Evolution of the Osaka Metro 1933-2022 (geographic map)

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  • Опубликовано: 29 сен 2024

Комментарии • 150

  • @giantnioinoba2023
    @giantnioinoba2023 2 месяца назад +16

    2:48 シナノバシ→信濃橋
    3:10 天神橋杉六丁目→天神橋筋六丁目
    3:38 南伊原木→南茨木
    3:59 万博西門→万国博西口
    4:18 4:34 宮古島→都島
    4:34 5:21 森口→守口
    5:29 永田→長田
    5:49 アビコ→あびこ
    6:47 堺杉線→堺筋線
    誤字が多いのは、うp主氏が外国人(もし、日本人なら関西の人ではない)と理解した。
    それはそうとして、変遷の流れがよく出来てるよね。

    • @amemiyashouichirou9103
      @amemiyashouichirou9103 2 месяца назад +1

      おっと6:24の鶴見両口も鶴見緑地を忘れずに!

    • @giantnioinoba2023
      @giantnioinoba2023 Месяц назад +1

      @@amemiyashouichirou9103 あら、すみません💦

  • @wriggle7033
    @wriggle7033 2 года назад +40

    In past, Osaka City was refusing that private railways expand to Central Osaka. It was called the "Municipal Monroe Doctrine". Now it is withdrawn and Hanshin Namba Line(private railway) goes through from west to east.

    • @jmstransit
      @jmstransit 2 года назад +2

      I do recall that doctrine having a worse effect in Nagoya but I can't put together that story properly

    • @liyangzhang8592
      @liyangzhang8592 2 года назад +7

      @@jmstransit Meitetsu (a private company) intended to build Komaki Line from Inuyama City to Heian-dōri which is to become a transfer station with Nagoya Subway. All other sections were built, but Nagoya City refused to give permit for the very last section, including only 2 stations, Kami-Iida and Heian-dōri, since this section is solely in Nagoya City, and in Munroe Doctrine only the City can operate this section.
      So passengers from Inuyama, and also passengers from Tōkadai Line, a branch of Komaki Line, had to transfer to bus (of course operated by Nagoya City) at Kami-Iida Station to enter the city center. This caused a huge inconvenience and many residents chose to take direct buses to Nagoya city center instead of railway. Komaki Line was struggling and its branch line, Tōkadai Line, was even closed due to lack of passengers.
      Finally, years after Tōkadai Line's closure, Nagoya City built a subway line from Heian-dōri to Kami-Iida with through service to Inuyama to close this gap of railway, and this is still in the framework of Monroe Doctrine since the subway is operated by Nagoya City. But Tōkadai Line never reopened.

    • @jmstransit
      @jmstransit 2 года назад +2

      Right, the peachliner
      Yeah that's peak Nagoya gadgetbahn
      Edit: This looks to be the same reason half the stations on the Yamanote Line are in the top 50 busiest stations of the world

    • @liyangzhang8592
      @liyangzhang8592 2 года назад +7

      Yes indeed Tōkyō has Monroe Doctrine as well, but almost every station on Yamanote Line has also Metro or Subway lines towards inside of the loop, many having through services with private railways or JR towards outside of the loop. If you go radically you often don't need to transfer but just take a train with through service. It's inacceptable for one of the world's largest cities to have a train terminating on its loop line but with no mass transit to go inside :)
      I think the reason many stations on the Yamanote Line are in the top 50 busiest stations of the world is simply because they are huge transfer stations with so many lines, and because most of the world, excluding Japan, don't count subways or metros as normal railways, so they don't count that part of passenger numbers.

    • @matthewjohnbornholt648
      @matthewjohnbornholt648 2 года назад +7

      ​@@liyangzhang8592 Its different Tokyo had a JNR Monroe doctrIne but not for the subways. The two operators (Toei and Tokyo metro) had to compete for funds and political support so they developed extensive subway through-running in their route planning from the Asakusa line onwards.
      Yamanote is simply the perfect urban city centre orbital, connectIng to all the main stations and districts, seperated ROW, subway frequencies and even some radial elements Ueno-Shinagawa.

  • @Andrewjg_89
    @Andrewjg_89 2 года назад +12

    The detail to your design is so accurate and amazing. Have you been abroad including Japan and experienced what Japanese railways are like.

  • @りんこ-s6u
    @りんこ-s6u 4 месяца назад +4

    誤字が多すぎる。宮古島❔沖縄まで飛ぶんだ😮‍💨

  • @martinsnajdr4966
    @martinsnajdr4966 2 года назад +3

    Very beautiful

  • @infantrygames7923
    @infantrygames7923 2 года назад +7

    Next Istanbul pls

  • @РусскийДжой
    @РусскийДжой 2 года назад +1

    Hi, Metro liner! Can you make video about future of Moscow metro to 2040. Or Petersburg metro evolution to 2040

  • @Zack-et9wj
    @Zack-et9wj 2 года назад +2

    Kuala lumpur next

  • @fuheicheung8273
    @fuheicheung8273 Год назад

    I Hayes Isak Benjaminsen

  • @たべられません
    @たべられません Месяц назад +4

    あと2年待ってくれれば北大阪急行電鉄延伸も載ったか

  • @Conellossus
    @Conellossus 2 года назад +65

    I like the thin lines for thru services. It helps differentiate where the metro service ends and becomes commuter rail.

  • @MaxCheng95
    @MaxCheng95 2 года назад +134

    I like how you draw out the through services as well. It’s something iconic in Japanese railroads that can’t be missed

  • @ポンヒロ-s8i
    @ポンヒロ-s8i 2 месяца назад +3

    漢字間違え多すぎる。(笑)

  • @moraimon
    @moraimon 2 года назад +106

    Unlike many other large metropolitan areas, Osaka and Tokyo metro lines mostly serve the cities' inner cores only. Their suburbs are served by private suburban railways and JR lines. That is why Osaka Metro and Tokyo Metro's line lengths are shorter than other metro systems.

    • @kodama711
      @kodama711 2 года назад +32

      The other reason is because most of the Japanese subway system are operated by the city or municipal themselves or these authorities got a shareholder in the operating company. So, it's quite difficult for them to operate outside of the city boundary.
      The Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway was also created because of this reason.

    • @SigmaRho2922
      @SigmaRho2922 2 года назад +3

      @@kodama711 it would make logical sense for Osaka Metro to acquire the Kitakyu and Keihanna lines to be integrated into the system since they are on third rail with no grade crossings.

    • @StarboardPitotTube
      @StarboardPitotTube 10 месяцев назад

      @@SigmaRho2922 The reason the Keihanna line exists is because Kintetsu didn't want to lose market share on its parallel Nara line

  • @yakipana
    @yakipana 2 года назад +18

    The Line 4 Chuo line will extend to Yumeshima in 2025.

  • @hughmungusbungusfungus4618
    @hughmungusbungusfungus4618 2 года назад +216

    Fun fact: the extension of the Midosuji line out to Shin-Osaka was a result of the development of the Shinkansen (bullet train) service between Tokyo and Osaka in 1964. They couldn't run the line through the downtown area because land prices were too high so they created a new station on the outskirts of the city, similar to Yokohama and Kobe. Interestingly, the city center did not move to the bullet train stop, but stayed where it was.

    • @hartstukken
      @hartstukken 2 года назад +26

      They also couldn't build because of the unfavorable alignment. There were 4 proposals, Shin-Ōsaka was the most favourable one for both of our afforementioned reasons.

    • @hughmungusbungusfungus4618
      @hughmungusbungusfungus4618 2 года назад +4

      @@hartstukken Unfavorable alignment. I know what you mean but it sounds like a reason your zones didn't build in Sim City 3000.

    • @hartstukken
      @hartstukken 2 года назад +11

      @@hughmungusbungusfungus4618 they couldn't demolish kilometres of buildings in the right of way to reach Ōsaka station. Then again the curve was also too large to get out of the city on the Sanyō shinkansen

    • @hughmungusbungusfungus4618
      @hughmungusbungusfungus4618 2 года назад

      @@hartstukken That sounds right. They're having similar problems with the Chuo Shinkansen now.

    • @hartstukken
      @hartstukken 2 года назад

      @@hughmungusbungusfungus4618 well not quite, back then it was really just land acquisition and selection of the alignment. Now in Shizuoka prefecture the tunnel construction is halted under the Ōi river, due to a groundwatee eruption during construction. But the Ōi river is an important water resource for Shizuoka prefecture. JR Central and the prefecture can't settle an agreement on what to do so construction continues in the cities, but not in Shizuoka prefecture.

  • @巻幡哲也-t4w
    @巻幡哲也-t4w 2 месяца назад +2

    テロップには森口になっているけど間違ってますよ。正しくは守口ですよ

  • @nizeck
    @nizeck 2 года назад +56

    私も約5年前から、同じく路線図での歴史動画(アニメーション)を作っていますが、Metro Linerさんの作品には到底かないません。素晴らしいアニメーションですね!
    I have also made historical videos of the route map from about five years ago, but your productions are more fantastic than mine. It's an excellent animation.

  • @kenoinus7011
    @kenoinus7011 3 месяца назад +2

    駅名の誤字が多すぎる😢
    もったいない。

  • @atlantic_31
    @atlantic_31 2 года назад +13

    It feels illegal to watch such quality content for free

  • @Ampelfreund
    @Ampelfreund 2 года назад +14

    Osaka Metro is my favorite Subway service. I ride the M-Line in working holiday year every day and nice memories. 2023 next expansion

  • @jmstransit
    @jmstransit 2 года назад +11

    1990 (6:05) - the first conventional (iron wheel) linear metro in the country opens for operation. It's also the first outside North America. The famed underground loop line in Tokyo using said technology would open 1 year later in 1991.
    If you squish its name down you get a tag used in R-18 Manga (I'll let you figure it out)

  • @イバンカさんイヤンバッカン
    @イバンカさんイヤンバッカン 2 месяца назад +2

    今里筋線は今からでも上新庄方面に行ったほうがいいくらい

  • @Lord-ov2gf
    @Lord-ov2gf 2 года назад +15

    pls make istanbul next

    • @AntiTurkhycancelturkhy
      @AntiTurkhycancelturkhy 2 года назад +7

      istanbul metro will be one of the biggest ones in 2029

    • @AntiTurkhycancelturkhy
      @AntiTurkhycancelturkhy 2 года назад +6

      lines which will be opened to 2029
      2022
      F4 Hisarüstü-Aşiyan 0.8km
      M4 Tavşantepe-SGH 7km
      M3 Başakşehir Metrokent-Kayasehir Merkez 7-8km
      M11 Kağıthane-İstanbul Airport 37km
      M8 Bostancı-Parseller 14km
      M11 Gayrettepe-Kağıthane 6km
      M7 Mecidiyeköy-Yıldız 3km
      2023
      M3 Kirazlı-Bakırköy ido 10/12km
      M9 Bahariye-Ataköy 10/12km
      M4 Tavşantepe-Kaynarca Merkez 1km
      M12 Sahrayıcedit-Hospital 10km
      M5 Çekmeköy-Sancaktepe City Hospital 5km
      M10 Pendik-Kaynarca Merkez-SGH 7km
      T5 Cibali-Eminönü 1km
      T6 Sirkeci-Kazlıçeşme 6-8km
      M14 Altunizade-Kazım Karabekir 4km
      M11 İstanbul Airport-Halkalı 30km
      2024
      M5 Sancaktepe City Hospital-Sultanbeyli 6km
      M7 Mahmutbey-Hospital 8km(?)
      M7 Yıldız-Kabataş 4km
      M12 Sahrayıcedit-60. yıl parkı 4km
      M12 Hospital-Kazım Karabekir 1 km
      M1 Kirazlı-Mimar Sinan 5km(?)
      2025/2029
      M1 Mimar Sinan-Halkalı 5km
      M4 Kaynarca Merkez- İçmeler-Tuzla 10km
      M4/M10 SGH-Kurtköy YHT/Viaport 4 km
      M5 Sultanbeyli-Kurtköy YHT/Viaport 6 km
      M7 Hospital-Esenyurt Meydan-Mustafa Kemal 10km
      M13 Yenidoğan-Site 20km
      M20 İncirli-Beylikdüzü Sondurak 30km
      Hızray (M34) Beylikdüzü Sondurak- SGH 70km

    • @eraser2742
      @eraser2742 2 года назад +2

      For İstanbul, please include pre-1960 trams as well!

    • @rjeaktorbmk6430
      @rjeaktorbmk6430 2 года назад

      MetroCucumber made the video

  • @feyson3199
    @feyson3199 2 года назад +13

    おおきに、Thank you!

  • @seyhosaban1221
    @seyhosaban1221 2 года назад +4

    istanbul plsss

  • @trainspotting_and_tech2023
    @trainspotting_and_tech2023 2 года назад +6

    Next: 🤔 every operating rail system in Osaka! 😉🙃

  • @tknwa
    @tknwa 11 месяцев назад +2

    1945年の大阪大空襲時には当時、違法として禁止されていた電車の運行が、戦火から地下の心斎橋駅に逃げ込んだ人々を梅田方面へ逃がすために運行されたそうです。
    ですが、何故か公式な記録は残っておらず消されてしまったんでしょうね

  • @猿田彦-s9o
    @猿田彦-s9o Год назад +5

    東京がエグすぎて大阪がしょぼく見えてしまう現象

  • @app4893
    @app4893 2 года назад +12

    ついに大阪が来ましたね!👍

  • @IESpotter
    @IESpotter 2 года назад +10

    Great video! I would like to see the Dublin commuter rail system and the LUAS tram on one of these.

  • @Kiriya_Kirigaoka
    @Kiriya_Kirigaoka 2 года назад +3

    2025年の夢洲開業までは入ってないかぁ

  • @PaiSokSak
    @PaiSokSak 2 года назад +5

    Bangkok please

  • @巻幡哲也-t4w
    @巻幡哲也-t4w 2 месяца назад +2

    大阪メトロ中央線の駅メロディーが秋に新しいのに変更されるそうです

  • @ぱぴー-j9p
    @ぱぴー-j9p 3 месяца назад +5

    誤字が多すぎる、動画作成した後にチェックしなかったのか!

  • @evenstarelectricrailway3281
    @evenstarelectricrailway3281 2 года назад +3

    This is fxckin'n complicated lol
    BTW you forgot to cover the privatisation on 1st April, 2018....or maybe you did but I missed it somehow.

  • @優しい人-q7x
    @優しい人-q7x 2 года назад +5

    大阪‼️

  • @spiele_maus
    @spiele_maus 2 года назад +3

    Oh some Japanese City, nice (even so I’m from Germany)

  • @roadevery9434
    @roadevery9434 3 месяца назад +2

    埋立地まで再現してほしかったなあ

  • @KaplaWorld
    @KaplaWorld 2 года назад +3

    Osaka Metro
    Line 1 1933
    Line 2 1967
    Line 3 1942
    Line 4 1961
    Line 5 1969
    Line 6 1969
    Line 7 1990
    Line 8 2006
    Other Lines
    Nanko Port Town Line 1981

  • @bencemolnar2496
    @bencemolnar2496 2 года назад +6

    Next Budapest pls

  • @semi-pro0722
    @semi-pro0722 3 месяца назад +2

    次は夢洲駅と、森ノ宮から約2.4キロの新線ができます。あと大阪メトロは現在全駅に自動ドアを設置する作業をしてます。これによるダイヤの乱れはなくなるみたいです。

  • @muchi7boh14
    @muchi7boh14 3 месяца назад +1

    中央線も千日前線もしばらくは東西で分断されてたんや。その分断されてるところがちょうど大阪の中心地やから地下工事がはかどらなかったのかな。

  • @dokka_no_president
    @dokka_no_president 3 месяца назад +1

    2024年に北大阪急行線(御堂筋線)が延伸しました。

  • @NoLongerBreathedIn
    @NoLongerBreathedIn 2 года назад +2

    Every station north of and including Ōyamazaki is in Kyōto-fu. Rakusaiguchi is just barely inside Kyōto-shi.

  • @flip1sba
    @flip1sba 2 года назад +3

    I find it interesting that The Osaka Metro is considered a tramway. The only metro system in Japan with such classification.

  • @HIKAKIN_MANKO
    @HIKAKIN_MANKO 2 месяца назад +1

    そして箕面萱野

  • @HA604
    @HA604 2 месяца назад +1

    あーもうめちゃくちゃだよ

  • @BDBF2009
    @BDBF2009 2 года назад +3

    Please, can you make Porto or Lisbon metro 🇵🇹? I love your videos

  • @shotk2376
    @shotk2376 2 года назад +3

    Osaka Metroも作成して戴き、ありがとうございます🤓🙇

  • @abababa-z
    @abababa-z 4 месяца назад +2

    I'm a railway geek from Osaka. Osaka Metro has recently upgraded the Chuo Line to the 400 series (nicknamed Spaceship) and renovated stations on the Midosuji Line in preparation for the Expo. However, the 20 series, 30000a series, and 400 series currently run on the Chuo Line, but the 20 series and 30000a series will disappear after the Expo, and the 400 series will become the main line.

  • @RicciChoi1109
    @RicciChoi1109 7 месяцев назад +7

    This video missed the Kita-Osaka line extension to Minoh Kayano station, which finally opens at late March 2024.

  • @Theonintendo
    @Theonintendo 2 года назад +5

    Omg love this ! Which of these lines are monorail?

    • @wasmic5z
      @wasmic5z 2 года назад +15

      None of them. Osaka has a monorail system with 2 lines in the northern parts of the city. But they're not officially part of the metro and thus they are not on this map.
      Aside from the metro, Osaka also has a lot of other metro-like train lines, such as the Osaka Loop Line, the JR San'yo line, and the private Nankai, Hankyu and Hanshin networks.
      This video only shows a tiny part of the many urban train lines that operate in Osaka.

  • @valero649
    @valero649 2 года назад +3

    Will u redo the Tokyo one?

  • @androidemulator6952
    @androidemulator6952 28 дней назад

    There was an old line (in the 80s?) that peeled off from the road in Tennoji (halfway between Shin Imamiya and Tennoji stations, turning south thru what is now Sannomidori Park , down towards the midosjuji line heading south.
    Being a railway enthusiast, while walking west from Tennoji, i notice a strange "pathway" curving thru the houses and buildings - cant miss and old rail line ..

  • @K_Train
    @K_Train 2 года назад +2

    そして中央線も夢洲まで延伸...

  • @PP-Express
    @PP-Express 2 года назад +2

    I want to see bangkok metro😁

  • @ハイサイアキラチャンプル
    @ハイサイアキラチャンプル 3 месяца назад +1

    宮古島(笑)

  • @anabelrivera6142
    @anabelrivera6142 2 года назад +2

    Can you make a vedio about the Manila mrt and lrt please

  • @etbadaboum
    @etbadaboum 2 года назад +5

    Perfect execution. You've nailed it down to an art.

  • @petergriffin3194
    @petergriffin3194 2 года назад +2

    Could you manila MRT and LRT and expansion plans and new routes for the future?

  • @Not-k9v
    @Not-k9v 2 года назад +1

    大阪メトロキターヾ(°∀° )/ー!
    ありがとうございます!

  • @k.k6573
    @k.k6573 Год назад +1

    Actually, Kitaosaka Kyuko(nothern part of the midosuji Line) was planned to be extended to Minohkayano, but somewhat it failed.

  • @anatolykim4269
    @anatolykim4269 2 года назад +5

    Great!

  • @theoc007
    @theoc007 2 года назад +2

    Oh hey I live here, this is sick.

  • @lakbaypinastravelogue3779
    @lakbaypinastravelogue3779 2 года назад +2

    Metro Manila LMPNRT Please

  • @Transit_NYC
    @Transit_NYC 2 года назад +2

    Can you do the Montreal Metro Next?

  • @maxfi878
    @maxfi878 2 года назад +1

    You should remake the Tokyo Subway video showing the through services.

  • @leslpak3
    @leslpak3 2 года назад +4

    Busan metro pls

  • @koseku3
    @koseku3 2 года назад +2

    can u do istanbul next?

  • @kiwibirdgaming9368
    @kiwibirdgaming9368 2 года назад +2

    do hong kong pls

  • @ce00582
    @ce00582 2 месяца назад

    非情に興味深い動画でした。余所者の素人の戯言ですが、前半はお金が儲かりそうな所だけにつくっるのに対して、後半は採算取るの大変そうだなと思いました。実際はどうなんでしょう?

  • @ひとり歩き-t8l
    @ひとり歩き-t8l 2 месяца назад

    大阪の発展と共に延伸や新線が出来るのが面白いですね。
    新幹線の開通に合わせ新大阪、万博に合わせ万博公園駅の仮駅、花博での鶴見緑地線。
    ただ、今里筋線は必要だったとは未だにわからない。

  • @rain-vo8ib
    @rain-vo8ib 2 года назад +1

    it would be cool if you make a video of metro manila's metro and its future.

  • @fghvghh11
    @fghvghh11 Месяц назад

    人口縮小すんのに回収できんw

  • @seungjulee6528
    @seungjulee6528 2 года назад +4

    Can you do one for busan(south korea) please?

  • @tremolony4924
    @tremolony4924 Год назад +1

    Midosuji line 💌

  • @scamli
    @scamli 2 года назад +3

    Incredible content. Subscribed.

  • @borntorice
    @borntorice 8 месяцев назад

    Hanshin Namba line and Kintetsu Osaka/Nara line is another west-east bound line, Namba is their combined station.
    Private owned system and operating many trains and able to reach far more places, included Kobe, Nara and Nagoya.
    Hankyu should be considered as commuter's railroad, but, they're doing well, with very high frequency services, also can be transfer easily between local and express trains.
    And Midosuji line will extend 2 more stations toward north, end at Minoh-Kayano station.

  • @raulblaze3300
    @raulblaze3300 Год назад

    I lived in the Sennichi Mae line & I knew when they were adding the Ryokuchi like I believe. I think it or the imazato suji is the newest line.

  • @cmrocarlosmanuelronquilloor
    @cmrocarlosmanuelronquilloor 2 года назад +2

    Excelent video

  • @マドリーアトレティコ
    @マドリーアトレティコ 4 месяца назад

    Please also make videos of the subways in Nagoya, Fukuoka, Sapporo, Sendai, Kyoto, and Kobe.

  • @DreiEUS
    @DreiEUS 5 месяцев назад

    Holy shet, we stayed near Hanazonocho last March. No wonder the houses and infrastructure there seem pretty old.It is one of the first stations in Osaka.

  • @zenjiromitsubishi
    @zenjiromitsubishi 2 года назад +3

    確かに直通運転はしていますが大阪メトロ型車両は高槻までです、それを許すと郊外の既成の郊外路線乗り入れは日本では珍しくありません。

  • @pavelmauric3002
    @pavelmauric3002 2 года назад +1

    pls make prague next

  • @Conellossus
    @Conellossus 2 года назад +1

    Also please do Chicago soon!

  • @ΝικηΔασσιου
    @ΝικηΔασσιου 2 года назад +1

    Plssssss do munich

  • @yuukinishimura9346
    @yuukinishimura9346 2 года назад +1

    Where I live

  • @kim.dongmin
    @kim.dongmin 2 года назад +1

    Please can you tell me how did you do animation of metro expansion? There is any programm?

    • @MetroLiner
      @MetroLiner  2 года назад +1

      I use Adobe After Effects :)

    • @kim.dongmin
      @kim.dongmin 2 года назад

      Thank you so much 😊

  • @tntmaster1104
    @tntmaster1104 2 года назад

    Wow most of the system took couple of years to construct, while in other parts of the system took like 1 or 2 years to construct.

  • @yourfavukrainian
    @yourfavukrainian 2 года назад

    Can you do Ottawa (+Stage 2) or Montreal

  • @subyuz421
    @subyuz421 10 месяцев назад

    And Yumeshima station will be opened on the Chuo line in 2024! 🎉

  • @trainsandmore2319
    @trainsandmore2319 10 месяцев назад

    Pls do the whole Kansai network for Expo 2025.

  • @seanmcdonnell2649
    @seanmcdonnell2649 5 месяцев назад

    I know this subway system fairly well, as I use it fairly often.

  • @chunyinanimation
    @chunyinanimation Год назад

    I always find it interesting why their metro is grided. It seems it wasn't intended in the first place, it was just different lines ended up intersecting each other.

  • @hirune_soramame
    @hirune_soramame 3 месяца назад

    Kitaosaka-kyukoline Mino-kayano(箕面萱野)

  • @Steven-z7p8j
    @Steven-z7p8j 2 года назад +4

    Nice video!! You should remake Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway with thorough services like this!!

  • @MT-nu1kv
    @MT-nu1kv 3 месяца назад

    あと4年後くらいにもう一本伸びますね!

  • @anabelrivera6142
    @anabelrivera6142 2 года назад +1

    I liked it 😁

  • @TrainsFerriesFeet
    @TrainsFerriesFeet 2 года назад

    It's surprising there were stations opened during WWII.