Georgian Song Performed by Ukrainians - Ramdeni Malodine - How Long You Made Me Wait (2020)
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- Опубликовано: 4 окт 2024
- Georgian Song Performed by Ukrainians - Ramdeni Malodine - რამდენი მალოდინე - How Long You Made Me Wait (2020)
Author of the Song: Georgian Song-writer and Singer - Teona Kumsiashvili (თეონა ქუმსიაშვილი);
Lyrics in English:
You were not there and boredom lived in my soul,
you were not there and sadness fell on me like snow on the mountains,
you came and restored peace to my heart..
Days followed days again,
and at night the cold of separation kept me awake,
you came and restored peace to my heart..
Chorus:
And yet, how long she made me wait,
how many first snows,
how many springs with restless thoughts,
how many autumns are hidden in the fog...
And yet, how long she made me wait,
how many first snows,
how many springs with restless thoughts,
how many autumns have sunk in the fog...
You were not there, and boredom lived in my soul,
you were not there and sadness fell on me like snow on the mountains,
you came and brought me back to life again,
and yet, how long, how long she made me wait...
Chorus:
How long did you make me wait?
how many smiles are gone,
how many dreams are hidden in Aragvi,
how many years, embroidered in different colors.
And yet, how long she made me wait,
how many first snows,
how many autumns have disappeared in the fog,
so many dreams that have sunk into the fog...
simply amazing.
waw bravo. love for Ukraine from Georgia.
ლომისობას გილოცავთ მისი ძალა და მადლი გფარავდეთ მუდამ👍🤝💒🍷💯💯💯
მეც გილოცავ გიო ლომისობას. და ჩვენი ნაკრების წარმატებასაც გილოცავ :)) სულ ასეთი წარმატებებით გვევლოს
👍👍👍👍👍👍💒🍷🇬🇪
Georgian cuisine is known for its distinctive flavors and dishes that are not commonly found in other cuisines. Here are a few examples of Georgian dishes that are unique to Georgian cuisine:
1. Kharcho: Kharcho is a traditional Georgian soup made with beef or other meats, rice, tomatoes, onions, garlic, and a variety of spices such as cinnamon, cloves, and fenugreek. The combination of flavors and spices gives it a distinct taste that sets it apart from other soups.
2. Chakapuli: Chakapuli is a traditional Georgian stew typically made with lamb or veal, green plums, tarragon, onions, and white wine. The tartness of the green plums combined with the aromatic herbs creates a unique and flavorful dish.
3. Badrijani Nigvzit: Badrijani Nigvzit is a popular Georgian appetizer made with eggplant. Slices of fried or grilled eggplant are filled with a mixture of ground walnuts, garlic, herbs, and spices, then rolled and served at room temperature. It offers a combination of creamy texture and rich flavors.
4. Pkhali: Pkhali is a type of Georgian vegetable pâté made with various vegetables such as spinach, beetroot, or cabbage. The vegetables are finely chopped, mixed with ground walnuts, garlic, herbs, and spices, and then shaped into small portions. Pkhali is often served as an appetizer or side dish.
5. Ghomi: Ghomi is a traditional Georgian cornmeal dish that resembles polenta. It is made by boiling cornmeal with water or milk until it thickens and becomes creamy. Ghomi is often served with various toppings such as cheese, butter, or meat stews.
6. Puri: Puri is a traditional Georgian bread that is round and typically baked in a clay oven called a tone. It has a crispy exterior and a soft, fluffy interior. Puri is a staple in Georgian cuisine and is often served alongside various dishes.
7. Ajika: Ajika is a spicy paste or sauce made from red chili peppers, garlic, herbs, and spices. It is used as a condiment in Georgian cuisine and adds heat and flavor to many dishes. Ajika can vary in spiciness and ingredients based on regional preferences.
8. Jonjoli: Jonjoli is a unique Georgian ingredient made from pickled blanched buds of a flowering plant called Bladdernut. It has a tangy and slightly bitter taste and is commonly used in salads and as a garnish for meat and vegetable dishes.
9. Kuchmachi: Kuchmachi is a traditional Georgian dish made from organ meats, typically chicken or pork liver, hearts, and other organs. The meats are sautéed with onions, garlic, and spices, and often served as a cold appetizer.
10. Kupati: Kupati is a type of Georgian sausage made from minced meat, usually pork or a combination of pork and beef, mixed with various herbs and spices. It is traditionally grilled or fried and is commonly enjoyed with bread and fresh herbs.
11. Kharcho Nigvzit: Kharcho Nigvzit is a unique Georgian dish that combines the flavors of kharcho soup with walnut paste. It contains pieces of meat, rice, and a rich walnut sauce, creating a creamy and flavorful combination.
12. Chirbuli: Chirbuli is a traditional Georgian dish made with scrambled eggs, tomatoes, and a variety of vegetables such as peppers, onions, and herbs. It is often spiced with Georgian spices and served as a breakfast or light meal.
13. Lobiani: Lobiani is a traditional Georgian bean-filled bread. It is made by stuffing a bread dough with a mixture of mashed beans, onions, and spices, and then baking it. Lobiani is often flavored with ingredients like coriander, garlic, and fenugreek.
14. Chikhirtma: Chikhirtma is a traditional Georgian soup typically made with chicken, eggs, and a tangy broth. The soup is flavored with herbs, spices, and the addition of lemon juice, creating a distinctive taste.
15. Achma: Achma is a layered cheese dish that resembles lasagna. It is made by stacking layers of thin, flat dough with a mixture of cheese and eggs. The layers are then baked until golden and crispy.
16. Tklapi: Tklapi is a traditional Georgian fruit leather made from pureed fruit that is spread thin and dried. It is typically made from fruits like plums, apples, or grapes and can be enjoyed as a snack or used as an ingredient in various dishes.
17. Kharcho Pkhali: Kharcho Pkhali is a variation of the traditional Georgian dish Pkhali. It is made with finely chopped walnuts, herbs, spices, and cooked beef or lamb, resulting in a flavorful meat and nut pâté.
18. Ostri: Ostri is a hearty Georgian meat stew made with beef or veal. It is slow-cooked with a mixture of onions, tomatoes, spices, and herbs until the meat becomes tender and the flavors meld together.
19. Pelamushi: Pelamushi is a traditional Georgian dessert made from grape juice and cornstarch. It is cooked until it thickens and then set to cool, resulting in a jelly-like texture. Pelamushi is often flavored with spices like cinnamon and can be served with nuts or dried fruit.
20. Pkhlovana: Pkhlovana is a traditional Georgian dish made with beet leaves stuffed with a mixture of ground meat (often beef or pork), rice, herbs, and spices. The stuffed leaves are then simmered in a flavorful tomato-based sauce.
21. Patarshapkhulo: Patarshapkhulo is a unique Georgian dish made with a variety of greens, such as spinach, beet greens, and chard. The greens are blanched and then sautéed with onions, garlic, herbs, and spices, resulting in a flavorful and nutritious side dish.
22. Ajapsandali: Ajapsandali is a vegetable stew made with a combination of eggplant, tomatoes, bell peppers, onions, and herbs. The vegetables are sautéed until tender and then simmered together to create a flavorful and hearty dish.
23. Soko Ketsze: Soko Ketsze is a traditional Georgian chicken dish cooked with walnuts, garlic, and pomegranate juice. It combines the rich flavors of walnuts and tangy pomegranate to create a unique taste profile.
24. Kada: Kada is a traditional Georgian cornbread made from cornmeal. It is typically baked in a pan and has a crunchy crust with a soft interior. Kada is often served with cheese, honey, or butter.
Chakhokhbili: Chakhokhbili is a popular Georgian dish made with chicken or other poultry, onions, tomatoes, and a variety of herbs and spices. It is a flavorful stew with a tomato base and is often served with bread or rice.
25. Tarkhun Soda: Tarkhun Soda is a traditional Georgian soft drink made from tarragon. It is a carbonated beverage with a distinct herbal and slightly sweet flavor.
26. Elarji: Elarji is a traditional Georgian dish made with finely ground cornmeal, sulguni cheese, and butter. It is cooked until the cheese melts and the mixture becomes thick and creamy. Elarji is often served as a side dish or a hearty snack.
27. Chanakhi: Chanakhi is a Georgian meat and vegetable stew made with lamb or beef, potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, onions, and herbs. The ingredients are slow-cooked together in a clay pot, allowing the flavors to meld and create a rich and aromatic dish.
28. Tklapuri: Tklapuri is a unique Georgian dessert made from dried fruit, nuts, honey, and spices. The ingredients are ground together and formed into small cakes or balls, creating a sweet and nutritious treat.
29. Churchkhela: Churchkhela is a traditional Georgian sweet treat often referred to as "Georgian Snickers." It is made by dipping strings of nuts (usually walnuts) into a mixture of grape juice thickened with flour or cornstarch. The strings are then dried, resulting in a chewy and sweet snack.
30. Nazuki: Nazuki is a traditional Georgian sweet bread flavored with spices such as cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom. It is often enriched with ingredients like honey, raisins, and nuts, resulting in a fragrant and slightly sweet loaf.
31. Gebzhalia: Gebzhalia is a cold Mingrelian soup made with a base of thick yogurt or buttermilk, mixed with finely chopped herbs such as mint, dill, and cilantro. It is often garnished with slices of cucumber and walnuts, resulting in a refreshing and tangy dish.
32. Megrelian Khachapuri: Megrelian Khachapuri is a regional variation of the famous Georgian cheese-filled bread. It is characterized by its unique cheese filling, which often includes a blend of sulguni cheese, feta cheese, and cottage cheese. The dough is typically shaped into a round or oval form and baked until golden and cheesy.
33. Chvishtari: Chvishtari is a Mingrelian cornbread dish made from cornmeal, cheese (often sulguni or imeruli), and sometimes flavored with herbs like tarragon or dill. The mixture is shaped into patties or balls and grilled or fried until crispy on the outside and soft on the inside.
34. Ghomi Mchadi: Ghomi Mchadi is a traditional Mingrelian dish that combines two staple components of Georgian cuisine: ghomi (cornmeal) and mchadi (cornbread). It is made by cooking ghomi until it thickens and then shaping it into flatbread-like patties. The patties are then grilled or fried until crispy on the outside. Ghomi Mchadi is typically enjoyed with various savory dishes or as a standalone snack.
35. Megruli Nigvzit: Megruli Nigvzit is a popular Mingrelian dish consisting of a mixture of ground walnuts, garlic, herbs, and spices. The mixture is used as a filling for different ingredients such as eggplant, mushrooms, or bell peppers. The filled vegetables are then cooked until tender and served as a flavorful side dish.
36. Chirbuli: Chirbuli is an egg-based dish that is commonly prepared in Mingrelian cuisine. It typically includes scrambled eggs cooked with tomatoes, onions, herbs, and spices. Chirbuli is a versatile dish and can be enjoyed as a breakfast or paired with bread for a light meal.
37. Chkmeruli: Chkmeruli is a famous Georgian chicken dish that is also popular in Mingrelian cuisine. It consists of pan-fried or roasted chicken cooked with a creamy garlic sauce. The chicken is often served with a side of crispy potatoes or bread, allowing you to savor the flavorful combination.
38. Kuchmachi Salad: Kuchmachi Salad is a unique salad preparation in Mingrelian cuisine. It typically includes finely chopped organ meats (such as liver or heart), onions, herbs, and spices, mixed with vinegar and oil. The salad is known for its rich and robust flavors.
39. Tashmijabi: Tashmijabi is a popular Mingrelian dish made from a mixture of cornmeal, cheese (often sulguni), eggs, and herbs. The mixture is formed into small dumplings and boiled until cooked. Tashmijabi is usually served with melted butter and sprinkled with herbs, creating a comforting and satisfying dish.
40. Megruli Lobiani: Megruli Lobiani is a delicious Mingrelian variation of the traditional Georgian dish called Lobiani. It consists of a bean-filled bread made with a mixture of mashed kidney beans, onions, herbs, and spices. The filling is wrapped in a dough and baked until golden and crispy. Megruli Lobiani is often enjoyed as a hearty and satisfying meal.
41. Chakhokhbili: Chakhokhbili is a popular Mingrelian chicken stew that is loved throughout Georgia. It is made with chicken pieces cooked in a rich tomato-based sauce, flavored with onions, herbs, and spices. The dish is known for its aromatic flavors and is often served with bread or rice.
42. Mingrelian Ghomi Soup: Mingrelian Ghomi Soup, also known as Ghomis Supi, is a traditional Mingrelian soup made with cornmeal (ghomi). It is prepared by cooking the cornmeal in a broth made from meat or vegetables, along with onions, herbs, and spices. The result is a thick and hearty soup that is enjoyed as a main course.
43. Zedashe: Zedashe is a traditional Mingrelian dish made with chicken, walnuts, onions, and garlic. The chicken is simmered with the walnut sauce until the flavors meld together, resulting in a rich and flavorful dish. Zedashe is often served with bread or rice.
44. Mingrelian Kharcho: Mingrelian Kharcho is a variation of the classic Georgian soup called Kharcho. It is made with beef or other meats, rice, and a tangy tomato-based broth flavored with a blend of spices and herbs. Mingrelian Kharcho is known for its bold flavors and is often garnished with fresh herbs and a sprinkle of ground walnuts.
45. Khinkali: Khinkali is most commonly associated with Georgian cuisine and is considered a traditional Georgian dish. It holds a significant place in Georgian culinary culture and is often regarded as one of the national dishes of Georgia. Khinkali has a distinct preparation method, shape, and filling that are characteristic of Georgian cuisine.
However, it's worth noting that variations of dumplings with similar characteristics can be found in other culinary traditions as well. Different cultures around the world have their own versions of dumplings, which may share similarities with Khinkali in terms of shape and filling. Examples include Chinese jiaozi, Mongolian buuz, Tibetan momo, and Korean mandu, among others. While there may be similarities between Khinkali and dumplings from other cuisines, the specific combination of flavors, herbs, spices, and ingredients used in Khinkali makes it unique to Georgian cuisine. The cultural significance and the way it is enjoyed as a communal dish in Georgia also contribute to its distinction within the country's culinary tradition.
46. Khachapuri: Khachapuri is a traditional Georgian dish that is widely associated with Georgian cuisine. It is a type of cheese-filled bread that has become iconic and beloved both within Georgia and internationally. The unique combination of dough and cheese, along with various regional variations, sets Georgian khachapuri apart from similar bread and cheese dishes found in other cuisines.
While variations of cheese-filled bread can be found in different cultures around the world, such as Turkish pide, Bulgarian banitsa, or Armenian cheese lavash, Georgian khachapuri has its own distinct characteristics. The specific types of cheese used, the dough preparation techniques, and the traditional shapes (such as the boat-shaped Adjarian khachapuri or the circular Imeretian khachapuri) contribute to its uniqueness within Georgian cuisine.
Additionally, khachapuri holds a special place in Georgian culinary culture and is deeply ingrained in the country's traditions and celebrations. It is often considered a national dish of Georgia and is widely enjoyed by locals and visitors alike.
While there may be similarities between khachapuri and cheese-filled bread dishes from other culinary traditions, the specific combination of ingredients, techniques, and cultural significance make khachapuri a distinct and iconic dish of Georgian cuisine.
Georgian cuisine offers several regional variations of khachapuri, each with its own unique characteristics. Here are some of the most well-known types of khachapuri:
1. Imeretian Khachapuri: This is the most common and widely recognized type of khachapuri. It originates from the Imereti region of Georgia. The dough is traditionally made with flour, water, yeast, and salt, and the filling consists of a mixture of sulguni cheese (a Georgian cheese) and sometimes other types of cheese. Imeretian khachapuri is typically round or oval in shape and has a soft and fluffy texture.
2. Adjarian Khachapuri: This type of khachapuri is named after the Adjara region in southwestern Georgia, specifically its capital city, Batumi. Adjarian khachapuri has a unique boat-like shape, where the dough is formed into an elongated boat-like structure with the cheese filling placed in the center. It is often topped with a raw egg and a pat of butter just before serving. The egg is mixed into the hot cheese as it cooks at the table, creating a rich and creamy filling.
3. Mingrelian Khachapuri: Mingrelian khachapuri comes from the Samegrelo (Mingrelia) region of Georgia. It is similar to Imeretian khachapuri in terms of the dough, but the filling is distinctive. Mingrelian khachapuri features a generous amount of grated sulguni cheese mixed with butter and often incorporates a mixture of eggs and milk. The result is a rich and flavorful cheese filling.
4. Gurian Khachapuri: Gurian khachapuri originates from the Guria region of Georgia. It is characterized by its unique twisted shape. The dough is rolled out and twisted into a circular shape, creating a spiral pattern. The cheese filling, typically made with sulguni cheese and eggs, is placed in the center. Gurian khachapuri has a slightly denser texture compared to other variations.
5. Rachuli Khachapuri: Rachuli khachapuri comes from the Racha region in western Georgia. It is made with a combination of cheese and mashed potatoes, resulting in a filling that is both cheesy and creamy. The dough is usually thinner and flakier compared to other types of khachapuri.
6. Svanetian Khachapuri: Svanetian khachapuri hails from the mountainous Svaneti region in northwest Georgia. It is known for its hearty and robust flavors. The dough is typically made with a combination of wheat and cornmeal, giving it a slightly grainy texture. The filling consists of a mixture of sulguni cheese, potatoes, and herbs, resulting in a flavorful and substantial khachapuri.
7. Lazuri Khachapuri: Lazuri khachapuri comes from the Laz people, an ethnic group primarily living in the Adjara region of Georgia. It features a unique twist in its shape. The dough is rolled into a rectangular shape and then folded in a way that resembles a pouch or envelope. Lazuri khachapuri is often filled with a mixture of cheese, eggs, and butter, resulting in a creamy and savory filling.
Khachapuri is Georgian word and literally means "Curd-Bread". two other nations near Georgia has their own types of Khachapuri:
1. Ossetian Khachapuri: Ossetian khachapuri is a type of khachapuri originating from the Ossetian people, who reside in both Georgia and Russia. It is made with a thin and delicate pastry that is folded over the cheese filling, resembling a flat round pie. The cheese used in Ossetian khachapuri is typically a mixture of farmer's cheese and mozzarella, resulting in a gooey and stretchy texture.
2. Armenian Khachapuri: Although khachapuri is primarily associated with Georgian cuisine, there is also an Armenian variation of khachapuri known as "Armenian cheese pie." It is made with a similar concept of dough and cheese filling. However, Armenian khachapuri often includes additional ingredients such as feta cheese, herbs, and spices, giving it a distinct flavor profile.
The Svan people, who reside in the mountainous Svaneti region of northwest Georgia, have a distinct culinary tradition. Here are a few Svanetian (Svan) dishes that are unique to their culture:
1. Kubdari: Kubdari is a traditional Svanetian meat-filled pastry that is renowned for its rich flavors. It is made with a savory dough stuffed with a mixture of chopped meat (usually beef or a combination of beef and pork), onions, garlic, and a variety of spices and herbs. Kubdari is typically baked until golden brown and is often enjoyed as a hearty meal or a festive dish during celebrations.
2. Tashmijabi: Tashmijabi is a traditional Svanetian dish made with potatoes and cheese. It involves layering thinly sliced potatoes and grated cheese (often sulguni or a local cheese called chogi) in a baking dish and baking until the potatoes are tender and the cheese is melted and bubbly. Tashmijabi is a comforting and satisfying dish that showcases the use of simple ingredients in Svanetian cuisine.
3. Chishdvari: Chishdvari is a traditional Svanetian soup that is made with a base of fermented cornmeal. It is a hearty and nourishing soup that often includes ingredients such as potatoes, beans, herbs, and spices. Chishdvari is known for its thick consistency and is typically served hot, especially during the colder months in Svaneti.
4. Chvishdari: Chvishdari is a unique Svanetian pancake made with cornmeal and cheese. It is prepared by mixing cornmeal with grated cheese, salt, and water to form a thick batter. The batter is then cooked on a griddle or in a pan until the pancakes are golden brown and crispy on the outside, with a cheesy and moist interior. Chvishdari is often served with sour cream or yogurt as a tasty breakfast or snack.
5. Khashlama: Khashlama is a hearty and flavorful Svanetian meat stew. It is prepared by simmering chunks of meat (commonly beef or lamb) with onions, garlic, and a variety of seasonings and herbs. The stew is slow-cooked until the meat is tender and infused with the flavors of the ingredients. Khashlama is often enjoyed during cold winter months, as its warmth and richness provide comfort in the mountainous region.
6. Salt-Baked Trout: Svanetian cuisine takes advantage of the region's pristine rivers and lakes, and one of the popular dishes is salt-baked trout. Fresh trout is coated in a generous layer of salt and then baked in the oven until the salt crust forms a protective seal, locking in the fish's natural flavors and moisture. The result is a succulent and tender fish with a subtle saltiness.
7. Chvisheshi: Chvisheshi is a traditional Svanetian dessert that showcases the region's love for honey. It is made by layering thin sheets of dough, similar to phyllo pastry, with generous amounts of honey and crushed walnuts. The layers are stacked and baked until golden brown. Chvisheshi is a sweet and nutty pastry that is often enjoyed as a treat or served during special occasions.
8. Svan Tea: Svanetian cuisine also includes a unique beverage known as Svan tea. It is a herbal infusion made by steeping a combination of local herbs and flowers, such as thyme, mint, St. John's wort, and linden blossoms. Svan tea is known for its aromatic and soothing qualities, and it is often enjoyed as a comforting drink.
9. Svan Salt: Svanetian cuisine is known for its unique seasoning called Svan salt. Svan salt is a mixture of salt, herbs, and spices that adds flavor and enhances the taste of Svanetian dishes. The exact composition of Svan salt can vary, but it often includes ingredients like dried coriander, fenugreek, blue fenugreek (a signature spice in Georgian cuisine), and other locally available herbs. Svan salt is used to season various dishes, including meats, stews, and soups.
10. Herbal Remedies: Svanetian cuisine has a long-standing tradition of using herbs and plants for medicinal purposes. The region is rich in indigenous herbs with healing properties, and Svanetian people have traditionally relied on herbal remedies for various ailments. Local herbs like St. John's wort, thyme, and mint are not only used for their culinary flavors but also valued for their medicinal benefits.
11. Festive Cuisine: Svanetian cuisine plays a significant role in festive celebrations and special occasions. Weddings, religious holidays, and harvest festivals are marked by elaborate feasts where traditional Svanetian dishes take center stage. These occasions showcase the culinary heritage of Svaneti and emphasize the importance of communal dining and hospitality.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated cows and start producing milk products?
Yes, that is correct. Georgia, particularly the region known as the South Caucasus, is considered one of the earliest regions where the domestication of cows and the production of milk products took place. The South Caucasus, which includes the present-day territory of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, is often referred to as the "Cradle of Wine and Cheese" due to its long history of agricultural practices and the early development of viticulture and dairy farming.
Archaeological evidence suggests that cattle domestication and the utilization of milk for dairy products date back to as early as the 6th millennium BCE in the South Caucasus region. The practice of milking cows and producing various dairy products, including cheese, yogurt, and butter, became prevalent among the local communities.
Georgian cuisine, as well as the culinary traditions of neighboring countries in the region, incorporates dairy products as essential ingredients. Cheese, in particular, holds great importance in Georgian cuisine, and the country is renowned for its diverse and flavorful varieties of cheese.
The early domestication of cows and the subsequent production of milk products in the South Caucasus played a vital role in shaping the culinary traditions and agricultural practices of the region. Today, dairy products remain an integral part of Georgian cuisine, with cheese, yogurt, and other milk-based products being widely enjoyed and celebrated in various traditional dishes.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated pigs?
Yes, Georgia is indeed located in a region that is believed to be one of the earliest areas where pigs were domesticated. The South Caucasus, which includes the territory of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, is recognized as one of the regions where pig domestication took place.
Archaeological evidence suggests that pig domestication occurred in the South Caucasus region as early as the 7th millennium BCE. The local communities in this area started to selectively breed and raise pigs for various purposes, including their meat, as well as utilizing other resources such as their skin and bones.
Pigs have played a significant role in Georgian cuisine and culture for centuries. Pork is a popular meat in Georgian dishes, and it is used in various traditional recipes, including stews, sausages, and grilled dishes. Pigs are also associated with festive occasions and feasts, where whole roasted pigs are sometimes the centerpiece of the celebration.
The domestication of pigs in the South Caucasus region has had a considerable impact on the culinary traditions of Georgia and neighboring countries. Pork-based dishes continue to be an important part of Georgian cuisine, showcasing the rich flavors and culinary heritage of the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated sheep?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that is considered one of the earliest areas where sheep were domesticated. The South Caucasus, which includes the territory of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, is recognized as one of the regions where sheep domestication took place.
Sheep domestication is believed to have occurred in multiple regions around the world, including the Middle East, Central Asia, and the South Caucasus. Archaeological evidence suggests that sheep domestication in the South Caucasus dates back to at least the 7th millennium BCE.
Sheep have played a crucial role in the agricultural and cultural practices of the region. They are primarily raised for their meat, milk, and wool. In Georgia, sheep farming has been an integral part of traditional rural life for centuries, with sheep being reared for their meat and wool, and their milk used to produce dairy products such as cheese and yogurt.
Sheep's milk and sheep's milk products are highly valued in Georgian cuisine. Georgian cheeses, such as Sulguni and Imeruli, are often made from sheep's milk, and they contribute to the unique flavors and textures of traditional Georgian dishes.
The domestication of sheep in the South Caucasus region has had a profound influence on the agricultural practices, cuisine, and textile industry of Georgia and neighboring countries. Sheep farming continues to be an important aspect of rural life, and sheep-related products play a significant role in Georgian culinary traditions.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated goats?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that is considered one of the earliest areas where goats were domesticated. The South Caucasus, which includes the territory of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, is recognized as one of the regions where goat domestication took place.
Goat domestication is believed to have occurred independently in multiple regions around the world, including the Middle East, Central Asia, and the South Caucasus. Archaeological evidence suggests that goat domestication in the South Caucasus dates back to at least the 8th millennium BCE.
Goats have played a significant role in the agricultural practices and culture of the region. They are primarily raised for their meat, milk, and wool. In Georgia, goat farming has a long history and continues to be an important aspect of rural life. Goats are reared for their meat, with dishes such as roasted or grilled goat meat being part of traditional Georgian cuisine.
Goat's milk is also utilized in Georgian culinary traditions. It is used to produce various dairy products, including goat cheese and yogurt. Goat cheese, in particular, is highly prized and enjoyed for its distinct flavor and texture.
The domestication of goats in the South Caucasus region has had a profound impact on the agricultural practices, cuisine, and cultural traditions of Georgia and neighboring countries. The utilization of goat products in Georgian cuisine showcases the diversity and richness of the region's culinary heritage.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Bees?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that is considered one of the earliest areas where bees were domesticated. The South Caucasus, which includes the territory of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, is recognized as one of the regions where beekeeping and the domestication of bees took place.
Beekeeping has a long history in the South Caucasus, dating back thousands of years. Archaeological evidence, such as ancient pottery and rock paintings, suggests that beekeeping practices existed in the region as early as the 6th millennium BCE.
The indigenous honeybee species, Apis mellifera caucasica, is native to the South Caucasus and is highly valued for its gentle temperament, hardiness, and honey production. The region's favorable climate, diverse flora, and rich biodiversity contribute to the thriving beekeeping tradition.
Georgian beekeeping methods have been well-preserved and continue to be practiced today. Traditional beehives, such as skeps and log hives, were historically used, although modern beehive designs are also employed. Honey production is an important aspect of Georgian agriculture and culinary culture, with various types of honey, including wildflower honey, chestnut honey, and acacia honey, being produced.
Beekeeping and honey play a significant role in Georgian cuisine, where honey is used as a natural sweetener and flavor enhancer in both savory and sweet dishes. Honey-based desserts, such as baklava and churchkhela (a traditional Georgian candy), are popular treats.
The South Caucasus region, including Georgia, holds a prominent place in the history and development of beekeeping, contributing to the cultural heritage and gastronomy of the area.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Horse?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that is considered one of the areas where horses were first domesticated. The South Caucasus, which includes the territory of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, is recognized as one of the regions where horse domestication took place.
The domestication of horses is believed to have occurred in multiple regions around the world, including the South Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Eurasian Steppe. Archaeological evidence suggests that horse domestication in the South Caucasus dates back to at least the 4th millennium BCE.
Horses have played a significant role in the history, culture, and economy of Georgia and the wider region. They were used for transportation, agriculture, warfare, and various cultural and sporting activities. The horse has been an integral part of Georgian folklore, traditions, and equestrian sports.
In Georgia, horse breeding and horsemanship have deep historical roots. The country is known for its indigenous horse breeds, such as the Georgian Mountain Horse and the Akhal-Teke, which are highly valued for their endurance, agility, and suitability for various equestrian disciplines.
Horses continue to be an important part of Georgian culture, with equestrian sports, horseback riding, and traditional horse-drawn carts remaining part of the rural and cultural traditions. Horse racing, show jumping, and polo are also popular among horse enthusiasts in Georgia.
The domestication of horses in the South Caucasus region has had a profound impact on the development of various aspects of Georgian society, including transportation, agriculture, warfare, and cultural practices. Horses hold a special place in Georgian history, folklore, and the country's equestrian heritage.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Dog?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that is considered one of the areas where dogs were first domesticated. The domestication of dogs is believed to have occurred independently in multiple regions around the world, including the Middle East, East Asia, and the South Caucasus.
Archaeological evidence suggests that dog domestication in the South Caucasus, including present-day Georgia, dates back to at least the Neolithic period, around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Dogs were likely domesticated from local wild canid populations, and over time, they became an integral part of human communities, fulfilling various roles such as hunting companions, livestock guardians, and companionship.
In Georgia, as in many other cultures, dogs have played significant roles in the daily lives and traditions of people. They have been valued as working animals, assisting in herding, hunting, and guarding livestock and property. Dogs have also been kept as companions and pets, providing companionship and loyalty to their human counterparts.
Georgian folklore and traditions often depict dogs as faithful and protective creatures. They are celebrated in stories, proverbs, and songs, reflecting their cultural significance.
While it is challenging to determine the exact region where dog domestication first occurred, the South Caucasus, including Georgia, is recognized as one of the regions where this process took place in ancient times. The domestication of dogs has had a profound impact on human societies and continues to shape our relationship with these animals today.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated pheasants?
Yes, it is correct that Georgia is located in the region associated with the domestication of pheasants. The name "Pheasant" does indeed have its origins in the ancient Greek term "Phasis," which was the name of a river in Colchis, a historical region in Western Georgia.
The ancient Greeks encountered and observed pheasants in the region of Colchis, which is now part of modern-day Georgia. The Greek term "phasianos ornis" (Φασιανός ὄρνις) was used to refer to these birds, and over time, it evolved into the word "pheasant" in English.
Colchis, with its diverse natural environment and abundant wildlife, including pheasants, was renowned in ancient times for its biodiversity. The presence of pheasants in the region likely contributed to the association of the name "Pheasant" with the ancient Greek term "Phasis" and the region of Colchis.
While the domestication of pheasants is not specifically attributed to Georgia or the region of Colchis, the historical connection between the name "Pheasant" and the region's association with these birds is recognized. Pheasants have been valued for their beauty and as game birds, and they continue to be appreciated in Georgia and other parts of the world for their ornamental and culinary qualities.
also see: List of domesticated animals - Wikipedia;
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Quince?
Yes, it is believed that Georgia is located in the region that was one of the first to domesticate quince. The domestication of quince (Cydonia oblonga) is thought to have originated in the region of the Caucasus, which includes modern-day Georgia.
Quince has a long history of cultivation and is known to have been cultivated in the Caucasus region for thousands of years. It is believed that wild quince trees were selectively bred and cultivated by early civilizations in the region, leading to the development of domesticated quince varieties.
Quince is highly valued for its aromatic fruit, which is used in culinary preparations and traditional dishes in Georgia and other countries. It is often cooked or used to make preserves, jams, and desserts.
While the domestication of quince did not exclusively originate in Georgia, the region has a historical association with the cultivation and domestication of quince. Quince remains an important and cherished fruit in Georgian cuisine, and the country's agricultural practices continue to include quince cultivation.
It's worth noting that plant domestication often occurred independently in various regions, and while Georgia played a role in the domestication of quince, other regions might have also contributed to its domestication.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Walnut?
Yes, it is believed that Georgia is located in the region that was one of the first to domesticate walnuts. The domestication of walnuts is thought to have originated in the region of the Caucasus, which includes modern-day Georgia.
Walnuts have a long history of cultivation in the Caucasus region, with evidence of their cultivation dating back thousands of years. The wild ancestor of domesticated walnuts, Juglans regia, is native to this region.
Georgia, along with neighboring countries in the Caucasus region, has a rich tradition of walnut cultivation. Walnuts are highly valued for their culinary uses, oil production, and nut quality. They are an important part of traditional Georgian cuisine and are used in various dishes and desserts.
While the domestication of walnuts did not exclusively originate in Georgia, the region has a historical association with the cultivation and domestication of walnuts. The country's agricultural practices continue to include walnut cultivation, and walnuts are an important agricultural product in Georgia.
It's worth noting that plant domestication often occurred independently in various regions, and while Georgia played a role in the domestication of walnuts, other regions might have also contributed to their domestication.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Grape?
Yes, it is correct that Georgia is located in the region that was one of the first to domesticate grapes. The domestication of grapes is believed to have originated in the region known as the South Caucasus, which includes present-day Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
Georgia has a long and rich history of grape cultivation and winemaking, dating back thousands of years. The country is known as one of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world. The wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera sylvestris, is native to this region, and over time, people in ancient Georgia selectively bred and cultivated grapevines, leading to the development of numerous grape varieties.
Grapes are not only an important agricultural crop in Georgia but also hold cultural and historical significance. Traditional Georgian winemaking methods, such as using qvevri (large clay vessels buried in the ground), have been recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
So, indeed, Georgia is considered one of the regions that played a significant role in the domestication and cultivation of grapes.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first who domesticated Radish?
Yes, it is believed that Georgia is located in the region that was one of the first to domesticate radishes. The domestication of radishes is thought to have originated in various regions of Asia, including parts of modern-day China and Central Asia.
Radishes are one of the oldest cultivated vegetables, dating back thousands of years. They have a long history of cultivation in different parts of Asia, including the region that encompasses Georgia. The wild radish species, Raphanus raphanistrum, is native to this area, and people in ancient civilizations selectively bred and cultivated radishes, resulting in the development of various radish cultivars.
Georgia, being situated in the proximity of this region, has a history of radish cultivation as well. Radishes are grown and consumed in Georgia, and they are part of the country's agricultural practices and culinary traditions.
While the domestication of radishes likely occurred in multiple regions simultaneously, Georgia is considered part of the broader region where radish domestication took place.
See also: List of domesticated plants - Wikipedia'
I wrote that again and youtube deleted for 2 times already. So google this: ისლამური შარიათი ანუ ისლამური კანონმდებლობა თორ ნიკე and you will see that written in english in the comment section of this article. You can use google translate also to translate this article from Georgian to English.
See also: Timeline of historic inventions - Wikipedia
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was the Earliest likely control of fire and cooking?
Yes, it is believed that Georgia, specifically the region of the South Caucasus, including present-day Georgia, was one of the areas where the earliest likely control of fire and cooking occurred. Archaeological evidence suggests that early humans in this region were using fire for cooking and other purposes.
The site of Dmanisi, located in Georgia, has provided important insights into early human history. Excavations at Dmanisi have uncovered evidence of early hominins using fire approximately 1.8 million years ago. The remains of charred animal bones and stone tools associated with fire use have been found at the site.
This discovery is significant because it suggests that early hominins in the South Caucasus region, including Georgia, were able to control and use fire for cooking, warmth, and protection. It provides insights into the development of human culture and the mastery of fire, which played a crucial role in human evolution.
Overall, while the earliest control of fire and cooking likely occurred in multiple regions around the world, Georgia, particularly the South Caucasus, is recognized as one of the areas where early humans demonstrated this important capability.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Bone tools?
Yes, it is believed that Georgia, specifically the region of the South Caucasus, including present-day Georgia, was one of the areas where early humans first used bone tools. Archaeological evidence from various sites in Georgia suggests the early utilization of bone tools by early hominins.
One notable site in Georgia is Dmanisi, which has provided important insights into early human history. Excavations at Dmanisi have revealed bone tools that date back approximately 1.8 million years. These tools were likely used for various purposes, such as cutting, scraping, and possibly even for hunting.
The discovery of bone tools at Dmanisi and other sites in Georgia indicates that early hominins in the region were resourceful and capable of using various materials for toolmaking, including bones. This demonstrates their adaptability and technological advancements during that time.
While bone tools have been found in other regions as well, Georgia, particularly the South Caucasus, is recognized as one of the areas where early humans were using bone tools. These tools played a significant role in early human cultures, aiding in tasks such as food processing, hide preparation, and crafting.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Boats?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early boat use. The region of the South Caucasus, including present-day Georgia, is situated near the Black Sea and other bodies of water, making it plausible for early human populations in the area to have utilized boats.
Archaeological findings suggest that early humans in the South Caucasus region were engaged in maritime activities and used watercraft. For example, at the site of Paliashvili in Georgia, which dates back to around 10,000 years ago, evidence of early boat use has been discovered. This includes the remains of dugout canoes, which were likely used for transportation and fishing.
Boat use in Georgia and the broader region of the South Caucasus is indicative of human ingenuity and adaptation to the local environment. The proximity to water resources, such as rivers, lakes, and the Black Sea, provided opportunities for early humans to explore, fish, and navigate across water bodies.
While other regions around the world also have evidence of early boat use, Georgia's location near water sources makes it likely that early humans in the region were among the first to utilize boats. However, it's important to note that the exact timeline and circumstances of early boat use are still subjects of ongoing research and investigation.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Hafting process?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early hafting processes. Hafting is the technique of attaching stone or bone tools to handles or shafts to create more effective tools. The use of hafting allowed for better control and leverage when using tools, enhancing their functionality.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, specifically at sites such as Dmanisi, have provided evidence of early hafting practices. At Dmanisi, stone tools dating back approximately 1.8 million years have been discovered, some of which show signs of hafting. These tools were likely attached to handles or shafts using organic materials, such as plant fibers or animal sinew.
The discovery of hafted tools in Georgia indicates the technological advancements and resourcefulness of early human populations in the region. Hafting improved the efficiency and versatility of tools, enabling early humans to carry out tasks such as cutting, scraping, and hunting more effectively.
Although hafting techniques were practiced in various regions around the world, Georgia, particularly the South Caucasus, has provided important evidence of early hafting processes. The archaeological findings from Georgia contribute to our understanding of early tool manufacturing and the development of human technology.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Woodworking?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early woodworking. Woodworking is the skill and practice of shaping and working with wood to create tools, structures, and various other objects. The use of wood for crafting and construction has been a fundamental aspect of human civilization for thousands of years.
Archaeological discoveries in Georgia indicate that early human populations in the region were engaged in woodworking activities. For example, at the site of Dmanisi, which dates back approximately 1.8 million years, evidence of early woodworking has been found. This includes the discovery of wooden structures and tools made from wood, such as handles and shafts.
The utilization of wood for various purposes, including toolmaking, construction, and fuel, demonstrates the resourcefulness and adaptability of early human populations in Georgia. Woodworking skills would have played a crucial role in their daily lives, enabling them to create more efficient tools, build shelters, and meet their basic needs.
While other regions around the world also have evidence of early woodworking, Georgia's archaeological findings contribute to our understanding of the early development of woodworking techniques and the use of wood as a versatile material.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Pigments?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early pigment use. Pigments are substances used for coloring or decorating various materials, including cave walls, pottery, and body adornment. The use of pigments by early humans is an important aspect of cultural expression and artistic practices.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, particularly at sites such as Dmanisi, have provided evidence of early pigment use. For example, at Dmanisi, traces of red ochre, a common pigment, have been discovered on stone tools and animal bones. These findings suggest that early humans in the region were utilizing pigments for various purposes, such as artistic expression, ritual practices, or personal adornment.
The use of pigments by early humans is not unique to Georgia, as evidence of pigment use has been found in different regions around the world. However, the presence of pigments in Georgia's archaeological record contributes to our understanding of early human cultural practices and their engagement with artistic and symbolic expressions.
It's important to note that the exact timeline and specific uses of pigments in Georgia may vary depending on the archaeological site and context. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that early humans in the region were indeed utilizing pigments for various purposes.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Spears?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early spear use. Spears are one of the oldest and most basic hunting and warfare tools used by humans. They consist of a long shaft with a pointed tip, designed for thrusting or throwing.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, particularly at sites such as Dmanisi, have provided evidence of early spear use. Excavations at Dmanisi have uncovered stone tools and animal remains that suggest the use of spears for hunting and potentially for self-defense. The presence of stone projectile points and the butchering marks on animal bones indicate the use of spears as hunting weapons.
The discovery of early spears in Georgia contributes to our understanding of the hunting strategies and technological advancements of early human populations in the region. Spears were crucial tools for hunting large game and played a significant role in early human survival and subsistence.
While spears were used by early humans in various regions around the world, Georgia's archaeological record provides evidence of their early utilization in the region. The specific timeline and variations in spear technology may vary across different sites and time periods, but the general use of spears as hunting implements is well-established in Georgia's archaeological history.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of the trade and long-distance transportation of resources?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early trade and long-distance transportation of resources. The South Caucasus, including present-day Georgia, has a rich history of trade and cultural exchange due to its strategic location between different regions.
Archaeological evidence suggests that early human populations in Georgia engaged in long-distance trade and transportation of resources. For example, at sites such as Dmanisi, artifacts made from materials not locally available, such as obsidian and seashells, have been discovered. The presence of these materials indicates that trade networks and long-distance connections were established, allowing the exchange of goods over significant distances.
The strategic position of Georgia, with its access to various natural resources and proximity to trade routes, facilitated trade and cultural interactions with neighboring regions. The trade routes passing through the South Caucasus connected different civilizations, enabling the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.
While Georgia was not the only region involved in early trade and long-distance transportation, its location at the crossroads of different cultures and trade routes contributed to its historical significance as a hub for trade and cultural exchange.
It's important to note that trade and long-distance transportation of resources have been practiced by human societies worldwide throughout history. Nonetheless, Georgia's archaeological record supports the notion that the region played a role in early trade networks and the exchange of resources.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Early stone-tipped projectile weapons?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early stone-tipped projectile weapons. Projectile weapons, such as spears or arrows, equipped with stone tips, significantly increased the effectiveness of hunting and warfare for early human populations.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, particularly at sites like Dmanisi, have provided evidence of early stone-tipped projectile weapons. Excavations at Dmanisi have revealed stone points and arrowheads that were likely used as tips for spears or arrows. These stone points were attached to wooden shafts, creating effective projectile weapons for hunting or combat.
The use of stone-tipped projectile weapons represented a technological advancement in early human societies, allowing for long-range attacks and more efficient hunting practices. The development and use of these weapons required the ability to shape and attach stone points to the shafts, demonstrating early humans' skill in tool manufacturing.
While the use of stone-tipped projectile weapons was practiced in various regions around the world, Georgia's archaeological record contributes to our understanding of their early use in the region. The specific timeline and variations in projectile weapon technology may vary across different sites and time periods, but the general use of stone-tipped projectile weapons is evident in Georgia's archaeological history.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Early Glue?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early glue use. The development and use of adhesives, including glues, have been important technological advancements in human history, enabling the bonding of materials together for various purposes.
Archaeological findings in Georgia indicate early adhesive use. For example, at the site of Dmanisi, evidence of adhesive substances has been discovered. Residues of an adhesive material, likely made from birch bark pitch, have been found on stone tools and other objects. This suggests that early humans in the region were utilizing glue-like substances for joining and securing different materials together.
The use of early glue in Georgia demonstrates the resourcefulness and technological capabilities of early human populations in the region. The ability to create and utilize adhesives would have contributed to the construction of tools, the repair of objects, and the production of more complex structures.
While glue use has been observed in various regions throughout history, the evidence from Georgia's archaeological record contributes to our understanding of early adhesive practices. The specific timeline and variations in adhesive technology may vary across different sites and time periods, but the presence of early glue use in Georgia highlights the ingenuity and problem-solving abilities of early humans.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Early, primitive Beds?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early, primitive beds. The use of beds, or sleeping platforms, is an important aspect of human comfort and domestic life. While the exact timeline and variations may differ across different regions, early human populations in Georgia likely developed simple sleeping arrangements.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, such as at the site of Dmanisi, provide evidence of early bed-like structures. Excavations at Dmanisi have revealed the remains of dwelling structures that include stone or clay platforms. These platforms are believed to have served as sleeping areas or raised surfaces for resting.
The presence of early beds in Georgia demonstrates the ingenuity and resourcefulness of early human populations in creating comfortable sleeping arrangements. The use of raised platforms would have provided some protection from the cold ground and potentially offered a more comfortable sleeping surface.
While beds or sleeping arrangements have been developed independently in various regions throughout history, the evidence from Georgia's archaeological record contributes to our understanding of early human domestic practices. The specific design and construction of early beds may have varied across different sites and time periods, but the existence of primitive beds in Georgia highlights the early human desire for comfort and improved living conditions.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Early Clothing?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early clothing use. The development of clothing was a significant milestone in human evolution, providing protection from the elements and enhancing social and cultural practices.
Archaeological evidence from Georgia, including sites such as Dmanisi, indicates the use of early clothing by human populations in the region. While direct evidence of clothing, such as preserved textiles, may be scarce due to the perishable nature of the material, indirect evidence suggests the existence of early clothing.
For instance, the discovery of bone needles and small perforated shells, which may have been used as decorative elements on clothing, indicates the presence of early textile-related activities. Additionally, the environmental conditions and climatic variations in the region would have necessitated the use of clothing for protection and insulation.
While the exact nature and design of early clothing in Georgia may not be fully known, the archaeological record suggests that early humans in the region were engaging in the production and use of clothing to meet their basic needs and adapt to their environment.
It is worth noting that the use of clothing likely developed independently in various regions across the world. However, the evidence from Georgia contributes to our understanding of early clothing practices and the importance of clothing in human cultural and adaptive behavior.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Heat treating of stone blades?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early heat treating of stone blades. Heat treating is a process in which stone tools, such as blades or points, are heated and then rapidly cooled to enhance their durability and effectiveness.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, particularly at sites like Dmanisi, have provided evidence of early heat treating of stone blades. Excavations at Dmanisi have uncovered stone tools, including blades, that display evidence of heat treatment. The process of heat treating involves heating the stone to high temperatures and then quenching it in a liquid or by cooling it rapidly, which alters the molecular structure of the stone and improves its hardness and resilience.
The use of heat-treated stone blades in Georgia suggests that early human populations in the region were employing advanced techniques to enhance the performance of their tools. Heat-treated blades would have been more effective for cutting, scraping, and other tasks, giving early humans a technological advantage in their daily activities.
While heat treating of stone tools was practiced in various regions around the world, Georgia's archaeological record contributes to our understanding of this technique's early use in the region. The specific timeline and variations in heat treatment techniques may vary across different sites and time periods, but the presence of heat-treated stone blades in Georgia highlights the ingenuity and technological advancements of early human populations in the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Beads?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early bead use. Beads, small decorative objects with a hole for stringing, have been used by humans for thousands of years for personal adornment, cultural expression, and trade.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, such as at sites like Dmanisi, have provided evidence of early bead use. Excavations at Dmanisi have uncovered beads made from various materials, including bone, stone, and shells. These beads were likely used for personal ornamentation or as trade items.
The presence of beads in Georgia's archaeological record suggests that early human populations in the region were engaging in the production and use of decorative objects. Beads serve as evidence of artistic expression, cultural symbolism, and potentially social differentiation within these early societies.
While bead use has been observed in various regions throughout history, the evidence from Georgia's archaeological record contributes to our understanding of early bead practices. The specific materials, styles, and purposes of beads may have varied across different sites and time periods, but the existence of beads in Georgia highlights the early human desire for personal adornment and the cultural significance of these objects.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Funerals (in the form of burial)?
No, The oldest Funerals (in the form of burial) is found in Israel and dates back to 100,000 years. But the oldest known burial practices in the territory of Georgia date back to the Paleolithic period. Paleolithic burials in Georgia have been identified at various archaeological sites, providing evidence of early funerary practices.
One notable example is the site of Kvemo-Kartli, specifically the Satsurblia Cave, where the remains of early Homo sapiens dating back to approximately 27,000 years ago were discovered. These remains were found in a deliberate burial context, suggesting that early humans in the region were engaging in burial practices during this time.
Additionally, other Paleolithic sites in Georgia, such as Kotias Klde and Ortvale Klde, have also yielded evidence of burials. These sites contain burial pits or graves with human skeletal remains, indicating the presence of burial practices during the Paleolithic era.
It's important to note that the specific timeline and nature of burial practices in Georgia may vary across different regions and time periods. The archaeological record is continually evolving as new discoveries are made, providing further insights into the history of burial practices in Georgia.
For more detailed and specific information on the earliest burial practices in Georgia, I recommend consulting scholarly sources and archaeological studies focused on the Paleolithic period and relevant excavation sites within the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was using of Oldest arrows?
No, the oldest arrows (and evidence of bow-and-arrow technology), and oldest needle are found in Sibudu, South Africa and dates back to 70 kya - 60 kya. But Georgia is located in a region where evidence of some of the oldest known arrows has been found. Arrows are projectile weapons that have been used for hunting and warfare throughout human history.
Archaeological findings in Georgia, specifically at the site of Satsurblia Cave, have revealed evidence of early arrow use. The cave site has yielded artifacts, including arrowheads and fragments, that have been dated to approximately 37,000 years ago. These arrowheads represent some of the earliest known examples of arrows in the archaeological record.
The discovery at Satsurblia Cave provides valuable insights into the development and use of arrow technology during the Paleolithic period. The use of arrows allowed early humans to hunt more efficiently and engage in long-distance warfare, marking a significant advancement in hunting and combat strategies.
While the discovery at Satsurblia Cave is notable, it's important to mention that the development and use of arrows likely occurred concurrently in various regions around the world. The specific timeline and variations in arrow technology may differ across different sites and time periods.
However, the evidence from Satsurblia Cave highlights the early use of arrows in Georgia and contributes to our understanding of the technological advancements and hunting strategies of early human populations in the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was the oldest-known mines?
Yes, Georgia is indeed located in a region that contains some of the oldest-known mines in the world. The country has a rich history of mining that dates back thousands of years, with evidence of early mining activities.
One notable example is the ancient gold mines of Sakdrisi-Kachagiani, located in southern Georgia. These mines have been extensively studied and are estimated to have been in operation as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, making them some of the oldest-known gold mines in the world.
The Sakdrisi-Kachagiani mines provide evidence of early mining techniques and the extraction of precious metals during ancient times. The discovery of gold artifacts, mining tools, and evidence of mining activity at the site demonstrates the significance of mining in the region's early economies and cultural practices.
In addition to gold, Georgia has a long history of mining other resources such as copper, manganese, and coal. The country's geological composition and mineral-rich landscapes have contributed to the development of mining activities throughout its history.
While it is challenging to definitively determine the absolute oldest mines in the world, the ancient mines in Georgia, such as Sakdrisi-Kachagiani, offer valuable insights into early mining practices and the utilization of mineral resources in the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was the Earliest evidence of shoes?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region where some of the earliest evidence of shoes has been found. The discovery of ancient footwear provides insights into early human innovation and the development of protective footwear.
Archaeological excavations at the site of Satsurblia Cave in Georgia have uncovered well-preserved leather shoe fragments dating back approximately 9,000 years. These shoe remnants represent some of the earliest evidence of footwear discovered to date.
The shoes found at Satsurblia Cave were made from animal hides and show evidence of sophisticated craftsmanship. They provide evidence that early humans in the region recognized the need for protective footwear and developed techniques to create functional shoes.
The discovery of these ancient shoes in Georgia contributes to our understanding of the development of footwear and the evolution of human adaptation to different environments. However, it's important to note that evidence of early shoes has been found in other regions as well, such as the shoes discovered in the Areni-1 cave in Armenia, which are estimated to be around 5,500 years old.
The study of ancient footwear and its evolution is a fascinating aspect of archaeology, shedding light on the ingenuity and resourcefulness of early humans as they sought to protect their feet and navigate diverse terrains.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was the Earliest evidence of musical instruments?
No, it is not accurate to claim that Georgia is in the region where the earliest evidence of musical instruments has been found. The origins of musical instruments are complex and widespread, and evidence of early musical instruments has been discovered in various regions around the world.
For example, some of the oldest known musical instruments include flutes made from bird bones and mammoth ivory, found in the Swabian Jura region of southwestern Germany. These flutes, known as the Geissenklösterle flute and the Hohle Fels flute, are estimated to be around 42,000 to 43,000 years old.
Additionally, other ancient musical instruments have been found in different parts of the world, such as bone flutes in China and bullroarers in Australia, dating back tens of thousands of years.
While Georgia has a rich cultural heritage and a long history of music, there is no evidence to suggest that it was the first region where musical instruments were invented or discovered. However, ancient musical traditions and instruments do exist in Georgia, such as the panduri, a three-stringed lute-like instrument, which is an integral part of Georgian folk music.
The development and spread of musical instruments occurred across various regions and cultures throughout human history, and the study of ancient musical instruments continues to provide insights into the cultural and artistic expressions of early societies.
Georgia has a rich musical tradition, and there are several unique musical instruments associated with Georgian culture and are unique to Georgia. Here are a few notable examples:
1. Chonguri: The chonguri is a traditional plucked string instrument that resembles a small lute or guitar. It has three strings and is commonly used in Georgian folk music. The chonguri is known for its distinctive sound and is often played as a solo instrument or as accompaniment in traditional ensembles.
2. Panduri: The panduri is another stringed instrument commonly used in Georgian folk music. It has a long neck and three strings, and its body is typically made from mulberry wood. The panduri is played with a plectrum and has a rich, resonant sound.
3. Salamuri: The salamuri is a traditional Georgian flute made from a single piece of wood. It is a relatively simple instrument with six finger holes and is played by blowing air across the top edge. The salamuri is commonly used in Georgian folk and traditional music.
4. Doli: The doli is a traditional Georgian drum made of wood and animal skin. It is played by striking the drumhead with hands or sticks. The doli is an essential percussion instrument in Georgian folk music and is often used in dance performances.
5. Chiboni: The chiboni is a bowed string instrument that is unique to the Svaneti region of Georgia. It has a horsehair bow and typically two strings. The chiboni produces a haunting, melancholic sound and is often played in Svaneti's traditional music and rituals.
6. Changi: The changi is a type of hammered dulcimer that is played in Georgian folk music. It consists of a trapezoidal wooden body with metal strings stretched over bridges. The musician strikes the strings with small hammers to produce sound. The changi is known for its vibrant and resonant tones and is often played as a solo instrument or as part of an ensemble.
7. Tsimbaly: The tsimbaly is a unique Georgian instrument similar to the hammered dulcimer. It has a rectangular wooden body with metal strings and is played by striking the strings with small hammers. The tsimbaly produces a bright and percussive sound and is commonly used in Georgian folk ensembles.
8. Chianuri: The chianuri is a traditional Georgian zither-like instrument. It consists of a rectangular wooden body with metal strings stretched across it. The musician plucks or strikes the strings with their fingers or with a plectrum. The chianuri is often played in solo performances, accompanying songs or dances.
Here are some additional details about Georgian music and its cultural significance:
1. Georgian Polyphony: One of the most distinctive features of Georgian music is its polyphonic singing. Georgian polyphony involves multiple vocal parts, often performed by a group of singers. The harmonies are rich and complex, with different melodic lines intertwining to create a unique and mesmerizing sound. Georgian polyphonic singing is recognized as a masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage by UNESCO.
2. Regional Musical Styles: Georgian music exhibits regional variations due to the diverse cultural influences within the country. Each region has its own musical styles, instruments, and vocal techniques. For example, the high mountainous region of Svaneti has a distinct musical tradition with its own unique instruments and songs. Other regions, such as Kakheti and Guria, have their own characteristic musical styles and dances.
3. Traditional Dance: Georgian music and dance are closely intertwined. Traditional Georgian dance is energetic and expressive, often accompanied by live music. Dancers perform intricate movements, footwork, and acrobatic elements. The dances embody the spirit and traditions of different regions and are an essential part of Georgian cultural celebrations and festivals.
4. Folk Festivals: Georgia hosts numerous folk festivals throughout the year, where traditional music and dance take center stage. These festivals provide opportunities for communities to come together, showcase their cultural heritage, and celebrate their shared traditions. The most famous among them is the "Tbilisi Open Air" festival, which attracts local and international artists and enthusiasts.
5. Influence on World Music: Georgian music has had an impact on the global music scene. Its unique vocal techniques and polyphonic singing have inspired and influenced musicians beyond its borders. Georgian polyphony has been studied and admired by ethnomusicologists and composers worldwide, contributing to the preservation and dissemination of this remarkable musical tradition.
Georgian music reflects the country's long history, cultural diversity, and deep-rooted traditions. It continues to thrive and evolve, with traditional elements blending with contemporary influences. Georgian musicians, both in the country and abroad, work to preserve and promote this valuable musical heritage, ensuring its vitality for future generations.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, that was the first, where there was the Earliest evidence of Weaving?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region that has evidence of early weaving practices. The art of weaving, the process of creating fabric by interlacing threads, has a long history and is believed to have originated in different parts of the world independently.
In the region of the South Caucasus, which includes modern-day Georgia, there is evidence of early textile production and weaving. Archaeological discoveries in the area have revealed remnants of ancient textiles dating back thousands of years.
For example, at the Dzudzuana Cave in Georgia, fragments of dyed and twined fibers have been found, providing evidence of early textile production. These textile fragments are estimated to be around 34,000 years old, making them some of the earliest known examples of weaving in the world.
Furthermore, the nearby archaeological site of Shulaveris Gora, also in Georgia, has yielded evidence of fabric impressions on pottery dating back to around 6000 BCE. These impressions suggest the existence of woven textiles during that time period.
The ancient Georgians developed various weaving techniques and produced textiles using materials such as wool, flax, and hemp. The tradition of weaving has been an integral part of Georgian culture, creating fabrics for clothing, rugs, and other textile products.
It's important to note that weaving is a widespread practice found in many ancient civilizations around the world. While Georgia has evidence of early textile production, it is not the only region where weaving originated. Weaving techniques and the development of textile production occurred independently in various cultures throughout history.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, where there is the Earliest evidence of using of Rope?
Yes, Georgia is located in a region where early evidence of rope usage has been found. The invention of rope, which involves twisting or braiding fibers together to create a strong and versatile cord, is considered to be a significant technological development in human history.
Archaeological excavations in the South Caucasus region, including areas within modern-day Georgia, have uncovered remnants of ancient ropes dating back thousands of years. These discoveries provide evidence of early rope-making practices in the region.
For instance, at the Dzudzuana Cave in Georgia, fragments of twisted fibers have been found that are estimated to be around 34,000 years old. These fibers are believed to have been used in the production of ropes, demonstrating early rope-making techniques.
In addition to the Dzudzuana Cave, other archaeological sites in the region, such as caves and settlements, have also yielded evidence of ancient rope-making. These findings indicate the early mastery of fiber manipulation and the utilization of ropes for various purposes, including hunting, shelter construction, and toolmaking.
The use of ropes was an important technological advancement in early human societies, as it enabled the development of new tools, improved hunting methods, and facilitated the construction of more complex structures. Ropes continue to be essential in various aspects of modern life, including maritime activities, construction, and transportation.
While Georgia's location in the South Caucasus region has provided evidence of early rope usage, it is worth noting that the invention of rope-making likely occurred independently in multiple regions across the globe. Human ingenuity and the need for durable and flexible cords led to the development of rope-making techniques in different cultures throughout history.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, where there is the Earliest evidence of using of Ceramics?
No, this is China, but Georgia is located in a region where one of the early evidence of ceramic usage has been found. The invention and development of ceramics, the art of creating objects from clay and firing them to create durable vessels and sculptures, is a significant milestone in human history.
Archaeological excavations in the South Caucasus region, which includes modern-day Georgia, have revealed some of the earliest evidence of ceramic production and usage. These discoveries provide insights into the early development of pottery in the area.
For example, at sites such as Neolithic settlements in the region, including the Shulaveri-Shomu Tepe and Arukhlo sites, archaeologists have uncovered fragments of pottery dating back to around 6000 to 5000 BCE. These ceramic artifacts indicate the presence of early pottery-making traditions in the region.
The ancient Georgians developed various techniques for creating pottery, such as hand-building, coiling, and later wheel-throwing. They produced a wide range of ceramic objects, including vessels for storage, cooking, and serving purposes. Some of these vessels were decorated with intricate patterns and designs, showcasing the artistic skills and cultural expressions of the people.
The use of ceramics provided significant advantages to ancient societies, allowing for the storage of food, the creation of water-tight containers, and advancements in cooking techniques. It also played a crucial role in the development of trade and cultural exchange.
While Georgia's location in the South Caucasus region holds evidence of early ceramic usage, it's important to note that the development of ceramics occurred independently in various regions around the world. Different cultures and civilizations discovered and refined the techniques of pottery-making according to their specific needs and resources.
Overall, Georgian ceramic artifacts contribute to our understanding of the early history of pottery and its cultural significance in the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, where there is the Earliest evidence of using of Pottery?
No, but Georgia is located in a region where some of the earliest evidence of pottery usage has been found. The invention and utilization of pottery, the creation of objects from clay through shaping and firing, is a significant technological advancement in human history.
Archaeological excavations in the South Caucasus region, including areas within modern-day Georgia, have unearthed pottery fragments that date back thousands of years. These findings provide valuable insights into the early development of pottery in the region.
For instance, at sites such as the Shulaveri-Shomu Tepe and Arukhlo settlements in Georgia, archaeologists have discovered pottery shards that date back to around 6000 to 5000 BCE during the Neolithic period. These pottery fragments represent some of the earliest examples of ceramics in the world.
The ancient Georgians developed various pottery-making techniques, including hand-building, coiling, and wheel-throwing. They created a wide range of ceramic vessels for storage, cooking, and other purposes. Some of these vessels were adorned with intricate patterns and designs, showcasing the artistic skills and cultural aesthetics of the time.
The emergence of pottery was a significant development in human civilization. It allowed for better food storage, cooking, and transportation, transforming societal practices and enabling new forms of trade and cultural exchange.
While Georgia's location in the South Caucasus region has yielded early evidence of pottery usage, it's important to note that the invention of pottery likely occurred independently in multiple regions across the world. Different cultures and societies discovered and refined pottery-making techniques according to their specific needs and available resources.
The early pottery artifacts found in Georgia contribute to our understanding of the ancient history of ceramics and the cultural significance of pottery in the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, where there is the Earliest evidence of using of Bread?
No, this is Jordan, but Georgia is located in a region where some of the earliest evidence of bread usage has been found. The practice of making bread, a staple food made from dough that is typically baked, is believed to have originated in different parts of the world independently.
Archaeological excavations in the South Caucasus region, which includes modern-day Georgia, have revealed evidence of early bread production. These discoveries provide insights into the early development of baking in the area.
For example, at the archaeological site of Shulaveris Gora in Georgia, remnants of charred bread-like substances were found in ancient hearths dating back to around 6000 BCE. These charred grains and cereal-based products suggest that early inhabitants of the region were grinding grains, making dough, and baking bread.
The ancient Georgians, like many other civilizations, developed techniques for grinding grains, preparing dough, and baking bread. The specific methods and types of bread varied over time and across different regions.
Bread holds cultural significance in Georgia, where it is an integral part of traditional cuisine. Various types of bread, such as shoti bread (a traditional Georgian bread baked in a clay oven called a tone) and puri (a staple bread made in a round shape), have been part of Georgian culinary heritage for centuries.
While Georgia's location in the South Caucasus region has provided early evidence of bread usage, it's important to note that bread-making likely emerged independently in various regions around the world. The discovery and development of bread-making techniques were influenced by local resources, agricultural practices, and cultural preferences.
The early evidence of bread production in Georgia contributes to our understanding of the ancient history of baking and the importance of bread as a dietary staple in the region.
∎ Is it right that Georgia is in the region, where there is the Earliest evidence of using of Agriculture?
Not in Georgian territory specifically, but in the northern part of the Middle east. Georgia is located in a region where some of the earliest evidence of agriculture has been found. The practice of agriculture, which involves cultivating crops and rearing animals for food and other resources, marks a significant transition in human history from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled farming communities.
Archaeological research in the South Caucasus region, including areas within modern-day Georgia, has uncovered evidence of early agricultural practices dating back thousands of years.
One notable site in Georgia is the archaeological settlement of Shulaveris Gora, which dates to around 6000 BCE. Excavations at this site have revealed evidence of early agricultural activities, including the cultivation of crops such as wheat and barley. Researchers have found stone tools, grinding stones, and charred plant remains indicating the processing and consumption of agricultural products.
The development of agriculture in Georgia and the South Caucasus region played a crucial role in the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled communities. It led to the establishment of permanent settlements, the domestication of plants and animals, and the development of complex social structures.
The fertile lands of Georgia, along with the suitable climate and geographic conditions, provided favorable conditions for early agricultural practices. The cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals transformed the subsistence patterns of the ancient Georgians and contributed to the growth of their societies.
It's important to note that the development of agriculture occurred independently in various regions around the world, with different crops and domesticated animals being cultivated in different areas. However, the early evidence of agricultural practices in Georgia highlights the significance of the region as part of the global agricultural revolution.
The emergence of agriculture in Georgia laid the foundation for settled communities, cultural advancements, and the development of complex civilizations.
∎ Motor system - Wikipedia
∎ Pyramidal tracts - Wikipedia
Corticobulbar tract - Wikipedia
Corticospinal tract - Wikipedia
pyramids - Medullary pyramids (brainstem) - Wikipedia
∎ Extrapyramidal system - Wikipedia
∎ მოტორული სისტემა / სამოძრაო სისტემა (Motor system)
მოტორული სისტემა არის ნერვული სისტემის ცენტრალური და პერიფერიული სტრუქტურების ერთობლიობა, რომლებიც მხარს უჭერენ მოტორულ ფუნქციებს, ანუ მოძრაობას. პერიფერიული სტრუქტურები შეიძლება შეიცავდეს ჩონჩხის კუნთებს და ნერვულ კავშირებს კუნთოვან ქსოვილებთან. ცენტრალური სტრუქტურები მოიცავს ცერებრალური ქერქის (თავის ტვინის ქერქის), ტვინის ღეროს, ზურგის ტვინს, პირამიდულ სისტემას, მათ შორის ზედა მოტორულ ნეირონებს, ექსტრაპირამიდულ სისტემას, ცერებრუმს (ნათხემს) და ქვედა მოტორულ ნეირონებს თავის ტვინის ღეროსა და ზურგის ტვინში.
მოტორული სისტემა არის ბიოლოგიური სისტემა, რომელიც მჭიდრო კავშირშია კუნთოვან სისტემასთან და სისხლის მიმოქცევის სისტემასთან. სამოძრაო უნარების მისაღწევად, მოტორული (სამოძრაო) სისტემა უნდა მოერგოს კუნთების სამუშაო მდგომარეობას, იქნება ეს ცხელი თუ ცივი, ხისტი თუ ფხვიერი, ასევე ფიზიოლოგიური დაღლილობა.
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პირამიდული მოტორული (სამოძრაო) სისტემა, რომელსაც ასევე უწოდებენ პირამიდულ ტრაქტს ან კორტიკოსპინალურ (ქერქულ-ზურგის ტვინის) ტრაქტს, იწყება ცერებრალური ქერქის (თავის ტვინის ქერქის) მოტორულ ცენტრში. კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტში არის ზედა და ქვედა მოტორული ნეირონები. სამოძრაო (მოტორული) იმპულსები წარმოიქმნება მოტორული არეალის გიგანტურ პირამიდულ უჯრედებში ანუ ბეცის უჯრედებში; ანუ ცერებრალური ქერქის პრეცენტრალურ გირუსში. ეს არის კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტის ზედა მოტორული ნეირონები (UMN). ამ უჯრედების აქსონები გადადიან ცერებრალური ქერქის სიღრმეში corona radiata-სკენ, შემდეგ კი შიდა კაფსულაში, გადიან შიდა კაფსულის უკანა ტოტში და აგრძელებენ დაღმასვლას შუა ტვინში და მოგრძო ტვინში (medulla oblongata-ში). მოგრძო ტვინის ქვედა ნაწილში, ამ ბოჭკოების 90-95% დეკუსირებულია (გადის მოპირდაპირე მხარეს) და ეშვება მოპირდაპირე მხარეს ზურგის ტვინის გვერდითი ფუნიკულის თეთრ ნივთიერებაში. დარჩენილი 5-10% გადის იმავე მხარეს. კიდურების ბოჭკოები 100%-ით გადის მოპირდაპირე მხარეს. კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტის (თავის ტვინის ქერქ - ზურგის ტვინის ტრაქტის) ბოჭკოები სხვადასხვა დონეზე მთავრდება ზურგის ტვინის ნაცრისფერი ნივთიერების წინა რქაში. აქ მდებარეობს კორტიკოსპინალური ქვედა მოტორული ნეირონები (LMN). პერიფერიული მოტორული ნერვები ატარებენ სამოძრაო (მოტორულ) იმპულსებს წინა რქიდან ნებელობით (ნებით; ნებაყოფლობით) კუნთებამდე.
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ექსტრაპირამიდული მოტორული (სამოძრაო) სისტემა შედგება მოტორული მოდულაციის სისტემებისგან, განსაკუთრებით ბაზალური განგლიებისგან და ცერებრუმისგან (ნათხემისგან).
∎ პირამიდული ტრაქტი (Pyramidal tracts) - პირამიდული მოტორული სისტემა (Pyramidal motor system)
კორტიკობულბური ტრაქტი / კორტიკობულბარული (Corticobulbar tract)
კორტიკოსპინური / კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტი (Corticospinal tract)
პირამიდული გზები მოიცავს როგორც კორტიკობულბარულ ტრაქტს, ასევე კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტს. ეს არის ზედა მოტორული ნეირონების ეფერენტული ნერვული ბოჭკოების აგრეგაციები, რომლებიც მიედინება ცერებრალური ქერქიდან (თავის ტვინის ქერქიდან) და მთავრდება ტვინის ღეროში (კორტიკობულბარული) ან ზურგის ტვინში (კორტიკოსპინალური) და მონაწილეობს სხეულის მოტორული (სამოძრაო) ფუნქციების კონტროლში.
კორტიკობულბარული ტრაქტი (ქერქ-ღეროს ტრაქტი) ატარებს იმპულსებს ტვინიდან კრანიალურ (თავის ტვინის) ნერვებამდე. ეს ნერვები აკონტროლებს სახის და კისრის კუნთებს და მონაწილეობენ სახის გამომეტყველებაში, ღეჭვაში, ყლაპვაში და სხვა მოტორულ (მოძრაობით) ფუნქციებში.
კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტი (ქერქულ-ზურგის ტვინის ტრაქტი) ატარებს იმპულსებს თავის ტვინიდან ზურგის ტვინში. იგი შედგება გვერდითი და წინა ტრაქტისგან. კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტი ჩართულია ნებაყოფლობით მოძრაობაში. კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტის ბოჭკოების უმეტესი ნაწილი კვეთს მედულას (გადის მოგრძო ტვინში), რის შედეგადაც კუნთები აკონტროლებს თავის ტვინის საპირისპირო მხარეს. კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტი შეიცავს პირამიდული უჯრედების აქსონებს, რომელთაგან ყველაზე დიდია ბეცის უჯრედები, რომლებიც მდებარეობს თავის ტვინის ქერქში.
პირამიდულ ტრაქტებს დაარქვეს იმიტომ, რომ ისინი გადიან მედულას (მოგრძო ტვინის) პირამიდებში. კორტიკოსპინალური ბოჭკოები ერთ წერტილამდე იყრის თავს, როცა შიდა კაფსულიდან თავის ტვინის ღერომდე ეშვება მრავალი მიმართულებით, რაც ინვერსიული პირამიდის შთაბეჭდილებას ტოვებს. პირამიდული ტრაქტის ჩართვა ნებისმიერ დონეზე იწვევს პირამიდულ ნიშნებს.
პირამიდული ბოჭკოების მიელინაცია დაბადებისას არასრულია და თანდათან პროგრესირებს კრანიო-კაუდალური მიმართულებით და ამით თანდათან იძენს ფუნქციონირებას. მიელინიზაციის უმეტესი ნაწილი სრულდება ორი წლის ასაკში და შემდეგ ის ძალიან ნელა პროგრესირებს კრანიო-კაუდალური მიმართულებით თორმეტ წლამდე.
სტრუქტურა
ტერმინი პირამიდული ტრაქტები ეხება ზედა მოტორულ ნეირონებს, რომლებიც წარმოიქმნება ცერებრალური ქერქიდან (თავის ტვინის ქერქიდან) და მთავრდება ზურგის ტვინში (კორტიკოსპინალური) ან ტვინის ღეროში (კორტიკობულბარული). ნერვები ჩნდება ცერებრალურ ქერქში (თავის ტვინის ქერქში), გაივლის ქვევით და შეიძლება გადაკვეთოს გვერდები მედულაში (მოგრძო ტვინში) და გადაადგილდეს ზურგის ტვინის ნაწილის სახით, სანამ ისინი სინაფსირებენ (უკავშირდებიან) ინტერნეირონებთან ზურგის ტვინის ნაცრისფერ სვეტში.
პირამიდული ტრაქტები საბოლოოდ მოიცავს კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტებს და ასევე მოიცავს კორტიკობულბარულ ტრაქტებს.
კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტი (ქერქ-ზურგტვინის ტრაქტი)
ნერვული ბოჭკოები კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტში წარმოიქმნება პირამიდული უჯრედებიდან ცერებრალური ქერქის V ფენაში. ბოჭკოები წარმოიქმნება პირველადი მოტორული ქერქისგან (დაახლოებით 30%), დამატებითი მოტორული არედან და პრემოტორული ქერქიდან (ერთად ასევე დაახლოებით 30%), ხოლო სომატოსენსორული ქერქის, პარიეტალური წილის და ცინგულარული გირუსის ბოჭკოები ამარაგებს დანარჩენს. უჯრედებს სხეულები აქვთ თავის ტვინის ქერქში, ხოლო აქსონები ქმნიან პირამიდული ტრაქტის ძირითად ნაწილს. ნერვული აქსონები ქერქიდან გადაადგილდება შიდა კაფსულის უკანა კიდურის გავლით, ცერებრალური პედუნკულის გავლით და ტვინის ღეროსა და წინა მოგრძო ტვინში. აქ ისინი ქმნიან ორ გამონაყარს, რომლებსაც მოგრძო ტვინის წაგრძელებული პირამიდები ეწოდება. აქსონების უმეტესი ნაწილი კვეთის ქვემოთ კვეთს მოპირდაპირე მხარეს, საიდანაც ისინი წარმოიშვა, რომელიც ცნობილია როგორც დეკუსაცია. აქსონები, რომლებიც გადაკვეთენ, გადადიან მედულას წაგრძელებული ნაწილის გარეთ და ქმნიან გვერდით კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტს, ხოლო დარჩენილი ბოჭკოები ქმნიან წინა კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტს. აქსონების დაახლოებით 80% კვეთს და ქმნის ლატერალურ კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტს; 10% არ გადაკვეთს და უერთდება ტრაქტს, ხოლო ბოჭკოების 10% მოძრაობს წინა კორტიკოსპინალურ ტრაქტში.
ტრაქტის ქვემოთ მოძრავი ნერვული აქსონები არის ზედა მოტორული ნეირონების ეფერენტული ნერვული ბოჭკოები. ეს აქსონები მოძრაობენ ზურგის ტვინის თეთრი მატერიის ტრაქტებში, სანამ არ მიაღწევენ კუნთის ხერხემლის დონეს, რომელსაც ისინი აინერვირებენ. ამ დროს აქსონები სინაფსებით უკავშირდებიან ქვედა მოტორულ ნეირონებს. აქსონების უმეტესობა უშუალოდ არ სინაფსირებს ქვედა მოტორულ ნეირონებთან, არამედ სინაფსებით უკავშირდებიან ინტერნეირონს, რომელიც შემდეგ სინაფსებით უკავშირდება ქვედა მოტორულ ნეირონს. ეს ჩვეულებრივ ხდება წინა ნაცრისფერ სვეტში. გვერდითი კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტის ნერვული აქსონები, რომლებიც არ გადაკვეთს მოგრძო ტვინს, ამას აკეთებენ ზურგის ტვინის დონეზე, სადაც ისინი მთავრდება.
ეს ტრაქტები შეიცავს 1 მილიონზე მეტ აქსონს და აქსონების უმეტესობა მიელინირებულია. კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტი მიელინირდება დაბადებიდან პირველი და მეორე წლის განმავლობაში. ნერვული აქსონების უმრავლესობა მცირეა (
ფუნქცია
კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტის ნერვები ჩართულია სხეულის კუნთების მოძრაობაში. ბოჭკოების გადაკვეთის გამო, კუნთებს მიეწოდება ტვინის ის მხარე, რომელიც საპირისპიროა, ვიდრე კუნთი. კორტიკობულბარული ტრაქტის ნერვები ჩართულია თავის კუნთებში მოძრაობაში. ისინი მონაწილეობენ გადაყლაპვაში, ფონაციასა და ენის მოძრაობაში. სახის ნერვთან ჩართვის ძალით კორტიკობულბარული ტრაქტი ასევე პასუხისმგებელია სახის გამომეტყველების გადაცემაზე. სახის გამომეტყველების ქვედა კუნთების გარდა, კორტიკობულბარული ტრაქტის ყველა ფუნქცია მოიცავს ტვინის ორივე მხრიდან შეყვანას.
ექსტრაპირამიდული სისტემა ეხება ზურგის ტვინის ტრაქტებს, რომლებიც მონაწილეობენ უნებლიე მოძრაობაში, მაგრამ არა პირამიდული ტრაქტის ნაწილს. მათი ფუნქციები მოიცავს პოზისა და კუნთების ტონის კონტროლს.
კლინიკური მნიშვნელობა
1. კორტიკოსპინალური ტრაქტის ბოჭკოების დაზიანებამ, სადმე მათი კურსის გასწვრივ ცერებრალური ქერქიდან ზურგის ტვინის ქვედა ბოლოებამდე, შეიძლება გამოიწვიოს ზედა საავტომობილო ნეირონის სინდრომი.
2. ზედა საავტომობილო ნეირონების დაზიანებიდან რამდენიმე დღეში ჩნდება საავტომობილო ნიშნები და სიმპტომები, მათ შორის სპასტიურობა, ჰიპერაქტიური რეფლექსები, წვრილი მოძრაობების შესრულების უნარის დაკარგვა და ექსტენსორული პლანტარული პასუხი, რომელიც ცნობილია როგორც ბაბინსკის ნიშანი.
3. სიმპტომები ზოგადად სხვა სენსორულ პრობლემებთან ერთად ჩნდება.
4. მიზეზები შეიძლება მოიცავდეს ისეთ დარღვევებს, როგორიცაა ინსულტი, ცერებრალური დამბლა, სუბდურული სისხლჩაქცევები, აბსცესები და სიმსივნეები, ნეიროდეგენერაციული დაავადებები, როგორიცაა მრავლობითი სისტემის ატროფია, ანთება, როგორიცაა მენინგიტი და გაფანტული სკლეროზი, და ზურგის ტვინის ტრავმა, მათ შორის დისკების ცურვისგან.
5. თუ კორტიკობულბარული ტრაქტი დაზიანებულია მხოლოდ ერთ მხარეს, მაშინ დაზიანდება მხოლოდ სახის ქვედა ნაწილი, თუმცა თუ დაფიქსირდა როგორც მარცხენა, ასევე მარჯვენა ტრაქტი, მაშინ შედეგი არის ფსევდობულბარული დამბლა. ეს იწვევს ყლაპვის, მეტყველების და ემოციური ლაბილობის პრობლემებს.
6. ძლიერმა უნებლიე მოძრაობებმა, როგორიცაა ჰემიბალიზმი ან მძიმე ქორეა, შესაძლოა დაღლილიყო პაციენტი და გახდეს სიცოცხლისთვის საშიში სიტუაცია.
7. წარსულში, ამ მდგომარეობას მკურნალობდნენ პირამიდული ტრაქტის ნაწილობრივი მონაკვეთით ან პირველადი მოტორული ქერქის ან ცერებრალური ჯვარედინი (პედუნკულოტომია).