throughout the different phases of SFR Yugoslavia -- the Yugoslav form of socialism was shaped and remodeled by Yugoslav intellectuals and thinkers, it was a particular model of socialism which differed from DDR, Soviet Union or Romania. Come critics even say that it was a form of state-capitalism (as China nowadays) , not sure about that, though. But, anyway:
Central planning in industry? No.
Workers' self-management in industry? Yes.
Central planning in agriculture? No.
Private enterprise in agriculture? Oh, yes, my great-grandma had a nice corn field and orchard behind her house.
Summa summarum: It was a system of state ownership and market mechanisms, often known as market socialism. Market socialism is not the same as "Marxist-Leninist" or "Stalinist" system which presupposes centrally planned economy.
You should read more on market socialism and worker's self-management, that Yugoslav model inspired actually a few enterprises in capitalist West.
Btw, the thing that my grandpa who was a manager in one of the Yugoslav state-owned companies has never had a job trip to DDR during his career (and that country was quite unknown to him) but has been a few times in Bavarian and Western German industrial cities, is related to the mentioned above, but actually it's another topic... bringing us to the fact that Yugoslav socialist system was very much involved in the global capitalist economy.
Bosnia should serve as an example of how divisive major religions are.
Personally, as a non religious young man born in 2001 in Federation of BiH I find it really hurtful when people talk about the muslim-bosniaks, orthodox Serbs and Catholic croats. I dont fit in any of these groups, neither do my parents. I dont think the country it self believes that you can just be a Bosniak, there is no such thing it seems like. Everyone is either one of these 3 entities and it has affected every situation ive been in so far in life, from school to job to friends, these entities consume the people and just by you saying im X you will get looks from someone who is Y. But... what for? This is why I'm not religious, in books it says dont hate non believers but people constantly want war because you believe in the wrong One. Its bs let the people find their own path.
It was a genocide, anyone who says otherwise is the part of the problem and that problem will lead to more wars down the line.
Politicians are ridiculous excited to start a war as if the country even has bread for their family. Everywhere you look in Bosnia its scars scars scars from war. We dont want wars, we want jobs but the people are too passive. The every day bosniak doesn't even vote, doesnt believe their vote matters and that it will change anything, maybe thats true I still think being passive will lead to war. We need a revolution, 1 president regardless of who and we need that president to shut everyone up and build the economy, not an army againts their own like we've been doing. Bosnia will have another war soon enough and my only hope is when we lose, a smarter non religious people can rule and focus on food instead
Thank you for sharing your perspective! It's important to show that not everyone uses ethnicity as an identity marker. One thing is clear from what you're writing and what Selma and Danilo both shared: that younger people believe it's mostly politicians that are to blame for ethnic divisions and nationalist discourse. We felt you all said something similar: people want peace and a country where they can prosper.
Oh, I didn't know that "I am so smart because I'm atheist" people existed in Bosnia until now
Still you are right
I’m a Bosnian atheist (and also gay) living in Sweden and I totally agree with you! Religion and bigotry is why I don’t want anything to do with Bosnia. I don’t see a future for it tbh
@@ib368 glad that you are in Sweden with that attitude
Hello folks. I watched it until the information came, that Banja Luka is the capital of Republica Srpska. With all due respect, but inform yourself better, at least, read the first 5 sentences of the Statute :)
Hi, Banja Luka is the administrative centre of the Republika Srpska. The capital of country is Sarajevo of course - we make this clear - but it’s worth highlighting the value that Banja Luka has, and why we went there.
@@enentrRepublica Srpska is not a country but just an entity, so it has no capital, only Bosnia and Herzegovina has a capital city and it is Sarajevo, according to the Constitution and also international law. To al people that live in Banja Luka, Sarajevo is their capital city, same as Washington DC is capital city for New Yorkers or people that live in Texas, also to all other ethnicities that live in the US their capital is Washington, same is for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
@@adnansehic7030 Banja Luka is the DE FACTO capital of Republika Srpska, this is a legal term used to indicate a city that is the administrative centre of a region or country without being officially acknowledged as one. Ignoring the importance Banja Luka has for Bosnian Serbs does us a disservice in explaining the complexities of the country
The war wasn't a civil war, it was a war of aggression by Serbia and Croatia on Bosnia-Herzegovina, a sovereign state.
That's not correct. It was a civil war. People who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 90s fought amongst themselves. One side didn't want separation from Yugoslavia and another one did wanted that ( they declared independence againt the will of one nation ). Then, unfortunatly, war has begun between nations in BiH.
That's was war against islamic state in Bosnia.
Tu svoju bajku jedino i možeš prodavati neukim zapadnjacima.
@@bracojunior Nemam sta prodavati, postoje cinjenice. Procitaj sudske presude, nigdje se ne spominje gradjanski rat jer upravo rat NIJE bio gradjanski vec je bila agresija od strane Srbije i Hrvatske.
@@tarik6990 pa Alija je na kraju rata zvao hrvatsku vojsku u pomoć. Zašto bi zvao "agresora" u pomoć? Koji "agresor" bi zbrinuo stotine tisuća neprijateljskih civila i vojnika? Zašto niste u Srbiju išli po pomoć i smještaj?
That was not a civil war. It was armed agression by leftover Yugoslavia and rebel Bosnian serbs.
Thank you for writing this, our war is often portrayed as a civil war which it definitely wasn't.
Then why is there 17 pages of War crimes committed by Bosnians on Wikipedia?
@@tarik6990 So you are just completely ignoring the attacks of HVO and Mujahideen? This was a war between 3 nationalistic and religious groups with foreign involvement especially from the HV. The yugoslavs and non involved fled the country.
@@Corleone-oe6qf There never would have been attacks by HVO or Mujahideen (in fact Mujahideen weren't even Bosniaks for the most part) without initial Serb aggression against non-Serbs and against a sovereign state. That's the truth that a lot of Serbs deliberately fail to grasp. Also, there never would have been so many casualties without direct involve from Serbia which was proven in court and which proved that this was in fact NOT a civil war.
@@tarik6990 You have to distinguish between Serbs and Bosnian Serbs. The aggression was provoked by the Bosnian Serb parties and militia which were mainly supported by the yugoslav-serb army. Second important thing is the dispute between bosniaks and croats during 92 and 95 where herceg bosna wanted to be part of croatia. Not only was the HVO in BIH but the HV was also directly involved and the initialization of the war by the sds doesn't legitimize the war crimes commited by the other ones. It is true that many mujahideen weren't bosniaks but they were brought by the armija bih which was mostly bosniak. The serbs did commit most war crimes and were the main combattants in the war but the other sides can't be put into the victim role. It of course was a civil war but it had foreign involvement. The ICTY isn't an objective entity. The serbs are being targeted disproportionally by it with now trying to push through the international ceremonial celebration of the so called "genocide" of srebrenica. Of course it was a massacre but you can't state that this was a genocide but the things israel does in gaza isn't. The three main sides involved in the war were the SDS (supported by the JNA), the HVO (supported by the HV) and the Armija BIH (aided by the Mujahideen and also a bit by the HV).
"Ethnicity" :D You are THE SAME Ethnicity, the only difference is your religion :D Divide and rule at it's peek :D
And which is that enthicity you are talking about?
@@Munja12 South Slavs. Just ask someone how knows something about genetics. They will tell you they can for the majority of them not difference between people born in croatia, bosnia, serbia, montenegro or macedonia...
There is literally more genetic difference between people inside italy or germany as between the countries mentioned before.
And I am pretty sure they are laughing about the stupidity of the (South) Slavs :D
@@Munja12 south slavic / yugoslav / serbocroat
@@Corleone-oe6qf not serbocroat since I am not Serb or Croat
@@Munja12 ye but with serbocroat all subgroups bosnians, serbs, croats and montenegrins are meant. and on which basis are you saying that you aren't serb or croat? on passport?
Bosniak girl is educated and beautiful human being. May God protect her people, they are an european flower and should face positive discrimination not hate by their neighbors and other europeans 🌸
I live in bosnija and I live in goražde and I'm a muslim I'm bosnijan
She is also serbian you can see that she is not muslim
It seems like there’s bad blood still. Praying for my Muslim brothers who are isolated in a continent full of Christians who want to ethnically cleanse them.
You are wrong. As a Polish, I can say we perceive Bosnia and Muslim community like something "exotic" so close to us, of course in positive way. Yes, they are different from us (religion) but still we are Slavic nations and see similarities. We are neutral for 3 ethnic groups. We are just curious about our brothers from the south. And see, we have second slavic war in Ukraine and look, it's not about religion but we still fight..
And during the war we welcomed refugees from all three ethnic groups but you probably didn't hear about it on TV..
@@veronivhbr5244 You may perceive Bosniaks as close to Poles (and thank you for that) but I can assure you that your country has a problem with islamophobia.
@@tarik6990 Tarik, you believe too much in stereotypes. Poles simply don't like it when someone disrespects their traditions and culture. When the minority dictates and demands something from the majority in its country. It's up to you to accept the rules of the country you want to live in. See the Tatar community in Poland which has been living in Poland for centuries. They have respect because they gave it too.
@@veronivhbr5244 It's easy to respect the Tatars when there are barely any left. Serbs also "respect" Bosniaks living in occupied areas.
The Serbs are only in Serbia, the Croats are in Croatia and the Bosnians and Herzgovians are in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those who do not want to be called Bosnians, which are mostly Bosnian Orthodox, can freely go to Serbia or Russia. The ideology of Greater Serbia changed the thinking of the Bosnian Orthodox. There is no great science here
Kinda true but Serbian =/ serb
Why should we go? We are Serbs who live in our beloved Republika Srpska ( that is part of Bosnia and Herzegovina). I don't see a problem. I have right to be who I am and to cherish and honor my Serbian tradition, beliefs and history. So do you. So all the people in this world- they have right to be who they are without other people telling them what should they be or how should they feel.
Fine, empty Novi Pazar then. Follow your own preaching.
To se zovu osnove demokracije, a to je ono što tzv. Bošnjacima nije poznat pojam i još dugo neće biti.
So ignorant. People know their family history, so do I, and I'm definitely Serb, born in Bosnia. Don't act so smart. 🙄
Thank you for stating the most important fact that Serbs didn't want to settle with a sovreign country for all citizens.
Bosnia can have a future if you accept that Bosnia has 2 Entities and that RS is here to stay. Sarajevo Politicans shouldn't talk about to start wars and trying to block projects in RS or trying to steal some autonomy rights of RS because at the end people will block eachother
@@heyheyhey8371 It's absolutely not here to stay, the only thing holding it is a dysfunctional peace disagreement. Nothing created through war crimes, ethnic cleansing and genocide can last forever.
Maybe we should settle Palestinian refugees in Bosnia and see your reactions.... @@heyheyhey8371
@@heyheyhey8371"Sarajevo" is literally not doing anything to RS, they are helping it, Sarajevo is busy destroying the rest of federation
Bosnia dont have future. Serbia only can have "future" .But thats a future maybe for future generations not for me. I personaly dont have "home" country.
The Serb guy should ask himself why is there a Republika Srpska that is mostly ethnically clean if their wasnt a motif?
it's not, 80% are Serbs. But there are no Serbs in Sarajevo, how come?
@@SDluka They left Sarajevo AFTER the end of the war on the orders of Karadzic and Krajisnik. And today still there are way more Serbs in Sarajevo and more importantly in high job positions in Sarajevo than Bosniaks in Banja Luka.
@@tarik6990 hahahahahahha
Sarajevo je Jerusalim u kojem zive samo mualimani
Vecu glupost nisi mogao napisati, u Sarajevo ima barem 20,000 nemuslimana.