I was expecting him to do that near the end of the video! I'd definitely be interested to see a follow-up where letters could be added or removed as well, and I bet there'd be some interesting structure based on where you could or couldn't remove letters from...
I thought so as well, seems an obvious place to go, though the challenge here would be that it massively increases the number of nodes and edges, so even displaying such a graph might not be all that informative. It may even just blob the whole thing together.
@@ClementinesmWTFActually I think it is poetic, especially in our current climate of rage baiting and everything esle, getting people to connect by being angry at something/some group or something. They're like... two sides of the same coin, in a sense. And that symmetry is fascinating
7:15 I was so curious what the large 2nd island was gonna be - it makes sense that it's all the -ING words, since it's easy to go from XXXing to YYYing, but not any non-ing words!
imagine coming home from school and telling your dad about a game you learned only for him to get just as, if not more, into it than you are. its so so so sweet
1:40 of these words, the ones i know are: aa - some type of lava qi - chinese natural force or something xu - a vietnamese currency cwm - cirque (in welsh) brrr - onomatopoeia for shivering zzzs - multiple zzz sounds, onomatopoeia for sleep crwth - some instrument (also from welsh) yclad - clothed, clad miaou - french spelling of "meow"
@@pengil3actually in french, with the french accent, miaou is exactly how it should be spelled. french is a different language. meow. you go m, you go i, which in french sounds like e does in english, you go a, which is like the beginning of ow, and you go ou, which is like the end of ow. the only change you could make is turning ou into w, but w isn't a vowel is it?
The ones you missed were: KY: Kentucky abbreviation Vly: some kind of swamp or marsh (Dutch origins) Ziz: apparently it doesn't have an official definition in Scrabble from what I can find Pht: also no Scrabble definition Euoi: another word for evoe, which is an archaic exclamation of Bacchic frenzy Hwyl: emotional fervor, as in the recitation of poetry Qibla: direction of the Kaaba
this concept of word manipulation has interested me for a while and if anyone is looking for more stuff like this, there's an online game called Wordward Draw about changing a 4-letter word letter by letter (and also the steam game Lingo which is a rule discovery word puzzle game with a large amount of 'word changing' functions). one of the chain types that I want to see, and I don't know if anyone's ever done, is doing this but with synonyms or antonyms, like what's the farthest (fair) seeming synonym or antonym chain? one interesting puzzle like this I wrote was 'RAISE -> FOLD -> DECREASE -> RAISE' which I think is an incredible antonym cycle (using a different pair of meanings for each one in the cycle). also I just want to say I really appreciate the visualization in this video :)
Do I even have to say it...? CHESS->BATTLE->ADVANCED On a more serious note, I remember these "Word ladders" both from an old game I had on CD and a puzzle book my parents had. Wonder where that ended up...
Thanks! Yeah it's hard to find any good antonym or synonym datasets, most of them really stretch the definition to include too many things, it's very subjective what should count.
for 100% completeness the 1 letter words are all connected [ I and A] they are both the start and end of the largest diameter ( I -> A or A ->I ) and they tie in largest degree at 1
The graph of 0 letter words, by contrast, is not connected. Nor is it disconnected! If you want every graph to be uniquely the disjoint union of connected subgraphs, you'd better decide that the empty graph is not connected. Much like 1 is neither prime nor composite.
The simulation of -1 letter words, to compare, is _imaginarily_ connected! It contains imaginary words that you can make by keyboard smashing, and however letters apart it is from a real word is its negative count. Permutations are about to get interesting.
@@AllenKnutsonThis is like the 0th dimension, where it is everything and nothing at the same time, containing itself but nonexistent. It toys with the idea of 0/0, which you could prove is indeterminate, meaning all real numbers! Everything is amazingly analogous to our universe and the idea of 1 in infinity, which is also infinite infinitesimal numbers in 1. Something can be infinity and 0 all at once.
O is also a 1 letter word But by definition, every 1 letter word is connected to every other because they're all 1 letter apart, no matter how many there are
5:35 funny that isle is within one of the islands. The word isle had the s put in for actual historical reasons, but later they added an s to island because they thought it was related to isle. It wasn't.
@@DragonTheOneDZA isle comes from french "ile", previously "isle", which comes from latin "insula", where we get "peninsula" (nearly an isle), "isolate" (to separate off like an isle), and "insulate" (also to separate off like an isle). island, on the other hand, comes from "yland", from old english "iegland". "ieg" is distantly related to "aqua", which is latin for water.
I dont remember that being accurate. As I recall some 400 or whatever years ago poets and scholars started adding letters that had fallen out of words over time back in for the hell of it. . I think we should overhaul english spelling. Seriously. I'd be willing to put time into this. . Just like what Teddy Roosevelt did back in the day. He is why we have "Jail" Instead of "Gaol" . Excise all silent letters and standardize at least in part the sounds of the alphabet.
@@4rumani Harper Collins Scrabble dictionary has many words of many languages (scots, hindu, arabic, etc) because "UK/worldwide" whilst the merriam webster has (almost) none of them. Will Anderson made a video titled "Why Is The Scrabble Dictionary SO WEIRD?"
It's so nice your sons curiosity influenced this project. The fact he wanted to challenge himself with harder words is a good sign for his future, and tackling the problem rather than just going 'it's too complex' is setting a great example. I still don't know if I want to be a parent at all but this is the kind of parent I want to be.
Wow, it's so great that you were able to get your son interested in network theory by nerding out about a game he learned! By the way, nice touch adding emoji each time you read out a word. Helps out when it's a word that not everyone might remember.
I actually had this idea as a kid. A few months ago, I wrote a script that found the shortest chain between any 2 words. In all 49,995,000 combinations of the 10,000 most common English words, the longest shortest chain I found was 26 long (actually, there was a many-way tie): having -> saving -> saying -> staying -> stating -> seating -> eating -> mating -> making -> baking -> biking -> hiking -> hiring -> firing -> fixing -> mixing -> mining -> dining -> diving -> living -> loving -> losing -> posing -> posting -> postings. Looking at it now, it's a bit strange that they're all 6-7 letter words. Maybe there was a mistake in my code, or the solution happens to be this way.
So you did have it so that you can also remove or add letters, right? Then the rules are a little different I guess. Also he did find a chain that is 29 letters long with only 5 letters words and his stricter rules (at 6:27) so either you had less words, or your code really didn't find the longest connection !
@@lacavernedug33k Yeah, it could add or remove letters. He found a 29-long chain because he was looking for the longest chain in general, while I was trying to find the largest chain in the set of all shortest chains between all permutations of the 10,000 most common words.
CBT is definitely not a word but i feel like ive heard of it before Edit: Dang, no way I got more likes than carykh and icely puzzles. Go like their comments, their comments are way more relevant to the video lmao, and icely proposes an alternate ruleset for the game. Also watch their videos, cary makes cool videos and projects, and icely does puzzles (duh).
When I was like 12, I tried to start an email chain that was exactly this except I allowed you to add or remove letters. They still had to be real words. The chain never took off, but I still loved the idea
There's a game called Word Evolver and it takes this concept and expands upon it by adding the insertion of characters and removal of characters. So the three operations are: Cat -> Cot (Change) Fame -> Frame (Insertion) Post -> Pot (Removal) The game seems to only contain any word with 7 or less letters.
the most fun thing about my name is it actually hails from a 3 generation word chain, my grandpa is Don, my dad is Dan, and I am Ian, I've long pondered on what to name my kid if I wanted to continue that
1:35 "Qibla" popped out to me among all the other jumbled letters, as it is an English transliteration of an Arabic word that's very important in the context of Islam. The qibla is the direction Muslims must pray in on a daily basis. When speaking in English, qibla is rarely translated, because there isn't exactly a singular word in English it accurately translates to. Therefore, it is written out very often in English. I guess you could call it a loanword?
Really? It doesn't have a vowel, so it cannot produce sound, so it's not a word. It's typically pronounced "berr" or like "bur." Bur is a word, I believe. But br is not.
this reminds me of the phenomenon of psycholinguistic activation when processing a word, other words that are either semantically or phonologically related will become more cognitively 'prominent', with the phenomenon usually being described as forming a web-like shape (I'm not super familiar with graphs or graph theory so I don't know if this is how it's modelled in the literature, but I don't think that these sort of chains are what's usually looked at in experiments, I could be wrong of course though) a word like 'cat' will activate words in its phonological web that have a similar initial (the sound at the beginning) like core or curl, words with a similar nucleus (usually a vowel) like zap or had, words with a similar coda (the sound at the end) like pot or rut, with words that fulfil several of these being activated more strongly like bat or sat (nucleus and coda), and cap or cab (initial and nucleus), this aspect of a word is referred to as its 'form' in the semantic web, 'cat' will activate words that are similar to its referent (ie a four legged, relatively small, furry animal with a tail, whiskers, prominent ears, often kept as house pets, etc) like dog (lots of similar characteristics), lizard (four legs, kept as pets), fox (also similar, usually not pets though), bird (kept as pets, preyed on by cats), mouse/rat (same deal as birds), this aspect of a word is referred to as its sense experimental evidence, iirc, suggests that 'prominence' generally results in, among other things, being able to access words faster when prompted. someone for who a word that has been 'primed' (is prominent/activated) will for instance, if presented with a grid of four pictures (lets say one of a phone, a cup, a pencil, and a sandwich) with one of the pictures being of the primed word (the cup in this example), when prompted to, pick the image of the prime (the cup) measurably and consistently faster than someone who hadn't had 'cup' primed for them in any way
I was stoke to see this small idea being so fruitful... and then you end the video with telling me you open sourced your 4D golf engine with documentation. Mad respect
It's not even an english word, so i was confused as to why it's in the data set. It's a transliteration for pronunciation. It's just using english letters to pronounce an arabic word
@@isaaclowe5000 Usually, when some words are being used regularly in a language/country, it gets integrated into the language. Most languages have a large number of foreign words. You think this is not an English word, so it shouldn't be considered english, but we are using thousands of words thinking they are english. French and Latin words make up 58 % of modern English vocabulary today. On their own, purely French words make up 29% of English.
@@in_sa_ne Not for the likes of standard French and Icelandic, which much prefer to coin a compound. You can debate whether anyone actually *speaks* the standard version, but they are what the dictionaries represent.
BRRR isn't even that unusual out of the weird words you picked out for the scrabble dictionary-it's just onomatopoeia for shivering in the cold, like "brrrr it's freezing"
@@Philip-qq7ql Every definition of onomatopoeia that I can find calls it "a word" or "the creation of a word". I think it makes sense. If onomatopoeia's not a word, then what is it exactly?
I made a game with this concept called Lettermorph, and all of the levels were hand-coded. It’s interesting to see how this could be used to generate levels by selecting two nodes within an island. Cool video!
Both "brrr" and "qibla" are words I've actually used in life. As is "aa". Well, it's actually "a'a". So is "qi", now that I think about it. It's the "life force " thing from Chinese culture. "brrr" is an onomatopoeia. I didn't have to look up any of these.
1:37 Because english is mostly based on French (British Royalty spoke french), you can find some french word. Here "Miaou" is actually Mew (the cat noise) in french
Thanks for making the inspiration that I can always come back to. Love the smaller scope of the project (maybe it had its classic share of tangential problems, but at least conceptually), definitely a super cool example of patterns emerging from simple rules.
Reminds me of the game Counterfeit Monkey. It's a text adventure where you start out with a device that can remove all of one letter from a word. Like you can remove the b to turn garbage into a garage. But it has to be an actual object, and not alive. Later on, you get access to a way to reverse words, swap them with homonyms, get rid of the restrictions that prevent abstract things like "sin" and allow living things, a way to combine words (like cross and word become crossword), remove all the t's, and swap words for anagrams. Also, in-universe there's ways to remove just the first letter of a word and to turn any plural word singular (you can usually do this by removing all s's, but not always). So word chains that you can do with those sort of things are very important, and half of the main character (who is Alex and Andra combined) was trying to create a conlang to make it all especially useful. Personally one major thing I'd do is make a single letter that's only used to make words singular, so once you have one of something, you can get more just by removing that letter.
THIS as a tool for guiding conlang development to help "feel" out the consonant composition based on conjugations, affixations, short words and roots seems like a really promising area of exploration. Just using the tool (which I think might have some edge cases where it fails to make connections it should because I was getting some missing branches) really helped feel out a few new shorter words to help out a conlang I'm working on niow!
@@NinjaKatzKoolinfact quite the opposite, every word would have connections! Since 1 letter words are only- well.. a letter long. Since you switch 1 word per time, every word with a single letter would have connections. Although im pretty sure the only 1 letter words are a and i.
Holy crap i just came across this puzzle in ian Stewart's "Nature's Numbers". I was fascinated by it and wanted to see something exactly like this. I was going to do it on paper so thank you for this gem
It would be interesting to change the rule to : change, add or remove one letter. That way there would only be one graph. Maybe unconnected words in one "level" (word lenght) could be connected to the whole.
Thank you for doing this analysis and showing us your results. It is fascinating, isn't it. Some of those longest chains are amazing --- amazing that words that might look as if they can't be connected can be.
I think what's interesting, is the first and last word of the longest line, every word you can change it into is already in the line, since otherwise it would be the longest instead
I've encountered a similar puzzle where you have to add a letter instead of changing one, starting with one letter. For example i in sin sing sting string staring starring You can add the new letter anywhere in the previous word, as long as it stays a real word, ofc.
Is there some sort of rules in the chain forming that prevent words from taking unessesary steps? These 3 letter sequences are not words but to illustrate my point is there anything stopping: Bia -> Mia -> Mio -> bio When Bia -> bio is also allowed. Just wondering if the longest word chain is still the most efficient paths between those two words.
1:11 As a Scrabble player, I literally thought of the same solution too! Also, what do you think of a variant of word chains, where you can either add a letter, change a letter or remove a letter? So a chain could be something like GOAT -> GOT -> COT -> CLOT -> CLOTH
I was thinking something similar but I was thinking how this is already kind of a solved problem because of Wikipedia Speedruning. People have turned Wikipedia into a game by traversing it from page to page using the links in the page. People will try and find the shortest routes to different places. Simply because I know a similar problem has already been solved/Maped, I know this is doable. And because I know it’s doable, I’m now really curious as to how he proceeds to solve the rest of this.
There’s a game online called “Weaver” which is a word chain game! It focuses on 4/5 letter words, and you try to connect them in the least amount of nodes. It’s really fun to play!
I would love to see a version that has +1 or -1 letters aswell. i assume most of the words will be connections like Care/Cares, but some of those disconnected nodes might get some love! One i made myself as an example, Loin to Weighty Loin > Ion > In > Sin > Sign > Sigh > Sight > Right > Bright > Wright > Weight > Weighty.
There's a browser game called Craftwords, which is a word ladder game where you're also allowed to connect anagrams (e.g. egos-goes), and add or remove 1 arbitrary letter (e.g. qua-aqua, quit-quite). I wonder how much that reduces island words.
Now combine the graphs with a rule of adding or removing a letter is also allowed, instead of swapping. Maybe there will be less islands then
I was expecting him to do that near the end of the video! I'd definitely be interested to see a follow-up where letters could be added or removed as well, and I bet there'd be some interesting structure based on where you could or couldn't remove letters from...
it would be so cool to see this, exactly what i was thinking
I thought so as well, seems an obvious place to go, though the challenge here would be that it massively increases the number of nodes and edges, so even displaying such a graph might not be all that informative. It may even just blob the whole thing together.
I think that would have a lot of paths shrinking down (even to one letter words) and then expanding back up
was going to reply exactly this
5:51 "care" being the most connected word is so poetic
And yeah...
Care/Love is what connects everyone & everything.
@@Sunvy101evidently, being mad does the same thing. Not so poetic, just a coincidence
@@ClementinesmWTFActually I think it is poetic, especially in our current climate of rage baiting and everything esle, getting people to connect by being angry at something/some group or something. They're like... two sides of the same coin, in a sense. And that symmetry is fascinating
omg it's the fellow emmett eon enjoyer!
473
7:15 I was so curious what the large 2nd island was gonna be - it makes sense that it's all the -ING words, since it's easy to go from XXXing to YYYing, but not any non-ing words!
Woah Cary is here!
Hello Cary one of the creators of bfdi and the creator of "scale of the universe"
Not surprised to see you are into data visualization Cary
Drary kh
woah wild cary caught
imagine coming home from school and telling your dad about a game you learned only for him to get just as, if not more, into it than you are. its so so so sweet
Pfp (Profile Picture) and / or Banner Sauce (Source [Artist])? 🗿
@@SimoneBellomontebroooo 💀💀💀💀💀
@@HemlockTheRat 🤌🤌🤌
@@SimoneBellomontewth
@@HemlockTheRatwdym?
your son has the coolest dad
His dad has the coolest son.
Yeah
@@General12th real
Thought you said is.
Son
Sod
Sad
Dad
1:40 of these words, the ones i know are:
aa - some type of lava
qi - chinese natural force or something
xu - a vietnamese currency
cwm - cirque (in welsh)
brrr - onomatopoeia for shivering
zzzs - multiple zzz sounds, onomatopoeia for sleep
crwth - some instrument (also from welsh)
yclad - clothed, clad
miaou - french spelling of "meow"
Of course the french spell it miaouxeuxe
And Qibla is the direction to the Kaaba - the direction in which muslims pray.
@@pengil3actually in french, with the french accent, miaou is exactly how it should be spelled. french is a different language. meow. you go m, you go i, which in french sounds like e does in english, you go a, which is like the beginning of ow, and you go ou, which is like the end of ow. the only change you could make is turning ou into w, but w isn't a vowel is it?
The ones you missed were:
KY: Kentucky abbreviation
Vly: some kind of swamp or marsh (Dutch origins)
Ziz: apparently it doesn't have an official definition in Scrabble from what I can find
Pht: also no Scrabble definition
Euoi: another word for evoe, which is an archaic exclamation of Bacchic frenzy
Hwyl: emotional fervor, as in the recitation of poetry
Qibla: direction of the Kaaba
shut up kid
this concept of word manipulation has interested me for a while and if anyone is looking for more stuff like this, there's an online game called Wordward Draw about changing a 4-letter word letter by letter (and also the steam game Lingo which is a rule discovery word puzzle game with a large amount of 'word changing' functions).
one of the chain types that I want to see, and I don't know if anyone's ever done, is doing this but with synonyms or antonyms, like what's the farthest (fair) seeming synonym or antonym chain? one interesting puzzle like this I wrote was 'RAISE -> FOLD -> DECREASE -> RAISE' which I think is an incredible antonym cycle (using a different pair of meanings for each one in the cycle). also I just want to say I really appreciate the visualization in this video :)
CBA
hello chess battle advanced
Do I even have to say it...?
CHESS->BATTLE->ADVANCED
On a more serious note, I remember these "Word ladders" both from an old game I had on CD and a puzzle book my parents had. Wonder where that ended up...
Thanks! Yeah it's hard to find any good antonym or synonym datasets, most of them really stretch the definition to include too many things, it's very subjective what should count.
hello mr. cba
for 100% completeness the 1 letter words are all connected [ I and A]
they are both the start and end of the largest diameter ( I -> A or A ->I ) and they tie in largest degree at 1
The graph of 0 letter words, by contrast, is not connected.
Nor is it disconnected!
If you want every graph to be uniquely the disjoint union of connected subgraphs, you'd better decide that the empty graph is not connected. Much like 1 is neither prime nor composite.
The simulation of -1 letter words, to compare, is _imaginarily_ connected!
It contains imaginary words that you can make by keyboard smashing, and however letters apart it is from a real word is its negative count.
Permutations are about to get interesting.
@@AllenKnutsonThis is like the 0th dimension, where it is everything and nothing at the same time, containing itself but nonexistent. It toys with the idea of 0/0, which you could prove is indeterminate, meaning all real numbers!
Everything is amazingly analogous to our universe and the idea of 1 in infinity, which is also infinite infinitesimal numbers in 1.
Something can be infinity and 0 all at once.
O is also a 1 letter word
But by definition, every 1 letter word is connected to every other because they're all 1 letter apart, no matter how many there are
What is the longest chain for 1 letter words? And are there any isolated ones?
5:35 funny that isle is within one of the islands.
The word isle had the s put in for actual historical reasons, but later they added an s to island because they thought it was related to isle. It wasn't.
same with aisle
Wait isle doesn't have to do with islands?
i thought island was spelled that way because there is-land
@@DragonTheOneDZA isle comes from french "ile", previously "isle", which comes from latin "insula", where we get "peninsula" (nearly an isle), "isolate" (to separate off like an isle), and "insulate" (also to separate off like an isle).
island, on the other hand, comes from "yland", from old english "iegland". "ieg" is distantly related to "aqua", which is latin for water.
I dont remember that being accurate.
As I recall some 400 or whatever years ago poets and scholars started adding letters that had fallen out of words over time back in for the hell of it.
.
I think we should overhaul english spelling. Seriously. I'd be willing to put time into this.
.
Just like what Teddy Roosevelt did back in the day. He is why we have "Jail" Instead of "Gaol"
.
Excise all silent letters and standardize at least in part the sounds of the alphabet.
1:32 Miaou is how we do the cats noises in French! The Meow equivalent!
ok why is that in an English language dictionary
@@4rumani for funsies
We do Miaow or Meow in the UK
@@4rumani Harper Collins Scrabble dictionary has many words of many languages (scots, hindu, arabic, etc) because "UK/worldwide" whilst the merriam webster has (almost) none of them. Will Anderson made a video titled "Why Is The Scrabble Dictionary SO WEIRD?"
@@minirop autism
It's so nice your sons curiosity influenced this project. The fact he wanted to challenge himself with harder words is a good sign for his future, and tackling the problem rather than just going 'it's too complex' is setting a great example. I still don't know if I want to be a parent at all but this is the kind of parent I want to be.
idk if this is adressed later but the one at 0:48 you can go aim -> arm -> are -> age
Or AIM - ATM - ATE - AGE, that's the one I got
@@TrackpadProductions i think ATM being an abbreviation wouldn't really count as a word
So this isn't necessarily finding the shortest path
huh, i went aim-ail-all-ale-age
Ahhhhhhhhhhh, I went Aim -> Alm -> Ale -> Age
Wow, it's so great that you were able to get your son interested in network theory by nerding out about a game he learned!
By the way, nice touch adding emoji each time you read out a word. Helps out when it's a word that not everyone might remember.
I actually had this idea as a kid. A few months ago, I wrote a script that found the shortest chain between any 2 words. In all 49,995,000 combinations of the 10,000 most common English words, the longest shortest chain I found was 26 long (actually, there was a many-way tie): having -> saving -> saying -> staying -> stating -> seating -> eating -> mating -> making -> baking -> biking -> hiking -> hiring -> firing -> fixing -> mixing -> mining -> dining -> diving -> living -> loving -> losing -> posing -> posting -> postings. Looking at it now, it's a bit strange that they're all 6-7 letter words. Maybe there was a mistake in my code, or the solution happens to be this way.
I tried it out with the dataset CodeParade used and got a 46 chain: hammerings -> hammering -> hampering -> pampering -> papering -> capering -> catering -> cantering -> bantering -> battering -> bettering -> fettering -> festering -> pestering -> petering -> peering -> peeing -> seeing -> sewing -> swing -> sing -> sine -> mine -> mire -> mere -> metre -> metred -> metered -> petered -> pestered -> festered -> fettered -> bettered -> battered -> bantered -> cantered -> catered -> capered -> papered -> pampered -> hampered -> hammered -> yammered. Interesting that the longest chain always seems to start or end with an "-ing".
So you did have it so that you can also remove or add letters, right? Then the rules are a little different I guess.
Also he did find a chain that is 29 letters long with only 5 letters words and his stricter rules (at 6:27) so either you had less words, or your code really didn't find the longest connection !
@@lacavernedug33k Yeah, it could add or remove letters. He found a 29-long chain because he was looking for the longest chain in general, while I was trying to find the largest chain in the set of all shortest chains between all permutations of the 10,000 most common words.
0:21 CBT is real, I do it every day 😤
Hopefully the therapy kind and not the torture kind!
@@htspencer9084if that's what they're into, who are we to judge
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
I knew that somebody was going to leave this comment.
I can help with that
This almost felt like a carykh video. I enjoyed watching!
That’s funny, because Cary actually commented on this!
@@gavinarad2288 whoa, he got my bat signal lol
this is going to be a BANGER youtube reccomendation in 7-12 years
Frfr
CBT is definitely not a word but i feel like ive heard of it before
Edit: Dang, no way I got more likes than carykh and icely puzzles. Go like their comments, their comments are way more relevant to the video lmao, and icely proposes an alternate ruleset for the game. Also watch their videos, cary makes cool videos and projects, and icely does puzzles (duh).
Cognitive behaviural therapy maybe? I spelled it wrong, but something like that
Maybe cognitive behavioural therapy?
Nah he’s talking about cock and ball torture
Cock and Ball Torture
Cock and Ball Torture👍
0:22 oh trust me CBT is *definitely* a word
NO!!!!
it actually has more than one meaning! cognitive behavioral therapy and. you know
@@Bulba413 yes i meant cognitive behavioral therapy. does it have another meaning or something
yeah it means broken
don't it?
@@Bulba413closed beta testing?
“Orgy” and “sexy ”being all alone is quite ironic
And anal
anal
When I was like 12, I tried to start an email chain that was exactly this except I allowed you to add or remove letters. They still had to be real words. The chain never took off, but I still loved the idea
I played a mobile game like that.
There's a game called Word Evolver and it takes this concept and expands upon it by adding the insertion of characters and removal of characters.
So the three operations are:
Cat -> Cot (Change)
Fame -> Frame (Insertion)
Post -> Pot (Removal)
The game seems to only contain any word with 7 or less letters.
not really 7 letters or less, but any word in the network, because i can type clapping/slapping and it will accept it
Game
Same
Sane
Bane
Bare
Bard
Ward
Word
0:20 there's an argument to be made here i think
Ahem
C - Chocolate
B -Bats in
T - Taiwan
Chocolate bats in taiwan.
Acronyms may not be valid.
Choose your destiny!
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Or
... 🥴
Fun coincidence that the connection power of "care" is so strong ❤
1:37 lol im sure you didn't know but the inclusion of qibla on the absurd word list is probably gonna get a frown out of a few people
the most fun thing about my name is it actually hails from a 3 generation word chain, my grandpa is Don, my dad is Dan, and I am Ian, I've long pondered on what to name my kid if I wanted to continue that
Tan - short for tanner.
Inn 💀😭
Name your child Man for the Man -> Max -> Jax -> Jay -> Ray -> Roy -> Ron -> Don setup down the line
Jan for a girl and Van for a boy. If a girl, she can name her child jax
@@heckYEAHman.Grandpa git mad >:(
Oh no, Now he's going to make it into an fps game
I'd definitely be up for a graph theory game of some sort...
@@PunmasterSTP sounds like a very decent premise for some sort of puzzle game
MAKE
AH-IT
SUPERCALIFRAGA-
YOOOOO EPIK SUPERCALIFRAGILISTICEXPADALIOCIUS
1:35 "Qibla" popped out to me among all the other jumbled letters, as it is an English transliteration of an Arabic word that's very important in the context of Islam. The qibla is the direction Muslims must pray in on a daily basis. When speaking in English, qibla is rarely translated, because there isn't exactly a singular word in English it accurately translates to. Therefore, it is written out very often in English. I guess you could call it a loanword?
1:35 "BRRR" is a word and you can't convince me otherwise!!!
Really? It doesn't have a vowel, so it cannot produce sound, so it's not a word. It's typically pronounced "berr" or like "bur." Bur is a word, I believe. But br is not.
@@TheLazyCowboy1but you still know what it means, and you know how to say it.
@@jacobgonzalez1386It is a word in Scrabble, I use the CSW21 and I can confirm it's a word
@@TheLazyCowboy1 What about tsktsks?
@@bubblinebeeI wouldn't know that word. It likely isn't a formal one, I reckon.
0:45 AGM (Air to Ground Missile) works if you count abbreviations.
Arm,are,age
I was thing aim-ail-all-ale-age
Aim->ATM->Ate->Age is also possible
CBT wasn’t allowed, so I don’t think abbreviations are usable.
This guy is a legend for making the engine for 4D Golf an open source plugin for Unity WITH THOROUGH DOCUMENTATION. I love indie devs
this reminds me of the phenomenon of psycholinguistic activation
when processing a word, other words that are either semantically or phonologically related will become more cognitively 'prominent', with the phenomenon usually being described as forming a web-like shape (I'm not super familiar with graphs or graph theory so I don't know if this is how it's modelled in the literature, but I don't think that these sort of chains are what's usually looked at in experiments, I could be wrong of course though)
a word like 'cat' will activate words in its phonological web that have a similar initial (the sound at the beginning) like core or curl, words with a similar nucleus (usually a vowel) like zap or had, words with a similar coda (the sound at the end) like pot or rut, with words that fulfil several of these being activated more strongly like bat or sat (nucleus and coda), and cap or cab (initial and nucleus), this aspect of a word is referred to as its 'form'
in the semantic web, 'cat' will activate words that are similar to its referent (ie a four legged, relatively small, furry animal with a tail, whiskers, prominent ears, often kept as house pets, etc) like dog (lots of similar characteristics), lizard (four legs, kept as pets), fox (also similar, usually not pets though), bird (kept as pets, preyed on by cats), mouse/rat (same deal as birds), this aspect of a word is referred to as its sense
experimental evidence, iirc, suggests that 'prominence' generally results in, among other things, being able to access words faster when prompted. someone for who a word that has been 'primed' (is prominent/activated) will for instance, if presented with a grid of four pictures (lets say one of a phone, a cup, a pencil, and a sandwich) with one of the pictures being of the primed word (the cup in this example), when prompted to, pick the image of the prime (the cup) measurably and consistently faster than someone who hadn't had 'cup' primed for them in any way
1:40 idk about the other ones, but qibla is the transliteration of an Arabic word which is used a lot by Muslims
I know one too. Cwm is Welsh for valley. I see it a lot around town names and village names. However, I doubt that is the reason it is on there.
Miaou is very similar to the German spelling for meow, so I'm just gonna assume some language adds the O
3:00 Thank you so much. I've been looking for something like this for months with zero results.
Your son in kindergarten is learning about graphs, which I only learned about a couple of years ago in a college computer science class. 😮
I was stoke to see this small idea being so fruitful... and then you end the video with telling me you open sourced your 4D golf engine with documentation. Mad respect
The solution I came up with for fin > age was fin > fir > air > aim > arm > are > age
Fin -> fie -> tie -> toe -> toy -> try -> iry -> ire -> are -> age
We played the game with the added rule, you may add a letter to the beginning or end then you can jump up or down in word size
This is actually a problem we did in my graph theory course! Its a really fun thing to play around with and learn about graphs and networking.
1:34 Qibla is an Arabic word (also in English): the direction of the Kaaba (the sacred building at Mecca), to which Muslims turn at prayer.
It's not even an english word, so i was confused as to why it's in the data set. It's a transliteration for pronunciation. It's just using english letters to pronounce an arabic word
English tends to build its dictionaries on the principle that if people are talking about doing taekwondo, then taekwondo is an English word now.
@@isaaclowe5000 Usually, when some words are being used regularly in a language/country, it gets integrated into the language. Most languages have a large number of foreign words. You think this is not an English word, so it shouldn't be considered english, but we are using thousands of words thinking they are english. French and Latin words make up 58 % of modern English vocabulary today. On their own, purely French words make up 29% of English.
@@k.k.9378 That is true for every language.
@@in_sa_ne Not for the likes of standard French and Icelandic, which much prefer to coin a compound. You can debate whether anyone actually *speaks* the standard version, but they are what the dictionaries represent.
Nice work! The only thing I would’ve liked to see highlighted was word pairs that were the only connection between 2 big nodes.
BRRR isn't even that unusual out of the weird words you picked out for the scrabble dictionary-it's just onomatopoeia for shivering in the cold, like "brrrr it's freezing"
onomatopoeia aren't real words. and if you find that they are because someone more qualified than me said so, I still completely disagree
@@isaaclowe5000 How do you not realize how conceited you sound when you say "I'm right even if experts say I'm wrong" out loud?
@@isaaclowe5000buzz, splash, crash are all onomatopoeia
@@timothymcleanbut experts can be wrong, especially if they think onomatopoeia should be considered words
@@Philip-qq7ql Every definition of onomatopoeia that I can find calls it "a word" or "the creation of a word". I think it makes sense. If onomatopoeia's not a word, then what is it exactly?
I made a game with this concept called Lettermorph, and all of the levels were hand-coded. It’s interesting to see how this could be used to generate levels by selecting two nodes within an island. Cool video!
2:45 Oval and oral are the only words for each other, so you cannot get either one from any other word.
Opal, the gem
@@theseidlorOh that’s embarrassing for them
5:36 this is disproven
0:40 fit > pit> put> rut > rue> rye> aye> age
Both "brrr" and "qibla" are words I've actually used in life. As is "aa". Well, it's actually "a'a". So is "qi", now that I think about it. It's the "life force " thing from Chinese culture. "brrr" is an onomatopoeia. I didn't have to look up any of these.
Cwm is a word from the Welsh language
this is SOOOO sick!!! like every word has it's own adress in the graphs and there are patterns!
1:37 Because english is mostly based on French (British Royalty spoke french), you can find some french word. Here "Miaou" is actually Mew (the cat noise) in french
0:48 Fin -> Pin -> Pie -> Pre -> Are -> Age immediately came to mind. It depends on if you count Pre as a word
Fin -> Sin -> Sim -> Aim -> Ale -> Age
Solved the hard one!
aim -> ale ???
Aim -> alm -> ale, luckily.
I didn't expect a programming solution when I see the title. As a coder myself I enjoyed the video very much
0:21 implying that its not a real word? >:3
bro 😭🙏
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Cog & Bullet Torture
it's not. it's an abbreviation
Interesting, interesting... as a musician and a songwriter, I think you've just shown me a helpful little cheatsheet for writing lyrics. Thank you!
5:25 great words in the middle there.
I saw goon 💀💀💀💀
@@cashierexoI saw tits 💀💀💀
Reason y I came to the comments
@@cashierexo*sneaks behind you and steals your money*
@@SwankemasterSupremehoes
Thanks for making the inspiration that I can always come back to.
Love the smaller scope of the project (maybe it had its classic share of tangential problems, but at least conceptually), definitely a super cool example of patterns emerging from simple rules.
4:40 blurring right as the CU- appears lmao
i really like the way care is so interconnected. it's kinda poetic.
4:21 the australian in me feels the need to tell you that it's pronounced "ee-myu"
The British in me feels the exact same way
I cringed when he said E moo, like, ew
@@bengamincopper6508Yes
I won’t be able to sleep for weeks
Finalt 4D is over and we start to see high quality content. Well done mate!
1:32 qibla is the direction to the Kaaba
Reminds me of the game Counterfeit Monkey. It's a text adventure where you start out with a device that can remove all of one letter from a word. Like you can remove the b to turn garbage into a garage. But it has to be an actual object, and not alive. Later on, you get access to a way to reverse words, swap them with homonyms, get rid of the restrictions that prevent abstract things like "sin" and allow living things, a way to combine words (like cross and word become crossword), remove all the t's, and swap words for anagrams. Also, in-universe there's ways to remove just the first letter of a word and to turn any plural word singular (you can usually do this by removing all s's, but not always). So word chains that you can do with those sort of things are very important, and half of the main character (who is Alex and Andra combined) was trying to create a conlang to make it all especially useful. Personally one major thing I'd do is make a single letter that's only used to make words singular, so once you have one of something, you can get more just by removing that letter.
7:06 you could make a map with this L0L.
THIS as a tool for guiding conlang development to help "feel" out the consonant composition based on conjugations, affixations, short words and roots seems like a really promising area of exploration. Just using the tool (which I think might have some edge cases where it fails to make connections it should because I was getting some missing branches) really helped feel out a few new shorter words to help out a conlang I'm working on niow!
Where is 1 letter
Fr, I bet there are no connsctions
@@NinjaKatzKoolinfact quite the opposite, every word would have connections! Since 1 letter words are only- well.. a letter long. Since you switch 1 word per time, every word with a single letter would have connections.
Although im pretty sure the only 1 letter words are a and i.
The only real 1 letter words are i and a, but u and y can also do, plus every letter is a word in the dictionary
@@aguyontheinternet-n8p well either way, you get my point
everything would be connected as you change all (1) letters in one move
Holy crap i just came across this puzzle in ian Stewart's "Nature's Numbers". I was fascinated by it and wanted to see something exactly like this. I was going to do it on paper so thank you for this gem
6:35 Interesting how "beaut" goes to "beast"...
Is it?
hmmmmmmmmmmmm
It would be interesting to change the rule to : change, add or remove one letter. That way there would only be one graph. Maybe unconnected words in one "level" (word lenght) could be connected to the whole.
Thank you for doing this analysis and showing us your results. It is fascinating, isn't it. Some of those longest chains are amazing --- amazing that words that might look as if they can't be connected can be.
I think what's interesting, is the first and last word of the longest line, every word you can change it into is already in the line, since otherwise it would be the longest instead
I've encountered a similar puzzle where you have to add a letter instead of changing one, starting with one letter. For example
i
in
sin
sing
sting
string
staring
starring
You can add the new letter anywhere in the previous word, as long as it stays a real word, ofc.
48: AIM>ARM>ARE>AGE
I love network theory! This reminds me of that guy who did the Wikipedia graph. Thanks for the video, CodeParade!
Fin > Sin > Sip > Dip > Dim > Aim > Alm? > Ale > Age
Hey, that 12dicts word list sounds like something I could use for a couple of programs I’ve made; thanks for letting me know.
2:47 But that's just a Theory, a NETWORK THEORY!
"There's this really cool little game my friends at school learned about-"
"COME HERE SON, WE'RE GOING TO WIN THIS USING ALGORITHMS."
1:31 Qibla is a word from Arabic, which means the direction facing the Ka'ba in Makkah. Also I guess 'brrr' is an onomatopoeia for money printers?
4:53 for gnu you can do gau if it counts
1:17
Ain Means the arabic letter, ع
The 6 letter graph kinda started resembling the world map. Or maybe I'm just tripping.
Great video!
1:40 I agree and disagree, Qibla _is_ a word but it’s taken from the arabic language (my language) so yeah. Just wanted to point that out.
And it's also used in English, so it's considered an English word.
Is there some sort of rules in the chain forming that prevent words from taking unessesary steps? These 3 letter sequences are not words but to illustrate my point is there anything stopping:
Bia -> Mia -> Mio -> bio
When Bia -> bio is also allowed. Just wondering if the longest word chain is still the most efficient paths between those two words.
4:42 look right at the bottom at the blurred word
Hm… wonder what that is
Ah yes the beautiful word
As an artists who draws ambigrams and studies ambigram typologies, I find this video really interesting!
1:11 As a Scrabble player, I literally thought of the same solution too!
Also, what do you think of a variant of word chains, where you can either add a letter, change a letter or remove a letter? So a chain could be something like
GOAT -> GOT -> COT -> CLOT -> CLOTH
I like playing his game on sporcle, ladders they called. Cool video, enjoyed it
2:42 oh boy, this feels like an NP hard problem
longest path is np-c, but graph diameter (longest shortest path) isn't
I was thinking something similar but I was thinking how this is already kind of a solved problem because of Wikipedia Speedruning. People have turned Wikipedia into a game by traversing it from page to page using the links in the page. People will try and find the shortest routes to different places. Simply because I know a similar problem has already been solved/Maped, I know this is doable. And because I know it’s doable, I’m now really curious as to how he proceeds to solve the rest of this.
There’s a game online called “Weaver” which is a word chain game! It focuses on 4/5 letter words, and you try to connect them in the least amount of nodes. It’s really fun to play!
Qibla isn't an archaic word, or out of use. It refers to the direction that Muslims pray in.
But it's not an english word, which is the point.
@@Ergzay He said 'archaic', not bothering to check whether it was still in use or if he just hadn't heard it before.
I would love to see a version that has +1 or -1 letters aswell. i assume most of the words will be connections like Care/Cares, but some of those disconnected nodes might get some love!
One i made myself as an example, Loin to Weighty
Loin > Ion > In > Sin > Sign > Sigh > Sight > Right > Bright > Wright > Weight > Weighty.
3:24 POV:
BAA: I WILL Be Alone In My Group, FOREVERRR!
Babe wake up Code Parade just uploaded !
new codeparade vid dropped :D
Actual coding?
Yeah I know, I'm watching it
@@amyshaw893hey you were supposed to say “Call the coder!” not this (omg Google en passant chain reference??)
@@ChristmasCakeGlazer 4D engine in the corner, plotting steam domination
@@Vodboi Code sacrifice, anyone?
Those emojis were the most interesting and funny part of the video.
0:33 Batman!
Thank you for showing me Gephy, because i need something like this, and i didn`t even know where to look!
5:42 it feels fitting that void is completely isolated on it's own as an island in a white void...
There's a browser game called Craftwords, which is a word ladder game where you're also allowed to connect anagrams (e.g. egos-goes), and add or remove 1 arbitrary letter (e.g. qua-aqua, quit-quite). I wonder how much that reduces island words.
FIN->MIN->MID->AID->AMD(Advanced Micro Devices)->AMP(adenosine monophosphate)->APP->APE->AGE Gotcha!