Hub, Switch, & Router Explained - What's the difference?

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  • Опубликовано: 2 июн 2024
  • This is an animated video that explains the difference between a hub, switch, and a router. It explains how a router works, how a switch works and how a hub works.
    This is the modem/router that I personally use (affiliate) amzn.to/2Ng9vsp
    Router recommendation (affiliate) amzn.to/3QUZi7V - This is a wifi router with a built-in switch that I recommend.
    Join this channel to get access to perks:
    / @powercertanimatedvideos
    ►Exclusive Deal. Get the VPN that I use (affiliate). nordvpn.com/powercert
    Save 59% on a 2-year plan + 4 months free
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    I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.

Комментарии • 2,5 тыс.

  • @PowerCertAnimatedVideos
    @PowerCertAnimatedVideos  5 лет назад +278

    ►Switch that I bought and recommend (affiliate) amzn.to/3lRNzKh
    ►Here is the wifi router that I recommend (affiliate) amzn.to/3pYOJGm

    • @mahnazha
      @mahnazha 5 лет назад +35

      Can I just say I love you??? The best explanation I have ever seen and heard!!!!! I MEAN WOOOOOOW.

    • @thomaspv9531
      @thomaspv9531 5 лет назад +5

      Zabls

    • @thomaspv9531
      @thomaspv9531 5 лет назад +2

      @@mahnazha ablshe kahnl

    • @PowerCertAnimatedVideos
      @PowerCertAnimatedVideos  5 лет назад +9

      Thank you :)

    • @mojomoments7141
      @mojomoments7141 5 лет назад +3

      PowerCert Animated Videos thankyou for simplifying this

  • @venkatachandini3554
    @venkatachandini3554 4 года назад +2621

    "Hubs and switches are used to create networks while Routers connect networks ".Excellent

    • @joshr7232
      @joshr7232 3 года назад +4

      Venkata chandini nice TL:DW

    • @hemnathm4692
      @hemnathm4692 3 года назад +8

      What is modem?

    • @hhectorlector
      @hhectorlector 3 года назад +29

      I read this comment while that sentence was being said in the video. Neat!

    • @syp8090
      @syp8090 3 года назад +15

      @Tahmid alpha12 Hey there? So if I understand it correctly, this is the path of data (in a case I'm using switch):
      Computer → Switch → Router → Modem → Internet
      Am I right? Would appreciate your input. Thank you! :)

    • @realchickennuggy
      @realchickennuggy 3 года назад +3

      @Red Ape Accurate

  • @vatsk
    @vatsk 4 года назад +1461

    Honestly people like you are the reason why many people keep being interested in their courses, love you man

    • @abuabdulrahman1871
      @abuabdulrahman1871 4 года назад +18

      Best channel ever

    • @AksoAmaral
      @AksoAmaral Год назад +4

      Exactly...

    • @harshamalabandara4850
      @harshamalabandara4850 7 месяцев назад +3

      6 years ago but still I am understanding most of the concepts using this channel. This is a life saver!

    • @HabibTanbir0002
      @HabibTanbir0002 5 месяцев назад

      You can also check "branch education"

  • @akhilpandey9054
    @akhilpandey9054 Год назад +19

    I'm a CS graduate, working as a Software Engineer, and I am learning these things now, after my graduation. Thank you for your comprehensive videos!

  • @Fatherjohn76
    @Fatherjohn76 3 года назад +185

    For someone starting out like myself it's so refreshing to have a clear, visual explanation of stuff like this, whilst so many other tutorials make the assumption everyone already knows this. Thanks!

    • @optimisms
      @optimisms 2 года назад +3

      agree, the visual aspect is extremely helpful for me!

    • @mariah7773
      @mariah7773 2 года назад

      Agreed!

  • @Deadpool-wz2wi
    @Deadpool-wz2wi 4 года назад +727

    you guys explained this in seven minutes, and my teacher made 1 hour long power point, you guys are heroes

    • @rishavkumar7398
      @rishavkumar7398 4 года назад +3

      @@meberg6958 dddd

    • @bashirahmed7355
      @bashirahmed7355 4 года назад +4

      Please ,no one can take place of teachers

    • @henrydickenson5380
      @henrydickenson5380 4 года назад +15

      @@meberg6958 To be fair, I explained ARP messaging and it did not take an hour to explain it to my students.

    • @navyaharit3253
      @navyaharit3253 4 года назад +1

      You are a liar

    • @glennwilliams6522
      @glennwilliams6522 4 года назад +1

      M Eberg You need to spend some time with my Yogi at his ashram. Ommmmmm.........

  • @roshangurung8045
    @roshangurung8045 3 года назад +22

    Sat on class for an hour about router , switch and hub and my face was blank..now watched your videos of 7 minutes and you really save the time of my life..thank you

  • @amongusztav655
    @amongusztav655 Год назад +23

    I've spent half year on university having computer networks classes and I didn't understand sh*t of it until I've found this video. Thanks!

    • @jeniosk1097
      @jeniosk1097 Год назад +4

      @CoeusQuantitative The computer networking classes always include and must include these basics. The problem is they're usually skimmed through and done with no effort to visualize how these concepts actually work. It's also difficult for professors to be patient with concepts that are new to their students while the professors have been learning about it for years if not decades. But that's they're job and that's what they should do.

    • @joeyjoeanu4910
      @joeyjoeanu4910 Год назад +1

      @coeusquantitative6146 man shut the fuck up with this you
      sound just like the fossils of a people everyone hates to have a discussion with.
      Because of hit in the head out of touch thinking like yours so much potential is lost where many people could had gotten passionate about these subjects. If the course its taught with the ass, not even that, not even half assed, students will not search these out of curiosity they will search it out of desperation for believing that they are inferior in thinking for not understanding "such simple basics". If the teacher doesnt teach THE BASE of a subject with the same passion or interest as the rest of the course how the hell is that supposed to translate to an unknowing barely starting student on these topics. The teacher should lay the foundation THAT S WHY THEY ARE A FUCKING TEACHER. To teach and spark the motivation for the later courses. If they arent doing that might as well stop teaching when you are leaving people in the dark on such "simple" notions just because your ass is lazy to make it an interesting introduction. Fuck off mate

    • @chillur3950
      @chillur3950 4 месяца назад

      jeez pal, cool your jets@@coeusquantitative6146

  • @jesterbenitez509
    @jesterbenitez509 2 года назад +24

    "A real technical person can explain technical things to non-technical people."
    - Jarrod Teo
    Great content. Keep it up.

  • @zb2747
    @zb2747 3 месяца назад +4

    I'm a software dev and currently studying for network+ to widen my knowledge and your videos have been extremely helpful.
    Straight forward and concise - thank you brother!

  • @rosarioingargiola2567
    @rosarioingargiola2567 3 года назад +16

    Absolutely awesome! You know a person really knows a subject when they can explain a complicated subject in such easy terms that anyone can clearly understand it. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.

  • @madiathomas
    @madiathomas 3 года назад +85

    Best explanation ever. You stick to the basics and avoided going too deep. This is how any complicated concept must be taught. Focus must be on getting the basics right and spark an interest of a learner. How the hub, switch, and router does their magic wasn’t important for this video and you dud great by not discussing that. If we want to know how they do it, we can always watch other videos that explains. 7 minutes well spent. You earned a subscriber.

  • @clintanderson4591
    @clintanderson4591 3 года назад +5

    I never do this, but subscribed after only ONE video (this one). Well done. Even after taking a networking class, didn't realize the differences completely until you explained it so clearly. Keep at it.

  • @onetirtha
    @onetirtha 4 года назад +48

    Absolutely stunning presentation. Clarity of explanation to a layman. You made networking feel way more easier and fun for me.

  • @aAaAAA-ppgg
    @aAaAAA-ppgg 4 года назад +18

    Beautiful narration! Clear, calm voice, just the right emphasis, words easy to understand. I also appreciate the pauses. Thank you! I'm currently taking a CAD-CAM course, but we also have network classes. I can already see, that your other videos will also be at help for me. :)

  • @logancain
    @logancain 2 года назад +6

    I love this channel! I had a friend who used to help me with this kind of stuff, but he's been super busy, so I'm trying to learn about it on my own. These explanations are so clear and sequential. It's exactly what I needed.

  • @social.2184
    @social.2184 3 года назад +69

    This is a god level explanation and animation.

  • @tanmaypalkar9861
    @tanmaypalkar9861 6 лет назад +64

    OMG Its unbelievable that I finally got a source that honestly has something to tell genuinely about this :)

  • @avivmaimon8068
    @avivmaimon8068 5 лет назад +13

    I've seen quite a few of your videos on the channel, and it's important for me to say that you are explaining simply wonderful and bright to understand, especially with the animation that seems to be invested.
    (And I say this as one of English is not his native language)
    We'll be happy to see more videos in a variety of other IT issues, even if you can also use security.
    rise and succeed.

  • @12Soldieroffortune12
    @12Soldieroffortune12 2 года назад +5

    You have the ability to explain complex problems in very simple ways. Also animated diagrams are awesome and support your words perfectly. Thanks

  • @neoroman0510
    @neoroman0510 2 года назад +7

    I wish all our education systems had this level of clarity in explaining everything! Well done, sir! And thank you.

  • @ronaldeatman6603
    @ronaldeatman6603 7 лет назад +29

    That was the most easy and precise explanation of this particular subject.
    I know you have more videos but please do more. Like CCNA, Security + or even MSCA.
    Your vids are *awesome!*

  • @fweddyfwintsone4491
    @fweddyfwintsone4491 4 года назад +6

    "A picture is worth a thousand words!" Very concise explanation and presentation. Thanks for all your time and effort making and sharing. You just made me and my teenage son new subscribers.

  • @kaltsan
    @kaltsan 2 года назад +3

    Thanks for creating this video. It really helps me to understand the difference between Hub and Switch. I have read lots of explanation from other websites, but no one can explain so simple and clear!

  • @bradleyli1569
    @bradleyli1569 Год назад +1

    What has been confusing me for the entire lecture has become clear within a few mins! Really appreciate videos!

  • @PC-ky3qo
    @PC-ky3qo 4 года назад +11

    Oh damn! This is one of the most beautiful explanations I have ever experienced regarding what are these routers, switches, and hub. I loved it. This is just amazing. Thanks for this video.

  • @tanyacharbury4728
    @tanyacharbury4728 4 года назад +7

    I love the clear animations and how well the narrator explains things.
    Thank you!

  • @willkeinnamen5829
    @willkeinnamen5829 3 года назад +4

    Thats the first time I watched a explanation video for school, which I didnt have to stop and replay to understand. Respect!

  • @hacmuratkaraman1583
    @hacmuratkaraman1583 3 года назад

    I just want to thank to both narrator and the people who made this video together, thank you so much. It is really what I was looking for.

  • @sahilgupta4503
    @sahilgupta4503 6 лет назад +4

    This topic cannot be explained in better way. You did justice to this topic. Really good.

  • @lifelearner1848
    @lifelearner1848 6 лет назад +150

    This is by far the best video on this topic.

  • @vincentlhz9986
    @vincentlhz9986 3 года назад +6

    If there is more people like him, learning technical knowledge wouldn't have to be so frustrating

  • @suparnaprasad8187
    @suparnaprasad8187 2 года назад +6

    I love this channel! Really brings to light the ingenuity behind technology that we use every single day in such simple terms! Looking forward to more videos!

  • @OfficiallyOrca
    @OfficiallyOrca 5 лет назад +34

    For a beginner like me switching careers this is perfect! Definitely appreciated

  • @munyafiction
    @munyafiction 7 лет назад +309

    Don't ever stop! thank you!

  • @dbhale8222
    @dbhale8222 Год назад +2

    Thank you for this! I am taking an introductory course in IT and the course's explanation of this left me very confused. This video made it very simple to understand. I am looking forward to more of your content!

  • @jeniting9751
    @jeniting9751 2 года назад +2

    Words cannot describe how much I love these videos. Please never stop making them.

  • @testamentekilunga3518
    @testamentekilunga3518 7 лет назад +11

    Your video makes me understand what i was looking since. you are a good teacher and i have to thank u for your video! I can say is the best video that explains the different between HUB, SWITCH and Router. Thanks a lot once again!

  • @user-gu5ts5nx8r
    @user-gu5ts5nx8r 4 года назад +6

    Accidentally saw this video and after watching it, i ended up with being subscribed !
    It made me feel like this is what i have been missing as far as my understanding of networking is concerned.
    Thanks for sharing this.

  • @gorenekli
    @gorenekli 3 года назад +1

    With an appropriate speed and clearly of talking, there is nothing to be missed. Thank you a lot

  • @InspirationLabs-ff8vf
    @InspirationLabs-ff8vf 8 месяцев назад +3

    Thank you so much for your teaching. I've tried to study these concepts from multiples sources and I just had a vague understanding, but I finally understood through your clear teaching and amazing animation. Lots of thanks to you and the animation team.

  • @Inaesteeina
    @Inaesteeina 5 лет назад +13

    Thank you!! I was having issues with an assignment and this explanation helped me immensely.

  • @xornedge8204
    @xornedge8204 4 года назад +12

    Bro. You made so simple to understand that even i understand it it now. That is a feat my dude. A feat.

  • @bccabernet
    @bccabernet 3 года назад +1

    Very clear explanations. And I love the fact you used different colours to demonstrate this... it just makes even easier to understand. Cheers!

  • @jessievecchio
    @jessievecchio Год назад

    We watch this video in school. extremely good and easy to understand. I like how you pause, as though you are giving the viewer to take notes if they need to

  • @paulgarcia1566
    @paulgarcia1566 6 лет назад +220

    Small business owner here. I was having trouble my growing office network but thanks to this video I was able to identify the issue and resolve the problem. Thank you!

  • @zedking5569
    @zedking5569 6 лет назад +4

    Though I researched this question a lot but this video by far is the best explanation to it . thanks for posting

  • @medinalamaison4772
    @medinalamaison4772 2 года назад

    Wow! I just came across this video and I am glad I did. My Professor has been explaining this for weeks and I still didn't get it. I watched this once and understand hubs, switches, and routers now!
    Your videos are such great help!
    Thank you!!!!

  • @tubadurantdoda
    @tubadurantdoda Год назад +2

    I was struggling to understand the difference between a router and a switch and when they are used or needed. This video was much needed. Thanks!

  • @blacklotus5953
    @blacklotus5953 4 года назад +17

    this was explained so well. simple and straight to the point.

  • @danielsmith5032
    @danielsmith5032 4 года назад +6

    I love simple explanations and I love animations. This video is perfect for me. Thank you

  • @carroyo911
    @carroyo911 4 года назад +2

    I wish you guys had been around back in the 1990's when I studied for my CNA/CNE. Trying to teach myself these concepts from books was a nightmare, but I managed to do it... Excellent job explaining...

  • @dluuc
    @dluuc 2 года назад

    At last! I searched all over the internet for answers to my questions. it probably took about a week, 4 or 5 hours a day. maybe I was looking badly !? but it's strange that everyone only talks about how great it is, but no one says how it works and why. Glory to all those who are not too lazy to create and explain! Thanks a lot!

  • @chrishuston4445
    @chrishuston4445 5 лет назад +39

    Wow... awesome channel!
    This is one of the best explanations of this I have seen!

  • @macartur66
    @macartur66 5 лет назад +24

    This is the best tutorial on routers,switches and hubs differences I’ve ever seen. Thanks

    • @Unicorn-ul1ol
      @Unicorn-ul1ol 3 года назад

      agreed. He simplified the terms and explained in simples how hubs, switches, and routers work in less than 8 min. Perfect!

  • @agstechnicalsupport
    @agstechnicalsupport 2 года назад

    Very nice animation explaining the differences between a hub, switch and router. Thank you for preparing and posting !

  • @AndreFouche
    @AndreFouche 3 года назад +1

    You must be very proud of yourself - you have certainly made a lot of people/students very happy! Well executed Powercert!

  • @kerrkaren16
    @kerrkaren16 4 года назад +9

    Thank you so much for helping people like me who wants to understand this. I love your videos! They are easy for me to understand. Pls keep it up!

  • @kshitijjain1187
    @kshitijjain1187 4 года назад +4

    This is the first time I have understood it so clearly ! Good work and thanks.

  • @wardoonacademy
    @wardoonacademy 3 года назад +2

    you gave us the best explaination possible, just using words is not always enough to persuade, you used the best method with demonstrations and graphical representations. Thank you sir.

  • @pipingengineer2741
    @pipingengineer2741 10 месяцев назад

    I doubt many thing about IT for more than 2 decade until see this youtube VDO channel. Now it fully understand in many subject. Many thanks.

  • @jw5592
    @jw5592 4 года назад +19

    THANK YOU for this video! It was so clearly explained and clearly illustrated! I understood these concepts so quickly because of you explaining this.

    • @tormodhag6824
      @tormodhag6824 3 года назад

      5:20 was the only thing he got wrong. Other packets do not pass through your router not intended for your ip, there are boxes outside splitting up the incoming packets to the right ip, plus your ISP manages sending the right packages to the right place

  • @Zytri92
    @Zytri92 2 года назад +3

    That was very easy to follow and understand. I’m definitely a visual learner and the graphical style used was very helpful.

  • @trumanhw
    @trumanhw 3 года назад +2

    FREAKING BRILLIANT! Your explanations are the simplest I've ever encountered.
    You are TRULY a genius!!

  • @charinamaecastillano2170
    @charinamaecastillano2170 6 месяцев назад

    TBH, this is the most commendable explanation by far. It's simple and on point. Also, you provided a clear visual presentation.It helped a lot. Thank you so much!

  • @thepremdutta
    @thepremdutta 6 лет назад +51

    PowerCert ur videos are amazing...... Thnk You

  • @cybergen2K
    @cybergen2K 4 года назад +4

    This was so clear and easy to understand. thanks for taking the time to make such a great video,

  • @MarcosDemian
    @MarcosDemian Год назад

    This video should be pinned at the top of the top of youtube recommendations!! outstanding explanation of Hubs, Switches and Routers. Thank you so much for making these concepts so easy to understand

  • @earllibay6814
    @earllibay6814 5 лет назад +4

    i came here for my review , this coming jan 3 i have my interview for an IT support, and this helps me alot , great & clear explanation with those animation, thankyou so much powercert

  • @bLoOdStOne24
    @bLoOdStOne24 5 лет назад +4

    What a crystal clear way of explanation! Hands down.

  • @goddy5890
    @goddy5890 3 года назад +2

    Love this channel. Explains it so easily. I have learned a lot from these videos and always share the videos here to help others when they have a hard time understanding my explanation

  • @MrMangel888
    @MrMangel888 3 года назад

    Talk about making a concept simple to understand by anybody. The world would benefit from more educators like you. Bravo!

  • @wayyguyy18
    @wayyguyy18 4 года назад +34

    I'm currently transitioning into I.T. from marketing and this is the explanation I have came across regarding the purpose and difference between hubs, switches and routers. Thank you.

    • @ClassierAunt
      @ClassierAunt 3 года назад +3

      Marketing sucks! I really hate the Business World

    • @akpokemon
      @akpokemon 3 года назад

      i assume you meant "the *best*..."

    • @saifshaikh3191
      @saifshaikh3191 2 года назад

      Same! I am doing MBA in business analytics and self studying to start career in CyberSec. This channel is really helping me clear out confusion.

    • @srivelayudham8965
      @srivelayudham8965 2 года назад

      You are not alone bro

    • @TheAndreisukaru2
      @TheAndreisukaru2 2 года назад

      What were your reasons for leaving marketing? Im contemplating a similar decision also

  • @navr5409
    @navr5409 7 лет назад +81

    very clear explanation..... great animation and keep going !!! :-)

  • @emanx222
    @emanx222 3 года назад +2

    I can't express how much these videos help!!!!! So engaging and easy to understand omg

  • @MrMukulpandey
    @MrMukulpandey 2 года назад

    Best video on RUclips of networking till now....i have already searched so much channels and videos and here i got u ❤️

  • @ThiernoDiallo-gf4xi
    @ThiernoDiallo-gf4xi 5 лет назад +9

    Finally, this thing is made clear to me, and for that, thank you !

  • @AwaraGhumakkad
    @AwaraGhumakkad 3 года назад +3

    This is an amazing explanation, showing the internals of a hub (wiring and all) ..

  • @TheStncld357
    @TheStncld357 2 года назад

    I gotta tell you, hands down the most simple and concise video teaching this material!

  • @pointingtojesus247
    @pointingtojesus247 2 года назад +5

    I am currently taking the Google IT Support Certification course and your explanations are not only simplified but can really turn a novice in tech into a pro.

    • @andrewhooper7603
      @andrewhooper7603 2 года назад

      Right? I wonder if their idea was to force us to learn to supplement their course with our own self-study. Introducing the models and layers without actually explaining what they really are was a weird choice.

  • @vangelova7443
    @vangelova7443 5 лет назад +11

    Thank you so much for this video! Your explanations are so clear and effective! I could never understand the differencies only by listening to professors or by just reading stuff. Thank you so much! Keep up the amazing work and keep helping people around the world!!!

  • @rathnap283
    @rathnap283 5 лет назад +10

    You have given the best lecture I have ever seen...Tq lots sir... Continue ur great job sir....

  • @abraham7966
    @abraham7966 Год назад

    After watching this video, I only hit a button and that was "Subscribe".
    Short, concise, clearly explained. Worth of subscription

  • @tomtelfer4009
    @tomtelfer4009 3 года назад +2

    Unbelievably informative. Thank you for simplifying something I should have known 20 years ago.

  • @karunamoorthyd
    @karunamoorthyd 5 лет назад +5

    No one can explain like this. Thanks for sharing this information!

  • @Kdoubleanoyla
    @Kdoubleanoyla 4 года назад +8

    WOW. This was easy af to understand. Thank you!

  • @MrEric-rs2wg
    @MrEric-rs2wg 3 года назад +1

    **NOSTALGIA**
    I watched this video around 3yrs ago when I was in O Levels.. Tomorrow is my exam AS LEVEL exam and I revisited to it just for a summary of INFO.. Love you Powercert ❤️

  • @wildae.
    @wildae. 2 года назад +1

    amazing explanation, for a week i was reading so many website but you guys explained me in minutes

  • @balarekha13
    @balarekha13 4 года назад +4

    Wonderful explanation. Makes it so easy for a new learner to understand the concepts.

  • @sophiem922
    @sophiem922 5 лет назад +9

    I want to say thank you for every single video. 👏

  • @swatitripathi9864
    @swatitripathi9864 4 года назад +1

    Please keep posting more. This channel's content is really good and well explained.

  • @katrenco
    @katrenco 2 года назад

    EXCELLENT TUTORIAL, everything a tutorial should be minus everything a tutorial should not be. It's Complete, Concise, Easy to Understand and Follow with no annoying, time-wasting yakity-yak! You got right to the point and stayed on point. I love it when that happens!!!.... all too rare, though. You should do a tutorial on how to do a tutorial! Thanks for the GREAT info and the SUPERB delivery!!!

  • @razyer-tz
    @razyer-tz 4 года назад +3

    Great video! This is the best explanation I have ever seen on this topic.

  • @rikschaaf
    @rikschaaf Год назад +22

    If you look at the OSI model, you could say that these devices that interconnect correspond to the following layers:
    - Router: layer 3 (network layer), where it routes packets based on IP addresses
    - Switch: layer 2 (data link layer), where it routes frames based on MAC addresses
    - Hub: layer 1 (physical layer), where it routes bits to all other connected devices
    There are also layer 4 (transport layer) and layer 7 (application layer) routers which are used in datacenters to route traffic for specific domain names to the correct machine, either based on the HTTP "Host" header when using layer 7 for plain text traffic or the TLS Server Name Indicator aka SNI when using layer 4 for secure traffic, like HTTPS.

    • @bctesla
      @bctesla Год назад

      Video doesn’t mention layer 3 switches and VLAN and NAT which is why the world has yet to switch completely over to IPv6

  • @okinrob1743
    @okinrob1743 2 года назад

    Hello! I am on my online IT Course and so far I am on Networking+, your video has helped me understaand these three! Thank you!!

  • @lb4660
    @lb4660 Год назад

    So simple and clear. Thank you, PowerCerts Animated Videos!

  • @kodkid
    @kodkid 6 лет назад +29

    Amazing. You made this easy to understand. Great job!! Make more. No. Make lots more!!

  • @markathompson
    @markathompson 6 лет назад +25

    EXCELLENT VIDEO - THE BEST AND MOST INFORMATIVE VIDEOS ON RUclips .... GREAT JOB SIR ...

  • @aidasiboo1654
    @aidasiboo1654 2 года назад +1

    That was perfect! Thank you for this simple, clear, and easy explanation.

  • @scincer
    @scincer 3 года назад

    This is most clear explanation, i ever witnessed about these. You are simply astonishing!