Wow! I've been working on a yagi antenna for 2.4ghz wifi and I've scoured the internet trying to figure out how to properly make and install the folded dipole and how to connect the coaxial cable to the driven element and THIS is the first and only video I've found that seems to clearly describe how to solder the coax to the driven element! Thank you so much for making this video!
You can use a 1/4 wavelength section of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6/U, etc) as a matching section. Look it up on any antenna design website or in any antenna book on the market today. 73, de N1WOM
Your antenna connection is an impedance of 300 ohms and the coax is a 75 ohm cable which is not matched together. You need to have a 4:1 Balun at the dipole connection before the feedline is attached!!! Please add a comment to all to see on this video from you, that what you are showing is not correct, and that it needs a 4:1 balun at the feed point for this to work properly! If not your not doing correctly by your viewers! Best Regards Jimmy, WX9DX, ARRL TS
Well, Antennas work that way, there is no SHORTINGG OUT, the Antenna is magical, and in this video she did it right, all that counts is on highter up in antenna because thats the radiator, not the bottom so bottom can short out how many times it want :)
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
I want to make a yagi 433MHz antenna at 1/4 wavelength so it would be smaller. I have small quarter inch copper tubing which should be better then aluminum since I can solder to it. What should the dimensions be? Also I have not seen any antenna were you electrically ground the active element. I would like to see a test of your antenna.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The driven element, the folded dip[ole, is meant to be grounded to the boom.* Or you can feed it with twin lead like the type used on an old style TV antenna And yes, the twin lead is 300 ohms, but it is close enough. I have even used 450 ohm window line to feed these antennas with a 4:1 balun at the shack without a problem. The connections to the feed line should be made with screws or nuts and bolts and lock washers instead of soldering. Also the use of spade or ring terminals can be used for ease if installation and removal of the antenna. Copper tubing can be used but the copper will corrode over time and become brittle to the point of breaking and the aluminum tubing is lighter, cheaper and stronger than copper. Check out any ARRL, RSGB or other antenna book or any good antenna design website and you will find all the information that you will need. I have used these antennas on 6 and 2 meters and also on the 70cm band with great results. 73, de N1WOM *It can also be constructed with a 1/2 wave driven element instead of a folded dipole element. It is also grounded to the boom and fed with 50 ohm coax through a gamma or hairpin matching device.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
What is the purpose of this antenna? I don't believe this is a HAM project: emitting element, cable, connector, and the way the cable is connected to the emitting element are completely incorrect. By the way, don't use hot glue for connecting the cable to emitter - use bolts and nuts - this is the only proper way to connect your cable to the antenna. 73! UT8UU.
yes, you calculate the length of the radiating dipole (1/2λ) with the formula 150/Freq in MHz, for extra help and realization of the antenna write to me on instagram on Hamradio_milano
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
This RUclips link shows the current coax balun needed for your antenna design..... Link below ruclips.net/video/1Wl6Cy4ovig/видео.html Be sure to use a coax balun when using a folded dipole !!!!!! 73s Jimmy, WX9DX, ARRL TS
300ohms Balanced dipole to 75ohms Unbalanced coaxial. That huge impedance unmatched. Wire connection not exactly centered. Hot glue connection. Not a thing you want for something that gonna sit outside with harsh weather. And also SWR for this is hilarious.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. I do agree that the connections are problematical at best and should be made using screws and lock washers.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio 73, de N1WOM
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
Hot glue? WTF? So much simpler with duct tape or a spongebob squarepants bandaid. LoL. But seriously...you have constructed nothing more than a non-working replica of the real thing. You have not electrically isolated any part of this antenna. Everything is shorted together For this to work, there has to be insulators between all of the components of this POS that you have assembled. That means between the boom (which all the parts are mounted to) and your forward directors, reflector and the folded dipole. Basically...everything!!! And where is your balun? You really need some reeducation on this entire project of yours. I sincerely hope that nobody has built this antenna solely based on your video. It isn't going to do what a real yagi uda antenna is intended to do. Why not just use a metal coat hanger hanging from a branch on a tree with speaker wire shoved into the back of your tv?
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
Seriously, there are so many fundamental electrical and construction errors with this. Ask any ham radio operator ... they'll just roll their eyes and walk away!.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
@@jfrphoto01 To match the approximate 270 Ohm impedance of a folded dipole to 50 Ohms coaxial cable would require a quarter wave matching stub of 116 Ohms impedance. Using a quarter wavelength of 75 Ohm coax as you mention would match 50 Ohms to 120 Ohms, not 270 Ohms. The 4:1 coax loop balun commonly used to match a folded dipole uses a half wavelength. DE VK2AAK / VK2UE
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio. I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed. 73, de N1WOM
Wow! I've been working on a yagi antenna for 2.4ghz wifi and I've scoured the internet trying to figure out how to properly make and install the folded dipole and how to connect the coaxial cable to the driven element and THIS is the first and only video I've found that seems to clearly describe how to solder the coax to the driven element! Thank you so much for making this video!
Se ve muy facil de hacer. No entiendo ese idioma. Muchas gracias por su enseñanza.
the best instructions for build up a yagi antenna
This video is like an MIT electromagnetics lab meets a Junior Achievement craft project. Just add Elmer's glue and glitter for the best performance.
That's a very efficient signal killer!!
Zoren is right folded dipole is 300 ohms but you are connecting 50 or 75 OHM coax cable you must use 1/4 BALUN
Selamlar ! sağ olun Levent Bey beni doğruladığınız için . teşekkürler . ben de kendisine özelinden sizin yazdığınız gibi birşeyler yazdım gönderdim
infact! or use a 300ohm bi-filar antenna cable but not a coax whitout BALUN
You can use a 1/4 wavelength section of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6/U, etc) as a matching section.
Look it up on any antenna design website or in any antenna book on the market today.
73, de N1WOM
gracias por el aporte hice la mia y funciono
Palante muy bueno tu prolleto
Ok bngt .....jmpol buat mbk.
This antenna will have some problems.
1. Elements and boom are not properly isolated
2. No baluns, direct connection will make the signal weaker.
I feel like you're from Nepal. Can I know where you sourced the aluminium rods from. I've been having a hard time finding those.
Excellent video thanks for it
Thank you.
Your antenna connection is an impedance of 300 ohms and the coax is a 75 ohm cable which is not matched together. You need to have a 4:1 Balun at the dipole connection before the feedline is attached!!! Please add a comment to all to see on this video from you, that what you are showing is not correct, and that it needs a 4:1 balun at the feed point for this to work properly! If not your not doing correctly by your viewers! Best Regards Jimmy, WX9DX, ARRL TS
thanks irina
Can uh plzzz share full details of same antenna of 430MHz Like including thickness of bhoom and elements all including
We r planning to design the same antenna so we want some details related to it completely.....
🎉🎉
It appears that your radiator or dipole is shorted out on the boom?
Well, Antennas work that way, there is no SHORTINGG OUT, the Antenna is magical, and in this video she did it right, all that counts is on highter up in antenna because thats the radiator, not the bottom so bottom can short out how many times it want :)
@@krisraps whattttt? Hahaha try to research that kind of antenna if it work that way
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
How to bend the dipole element at home?
Where can I get the materials for this antenna and the step by step with dimension
Superrrrrrrrr...... 👏👏👏👏
Those are BOLTS, not "screws".
folded diplole is approx 300 Ohm and Coax is 75 Ohm this is unmatched, why not using BALUN?
how do you calculate the impedance of an antenna?
YES a 4:1 would be a good start
Ive seen criss cross wiring through elements and this. I use a balun straight in to the reflector. 2 screws matched and done.
@@RCMagnusson you learn them, normal dipole impedance: 73ohm, folded dipole:300ohm ecc.... If you need any help write to me at Hamradio_Milano
How did you mould that pipe ।
What about safety first ?
ESSAS MEDIDAS DA ANTENA NO COMEÇO DO VÍDEO, É PARA QUAL FREQUÊNCIA????
A banda de rádio amador de 70 cm
Thanks ❤️❤️❤️❤️
I want to make a yagi 433MHz antenna at 1/4 wavelength so it would be smaller. I have small quarter inch copper tubing which should be better then aluminum since I can solder to it. What should the dimensions be? Also I have not seen any antenna were you electrically ground the active element. I would like to see a test of your antenna.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The driven element, the folded dip[ole, is meant to be grounded to the boom.*
Or you can feed it with twin lead like the type used on an old style TV antenna And yes, the twin lead is 300 ohms, but it is close enough. I have even used 450 ohm window line to feed these antennas with a 4:1 balun at the shack without a problem.
The connections to the feed line should be made with screws or nuts and bolts and lock washers instead of soldering. Also the use of spade or ring terminals can be used for ease if installation and removal of the antenna.
Copper tubing can be used but the copper will corrode over time and become brittle to the point of breaking and the aluminum tubing is lighter, cheaper and stronger than copper.
Check out any ARRL, RSGB or other antenna book or any good antenna design website and you will find all the information that you will need.
I have used these antennas on 6 and 2 meters and also on the 70cm band with great results.
73, de N1WOM
*It can also be constructed with a 1/2 wave driven element instead of a folded dipole element. It is also grounded to the boom and fed with 50 ohm coax through a gamma or hairpin matching device.
Untuk handphonekah?.....
Good work and keep it up sister...🌹🌹
it's all wrong
@@gaddogabetti740 Yess i try it but didn't work goog.. Little bit working fine
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
Wo ist das Symmetrierglied ???!!!
Its grounded or short
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
A beautiful girl building antennas! I really love you!!!!!
How much distance the signal can cover ?
None improper wiring
What about 2m version.
wow thank you for sharing ☺️
weird it should just short out like that
What is the purpose of this antenna? I don't believe this is a HAM project: emitting element, cable, connector, and the way the cable is connected to the emitting element are completely incorrect. By the way, don't use hot glue for connecting the cable to emitter - use bolts and nuts - this is the only proper way to connect your cable to the antenna. 73! UT8UU.
the emitting element is connected to the reflector and all the directors through the boom for some reason...73
is it FM Antena???
Is it tv antenna ??
This has to be a joke. 300 ohms directly to 75. Radiator grounded out.
Correct the folded dipole should be insulated not grounded hahaha your yagi is a big mistake
Can you tell me how to make an antenna for 800 MHz
Sir i needed to make yagi antenna which can receive rf signal up to 6 gigahertz Is it possible?
no
yes, you calculate the length of the radiating dipole (1/2λ) with the formula 150/Freq in MHz, for extra help and realization of the antenna write to me on instagram on Hamradio_milano
Inspiring
Spanis please
With that antenna build signals will run away from it!
All is connected to ground....................
Driven element is dead short...no insulator.
yes, ground konslet, short, no isolator,
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
oh dear...
These r old type of antennas. These r not available in market. But u will not get more than 2 or 3 channels in India. Then what will the use.
Hey! I’d like to know all the material that u used to build that Antenna
Hey! watch the video again, this time have mommy near.
Where is the 1/4 UNUN? Where is any toroids and where is the wireloop ?
Please...
What are the materials?
Not impressed with the antenna coax connections.
This RUclips link shows the current coax balun needed for your antenna design..... Link below
ruclips.net/video/1Wl6Cy4ovig/видео.html
Be sure to use a coax balun when using a folded dipole !!!!!! 73s Jimmy, WX9DX, ARRL TS
at least fix the crappy audio, nice yagi though
Gracias, ahora soy empresario, vendo antenas....
Ich kann mir nicht vorstellen dass das so funktioniert aber nun 🤷
300ohms Balanced dipole to 75ohms Unbalanced coaxial. That huge impedance unmatched.
Wire connection not exactly centered.
Hot glue connection. Not a thing you want for something that gonna sit outside with harsh weather.
And also SWR for this is hilarious.
Correct it needs a balun transformer
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
I do agree that the connections are problematical at best and should be made using screws and lock washers.
hi, how make antenna for 1800mhz?
use this one, but you need another type of hot glue to make it resonate on 1800MHz
well, here it is how not to make an antenna ...
PRECISA MELHORAR E MUITO A CONEXÕES COM O CABO !!!! COLA QUENTE NÃO !!!!! FICOU RUIM DEMAIS 😕 ... MAIS É FÁCIL DE RESOLVER, OK????????
Such misleading construction projects shall be removed from the web.
Nice video.. very informative.
really!!
😂😂
Hay un error. El dipolo doble es de 300 ohms. Use balón
Cómo se calcula esa impedancia?
Now if this was dated 1st April I would have believed it... haha... must be a joke....
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
Looks like you have cancelled out your driver element.
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio
73, de N1WOM
en el principio no se ven las medidad esta desenfocada grave error
How NOT to build a yagi.
The antenna itself looked nice.. but never work the way they wired it up
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
1st do the insulation cap over the cabel :D
What is the elements rod made of ?
Aluminium
This is just horrible.
Somthink tells me she's not joking
Hot glue? WTF? So much simpler with duct tape or a spongebob squarepants bandaid. LoL. But seriously...you have constructed nothing more than a non-working replica of the real thing. You have not electrically isolated any part of this antenna. Everything is shorted together
For this to work, there has to be insulators between all of the components of this POS that you have assembled. That means between the boom (which all the parts are mounted to) and your forward directors, reflector and the folded dipole. Basically...everything!!! And where is your balun? You really need some reeducation on this entire project of yours. I sincerely hope that nobody has built this antenna solely based on your video. It isn't going to do what a real yagi uda antenna is intended to do. Why not just use a metal coat hanger hanging from a branch on a tree with speaker wire shoved into the back of your tv?
Only your comment confirmed me others were not taking about shorted things
ฟังไม่รู้เรื่องเลย
That's the major wrong way you hooked up the driver.. this will not work.. it will never work that way
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
The feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
петлю на рефлектор не поставила
joke she was right on it and boom fuked up the aktiv element to the bom and hot glu ?? way ?? 1. april Å??
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
You must need to show ur internet speed test otherwise this should be going fake 😑
На таких соплях эта антенна не будет работать. Отстой
connectique catastrophe,,domage
Seriously, there are so many fundamental electrical and construction errors with this. Ask any ham radio operator ... they'll just roll their eyes and walk away!.
🤣
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
@@jfrphoto01 To match the approximate 270 Ohm impedance of a folded dipole to 50 Ohms coaxial cable would require a quarter wave matching stub of 116 Ohms impedance. Using a quarter wavelength of 75 Ohm coax as you mention would match 50 Ohms to 120 Ohms, not 270 Ohms.
The 4:1 coax loop balun commonly used to match a folded dipole uses a half wavelength.
DE VK2AAK / VK2UE
Skema
Very poor construction method. This will not last long.
Why I can not see the dimensions of each elements,Just the antenna construction ?????
Мои глаза!!!!!!! Ааааааа!!!!!
Научите её пользоваться инструментом!!!!!
Never Seen a so long list of wrong actions to build a Uhf antenna! 🙁😣
This type of antenna is referred to as a grounded element yagi and is usually fed with a 4:1 balun or a 1/4 wavelength of 75 ohm coax (RG-59, RG-6, etc.) as a matching section as the feed point impedance is around 270 ohms, and then 50 ohm coax to the radio.
I do agree that the feedline connections and the use of hot glue is problematical at best, the connections should be made using stainless screws and lock washers and weather proofed.
73, de N1WOM
An LKG student can do better.
No is good! Many mistaiks
make a wifi yagi antenna..2.4 ghz
antena abal2, SWR analizer less,
You built the antenna wrong, elements should never touch the beam or anything connected, they should be insulated
Terrible
xD xD xD !!!
Tighten it with the help of a nut LOL...
RV_Six hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha