Nature’s Cutest Symbiosis: The Bobtail Squid | I Contain Multitudes
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- Опубликовано: 21 янв 2018
- The bobtail squid is an underwater delicacy for many predators, so the creature found a handy superpower to stay alive: Invisibility.
This squishy species is no bigger than a golf ball, making the squid a tasty mouthful for any hungry hunter that feeds along the coastal waters of Hawaii. To avoid becoming a snack, the bobtail squid has formed a powerful alliance with a luminous bacteria called Vibrio fischeri. The bacteria reside inside a “light organ” on the underside of the squid, and at nighttime, these tiny tenants will glow to match the pattern of moonlight coming from above. This helps mask the silhouette of the squid, rendering them “invisible” to predators from below.
Ed Yong talks with Margaret McFall-Ngai and Edward Ruby from the University of Hawaii, who have been studying the partnership between the bobtail squid and its glowing microbes for years. A spectacular feature of this symbiosis is that squid aren’t born with a complete light organ-the bacteria help build it!
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Wow. I’m blown away by creativity and ingenuity in the design of this video and this magnificent animal. Well done!
Online school got me seeing some crazy videos 😐
i feel u man
@@CROPDUSTERB-52 Fr man
Didn't expect the accent or the animations with the sound effects, but it was a cool video
The squid is actually so cute tho
Also I just came here from your TED talk-it was great!
You should do a segment on the epithetic (grow on trees, mostly in the shade) plant species growing in Asia (such as hoya and dischidia which I actually collect here in VT... pricey hobby) that form "cups" with their leaves to house ants. That's what I'm going to write my final paper on for my "Biology of Symbioses" class at the University of Vermont this semester :)
This is brilliant. Well done!
Something quite interesting regarding this research is that the main factor related to the development of the squid's light organ is the monomer of V. fischeri's peptidoglycan (PGN), tracheal cytotoxin (TCT). Besidesthe PGN and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TCT by itself induces the three main factors that initiates the development of the light organ: hemocytes infiltration (immune system cells, mainly released when there is an infection), apoptosis (programmed cell death, but in this case is induced by TCT) and regression of epithelial fields (process in which the epithelial cells in the light organ, in these called “fields” are returned to a less developed state). All these factors are accounted for the development of such light organ, which the squid uses for camouflage and evade predators.
These factors, personally, seem quite invasive... if not pathogenic.
TCT is known to play an important factor in whooping cough and gonorrhea, which is mentioned in Koropatnick et. al., 2004. I'm merely a undergraduate student, and I'm sure if any microbiologist or even Ed can prove me wrong at my point; but being induced apoptosis from TCT one of the factors for the light organ's development... is this development through adaption of what could be a pathogenic reaction towards this specific signal? I'm sure there are many other species that see benefit from this kind of interaction, in which they are induced a signal which in one's perspective can be damaging for their cells but that specie still uses it for its development, which is fascinating.
@Krisangel23GodlessTv
mentioned on his/her comment that is "Margulian Evolution in honor to
the scientific Lynn Margulis, she proposed that symbiosis is an important mechanism in evolution." which in my perspective would make sense, I'll have to look closer at Margulis' theory for this analysis.
Maybe the reason the Ed didn't mention TCT was because it is signaling this pathogenic-like behaviors towards its hosts; and the host is, as mutualism describes, benefited from this interaction in which it develops its light organ for the desired function. Yes, there is mutualism involved, but raises from the pathogenic behavior of V. fischeri towards its host and its epithelial cells.
In my humble, undergraduate-level perspective is something that needs to be further analyzed to comprehend the role of TCT in this situation and in other situations it is involved in as well
Favorite video so far!
Ed Yong this is not Darwinian Evolution. I think this is Margulian Evolution in honor to
the scientific Lynn Margulis,she proposed that symbiosis is an important mechanism in evolution.
Greetings from Nuevo Laredo Tamaulipas Mexico ¿Do you speak spanish?
So interesting! I would love to see some of the sources used in this video so I can read up on the subject. Especially the formation of the light organ.
Wow this is so clearly explain, love the cartoon pictures, it makes learning fun and more easy to understand. Thank you for your preparations❤👏
One of the best vedio i've watched in RUclips. Thanks a lot for uploading this awesome vedio.
Awesome clip!
really good video, fun to watch :)
Thanks for the video👍🏼
Great explanations and animations!
Presenter: At night it heads out to hunt
Me: really? that cute thing? it couldn't hurt a fly
Awesome symbiosis ¡¡¡
Wonderful!
This is so cool!
This is amazing.
tilleman’s tweakin bruh
Interested to know: if some sort of antibacterial agent was given to the adult squid and it kills off the specific bacteria that shapes the light organ, would the light organ cease to work? Or, since it's already been formed by the bacteria, will it continue to function in the absence of the bacteria?
I'm making things up, but this is an interesting question. I'd guess the light organ would stop working, or at least wouldn't be able to make light anymore; if that is what happens, what I'd be interested in at that point is, would the organ then "open itself back up" to host a new group of the bacteria?
The first colonization process actually results in a loss of the appendages that uptake the fischeri, so sterilizing the light organ would not result in the squid being re-colonized. Also the Light organ would definitely stop producing light since the bacteria is responsible for making the light.
6:41 lol bacteria party
Perhaps create a video short about the yeti crab! The ultimate deep-sea farmers.
Interesting. Never knew bacteria enjoyed dance parties!
Both the squid and the scientist couple are so goddamn cute.
How does this guy not have more subs!! I subbed!!
We love hearing about all the microbial superpowers! Any favorites left on the cutting room floor?
very informative
Good video for kids or adults.
Great video. But I really missed actually footage of the light organ giving of visible light.
Every animal has symbiosis with microbes ....
Imagine NOT casting a shadow. :D
That's the Sly Cooper music!
lol I noticed that immediately, I was watching this for a college bio hw and made me want to play Sly Cooper haha
Isn't there some music from Mercenaries two in there as well? Maybe they shared some tracks.
Glad I was not the only person to notice! ^_^ I was also listening to this video for college bio!
Interesting how both the quid and bacteria benefit from their relationship.
*squid
Hey, Bailey-watched the video
it's so cute but so dangerous-
Is there bacteria in the part of our atmosphere closest to space?
Great video !
How does the body know if there are enough bacterias to mature the light organ?
Do the bacterias act as ligand and then active genes?
That's a good question, very few Vibrio cells are actually needed to start the squid’s transformation. One study mimicking natural conditions showed that only FIVE individual Vibrio aggregated on the light organ surface. The light organ is thought to mature after this direct interaction, but there is also research on small molecular signals released by Vibrio which may have an impact *after* the pioneering Vibrio have settled in. These molecular signals are thought to be received by the squid, initiating the maturation process of the new organ. Regardless of how much each of these signaling processes play a role, it’s clear that very few Vibrio fischeri are required to actually get things moving.
Surely through chemical signaling, right? For example, once the bacteria leave enough waste
I am in a microbiology class right now and we just learned about V. fischeri. Quorum sensing is actually used to regulate light production in the light organ. However, I am unsure whether or not this has to do with the maturation of the organ. Essentially, the Lux operon is responsible for producing luminescent proteins. An autoinducer, in this case AHL, is required to bind to the activator of the operon to increase transcription and translation. When there is a low amount of V. fischeri, there is low level of transcription of the Lux operon. The low level of transcription also means there is a low amount of the AHL autoinducer and it diffuses outside of the cell. However, when there is a high amount of V. fischeri, the AHL autoinducer accumulates outside of the cell and ends up diffusing back into the cell. AHL autoinducer then binds to the LuxR (activator) of the operon and increases transcription and translation of the Lux operon producing the luminescent proteins.
Eye see you. And a question, is the thing from the tv show limitless, the man-made organism that ate electricity possible?
Yup
Hey Bailey, I watched the video
Its not an embryo, its a baby
Hey Bailey, just letting you know I watched the video
Cute little critters. Check out an extremely venomous little cousin of theirs that lives 'round Australian waters: *The Blue Ringed Octopus* . I wonder just what lives inside those bright blue rings..?
~ ~ ~
Isn't there evidence that childhood exposure (among humans) to certain bacteria helps to program our immune cells (specifically the 'B' type cells)?
There's even a theory (the Hygiene Hypothesis) that the massive increase of autoimmune diseases in humans is the result of our dedicated work (over the past few centuries) to eradicate many of these parasites (especially Helminths), bacteria & other microorganisms (either attacking them directly with vaccines, or by improving the hygiene of our environments) that we've been at war with for millions of years (as a homonid species, anyway).
By having such a 'clean' environment throughout our childhood years, we've inadvertently miscalibrated part of our immune systems (possibly the Thymus gland), leading to an immune response that works excessively & also has difficulty telling friend from foe (attacking our own cells).
I'd certainly like to hear your opinions about this fascinating theory.
I wonder if the initial shaping process used to be handled by inner biological processes; and if so weather the inner process was out-competed by the bacteria or it was lost (due to mutation/degradation/etc) and replaced. 🤔Probably the latter, since it's less likely and that's how nature seems to work.
McFall-Ngai has a few publications reviewing the evolution of the process, but none that quite get down to the initial development and the ‘who came first’ question. If we want I can reach out to her and Ned to see if they have any insight that we could pass on?
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i like bob tail sqids
Can we eat bobtail squid?
Watched
They're very tasty
Hello everyone from marine science!
Leaf-cutter ants and fungal cultivar and Pseudonocardia!
…
midichlorians anyone?
Is anti-evolution possible? A complex organism evolving into a simpler one.
I don't think That it's anti-evolution, evolution is just about the transformation of species over time.
It would just be evolution. Evolution isn't about a species becoming more complex, simply changing.
WOW astounding ! it's incomprehensible to me how anything so microscopic can be observed over a long enough period of time for a scientist to explain how it works. I'm speechless. Note: evolution could never account for such creativity, only a Creator can do that :)
Evolution made you :)
You talk like Benedict Cumberbatch
The attempt to comedy makes it a bit cringy. It would be better to focus on the explaining this fascinating topic