I once saved something in "/". Stallman broke into my house like the kool-aid mascot, ate my PC and stomped on my cat. Never store anything in "/". Just don't.
nah who cares about ext4 or ntfs or anything like that, its so low level that once you partition the drive you forget about it. the hierarchical structure is more important imo.
I love your voice, it's so soothing to listen to. I don't have a satnav, but if I did, i'd want you on it telling me how to get to places, I'd arrive relaxed and unflustered.
You don't know how long I've been waiting for this video. ONE thing I would have liked added to the video is an example of when I as the user would ever need to manipulate one of these "closer to system" folders in root.
for me linux always screws up its boot startup eventually or breaks in some other way (just got bs on sparkylinux boot) while windows will always be the safe thing till internet destroys it!. but when it works it feels faster than windows- running win-apps faster in wine except some games and my desk top is nicer. i'd get a tablet for fun if it was simple to get #buntu to run on it cause w10 is like what james cameran got back for us from brussels...
+John Smith It is the abbreviation for et cetera but computer geeks can't burdened with the time it takes to say et cetera so they pronounce etc as if it was a word.
John Smith You say "et cetera directory?" Do you also say "device" and "binary" directory? You're wasting valueable coding time by saying extra syllables :P
This is why I subscribe to Nixie. Very informative but also short. I knew a lot of that stuff before, but as always, I learned a few new things. I always look forward to my weekly dose of OS Alt Thanks Nixie for your most AWESOME work!!!
Wow, that was awesome. I studied Unix a while back and you helped me understand some stuff better in this short video. Right now I'm running Linux Mint duel-booted with Win7.
I really like your enthusiasm when it comes to Linux. I have been using Linux since 95,and its great to see someone promoting the os. keep up the great work, look forward to more vids :-)
Exactly. So few computer users actually understands what is difference between "File Hierarchy" vs "File System" And it is just so damn simple. File system is technology what rules how files are stored to device itself, how the file record is kept. While File Hierarchy is about how files are organized with special files called "Directory".
Thank goodness I have found someone who doesn't irritate my ears. Well professionally presented. Your voice is clear. I enjoyed it very much. Thanks for teaching us.
Good explanation. I think a lot of folks might have been expecting the 2 ft. view of the file system, but I think you gave it at a high enough level that it won't scare the crap out of the people just switching over to Linux.
I just wanna mention that "usr" stands for "User System Resources", not for "User" :). But I suppose it makes sense to say "User" just because is faster.
Great video, Nixie ! Definitely one of your best yet ! The only thing I missed was "~" for referring to your personal home folder. Thumbs up, high five and peace out ! ^_^Vm
Awesome stuff, and that neat trick with partitioning the home directory works a treat when you are playing with multible distros. Didn't lose a single byte in the installs.
Oh, you are great! Your videos are very informative and, I must admit, you are very loveable yourself. Now, I installed Ubuntu 12.04 LTS on my computer at work, my everyday workstation. No one understood why, but I get by. I've learned much but still couldn't locate my CD-ROM unless I inserted a cd. . . *BLUSH* I have had other humans install Ubuntu on their system and I'll be sure to recomend watching your videos. Thank you very much.
3 years late with my nitpicking, but what you're talking about is the directory structure/layout, NOT the file system. File System: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system Directory Structure: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_structure Yes, it's nitpicking, but still...
You need to try decaf lady. Good info but I have to hit pause about every 10 seconds to absorb what you've just flooded the interface with. You need to use a smaller window size.
@Nixie Pixel If you're wondering why this video is getting more then normal traction, it's because LinuxCon videos have been released and you're one of the top video in the recommended section.
@James Epp The "/usr" is like the "\windows" folder, and "/usr/bin" is like the "\windows\system32" folder, I place things in the bin folder when I want to use it as a system wide command. Also I'll sometimes make folders in "/media" for manual mount points for certain physical/virtual drives and disk images. Those are some of the basic mods to system areas.
I am so happy to hear you pronounce /etc as "et-see". It makes me want to scream, the number of system admins I hear call it the "et cetera" folder. Ahhhhh!!!!!!!
I do say etc like you as well, but yeah I have always thought of it as the et cetera folder. I pronounce /usr as you-ess -rr. One little tidbit she could have mentioned when talking about how every device is a file. It's part of the unix philosophy that everything is a file and it was pretty much adopted into linux, same with the file system.
On the whole /mnt and /media thing. What I can tell from reading the FHS is that /mnt is for permanent mounts such as extra internal harddrives etc and should be defined along with other mountpoints in /etc/fstab. /media on the other hand is for removable media such as thumbdrives, SD cards or external harddrives, the mounting of which should be defined as udev rules since they aren't reliably there, they might be pulled out for example. ❤
I know right, aren't I amazing Current project is in django, previously worked on node.js, php, C and recently started taking an interest in Rust. Not sure I'm on board with the whole crate abstraction for modularity, but it's not bad I suppose. I prefer libs and bindings but maybe I'm just conservative.
Imo python is great for learning and personal work, it's quick to write and read, doesn't really get in the way, etc. My main complain is that it doesn't lend itself to good structuring, but that's probably because I've only worked with inherited projects in python so I have to deal with other people's crap :p
Ubuntu Linux will be getting the Steam game engine sometime around March of 2013, which means that by then you should be able to play a lot more games than you can right now. As of now there are some games available for Linux, but with the arrival of Steam we hope to get many more.
I don't think I've ever heard anyone spell it out regularly. When I was taking classes for Linux the instructor made a brief mention that /usr stands for unix system resources, and then went back to calling us user. That's the last time I've ever heard it spelled out by a Unix / Linux professional.
/usr may start out as the largest directory but it is still a system directory and tends to level off when the user has installed their most used apps. The /home dir is the one that usually continues to grow and grow as users download and tends to quickly pass up /usr. I always put /home on a separate mount.
I always have a separate partition in all of my PCs formatted as NTFS and I label it as Storage (or something like that). This partition is available to me from Windows as well as Linux (I just have to mount it every time I use Linux, but there are ways to automate that). Even though it's a Windows file system, Linux can read and write on to it. If you are using Mac, Windows & Linux then the best way to go is FAT-32 as it can be accessed by all 3 operating systems. It's worked great for me.
+082 097 121 ASCII According to the Linux Documentation Project, "In the original Unix implementations, /usr was where the home directories of the users were placed (that is to say, /usr/someone was then the directory now known as /home/someone). "In current Unices, /usr is where user-land programs and data (as opposed to 'system land' programs and data) are. The name hasn't changed, but its meaning has narrowed and lengthened from 'everything user related' to 'user usable programs and data.' "As such, some people may now refer to this directory as meaning 'User System Resources' and not 'user' as was originally intended."
082 097 121 ASCII Geeks like us are lazy. Don't want to pronounce it. it's why most developers make classes a b c d e f instead of making a name for it.
File management is a very often overlooked area of instruction. One place the trouble really shows itself is when you take a class and you are expected to keep up with the class and you have a poor understanding of file management. I did find Windows file management easier to pick up but Linux will come as soon as you realize that it is not Windows.
Exactly. /mnt is still there for compatibility reasons, and to have an already created directory if you have to mount something by hand. Most distros use /media for their automount-procedures.
Konqueror and Dolphin did it as well earlier but many found it terrible decision because they by mistake hovered mouse over audio file and in some cases you have speakers volume up (and in players volume down) and their ears blowed up. So now Dolphin supports it only by information sidepanel. What was great in Nautilus for music files was the preview thumbnail with waveform.
"etsy" is an online souk for hipster-types. "etc" is an abbreviation for, and is usually pronounced as, "et cetera" which means something like "and other shizzle" in European.
the best of the linux file system is that if you break some program like APT you only have to mount a live CD at /mnt and copy the folders from /mnt/etc/apt and mnt/var/lib/apt and copy it to /etc and /var/lib :)
Perhaps you should rename it to "The Linux File System Layout - Explained". I got excited that someone was actually going to explain ext4 in laymen's terms
Linux should make the access to different partitions more obvious, it's very important to write important data outside the OS partition. When I used it I got lost, couldn't find my second HD, it should make it obvious, like Windows do.
11 лет назад
seeing you typing english sentences in the terminal I wish you type a sentence that starts with "yes"
in windows the file where you change the "behaviour" and booting of the system is a "bin" file with the file extension .ini and its usually the one that gives you the blue screen of death when missing or corrupt 😊
The HAMMER File System! Check out DragonFly BSD for another open source alternative. For example, Windows uses nsfs as a filesystem, Linux uses ext3 or ext4 generally, and BSD uses a UNIX filesystem while DragonFly BSD uses it's own custom HAMMER filesystem designed for high availability. Most Linux and Unix operating systems have a similar system hierarchy, their filesystems are usually not compatible, ie you need special drivers to even mount an ext4 filesystem to a Unix OS.
B/c it is a bad idea to introduce filesystem metadata in a 5-min introduction; her focus in this video is to provide a high level overview of the hierarchy.
In fairness to Nixie, the old time UNIX guys pronounced that directory name as "USER". See this video at 13:30 ?v=tc4ROCJYbm0 Brian Kernighan (who worked with Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson) and see how he pronounces the name of usr.
Hello again Philip! I have a suggestion that may help you... Search for the Drupal executable and then click and drag them into the terminal, which will run them. If it doesn't fix your problem doing that, feel free to message me or comment the output of the terminal after trying to do so.
I believe the /mnt directory is no longer used for filesystem mountingon Ubuntu. Instead, /media/(username) is used. Of course, you cold always specify where you want a filesystem mount via command line (using something like sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1), as long as the folder you are using as a mount point aready exsists (appearently, mount cannot make new folders).
I once saved something in "/". Stallman broke into my house like the kool-aid mascot, ate my PC and stomped on my cat.
Never store anything in "/". Just don't.
i put all my viruses there
Abel I once stored a file in /root. Chuck Norris came in and roundhoused my balls into my abs.
naa,yer mean Chukeeez in Luvv'big on az'sir coz boils?
I store my partitions in the / directory
I'm the only one, who believed, that this video is about ext4?
+Attila Szöllősi i second that
@Attila: Nope!
same here...
This video should be named "Folder organization in Linux based distributions". File System structure is another thing.
nah who cares about ext4 or ntfs or anything like that, its so low level that once you partition the drive you forget about it.
the hierarchical structure is more important imo.
"Oh thank you" , "Oh: command not found" XD
Good stuff, the community needs more people like you to help get newbies started and get more people interested.
Nixie is my linux teacher!!! Thank you very much!!!
I love your voice, it's so soothing to listen to. I don't have a satnav, but if I did, i'd want you on it telling me how to get to places, I'd arrive relaxed and unflustered.
you rock on so many levels - thanks for the great vids
You don't know how long I've been waiting for this video. ONE thing I would have liked added to the video is an example of when I as the user would ever need to manipulate one of these "closer to system" folders in root.
Linux is a great OS and essential for many people that work with it.
If you prefer windows then good for you,no need to say one or the other is crap.
finally someone who understands me
+Nikola “Nidžo” Pavlica I use only Linux because i feel more confortable (sorry idk how to spell it XD) with it
for me linux always screws up its boot startup eventually or breaks in some other way (just got bs on sparkylinux boot) while windows will always be the safe thing till internet destroys it!. but when it works it feels faster than windows- running win-apps faster in wine except some games and my desk top is nicer. i'd get a tablet for fun if it was simple to get #buntu to run on it cause w10 is like what james cameran got back for us from brussels...
/etc = "et see"????
I thought it was etc as in et cetera
+John Smith It is the abbreviation for et cetera but computer geeks can't burdened with the time it takes to say et cetera so they pronounce etc as if it was a word.
Killer2600
I'm a computer geek, I say "et cetera"
John Smith You say "et cetera directory?" Do you also say "device" and "binary" directory? You're wasting valueable coding time by saying extra syllables :P
Killer2600
I'm not a programmer
+Killer2600 In almost 12 years of being involved in Unix/Linux stuff...it allways being 'called' "et see"...
This is why I subscribe to Nixie. Very informative but also short. I knew a lot of that stuff before, but as always, I learned a few new things.
I always look forward to my weekly dose of OS Alt
Thanks Nixie for your most AWESOME work!!!
Wow, that was awesome. I studied Unix a while back and you helped me understand some stuff better in this short video. Right now I'm running Linux Mint duel-booted with Win7.
You think you know it already, but when Nixie speaks about it, man, it always sounds new to me...
Hey Nixie! Thats a good one! Always wanted a noob-friendly video of linux filesystem. YAY Props to nixie!
The man page for hier is useful and is available in Ubuntu, for those who want a ready reference. Nice work Nixie!
I really like your enthusiasm when it comes to Linux. I have been using Linux since 95,and its great to see someone promoting the os. keep up the great work, look forward to more vids :-)
Exactly. So few computer users actually understands what is difference between "File Hierarchy" vs "File System"
And it is just so damn simple. File system is technology what rules how files are stored to device itself, how the file record is kept. While File Hierarchy is about how files are organized with special files called "Directory".
Awesome video im making my 3 kids all who are running ubuntu watch this and all your videos You Rock Nixie!
Very nicely done Nixie!! That bit with /usr was very informative.
Thank goodness I have found someone who doesn't irritate my ears. Well professionally presented. Your voice is clear. I enjoyed it very much. Thanks for teaching us.
Thank you Nixie Pixel . That was a very good presentation of Linux file system .
Right on .
Good explanation. I think a lot of folks might have been expecting the 2 ft. view of the file system, but I think you gave it at a high enough level that it won't scare the crap out of the people just switching over to Linux.
Loving your vids!
Havent used linux in a long time and these videos are helping refresh my memory
Amazing to see how far linux has come
So many geeks are in love with you
Thanks Nixie, always good to see you.
Having a great time refreshing, used unix/zenix from command shell back in the 90's, thanks for covering the basics, great refresher!
Watching it again in 2019. Nixie i miss u
never been so delightful to learn linux
I just wanna mention that "usr" stands for "User System Resources", not for "User" :). But I suppose it makes sense to say "User" just because is faster.
+1 for "Unix System Resources" I stopped watching when I heard her say "User System Resources'
Great video, Nixie ! Definitely one of your best yet !
The only thing I missed was "~" for referring to your personal home folder.
Thumbs up, high five and peace out ! ^_^Vm
Awesome stuff, and that neat trick with partitioning the home directory works a treat when you are playing with multible distros. Didn't lose a single byte in the installs.
Nice tutorial, Nixie... this sould help a little in my class review before the tests! keep the good job!
I would have paid much more attention in my computer classes, if I had such a lovely teacher.
Oh, you are great! Your videos are very informative and, I must admit, you are very loveable yourself. Now, I installed Ubuntu 12.04 LTS on my computer at work, my everyday workstation. No one understood why, but I get by. I've learned much but still couldn't locate my CD-ROM unless I inserted a cd. . . *BLUSH* I have had other humans install Ubuntu on their system and I'll be sure to recomend watching your videos. Thank you very much.
Nixie Pixel, you rock!
3 years late with my nitpicking, but what you're talking about is the directory structure/layout, NOT the file system.
File System: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
Directory Structure: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_structure
Yes, it's nitpicking, but still...
Thanks for this. :D The file structures on linux are still going to be confusing for awhile, but that made more sense to me. :)
You need to try decaf lady. Good info but I have to hit pause about every 10 seconds to absorb what you've just flooded the interface with. You need to use a smaller window size.
I am learning Linux & this is very helpful. Thank you very much. Please keep up the outstanding work! Take care.
@Nixie Pixel
If you're wondering why this video is getting more then normal traction, it's because LinuxCon videos have been released and you're one of the top video in the recommended section.
@James Epp The "/usr" is like the "\windows" folder, and "/usr/bin" is like the "\windows\system32" folder, I place things in the bin folder when I want to use it as a system wide command. Also I'll sometimes make folders in "/media" for manual mount points for certain physical/virtual drives and disk images. Those are some of the basic mods to system areas.
I am so happy to hear you pronounce /etc as "et-see". It makes me want to scream, the number of system admins I hear call it the "et cetera" folder. Ahhhhh!!!!!!!
*****- Whatever. Just do not pronounce the /usr directory as the "user" directory.
***** Oh... I know. /usr stands for Unix System Resources. But, honestly? It's easier to say "user".
I say letters E-T-C
This is a nice linux file system explanation, Nixie :-)
USR is "unix system resources". Does not really matter how you say it but thinking of it as this makes it easier to remember what should be in it.
To each their own. Nixie's voice may sound different when she goes off screen, but I think she sounds nice both times around.
After all those books ive plodded through. This video explained in minutes. Thanks!
This will help with understanding my new arch system. Thank you greatly! Btw, I like your eyebrows :)
Am I the only one who says "etc" as "ee-tee-see"?
i thought on linux etc means something like editable text configs. makes sense to me, as all of the files stored there are text files.
etc = end of thinking capacity
I do say etc like you as well, but yeah I have always thought of it as the et cetera folder. I pronounce /usr as you-ess -rr.
One little tidbit she could have mentioned when talking about how every device is a file. It's part of the unix philosophy that everything is a file and it was pretty much adopted into linux, same with the file system.
Smellier Moans I'm 95% sure that etc stands for editable text configurations. Take a look through it, you'll see that's what you'll find.
TopCat cess beeezt Luvv ER hitlaaa gangz,woo,pervvvfffzzz?
On the whole /mnt and /media thing.
What I can tell from reading the FHS is that /mnt is for permanent mounts such as extra internal harddrives etc and should be defined along with other mountpoints in /etc/fstab.
/media on the other hand is for removable media such as thumbdrives, SD cards or external harddrives, the mounting of which should be defined as udev rules since they aren't reliably there, they might be pulled out for example. ❤
True, the FHS needs some updating, it's quite a mess.
Sort of, Currently I am the head of technology at a newspaper in Sweden, which means I develop all the code and maintain the server farms.
I know right, aren't I amazing
Current project is in django, previously worked on node.js, php, C and recently started taking an interest in Rust. Not sure I'm on board with the whole crate abstraction for modularity, but it's not bad I suppose. I prefer libs and bindings but maybe I'm just conservative.
***** yeah, django is a python framework
Imo python is great for learning and personal work, it's quick to write and read, doesn't really get in the way, etc. My main complain is that it doesn't lend itself to good structuring, but that's probably because I've only worked with inherited projects in python so I have to deal with other people's crap :p
loved to see you more than the video
How many things I learned thanks to Nixie Pixel... :)
Great vid, Nixie! Keep em comin'.
thumbs up for a civilized response. it's in short supply these days.
Ubuntu Linux will be getting the Steam game engine sometime around March of 2013, which means that by then you should be able to play a lot more games than you can right now. As of now there are some games available for Linux, but with the arrival of Steam we hope to get many more.
Note, /usr is not a user folder. Its the Unix System Resources directory.
ok this is the 2nd video of urs ive seen and its an instant sub :)
ur awesome
I don't think I've ever heard anyone spell it out regularly. When I was taking classes for Linux the instructor made a brief mention that /usr stands for unix system resources, and then went back to calling us user. That's the last time I've ever heard it spelled out by a Unix / Linux professional.
WOW I requested her a Linux File System vid and she did it. Thanks.
Awesome! Thanks Nixie.
Thank you Nixie, very informative.
/usr may start out as the largest directory but it is still a system directory and tends to level off when the user has installed their most used apps. The /home dir is the one that usually continues to grow and grow as users download and tends to quickly pass up /usr. I always put /home on a separate mount.
Oh Nixie, I love you.
So, Nixie's flabber has been gasted apparently.
Much better than Google Translate's voices.
I always have a separate partition in all of my PCs formatted as NTFS and I label it as Storage (or something like that). This partition is available to me from Windows as well as Linux (I just have to mount it every time I use Linux, but there are ways to automate that). Even though it's a Windows file system, Linux can read and write on to it. If you are using Mac, Windows & Linux then the best way to go is FAT-32 as it can be accessed by all 3 operating systems. It's worked great for me.
That root folder in inside of a root folder has bothered me for years.
usr = user? Thought it was universal system recourses.
+082 097 121 ASCII According to the Linux Documentation Project, "In the original Unix implementations, /usr was where the home directories of the users were placed (that is to say, /usr/someone was then the directory now known as /home/someone).
"In current Unices, /usr is where user-land programs and data (as opposed to 'system land' programs and data) are. The name hasn't changed, but its meaning has narrowed and lengthened from 'everything user related' to 'user usable programs and data.'
"As such, some people may now refer to this directory as meaning 'User System Resources' and not 'user' as was originally intended."
+MF Nickster there is no telling with the pace at which GNU/Linux evolves these days. Thanks for the info :)
+082 097 121 ASCII I thought it was Unix Shareable Resources
+Amal Amas many different names for the same directory.
082 097 121 ASCII Geeks like us are lazy. Don't want to pronounce it. it's why most developers make classes a b c d e f instead of making a name for it.
Already knew everything, but still enjoyed the video ;)
Thanks for the HD quality and the great video :)
Thanks a lot Nixie, running ubuntu will be much easier for me now.
Hi Deazel
I also want to say thankyou for yr interest.
Regards
Philip
Hold that thought, I going to make some popcorn.
I could listen to you all day explaining how HPFS works. Droool
File management is a very often overlooked area of instruction. One place the trouble really shows itself is when you take a class and you are expected to keep up with the class and you have a poor understanding of file management. I did find Windows file management easier to pick up but Linux will come as soon as you realize that it is not Windows.
Thanks for this video! It really clears a lot of things up!
Awesome #Linux explained. There's no place like home.
I didn't know how sexy clips about linux files system are.
Nixie sounds like GLADOS when she says "There's no place like home".
Exactly. /mnt is still there for compatibility reasons, and to have an already created directory if you have to mount something by hand. Most distros use /media for their automount-procedures.
Konqueror and Dolphin did it as well earlier but many found it terrible decision because they by mistake hovered mouse over audio file and in some cases you have speakers volume up (and in players volume down) and their ears blowed up. So now Dolphin supports it only by information sidepanel.
What was great in Nautilus for music files was the preview thumbnail with waveform.
I fall in love with your voice every time you say "directory".
SIMP
I could hear her talk forever, such a sweet voice she has.
Miss Rabbit Ya I had that add already sweet that smooth it's a alright don't get it twisted
"etsy" is an online souk for hipster-types.
"etc" is an abbreviation for, and is usually pronounced as, "et cetera" which means something like "and other shizzle" in European.
the best of the linux file system is that if you break some program like APT you only have to mount a live CD at /mnt and copy the folders from /mnt/etc/apt and mnt/var/lib/apt and copy it to /etc and /var/lib :)
This video is everything I wanted.
Perhaps you should rename it to "The Linux File System Layout - Explained". I got excited that someone was actually going to explain ext4 in laymen's terms
i'm here for the LOVE of linux
Well, for what I've read, it's the two things: file system and partition types.
Hi Nixie
Thx for this video. I really learned something.
Best Regards
M
1:42 Actually, by default "Other" users *can* see, list, and access any files in any directory under /home, they can't modify them, though.
love you Nix.
Linux should make the access to different partitions more obvious, it's very important to write important data outside the OS partition. When I used it I got lost, couldn't find my second HD, it should make it obvious, like Windows do.
seeing you typing english sentences in the terminal I wish you type a sentence that starts with "yes"
in windows the file where you change the "behaviour" and booting of the system is a "bin" file with the file extension .ini and its usually the one that gives you the blue screen of death when missing or corrupt 😊
The HAMMER File System! Check out DragonFly BSD for another open source alternative. For example, Windows uses nsfs as a filesystem, Linux uses ext3 or ext4 generally, and BSD uses a UNIX filesystem while DragonFly BSD uses it's own custom HAMMER filesystem designed for high availability. Most Linux and Unix operating systems have a similar system hierarchy, their filesystems are usually not compatible, ie you need special drivers to even mount an ext4 filesystem to a Unix OS.
B/c it is a bad idea to introduce filesystem metadata in a 5-min introduction; her focus in this video is to provide a high level overview of the hierarchy.
In fairness to Nixie, the old time UNIX guys pronounced that directory name as "USER". See this video at 13:30 ?v=tc4ROCJYbm0 Brian Kernighan (who worked with Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson) and see how he pronounces the name of usr.
Hello again Philip! I have a suggestion that may help you... Search for the Drupal executable and then click and drag them into the terminal, which will run them. If it doesn't fix your problem doing that, feel free to message me or comment the output of the terminal after trying to do so.
I believe the /mnt directory is no longer used for filesystem mountingon Ubuntu. Instead, /media/(username) is used. Of course, you cold always specify where you want a filesystem mount via command line (using something like sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1), as long as the folder you are using as a mount point aready exsists (appearently, mount cannot make new folders).
even in college they woudnt teach like this how u do NIXIE you are really gr8 LINUX girl ....love u so much