The Ghostly Particles That May Have Unbalanced the Universe
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- Опубликовано: 28 июн 2024
- Almost all matter in the universe should have been annihilated shortly after the Big Bang, but looking around, we see galaxies, stars, planets, and, you know... us. So obviously that didn't happen, and the why of it may have something to do with neutrinos.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
arxiv.org/pdf/1204.4186.pdf
www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/sc...
backreaction.blogspot.com/2020...
arxiv.org/abs/1801.10059
t2k-experiment.org/t2k/
arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1903.pdf
www.hyper-k.org/en/neutrino.html
www.nature.com/articles/178446a0
iopscience.iop.org/article/10...
arxiv.org/pdf/1306.1246.pdf
Image Sources:
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12656
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
home.cern/science/physics/sta...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/0306...
wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/9903...
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Os...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
"None of... THIS... should be here!" [Hank looks around at a near-featureless green void]
to be fair "THIS" includes the void
His name is Hank Green
OMG What...
@@296radithyasatria5 is he related to Dan Green?
@@296radithyasatria5 I need a colored pencil in the shade Hank Green
Anti-Matter: “Who are you?”
Matter: “I’m you but stronger.”
Stabl..er?
Physicists are taking the rhetorical question "What's the matter?" just a liiitle too seriously.
I'll do you one better "Who's the matter?"
WHY IS GAMORA---I MEAN MATTER?
When is the matter?
/groan
Nah, when someone asked them "What's UP", they started spinning.
“The universe required... correction”
-Thanos?
*"I used the stones to destroy the stones. It nearly killed me. But the work is done, it always will be. I am inevitable."*
@@alonsoarana5307 don't you mean ineddible ? haha
@@devonking8727 "everything here is edible, even I am edible, but that my dear children is called cannibalism which is actually frowned upon in most societies'
Seven males and sixteen females to repopulate and rebuild Zion, to be exact. Thus the balance is restored.
I really appreciate and love how you made it clear that the T2K result is still preliminary and that the experiment (and other other neutrino oscillation experiments like NOvA) are still ongoing and have the potential to yield different results than the ones published earlier this year. It doesn't mean that result isn't interesting and shouldn't be talked about, but it highlights that it isn't necessarily THE ANSWER quite yet and that makes it all the more exciting that people can kind of see the evolution of discovery on this topic in somewhat real time.
"From galaxies to the pieces of lint on your shirt" jokes on you hank, I'm not wearing a shirt
Me neither.
How would milk wear a shirt to begin with? 🤔
@@sourgreendolly7685 with difficulty
@J Carver I love me, I am a man, so you are correct
@k1w1 theres always one person who has to ruin it
Perfectly imbalanced, as all things should be!
My life's motto. 😂
Perfect Profile Pic
Ok joker
Indeed. So what if some extra sugar is mixed in the batter. Oops
Yesss
"a neutrino can be all three flavors at once"
so basically like EVERYTHING in quantum mechanics.
lmao
Well... no, actually. There's a finer distinction.
Maybe someone else with more patience and better science communication skills can explain it.
I feel like yelling out my window, "DELTA CP DOES NOT EQUAL ZERO" at random passerby
Do it!
This sounds like something you would yell out at a secret laboratory in a movie while desperately trying to exit the building
Thanos is just watching this video getting angrier and angrier as it goes on.
"Not balanced... Not balanced?! NOT BALAAAANCED!!!"
Long ago, the universe lived together in harmony. Then everything changed when the Matter attacked.
Wow my brain hurts - that was quite an intellectual marathon, Hank!
"All matter is made equal, but some matter is more equal than the other" - Alien Farm probably
Imma repeat that one and wont say without remorse where I knew about it bc I will have forgotten. But Imma repeat that one.
What is important to take away here is that the universe is functioning the same ways it always has, it's just that we now understand those ways better. :)
That's a point that needs to be reiterated disappointingly often.
YES
That's mostly valid for the period that we existed (and were able to perform ... understanding), which on Cosmic scale is a really tiny amount of time.
@slam zamillion , because the experience and knowledge we acquire is up until the present moment.
If you know a way to get knowledge from the future, let me know ;)
@@blueckaym: Well, I'd share it, but by doing so, I'd immediately wink out of existence, due to violating several laws of physics and time travel that forbid the transmission of useful information faster than _c._ In fact, just by conveying this fact, I fear I might be violating those sa--
This guy is remarkably talented. With his way of talking and describing things he made an apparent boring and difficult topic to become interesting and vivacious. I was thrilled and couldn't dare to lose or waste one single word. Absolutely brilliant. Genius I dare say. Great work Mr. Hank
ive been studying, reading, watching, listening, etc. stuff about physics for at least 15 years now and i have come to absolutely HATE neutrinos.
Lol
And they apparently hate you, giving you none of their attention.
This episode felt like I was watching PBS Spacetime. I didn't understand a word.
TL;DR: Stuff happens. Anti-stuff happens less.
I absolutely love this channel, but the physics episodes I'm like 🤔🤤🤷🏼
"Mommy, where do electrons come from? "
"Well, see, when a neutrino collides with a water molecule, there's a decent chance it will turn into an electron"
A sub atomic particle that can't decide what it is and exists as some sort of wave state? Big surprise there.
No, the surprise is that all 3 are the same one. And that neutrinos and anti-neutrinos each turn into a different "flavor" slightly more often than the other does. Based on the laws as we know them, that shouldn't happen.
So yeah, it's kinda a surprise.
@@lordgarion514 I don't mean to be snarky, but I was making a joke. Of course it's surprising, otherwise Hank wouldn't be talking about it.
@@lordgarion514 r/whoosh
@@lordgarion514 r/woosh
My first thought when he said that. "Hmm, some sort of duality between being a wave and being a particle... Where have I heard that before?"
As a French psychology student passionated by physics, this is totally understandable because you artculate really well! Thank you for your content, that's really good! :D
To all those who like physics like that, I would suggest you to watch Jean-Pierre Petit's JANUS model on his channel. This physicist explains why there is more matter than antimatter. It's a long playlist but really worth it!
One of the best things about studying the universe is that it's interesting even though most of it goes over my head xD
🔥🔥physics based video,yes
Check out “pbs space time” bro
@@evanstorm3360 thanks,I will 😅,right now.
yes i love videos made of a random jumble of rigid bodies
PHYSICS!!!
Based on what?
Thing:
*does not function*
Doctor Who:
*reverses polarity*
Thing:
*annihilates itself and everything around it*
Physicists Confirm What Relationship Gurus Have Known For Years: When It Comes To Relationships, It Always Matters More To One Than The Other
DAMN
I have learned so much from you and your team at SciShow, thank you all so much :)
Heck of a job by Hank (and the writing team) explaining advanced theoretical physics to the masses, I'm very impressed.
Great episode Hank!! All the presenters on this channel are tremendous but you squeeze out in front as my favourite!!
Thank you! For taking the time to explain enough background info so that I could understand why the "evidence" was significant. I *literally* could not have done it without you.
Aaaand...take it from here, PBS Space Time! ;)
Lots of respect from me to SciShow. For making the huge effort of understanding the paper, and simplifying it enough to present it comprehensively in a 10 minute video to the general public, who doesn't necessarily have a background in physics.
Video: *is uploaded 2 minutes ago*
Video: *is 11 minutes long*
RUclips: *already 1 thumbs down*
??????
Maybe the guy watched the video in 6x times speed
So, RUclips has a variety of methods used to count different things and verifying those counts.
Because views and watch time equate directly to payment to RUclips and the creator of each video, they get checked extra hard and verified, especially on a fresh upload,otherwise people would make bots that click, buffer and watch the video a billion times and nobody would be able to trust the counts. Because likes and dislikes just effect the algorithm they aren’t verified as much. This can lead do a discrepancy between the two.
Idk why this joke comment annoys me so much, but I feel compelled to explain every time. Am I the joke?
@@dstinnettmusic Reread my comment. This wasn't a "100 views and 500 likes?!??" thing. This was a "the video has only been up for 2 minutes, maybe wait to watch the video before giving it a thumbs down (or thumbs up for that matter)"
I think they should make it obligatory to leave a comment to explain why you are giving this (or any) video a thumbs down! I for one would love to know.
Keegan ah, I misunderstood. Carry on.
"what's 5% among friends?"
A kick from the raid group, in my experience.
I came to find this comment :3
I get 5% of the kisses from my friend's gf. ;)
That was very informative! Thanks dude!
It’s so cool to hear about all the studies on neutrinos now. When I was little, my grandpa worked on the MINOS neutrino project as a welder. So, growing up as they built it and studied, family members could tour free all the time and I got to meet some of those scientists. When science books weren’t talking about neutrinos yet, I was learning about it from them. One of the coolest experiences ever!!! 😎🤓🤘🏼
This was another fantastic video! Thank you!
That thumbnail made me think this was finally the episode where Hank goes full-on Thanos, going insane from years of serving RUclips Science xD
This was very well explained! Thanks Sci Show!
Great explanations! I was able to follow everything you said.
Neat video! Thanks for uploading!
Nice work on the animations
"We don't see much antimatter in the universe today"
How do you tell the difference between matter and antimatter without interacting with it? Any light emitted doesn't have a charge. How do you not know the next star over is made of antimatter?
Please educate me.
The biggest tell would be where said objects interact with the surrounding medium.
For example, if every particle the solar system out to the heliopause became its antimatter equivalent, we would see a sudden increase in gamma radiation across the entire sky where the Sun's now anti-particles met with the regular particles of the interstellar medium out at the termination shock and heliopause.
In general, any luminous antimatter body would be pumping out antimatter particles in a halo around it that would eventually meet regular matter and create a very noticeable wall of gamma radiation from the constant, disperse annihilation.
Since the boundaries between stars, galaxies, and clusters seem relatively quiet, and the universe is observably homogeneous (no isolated clumps of matter on a grand scale), it's fairly safe to assume that there are no significant masses of antimatter in the observable universe.
Darrell Butler That was a perfect explanation, thank you for your effort!
Because the interstellar/intergalactic medium. Space isn't empty, there's actually a very, _very,_ _VERY_ thin amount of hydrogen spread throughout the universe. It would make antimatter explode.
@@BeardedBooper thank you
Apparently, the Weak Interaction weakens the CP Symmetry even more than we thought.
Just when I thought my headache was going away. Thanks Hank.
That was *so* well explained. Thank you.
awesome video, what wild concepts !
I was afraid that this video would be too short to appreciate. You really did your job, Hank, explaining this in sufficient detail, and we thank you. Takes me back to the _NOVA_ series, "Stephen Hawking's Universe".
So... the neutrinos *have* mutated. I think we owe the film '2012' an apology. I'm looking at you, Dara O'Briain.
5:37 when he finished explaining about something tipping the antimatter scales and said 'Enter Andrei Sakharov' I thought for a second that this guy was responsible for the imbalance. 😂⚛
@FreeQuest: "Inspector, he's struck again!" "Sa KHA *ROOOOOOOOOOOVV!!!* I SWEAR I WILL CATCH YOU ONE OF THESE DAYS!!!"
Great commentary, as usual.
This video is extremely well explained! Fantastic education!
Hank's sarcasm is my favorite thing about SciShow 09:42
“Ghostly Particles”?! Alright! Who let Giratina out of the Distortion World again?!
I love that sentence "what's 5% between friends?" - I'm gonna use it!! Thanks Hank and B mesons!!
"The universe is unbalanced."
(Thanos has entered the chat)
Outstanding episode. Thanks,
Standing in front of a green screen and adding in a green background is a massive flex and I can respect it.
Now that’s what I was talking about. If Hank is in the video it’s, definitely, a must watch.
Been reading about this!!! Its so exciting!
"Why do neutrinos have mass?" the answer is because they need it for inertia; if there is supposed to be a carrier threshold of an energy wave, there has to be a capacity to hold that threshold in the mechanics of the equation. You need something that does not react to electromagnetic activity to have mass in order for stars to exist.
Great video!
I don't know why, but the title reminds me of The Never Ending Story. A movie I haven't seen in years. I'm gonna watch it after I watch this video.
Great video 📹
Isn't there a nonzero chance that the matter and antimatter are still closer in balance than we thought, but since our observable sphere of the universe is so limited we just happen to be in a matter-dense region?
Okay but let's just take a moment to appreciate how great a name Super Kamiokande is.
Great I was just begon to follow Sean Carroll on youtube in his recent serie Biggest ideas of the universe. Cosmology principles explained gradualy... nice one thank you...
Great video! Very esoteric concepts explained clearly using mostly layman's terms.
I love you hank. Your voice is soothing so I dont get bored. I would love to have you be my teacher cause then I would actually learned. I get bored easy if the teacher doesn't hold my attention
I love particle physics, it’s so much fun.
Brilliant stuff
I love how dramatic Hank is about nutrinos
2:38 Re "photons of light"...When an electron and positron annihilate they do create two photons but with energies on the order of 511,000 eV, which is in the gamma-ray range rather than visible light. Visible light is roughly 2 or 3 eV.
great video
That positron symbol at 2:20 is pretty cool
My favourite flavour of gum is ex-spearmint.
That's a good pun. Lol. Very funny.
Thank you Hank! Love this physics update. If this evidence is verified through further experimentation by other sources, it will make an important impact on our understanding of the universe we live in.
This research throws a wrench at the type of scientist I try so hard to say that we have it nearly all figured out.
This is where Sheldon's super-anti-symmetry theory comes into picture.....
Even though this is very technical, it's astounding that they know all this
Amo tu contenido...
Smart Stuff thanks...
A couple of hundred years from now they'll find these ideas just as quaint and amusing as we now find the idea of phlogiston
5% is more than people think. That's 1 in 20 people for example.
Exactly. And if you're 1 in a million there are like 8 or 9 people just like you in NYC alone.
As someone who has had to work with equations on things with a tolerance of 5% I can confirm it makes a big difference. That 5% can very much be the difference between a pass and a fail.
One in 20 people are actually anti-people? That explains a lot.
I think it has something to do with the Higgs field. I think that matter and anti-matter interact differently with the Higgs field, such that Matter and Antimatter have an infinitesimal difference in mass. I think this resulted in Matter not being completely destroyed during collisions. I think the fragmentary remains of these collisions, eventually coalesced into all the matter that we have today.
5:07 How can we be sure that this isn't exactly what happened? What if this "barely any matter at all" is exactly what is, now? Would someone please do the calculations, and tell me how much matter and antimatter would have been lost if this was the case? Like, how much more populous the universe would have to be. I worry that I'm not conveying my thoughts properly. Can you understand what I'm hypothesizing?
Physicists: our equations say the universe shouldn't exist
Universe: exists
Physicists: *surprised pikachu face*
Wait, so an anti electron neutrino is an anti neutrino that produces electrons or a neutrino producing anti electrons, or would it take anti water for them to produce positrons? If so does the asymmetry then flip? Because that would kind of be symmetric again. Wow, this is confusing
Neutrino switching makes me think of axe throwing. They have spin, and depending on when in the arc it hits the wall, it'll behave very differently. The wall collision would be the equivalent of the measurement result; like if you couldn't see the axe directly, only the impact itself.
I've thought that maybe to compensate for the imbalance that there are dimensional layers that can have the opposite effect on particles because of the way that the particle fields get bent in that dimension.
Hank has the coolest looking shirts! 😃
Dude the universe is a sadic dude
EVERYTHING that we try to put a logic behind ends up being a complete mess of chaotic nature
Like cmon THEY SHOULD BE only inverted charged particles now we know they are waaay more different and unpredictable
"Warm afterglow" that's 3 Kelvin? Well, I suppose it's warmer than 0 K. :P
Technically, it's infinitely warmer.
I wonder if the original theory was correct, and that inaccuracy of 1 in 1 billion was just enough to create everything we can see. There was, I guess 999 million other universes worth of matter and antimatter that got annihilated and we're all that's left
But, wouldn't it just make sense that something with a negative charge would behave differently than a positively charged one?
Not if what it reacts to is also reversed in charge; an electron orbits a proton exactly like an anti-electron orbits an anti-proton.
I am SUCH a nerd, because I LOVE these particle physics eps.
it is possible that antimatters can change their behaviour...mean...may be they can collide with some other things(this can be readiations or something else) and changed their behaviour.
Question: when describing anti-particles you mentioned reversing charge of course, but also reversing the magnetic moment. Is reversing the magnetic moment the same thing as reversing spin?
Is it possible antimatter is either not affected by gravity or gravitationally repulsive. I think there is an experiment they were doing to answer this. If either is correct then maybe the reason for not seeing antimatter is because it never coalesces and so it can never become planets or stars etc.. and is thus forever invisible to us. Maybe on small scales matter and antimatter can attract via electromagnetic forces but over longer distances maybe they repel or are unaffected by gravity and rarely collide? This is just something I always wondered and it seemed to make sense. It's probably not this but I really wanted to know the result of those antimatter experiments on how gravity effects antimatter.
Love love this channel sm! But wouldnt it be kinda depressing to be a physicist knowing in detail that we still have no Idea why the universe exists?
"Should have" is the feeling you get from not understanding how things really work. That's okay, but in physics, really, what should be (and should be explained) is what *is* .