I love how Sal acts as if it's his first time learning about semiconductors. Lol the guy graduated from MIT with a masters in electrical and computer engineering this is the first thing your taught in a electronics course. His guest wasn't needed but I'm sure he just wanted to make the video more exciting. Great lecture Sal
That's the special thing about him. He pretends that he's figuring things out right in the video, making us (learners) more comfortable and see through his perspective and follow where he goes. If we observe someone learn something new, we can follow their path and end up where they get; it's a really efficient way of learning. Sal is a pioneer in application of this technique.
I've sat down and banged my head against a wall in my semiconductor physics class and barely understood basics of the course. Its been a complete struggle because my professor is too smart for his own good and has a hard time dumbing things down... What you've showed me in 12 mins has made at lot of material just make sense and Im just about halfway through the semester, thank you so much! Hopefully the struggle will be a bit less now that I have a better understanding of what happening.
this guy explains stuff better than my 10 years experienced physics teacher in school. I literally came here looking for answers to the questions my teacher wasnt capable of explaining properly and i got them straight away. Keep up the good content. Amazing work.
For so long I had no understanding towards how a semiconductor works ,but after just watching this video for a couple of minutes you blew my mind sal ! Thank you very much !
Sal, could you please create a playlist about electrical engineering? there is pretty much a playlist for every topic. it's a very interesting topic and your major as well.
Gottfried Leibniz Agreed 100%. I work with computers as an IT professional and a lay programmer, and I would love to learn a lot more about the electrical engineering aspect of it.
I wish it'd be done. an electrical engineering playlist would be a great legacy. lectures on the most challenging discipline in engineering by perhaps the greatest tutor would be revolutionary.
I took solid state electronic devices class and chapter 2 was cover on quantum mechanic and it's great there's videos (Heisenberg, Schrodinger,etc) covered on the websites. Is there any videos on Energy Band and Charge Carrier in Semiconductor videos on the website?
I love Kpop music and I also love classical music. If I were to conduct a classical orchestra playing Kpop music, would I be considered a semiconductor?
What is the charge of the outermost atoms in a lattice? They have only three atoms (of silicon or carbon) around them. This means that they get to share three out of their four electrins of their outer shells with their neighboring atoms( I am assuming, for the purpose of simplicity, that these electrons are stationary). The electron in the outer side of the atom is not shared with any atoms because there are no atoms beyond the boundary of the object. Does this mean that the outer atoms are ions with a valance of -1?
The way I see it most professors can’t explain complex ideas to students because they are so insecure they only want to possess that knowledge for themselves because it makes them feel superior. Glad there are humans that love to teach science! Glory to YHWH the Programmer and Creator
In boron doping, why don’t the holes just get filled by the electron in the current, reintroducing the insulating properties of the original si lattice?
It makes sense why the phophorus doping makes the silicon crystal a conductor, but it’s more difficult why the boron does too. When we’re doping with boron, why the electrons coming from the battery don’t just fill the holes. If all the other bonds are strong covalent silicon bonds, why would they act differently than when we have a pure silicon crystal ? why would they jump out to the holes created by the boron ?
If the phosphor electron moves to another atom, does that mean the phosphor will change into another element and so that the other atom that the electron goes to?
The two dimensional representation of a Si lattice is very convenient -- every atom shares a single covalent bond with each of its neighbors. But what happens in a real-world 3d lattice, where each atom has six immediate neighbors? Does the covalent bonding have a random pattern, or is there some kind of order to the pattern? And, perhaps more importantly, does it matter much?
In a 3d lattice, a Silicon atom will still be bonded to 4 other Silicon atoms, not 6. Bcuz Silicon only has 4 valence electrons, that's the max no. of bonds it can form with other atoms. Yes, there is an order to the structure as surrounding atoms will always spread out as much as possible from each other. Thus an atom bonded to 4 others wud form a tetrahedron shape.
Negitve is for P and Postivie is for B But how is a Charge carrier good for anything ? I am trying to compare this to a transistor and I think I am off track.
Solar module efficiencies-which are always lower than those of their corresponding cells-crossed the 20 percent mark for mono-Si in 2012; an improvement of 5.5 percent over a period of ten years. The thickness of a silicon wafer used to produce a solar cell also decreased significantly, requiring less raw material and therefore less energy for its manufacture. Increased efficiency combined with economic usage of resources and materials was the main driver for the price decline over the last decade.[6] What is the future of Solar
Why should those holes be mobile? Ok the extra electron is higher up and like conduction electron, but the hole is deep in a sense so different. Also why boron rather than aluminum? Since Si was doped with phosphorus rather than oxygen. Also why silicon base rather than carbon?
It may be a stupid question but why do electrons 'want to jump' in the holes since like charges repel each other? what is discussed at 10:33.. But it's a great video nonetheless. Thank you!
Holes indicate the lack of an electron, and are thus uncharged and do not repel an electron. Electrons are constantly moving around any given nucleus, and are primarily found participating in "bond regions" if this fulfills the valence shell for that particular element. Basically electrons are mobile, and given an empty space, they have a chance to migrate and occupy that region to fulfill the valence of a neighboring atomic species. It's not necessarily that they "want to jump" over there, that's just a way to think about it. Electrons would definitely want to be in said area if it provides a lower energy state for that electron, however.
The distances between the electrons is too small(less than fermi(10^-12))....there electrostatic forces seize to work and nuclear forces come to existence!
+Marius Latinis Because it is the most stable and the most abundant, (derived from sand, found in beaches, deserts etc), making it the least expensive.
It actually depends on the conduction band. Even if there are free electrons they should "jump" from one band to another. For semiconductors, this band Gap is small allowing the electors to cross this gap when they acquire energy at room temp. This isn't possible for insulators cuz the band Gap is too much.
ok, so there's something that's been bugging me with the whole "current flow" thing: the - or + marks are in relation to the battery, not the thing the current is passing through. The battery loses (-) energy through one end and some of that energy returns (+) through the other end. i guess that's just not the way most people will think of it but i'm leaving it up for consideration
Inside the battery, there's a chemical reaction happening. The battery is losing energy, and that energy is going into heat or work (heating a resistor or turning a motor.)
The charge carriers!!, in n type the electrons are responsible for current and in p type holes are responsible. Since they have different charge carriers they exhibit different levels of conductivity(Holes having a higher value). Though a very small difference is seen it is of significance when you consider larger numbers semi-conductors connected in series and/or parallel.
Graphene is not regularly used in semiconductors or electronics. Silicon and doping have been around since the 50's and it's the main technology which is used in electronics. Also I believe graphene is still on the cutting edge right now.
Graphene has much higher conductive properties than silicon. The problem is mass producing graphene. Still, it should've been mentioned at least to show its properties compared to silicon.
SolidWolfG The problem is not how conductive the material is. Silver is more conductive than silicon. We don't use silver because we can't control it as easily as we can control silicon. Silicon doesn't really like to carry electrons unless it really really has to, so it's a semi-conductor. The doping gives it those metallic conductive properties. If we just used something really conductive like silver there wouldn't be any control to this. We couldn't build gates out of it. Electrons would just be flowing and that's not conducive to bits. Instead graphene transistors exploit another property of graphene totally unlike silicon, which is that graphene under certain conditions can exhibit negative resistance.
Why would they name p type the boron. What would motivate a person to name things weird like that ? Why not just call p type Boron and B type phosphorous while their at it. !
+Subarna Subedi Imagine that you digged two holes and one of them you fill with water. You'll have one empty hole and the other one filled. If you take the water out and fill up the other hole, you will change the position of the empty hole. That's kinda the idea. Changing position of the empty space.
![Natanael Cano x Oscar Maydon - Giza [Official Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/eXCS6-MSQ_Y/mqdefault.jpg)
I love how Sal acts as if it's his first time learning about semiconductors. Lol the guy graduated from MIT with a masters in electrical and computer engineering this is the first thing your taught in a electronics course. His guest wasn't needed but I'm sure he just wanted to make the video more exciting. Great lecture Sal
That's the special thing about him. He pretends that he's figuring things out right in the video, making us (learners) more comfortable and see through his perspective and follow where he goes. If we observe someone learn something new, we can follow their path and end up where they get; it's a really efficient way of learning. Sal is a pioneer in application of this technique.
I've sat down and banged my head against a wall in my semiconductor physics class and barely understood basics of the course. Its been a complete struggle because my professor is too smart for his own good and has a hard time dumbing things down... What you've showed me in 12 mins has made at lot of material just make sense and Im just about halfway through the semester, thank you so much! Hopefully the struggle will be a bit less now that I have a better understanding of what happening.
o
Is there anymore on this subject? Your channel has no playlist on this subject that I can see.
this guy explains stuff better than my 10 years experienced physics teacher in school. I literally came here looking for answers to the questions my teacher wasnt capable of explaining properly and i got them straight away. Keep up the good content. Amazing work.
I love how Sal can remember all this chemistry. Shows how well he really understands it
Now this is going to be interesting. For long time I avoided chemistry, but as I am into computers and this is about computers, that's just great.
In order to understand electronics you need to have at least a basic knowledge of chemistry.
ali jutt
*****
Yes? P-types and N-types? Doping? Metallic bonds? Metalloid bonds?
YOU DONT EVEN IMAGINE HOW I APPRECIATE THIS VIDEO. EASY AND INTUITIVE. THANK YOU
He has a purpose in life, this guy is a gift from God.
So do you: making me a sammich. Off to the kitchen you go, woman!
@@d0ubleyouteef made me laugh so hard
For so long I had no understanding towards how a semiconductor works ,but after just watching this video for a couple of minutes you blew my mind sal ! Thank you very much !
I love the chemistry between you two. Keep it up with the quality videos
Thank you for such a clear, simple intro into the topic.
The beauty of this instruction are the colors....makes it easier to understand vs. a chalkboard.
Sal, could you please create a playlist about electrical engineering? there is pretty much a playlist for every topic.
it's a very interesting topic and your major as well.
Gottfried Leibniz Agreed 100%. I work with computers as an IT professional and a lay programmer, and I would love to learn a lot more about the electrical engineering aspect of it.
zellfaze bi
I wish it'd be done. an electrical engineering playlist would be a great legacy. lectures on the most challenging discipline in engineering by perhaps the greatest tutor would be revolutionary.
His major is EE?
carlos caldera Yes.
This was explained soo well. The diagrams were perfect and helped me understand the idea of holes and free electrons. Thanks
Great video. Can't wait for the next
Thank you so much Sal! You explain it so much better than my Physics Teacher! Thank you!
This really helps.You guys are pretty good.
My fav part -" Benjamin Franklin had 50% chance of getting it right and he got it wrong "
Just... Thanks! Doin an GREAT AND AWESOME job
I always found solid state physics tedious. Good job on making this aspect of it interesting.
Wow, thats great video, Sal. Thank you
Thank you Sal , you are the best !
What a amazing explanation 👏🏻👏🏻
Is there a second part on this guys?
Superb video from you Salman! Very well explained... Keep it up bro!!! May ALLAH (S.W.T) bless you...
Good explanation, but it would have been nice to also have covered the difference between an intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor
Iam failure student in my semester exam on semiconductor.. But my God khan makes me bright.... Thq buddy
I really like the format of the video...
wonderfully explained sir !
Love u tube so much. Very great info
Great video
I spent like 3 hours trying to understand this from my professor ... then i'm here and understood everything in like 12 minutes
i cant seem to find this video on the site, which course does it belong to?
Learn the basic concept of Semiconductor, Zener Diode & P-N Junction Diode by the video link given bellow
ruclips.net/video/VAs7cLZ_DHY/видео.html
Good explanation!
Thanks sal loved this one.
Learn the basic concept of Semiconductor, Zener Diode & P-N Junction Diode by the video link given bellow
ruclips.net/video/VAs7cLZ_DHY/видео.html
His voice kinda remember me of Jerry from Rick and Morty
Very helpful. Thanks
please make a whole video series on this
Very good
I took solid state electronic devices class and chapter 2 was cover on quantum mechanic and it's great there's videos (Heisenberg, Schrodinger,etc) covered on the websites. Is there any videos on Energy Band and Charge Carrier in Semiconductor videos on the website?
When using the right kind of dope can be a good thing.
Hey! do you mind making a video on common base configuration , n p transistors and topics related to that, please?
I love Kpop music and I also love classical music. If I were to conduct a classical orchestra playing Kpop music, would I be considered a semiconductor?
What is the charge of the outermost atoms in a lattice? They have only three atoms (of silicon or carbon) around them. This means that they get to share three out of their four electrins of their outer shells with their neighboring atoms( I am assuming, for the purpose of simplicity, that these electrons are stationary). The electron in the outer side of the atom is not shared with any atoms because there are no atoms beyond the boundary of the object. Does this mean that the outer atoms are ions with a valance of -1?
The way I see it most professors can’t explain complex ideas to students because they are so insecure they only want to possess that knowledge for themselves because it makes them feel superior. Glad there are humans that love to teach science! Glory to YHWH the Programmer and Creator
what tool are u using to make such presentation/drawings? thx
In boron doping, why don’t the holes just get filled by the electron in the current, reintroducing the insulating properties of the original si lattice?
Very helpful video
Learn the basic concept of Semiconductor, Zener Diode & P-N Junction Diode by the video link given bellow
ruclips.net/video/VAs7cLZ_DHY/видео.html
Can someone drop me a link of this video on the site. I can't seem to find it there.
It makes sense why the phophorus doping makes the silicon crystal a conductor, but it’s more difficult why the boron does too.
When we’re doping with boron, why the electrons coming from the battery don’t just fill the holes.
If all the other bonds are strong covalent silicon bonds, why would they act differently than when we have a pure silicon crystal ?
why would they jump out to the holes created by the boron ?
nice
You lifesaveeeer
If the phosphor electron moves to another atom, does that mean the phosphor will change into another element and so that the other atom that the electron goes to?
Thanks sir🙏🙏
I tried googling this video in the Khan site , but didn't see it listed? what section is it in , Chemistry , physics?
great
Can you do one on Transistors and Rectifiers?
should have made a video with subtitles
10;45 would boron be positive or negative?
how are you doing things with that blackboard
Why is the video on RUclips but not on KhanAcademy.org?
Thank uuuuuuuu
The two dimensional representation of a Si lattice is very convenient -- every atom shares a single covalent bond with each of its neighbors. But what happens in a real-world 3d lattice, where each atom has six immediate neighbors? Does the covalent bonding have a random pattern, or is there some kind of order to the pattern? And, perhaps more importantly, does it matter much?
In a 3d lattice, a Silicon atom will still be bonded to 4 other Silicon atoms, not 6. Bcuz Silicon only has 4 valence electrons, that's the max no. of bonds it can form with other atoms. Yes, there is an order to the structure as surrounding atoms will always spread out as much as possible from each other. Thus an atom bonded to 4 others wud form a tetrahedron shape.
Ben! :)
The end of this video makes it seem like there is more to come. The next logical thing would be a pn junction, right? Where is it?
Negitve is for P and Postivie is for B But how is a Charge carrier good for anything ? I am trying to compare this to a transistor and I think I am off track.
Where's the next part?
when you say lets put a battery how does translate to the computers?
Do a video on Transistor biasing
Thanks sir for all the support ❣️
Solar module efficiencies-which are always lower than those of their corresponding cells-crossed the 20 percent mark for mono-Si in 2012; an improvement of 5.5 percent over a period of ten years. The thickness of a silicon wafer used to produce a solar cell also decreased significantly, requiring less raw material and therefore less energy for its manufacture. Increased efficiency combined with economic usage of resources and materials was the main driver for the price decline over the last decade.[6]
What is the future of Solar
Сагами едятмашамедеыит
Why should those holes be mobile? Ok the extra electron is higher up and like conduction electron, but the hole is deep in a sense so different. Also why boron rather than aluminum? Since Si was doped with phosphorus rather than oxygen. Also why silicon base rather than carbon?
Nice video. That’s a good sign when it is understandable enough to be able to think about the topic!
Do it Suzy as well go a way
in p type if the holes are filled by electrone,,then atom will be sable,,then how current flow???? pls clear my doubt
10:42
Is it just me or does one of these guys sound like Dave Rubin from the Rubin Report?
@KhanAcademy sir can you please share playlist for semiconductors
How does he have over 2 mill subs but only 1 k views per video?
FIRST COMMENT
Why can't we use just normal conductors instead of semiconductor ?Why is semiconductor used ?
It may be a stupid question but why do electrons 'want to jump' in the holes since like charges repel each other? what is discussed at 10:33..
But it's a great video nonetheless. Thank you!
Holes indicate the lack of an electron, and are thus uncharged and do not repel an electron. Electrons are constantly moving around any given nucleus, and are primarily found participating in "bond regions" if this fulfills the valence shell for that particular element.
Basically electrons are mobile, and given an empty space, they have a chance to migrate and occupy that region to fulfill the valence of a neighboring atomic species. It's not necessarily that they "want to jump" over there, that's just a way to think about it. Electrons would definitely want to be in said area if it provides a lower energy state for that electron, however.
The distances between the electrons is too small(less than fermi(10^-12))....there electrostatic forces seize to work and nuclear forces come to existence!
Because nature always keep the balance :)
Learn the basic concept of Semiconductor, Zener Diode & P-N Junction Diode by the video link given bellow
ruclips.net/video/VAs7cLZ_DHY/видео.html
First comment
So why silicon is used? Wouldn't other combination of elements having free electrodes work equally well?
+Marius Latinis Because it is the most stable and the most abundant, (derived from sand, found in beaches, deserts etc), making it the least expensive.
It actually depends on the conduction band. Even if there are free electrons they should "jump" from one band to another. For semiconductors, this band Gap is small allowing the electors to cross this gap when they acquire energy at room temp. This isn't possible for insulators cuz the band Gap is too much.
ok, so there's something that's been bugging me with the whole "current flow" thing: the - or + marks are in relation to the battery, not the thing the current is passing through. The battery loses (-) energy through one end and some of that energy returns (+) through the other end. i guess that's just not the way most people will think of it but i'm leaving it up for consideration
Inside the battery, there's a chemical reaction happening. The battery is losing energy, and that energy is going into heat or work (heating a resistor or turning a motor.)
Brandon Spicer
Charlena Owens
Why is semiconductors useful? Why not use metal? We did not get the answer D:
search about transistors ;)
Whats the difference between N type and P type if they both do the same thing?
The charge carriers!!, in n type the electrons are responsible for current and in p type holes are responsible. Since they have different charge carriers they exhibit different levels of conductivity(Holes having a higher value). Though a very small difference is seen it is of significance when you consider larger numbers semi-conductors connected in series and/or parallel.
Sixth air kind Very interesting thanks man
+Sixth air kindlemimk
+miquPoeulk
mommies opa,weight kirk
can anyone explain me what is mott transition?
Silicon Valley
I'm surprised graphene wasn't mentioned as a conductor.
Graphene is not regularly used in semiconductors or electronics. Silicon and doping have been around since the 50's and it's the main technology which is used in electronics. Also I believe graphene is still on the cutting edge right now.
Graphene has much higher conductive properties than silicon. The problem is mass producing graphene. Still, it should've been mentioned at least to show its properties compared to silicon.
SolidWolfG The problem is not how conductive the material is. Silver is more conductive than silicon. We don't use silver because we can't control it as easily as we can control silicon. Silicon doesn't really like to carry electrons unless it really really has to, so it's a semi-conductor. The doping gives it those metallic conductive properties. If we just used something really conductive like silver there wouldn't be any control to this. We couldn't build gates out of it. Electrons would just be flowing and that's not conducive to bits. Instead graphene transistors exploit another property of graphene totally unlike silicon, which is that graphene under certain conditions can exhibit negative resistance.
Why would they name p type the boron. What would motivate a person to name things weird like that ? Why not just call p type Boron and B type phosphorous while their at it. !
fourth commment
You never explained why this is necessary... ordinary copper wire can flow electrons through without needing to be doped so why bother with this?
how the fuck holes move does that make any sense ??
+Subarna Subedi Imagine that you digged two holes and one of them you fill with water. You'll have one empty hole and the other one filled. If you take the water out and fill up the other hole, you will change the position of the empty hole. That's kinda the idea. Changing position of the empty space.
Thanks dude