APCRHECBCHEATFSDS *VT Armor piercing composite rigid high explosive capped ballistic capped high explosive anti tank fin stabilised discarding sabot, with variable time fuze
@@Fireatank yes, well enough to get an idea. But he shouldn't have said that the copper doesn't become a liquid, because it certainly does. It's my only issue with the video and he actually did a great job with the AP rounds in finding those obscure ones that were basically rendered useless before they were even fielded.
2:24 This is a misconception thanks to War Thunder but IRL, shrapnel shells are not APHE shells. Shrapnel shells are air burst munitions that are specifically an anti-personnel rounds. Think of it like canister shot, but you shoot the gun at the enemy and then the gun fires mid air, creating a cloud of bullets. Also, APCR rounds had a aluminum body but used a Tungsten core. This made them expensive and not widely used during WW2 or after.
And also germany stoped to produce it in large numbers because tungsten was needed for other components. Even if tanks had some of them, they were only allowed to shoot it if there was no other option
@@o-hogameplay185 tungsten nees to Be buy to spain at this time they were reluctant to do And they needed so much for turbines for jet aircraft engines as the Jumo 2 on ME 262
@@o-hogameplay185 Tungsten projectiles were not really a thing for Germany in WW2. Before being allowed to shoot a round, you first need it in your inventory ;) A former French Navy EOD friend only had one 20mm AP round to show in his otherwise huge collection after his career so that says something.
@Falcon_by_the_lake I’m glad you found that funny. Also just in case, I don’t mean it as an insult. Just an impulsive thought I had while reading your comment.
I love how much of this I've been able to glean from War Thunder over time. Even the history, watching APDS and HEATFS rounds come into play in higher rank vehicles as technology improved and became standard. It's given me such a great understanding of this stuff, enough to understand the real history I've seen since. One thing I didn't expect was APHE rounds being so ineffective. From playing War Thunder, you'd think they were god's gift to tankers all the way up to the invention of HEATFS. Almost every tank in the game before the Cold War era has APHE rounds which are incredibly effective at getting one-shot kills if aimed properly. It's kinda surprising to hear that in reality, they were passed pretty quickly in favor of heavier solid rounds.
The issue is that in War Thunder, APHE rounds detonate in a spherical pattern, able to travel BACKWARDS from the point of detonation - IRL, momentum still carries the explosive FORWARD in more of a cone shape, only slightly wider than that of a solid shot
@@ArmorCast Ah, that makes sense. Yeah, I imagine that would make it considerably less effective in War Thunder. I kinda wish that was modeled correctly now though, would cut back on the dominance of APHE in most of Rank I-IV. Not like War Thunder has any shortage of physics problems to work out.
In the videos of an air to air missile exploding you can see it blow and then turn into a ring then a funnel. That shows you the effected area of an explosive round, roughly speaking.
To add to this, Caps were really needed to essentially be padding. For very hard steel or especially tungsten carbide shells, the impact on the armor (especially high-hardness armor) would shatter the shell like glass, because of the brittleness that accompanies hardness. So the cap gives a soft metal cushion to reduce the stresses on the shell, and it does a fantastic job of preventing shattering, from all the simulations I've seen.
The big reason behind the switch from rifle to smoothbore is that as projectile velocity passes a certain point the gasses start to erode the rifling which means that after a limited number of rounds the gun begins to lose accuracy. This was discovered during testing of the new sabot for the 105mm rifle in the M60A3. To prevent the spin of the rifling causing the round to curve like a golf ball at longer ranges they installed ball bearings in the sabot of the round so that the penetrator would rely on the fins to stabilize it. In testing the new sabot could destroy the rifling in the barrel in one or two days of heavy combat. This led to the adoption of the smoothbore gun in the Abrams which allows much higher muzzle velocities.
Good video, subbed. Short note on gyroscopic stabilisation (GS) though: longer round do not "respond negatively" to GS, but it is simply unfeasible to apply it. The sabot rounds were becoming longer and heavier, thus in need of much higher rotational speeds to stabilize them. This creates a few problems in itself: the extreme amounts of spin imparted on the projectile will create a lot of gyroscopic drift, and the rifling cannot be expected to survive for very long because of the extreme stresses. For these reasons it is more suitable to use fin stabilisation and a smooth bore gun. If a long spin stabilised projectile is not sufficiently spun it will tumble end over end, but it is not a product of the spin itself.
Well done. Concise, accurate and still basic enough for a beginner to understand without boring a veteran. Very glad I subscribed. Now you just need a video on how to know when you’re being Gaijined and how to counteract that curse. Perhaps a step by step guide on appeasing the hamsters?
I was on tanks for 7 years and learned from guys with cumulative experience in excess of probably 200years between then. Heat rounds push physics to the extreme. The insurgents in Iraq and the Taliban in Afghanistan had used this to great effect against armored vehicles using EFPs. The explosive force puts incredible pressure on the copper plate or cone, also compressing it into a single jet. The pressure alone is what causes the copper to actually liquefy and heat up. For a split second it is near its boiling point and will cut through the armor like a plasma jet. The tell is looking at the penetration and seeing the deposited copper. These also need a specific distance to be effective. If they are directly against the armor, no pen. Too far from it and the hot copper simply splatters on the surface like weld spatter. That's what the cages around vehicles and tanks are for and spaced armor as well. US troops in Iraq used 5gallon water cans over doors to completely negate EFPs before effective countermeasures were fielded. My MRAP had side armor and we still put a bunch of mess in and filled the space with full water bottles because of how effective water is at stopping anything and everything. It's non compressible unlike all other elements involved, and so it bleeds off an incredible amount of energy off any incoming projectiles or fragments.
@@Fae-Fey as in stand of, not range to target. There are a few shapes these ammo types use that are effective. In the front there's a sensor that when crushed detonates the explosives at the optimal distance to cause the most penetration on the target. Most have an active sensor when they are produced and some activate when fired from the gun or launchers. Stand of would've been a better term to use but many have a better understanding of the terminology of distance. When talking about range, distance, length and other words used to denote a physical measurement some clarification is sometimes needed. Probably should've added them into my explanation.
@@Fae-Fey and many KE rounds that are penetrating rods lose very little in way of energy or velocity over the course of their flight path, even out to 3,600m. They will lose some, but they are still very effective at longer ranges. KE rounds are also considered overpressure and will have more powder behind them for maximum velocity. These can reach 1,800m/s. Where as your typical HEAT leaves the gun at around 1,300-1,500m/s. The difference is seen in trajectory. If not for the atmosphere or any other forces besides gravity, a miss could send one of these rounds into low earth orbit. One reason the M829A4 cant go any faster than it does currently is because it's a segmented rod, having 2 pieces to defeat different protection systems or armor layouts. That also creates a problem when you go a little faster, the rod fails and comes apart. This isnt an every time, but it was enough to set the charge to the maximum. Also the only accurate simulations of what a DU APFSDS does on target have been when I was in the military and they had to use special commands to make it happen in the sim because the strange physics were unknown and many people have no idea that the DU actually burns it's way through armor. The only things that will save you is DU and Tungsten, or very thick and heavy steel armor. And if you actually manage to survive a penetration event by a DU rod, you will die from DU poisoning because you likely didnt hold your breath while getting out and away and while stripping down and taking a shower. Scary stuff to think about.
@@awashburn6944 went back and reread my comment. It appears a word was absorbed into the ether. It should say that DU burns on it's way through. Referenced to it being pyrophoric. As for shape charges we are both correct. It depends completely on the size of the cone, and the amount of chemical charge behind it. The heat that much larger shape charge devices will build up isnt transferred from the explosive. It comes from the forces and pressures of it forming into a "jet". I never said it was a plasma, I said like a plasma in trying to use common terms others could understand without having a full course of knowledge on the subject. The instantaneous temperature changes happen so fast on bigger cones (8-10in di.+) that it isnt commonly known about. The bigger ones do get very hot but it isnt what causes penetration. You are correct there. The heat produced during penetration also isnt enough to melt armor but the forces cause the deposits of copper as it punches through. The cone turned jet does heat up but that heat is also lost very quickly on smaller ones (sub 6in) the heat is just enough to cause the copper to reach a very soft taffy like consistency. There is more than plastic deformation happening. In the larger ones the copper does actually get hot enough to become a liquified jet.
proximnity fuse was awesome its like a mini radar made strong enough to survive being fired with like vacum tubes. they had to make sure it didn't activate during travel so the switch to start it activates when they were spun reely fast from the rifeling. these fuses were also used in artilery to make airbust rounds as the radar can bounce off the ground too not just planes, so they didn't need to do the math to make timers work for airburst.
You’ve talked about shells such as APCBC that have explosive filler as adding to spall on the inside of the tank, but the spall truly doesn’t matter when you have even a tiny explosive filler as it would kill all of the crew inside of the tank due to overpressuization.
Another fun gimmick round is canister rounds (still used today) basically 1100 tungsten or steel ball bearings fired out similar to buck shot. At roughly 300 yards you have a wall of balls 100 feet across. Used as anti-personel round. These saw used in Iraq against insurgents inside cities where they tend to bunch up in groups.
The moment I saw Koala in the title giving explanation on tank shells, I was waiting patiently whilst gaining knowledge until BESH was mentioned and now I’m satisfied
0:11:14 "these shape charged rounds are also easily defeated by adding energy to the high energy copper jet most commonly through explosive armor which can not only disrupt the shape of the shaped charge but also further heat the copper jet into a plasma which no longer has the force and consistency necessary to erode through armor" eg the charged grid anti-RPG system that literally vaporizes the copper jet by simply heating it further.
Well the recently announced Challenger 3 will have a smoothebore gun as well. A little sidenote: Tanks developed early in the cold war like the Leopard 1 or AMX 30 had very little armor purely because at the time HEAT ammunition was so prominent and easily went through a lot of steel that the idea was to make the tanks as light and fast as possible so they wont be hit in the first place.
I was looking for a video to clearly explain how APFSDS rounds worked (specifically why it had the jacket around it) and your video was the first one that actually explained it in a way that made sense to me. Plus all the other info about tank rounds was super cool too! thank you.
The M735 APFSDS round I used to own (I was a cartridge collector) designed for the M68 105mm rifled cannon (used on the M60 MBT) featured a nylon(?) band to engage the rifling that actually could spin freely on the sabot thus minimizing rifling-induced rotation on firing.
This video mentioned hardened steel cores, but it didn't go into penetrator materials, such as depleted uranium (DU) and tungsten (W). DU rounds are particularly interesting, because they are pyrophoric. While DU rounds are still in limited use, they have been phased out due to concerns over the radiological and chemical toxicity of uranium in the surroundings, endangering personnel and civilians in the area.
It went from a penetrating sledgehammer to a penetrating blowtorch. But it got me wondering when I saw the APC round. Still a sledgehammer but a solution to the sloping armour. A quick fix to a new problem, maybe? It's all the failured experiments, the process of trial and error and quick fixes that were happening during war that's peaked my interest now. Great channel by the way. I'll be keeping a keen eye on it from now on.
If the British army upgraded the Challengers main gun to a smooth bore gun. Do you think it would be feasible to develop a fin stabilised HESH round ( FSHESH round) ?
TLDR: No - wouldn't work Using stabilising fins to intentionally SPIN the round rather than to STOP it spinning is a whole different kettle of fish. To STOP the spin just requires flat fins that create drag against that sideways momentum, but to actually START the spin you'd have to angle/curve the fins in such a way that they create that rotation like a fan blade, WITHOUT disrupting the course of the round and leading to inaccuracy. What you'd have to do is use a smart ammunition that will unfold the curved fins, start the spin, but then immediately fold them back in again... by that point you're just suffering from diminishing returns
@@ArmorCast What if we a go a bit further and develop tank-launched 🅱️ESH ATGM? There are HE warheads for pretty much every modern ATGM and I know some of them tend to spin.
@@komradearti9935 that source actually demonstrates exactly why it wouldn’t - installing fins that INDUCE a spin rather than stopping it would produce a massive amount of both drag, and torque. The drag is okay, if not ideal, because HESH is a CE round and is already a low velocity type anyway, but the torque will make it VERY inaccurate at medium to long ranges
6:04 Can we appreciate the dynamic response of the stabilizing system in this WW2 era MBT? When T-62 became a mature evolution of the T-55 around 1970 it wasn't even close to this level of keeping the gun on target while moving with significant cross-country speed. 7:25 Matsimus disagree but I still look at Chally 2 as a slow tank only at this up-armoring package and additional war-ready equippment. Without all of this it does not look bad compared to the 760HP in T-72
Why? It is the most useless round covered. Today only really useful against concrete bunker (and who still uses those?) even our light APC's have protection against the spalling fro the HEP round.
In theory yes. Kinetic penetration is mass*velocity (the actual shape and the materials also matter, but it is just a noversiplified version). So some higher velocity HE could have ,ore penetration, but they have a softer, and thinner frontal "cap", that cant penetrate mauch. plus the fuse will detonate upon impact. Whta you are reffering to is SAP, or SAPHE. It is basically an AHPE with thinner cap in the front than an actual APHE, and a different fuse, that detonates later than a nprmal HE, but sooner that APHE. Alos has the explosive mass between HE and APHE. Alos SAP mostly used on ships. As i know only a few tanks used it, and they were mostly prototype ones, like the SU-100Y (1-2 built and lost at stalingrad if i am correct), it's 130mm B-13 gun had HE and SAP (and other types like smoke, gas, etc)
Awesome video. Most presentations only cover 5 to 7 main types and are no where near as comprehensive. Good work! I question the part about HEAT projectiles not liquefying because of not achieving the metal’s melting point. Perhaps this temperature would not be sufficient in normal conditions, but you have to factor in the extreme pressure caused by the explosive and the resulting kinetic energy it imparts. Do you have a reference for this? It is possible that the core remains a highly plastic solid, but the fact that the initial material must be surrounded by explosive in order to achieve the pressure required does make me wonder.
Liner material is heated to around 450-500 degrees C which is well below the melting point of the usual metals used in shaped charges. Pressures during jet formation and when it impacts the target are truly extreme, reaching millions of atmospheres which is well beyond the yield strength of the liner material and causes it to flow like an incompressible fluid. Apparently you can make a shaped charge liner from brittle materials like ceramic or glass, and while these might not be as effective as metals it does indicate that the mechanism of jet formation probably doesn't rely on plastic flow.
HESH is easily defeated by spaced/slat and composite armor. Composite armor often contains cavities or rubber which will decrease or completely remove the effect of HESH. Another thing is where you actually hit the target... Also, most modern MBTs have kevlar layer on the inside of the tank which greatly reduces spalling.
Not in NATO service - the Russians started using smoothbore guns on the T-62, around the same time APFSDS became popular, but the primary gun on NATO tanks was still the L7/M68 gun used on the Centurions, Leopard 1 series, M60 and early M1 Abrams variants, Merkava, and variations of it could be found on the Italian OF-40 or French AMX-30
There's also the APCNR : like the APCR, but non-rigid. The core is surrounded by a "soft" body that deforms when it crosses through the barrel. Used in squeeze bore weapons.
Great summary. I have missed a bit the effect of spaced composit armor and their effect on APDS rounds getting longer to not tumble before impact. Some illustrating images for spaced armor and cages such as on the striker APCs would have been great.
Spaced armor was made to defeat the HEP rounds. This is why almost every armed forces out side of the UK went smooth bore, as they become very niche rounds.
There isn't one. Just in case they need to maintain visual contact and fire additional rounds on the primary target while avoiding direct opportunity for alternate possible targets to accurately respond.
the powder charge would need to be reduced or the barrel would blow up. modern tank guns are meant for firing light weight high velocity rounds if you fire solid steel slugs the round wouldn't leave the barrel fast enough and create overpressure due to the fast burning powder needed for sabot and heat rounds.
@@Erpyrikk No, modern barrels are really strong. Really it probably wouldn't be drastically different than the 122 of the IS-2, obviously though without the benefits of rifling.
French did make 105mm Heat shell for their Amx-30 series that could be fired through a rifled gun, with none of the aforementioned negative effects. Later They also discarded the use of rifled guns for economical and practical logistical reasons.
APFDS - fast-moving metal rod accelerated by chemical energy from an explosion(deflagration) / HEAT round - much faster-moving metal rod accelerated by chemical energy from an explosion (detonation)
Another major limitation of HESH/HEP is velocity. If they hit faster than 750 m/s the plastic explosive is spread too far and thin to have sufficient concentration for adequate armor penetration. This came from a report on the M41 Walker Bulldog from US Army Ord. I dont remember the exact source but can try to dig it out of anyone cares or needs it. That seems to be the biggest reason the US abandoned the shell even in rifled guns as other shells were 50% higher velocity from the same gun and the aiming and technical challenges werent worth the advantages they brought.
The m1 abrams had a recorded reload time of less than 3 seconds during the battle of 73 easting. If your loader is fresh and has a round in his arms ready to go, loading times drastically decrease. Gaijin just doesn’t bother to model this
A lighter steel jacket and a much heavier and denser steel core? I think the word you're looking for is "metal" not steel. Even though the strength, hardness etc of steel can change greatly depending on its alloying and heat treatment, the density doesn't change much at all... APCR rounds, so I understand, usually had aluminium jackets, not steel. Steel was used for the core of some but something like tungsten is better.
I haven't payed you nothing but that was the best thank you I've seen for RUclips work. If I didn't have to pay my rent I would further your cause my man.
Explain well enough for me to show a rookie buddy, about tank ammo. Yes there may be some things off, and no there are others and name discrepancies, but it explains enough and the graphics are good... so all in all 👍
i advise people to look at to look up armor penetration simulation as it shows how the shell penetrates armor, for example how capped and non-capped projectiles perform against angled armor
Everyone seems to forget that the original HEAT round was a HE shell with thicker casing allowing more energy directed through the nose cone, creating a blast against the impacted armour. This is termed the Munro Effect, and penetration against armour was usually equivalent to the calibre; therefore a 75mm HEAT round could defeat 3 inches of RHA. Obviously as armour got thicker the calibre needed could not be fitted to most tank turrets and were relegated to artillery pieces. However, at the start of the Second World War British 25 pounder used this as their standard anti tank round and bunker buster.
Nope.. the shell body took no part in the formation of the jet. The 25lb AT round was a solid shot with a supercharge increment for the cart and was the reason a muzzle brake was added at an early point in the war. The performance of the 25pdr HEAT projectile was so poor due to it being spun that it was soon abandoned. Most of the early production was scrapped, however many empty shell were sectioned to make training aids to show the principle of the shaped charge. A lot of these ended up in training establishments and were seen by many people, hence the myth of the 25pdr HEAT!
One thing, I remember reading that the Challenger 3 (semi next gen upgrade for Challenger 2 tanks) is switching to the Smoothbore barrel, so globally there will be even less fleets able to use HESH. Probably won't be phased out like some of the shells mentioned for a decade or two but.... If anyone has more info or will correct me please advise.
Something I wanted to bring up Flak cannons weren’t meant to shoot down aircraft outright. The flak was intended to rip up with wings of aircraft causing drag in flight to make the plane drop from formation and become easy prey for fighter planes. Outright downing was too inconsistent to become part of military doctrine until proximity rounds entered the fray.
Is there a fundamental operational difference in them compared to other HEAT effect weapons? Im now curious if you are serious or trolling. I have seen the French SS.11 missiles fired and they lit up a few refit Walker Bulldogs, and while that is no real accomplishment for any ATGM I didnt notice anything particularly special about them.
@@komradearti9935 I was meaning from a technical point compared to practicality. Yes that is a great way to fit more stable HEAT projectiles......or you could slap a few SS.11 missiles on the turret as well. Practically speaking training and small engagements will make the missile a better choice but over time the shell becomes better with missile expenditure. Honestly I view this weapon system as a technically ingenious system but still consider the HEP/sabot only ammo for rifles with adding 4 pack ATGM the better solution if needed.
It's a great video but can we please stop spreading the myth of APC being designed vs angled armour? US testing revealed that APC is the worst ammo type to use against plates at greater than 45° obliquity, in a comparison of AP, HVAP and APC shells. Even HVAP performed better than APC. The cap was added to prevent shattering issues against hardened or face hardened armour that bare AP rounds had. FHA was very common in the interwar years, e.g the Panzer IV's frontal glacis was face hardened. Because of the cap, US and British 75mm APC rounds could penetrate that 80mm of FHA at 1.25km +/-.
The wasted energy also applies to armor piercing rounds, so if it’s kinetic energy is spend spinning if it comes out of a rifled gun, vs if has no spin and all of its force is concentrated on the horizontal plane.
There is one Thing missing on the Capped AP Rounds. The Slug under the Cap is realy Hard Metal, so quite brittle , that Trends to simply crack on Initial impact. So the soft Metal Cap is There to soften These Initial impact force. Drachinifiel Has that realy good explained in his Video about Naval Gun Rounds
Pretty much correct, with one error: Only a couple of tanks use rifled barrels. The fins are for general stabilizing, not to counter rifling. Almost all tanks in the world use smooth-bore cannons.
Only in the modern day. Throughout the Cold War, the vast majority of tank guns were rifled, such as the 105mm’s used on all NATO tanks like the M60 or AMX-30. The Soviet Union were the first to adopt smoothbore guns as standard, first on the T-62, before the T-72 standardised the 125mm smoothbore. In the old 105mm rifles, fins of APFSDS rounds were in fact partly to counteract the torque imparted by rifling, while also keeping it on course. These rounds also typically had spinning rings around them which would rotate with the rifling of the gun, while the round itself would not spin nearly so much. This was one of the most significant design challenges faced by tank designers during the Cold War actually
The very first tanks were British and used Hotchkiss 57mm. L.40 6 pounder naval guns. The only shell available was "Steel Shell - For use against" or what is now referred to as APHE. The shell had a hard nose, base inertial impact delay fuse (Hotchkiss Mark XiV) and a 60% filling of Lydite explosive granules) This shell was scaled down for the later 47mm. L.31 & L.41 3 pounder tank guns and 40mm. L.52 2 pounder gun. The 2 pounder APHE shell failed to meet the WD stipulation of a 70% chance of penetration versus 25mm. of vertical RHA at 500 yards, in 1937. As a result, the British Army went over to solid shot. The French went over to APC from 1934 onwards. The Germans developed Klein Granate Rot Panzer (K.Gr.Rot.Pz) APHE shells for the 77mm. L.39 field gun to counter Allied tanks in WW1. This became the pattern for all guns of & above 75mm. through the 1920's & 1930's, with old stocks still being still in use during 1940, though its performance was mediocre. For the 37mm. PaK.35/36, ammo development was as follows: (1928) PzGr.18 APHE (hard nosed HE shell with 50% explosive filler) = Up to 44mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres. (1935) PzGr. AP/T (solid shot with tracer) = Up to 55mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres. (1939) PzGr.39 APCBC-HE (shot with very small tail end grenade) = Up to 65mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres. (1940) Pzgr.40 APCR (tungsten carbide cored solid shot) = Up to 79mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres. The Soviets stuck with APHE, despite its average 30% reduction in penetrating performance versus solid shot, mainly because of its dual role of being effective against bunkers, buildings & structures. The Japanese used both APHE & AP in their tanks, much for the same reasons as the Soviets. The US used APCHE but quickly moved to APCBC & HVAP to counter improvements in German tank armour. The British developed AP/T into APCBC/T and APCNR (has a cast iron core), finally developing APDS & HESH, in 1944. The first combat use of HESH versus a tank was by a 95mm. 32 pounder howitzer armed Centaur, in 1944. The target is reported to be have been a Panther, in some sources and a Tiger II in others. The 95mm. 32 pounder gun was the only gun issued with HESH, during WW2, for use against bunkers & pill boxes.
the shorter the barrle the thinner the HE steel casing which means more explosive payload. Longer barrles exert more pressure on the round that needs to withstand it, thus need it to be cased in thicker steel. That is also why early german tanks featured "Stummel" short 75mm guns, since their designated role was infantry assistance and not tank to tankk combat. 50mm long barrle Pz.IIIs were meant to do that and did it fairly well.
there are a few more Armor Types that would be interestening to cover Britain where working on PISH shells (Penetration Intelligent Sqash Head) but gave up on it since it where a dead end Russia developed a Tripple charge HEAT Shell to lower the effectiveness of NERA (3BK31) Rheinmetall offers PELE Shells for calibers between 30mm up to 120mm (This one is quite interestening) There are probably even more, but overall its a good video.
@7:38 notice the driver has left the hazard lights On. This is courtesy to warn passersby of the likelihood of big loud boom noises, revving engines, spinning tracks, flying mud, ejected shell casings, and other effects of war.
![Coheed and Cambria - Searching for Tomorrow [Official Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/hDsYGLbmadg/mqdefault.jpg)
🅱️ E S H
Haha 183 *🅱️ E S H* go yeet
Fart
@@Orion-Rh out of pure curiosity, any of y’all here know a good bit about Azur Lane or KanColle
🅱️ E S H
@@Eagerston 🅱️ E S H T
you forgot APHEFSDSHSG (HS)
Armor Piercing High Explosive Fin-Stabilised Discarding Sabot Hand-of-Stalin Guided (Hardened Stalinium)
yeah but isnt APSCBCHEFSDS better?
armor piercing
steel core
ballistic capped
high explosive
fin stabilised
discarding sabot
APCRHECBCHEATFSDS *VT
Armor piercing composite rigid high explosive capped ballistic capped high explosive anti tank fin stabilised discarding sabot, with variable time fuze
@@ArmorCast oh wow somebody please photoshop this shell into reality
,i,, -_- ,,i,
Accurate pic of shell though imagine stalin in that pose....
APCRHECBCHEATFSDSVT- SH
SH for squash head :)
Well done. As an ex tanker who was explaining tank ammo to a friend I looked it up and we enjoyed the concise explanation and graphics.
Wot and reality? Never happend
@@tomobraica4399 kindly clarify. Thanx
He got the physics of HEAT rounds wrong though.
@@Deathbomb9 who cares ... overall a thumbs up.
Explained well enough for rookies... 😨😎
@@Fireatank yes, well enough to get an idea. But he shouldn't have said that the copper doesn't become a liquid, because it certainly does. It's my only issue with the video and he actually did a great job with the AP rounds in finding those obscure ones that were basically rendered useless before they were even fielded.
How did I miss Koala making this channel?
It's everything I've ever wanted in one convenient place!
He sounds like Mike Boyd
It seems like 80% youtubers have thick scottish accents
2:24 This is a misconception thanks to War Thunder but IRL, shrapnel shells are not APHE shells. Shrapnel shells are air burst munitions that are specifically an anti-personnel rounds. Think of it like canister shot, but you shoot the gun at the enemy and then the gun fires mid air, creating a cloud of bullets.
Also, APCR rounds had a aluminum body but used a Tungsten core. This made them expensive and not widely used during WW2 or after.
And also germany stoped to produce it in large numbers because tungsten was needed for other components. Even if tanks had some of them, they were only allowed to shoot it if there was no other option
You know that there are many types of shrapnel shells?
@@o-hogameplay185 tungsten nees to
Be buy to spain at this time they were reluctant to do
And they needed so much for turbines for jet aircraft engines as the Jumo 2 on ME 262
@@o-hogameplay185 Tungsten projectiles were not really a thing for Germany in WW2. Before being allowed to shoot a round, you first need it in your inventory ;)
A former French Navy EOD friend only had one 20mm AP round to show in his otherwise huge collection after his career so that says something.
warthunder is not realistic.you dont need tnt to destroy a tank
I would love to see some super slow motion footage of a HESH shell hitting a thick steel plate
You mean 🅱ESH shell hitting *THICC* steel plate.
When I was an apprentice I saw a MoD video of HESH hitting a tank turret. 4 straw bales made up the crew
It's out there.
@@paulrowan2828 somewhere out there is footage of the British Army testing HESH using pigs as the crew, think strawberry jam.....
ruclips.net/video/ub82Xb1C8os/видео.html
Footage is a bit old but it's the best one I found so far
"but you'll also hear them referred to as HEP" - I was like where 🅱️ESH
HEP stands for high explosive plastic, basically a german variant of hesh where it used plastic, not entirely sure about it tho.
@@thelaxfromthespace8665 r/woooosh
Besh was said immediately after
@@nondescripthandle212 r/ihavereddit
Perhaps
the holy
🅱️ E S H of antioch
ancient: arrows
centuries ago: cannon rounds
now: darts
never change: pay to win
wat
Nah it was
Ancient: stones
A bit after ancient: arrows
Renaissance: iron balls
Now: *APHEFSDSHEATHECBC*
If u think about it life is biggest pay to win game
@@george9453 wish i had bought the "born in nobility" expansion pack before my respawn
@@levector2445 yup. That was my mistake. Also my subscription is about to expire
Imagine being the loader in a challenger and the gunner/commander says "Load B E S H !"
@Falcon_by_the_lake
Your tank commander might have some feelings for you.
@Falcon_by_the_lake
What I mean is that he’s calling you his bitch.
@Falcon_by_the_lake
I’m glad you found that funny.
Also just in case, I don’t mean it as an insult.
Just an impulsive thought I had while reading your comment.
I love how much of this I've been able to glean from War Thunder over time. Even the history, watching APDS and HEATFS rounds come into play in higher rank vehicles as technology improved and became standard. It's given me such a great understanding of this stuff, enough to understand the real history I've seen since.
One thing I didn't expect was APHE rounds being so ineffective. From playing War Thunder, you'd think they were god's gift to tankers all the way up to the invention of HEATFS. Almost every tank in the game before the Cold War era has APHE rounds which are incredibly effective at getting one-shot kills if aimed properly. It's kinda surprising to hear that in reality, they were passed pretty quickly in favor of heavier solid rounds.
The issue is that in War Thunder, APHE rounds detonate in a spherical pattern, able to travel BACKWARDS from the point of detonation - IRL, momentum still carries the explosive FORWARD in more of a cone shape, only slightly wider than that of a solid shot
@@ArmorCast Ah, that makes sense. Yeah, I imagine that would make it considerably less effective in War Thunder. I kinda wish that was modeled correctly now though, would cut back on the dominance of APHE in most of Rank I-IV. Not like War Thunder has any shortage of physics problems to work out.
In the videos of an air to air missile exploding you can see it blow and then turn into a ring then a funnel. That shows you the effected area of an explosive round, roughly speaking.
@@ODST_Parker Its not that bad when you take into account how large the game is
@@reahs4815 i know right
To add to this, Caps were really needed to essentially be padding. For very hard steel or especially tungsten carbide shells, the impact on the armor (especially high-hardness armor) would shatter the shell like glass, because of the brittleness that accompanies hardness. So the cap gives a soft metal cushion to reduce the stresses on the shell, and it does a fantastic job of preventing shattering, from all the simulations I've seen.
This is the most tank nerds I've ever seen in a comment section. There's custom acronyms flying around here like ordinance in an actual battle.
Well we love tanks!
all that i see is 🅱️ESH
APHEBC :)
@@slmhnTR9333 I prefer APFSDS
@@Thurden_mixd every Shell is good if yk how to use it, except shrapnel, shrapnel rounds suck
The big reason behind the switch from rifle to smoothbore is that as projectile velocity passes a certain point the gasses start to erode the rifling which means that after a limited number of rounds the gun begins to lose accuracy. This was discovered during testing of the new sabot for the 105mm rifle in the M60A3. To prevent the spin of the rifling causing the round to curve like a golf ball at longer ranges they installed ball bearings in the sabot of the round so that the penetrator would rely on the fins to stabilize it. In testing the new sabot could destroy the rifling in the barrel in one or two days of heavy combat. This led to the adoption of the smoothbore gun in the Abrams which allows much higher muzzle velocities.
Good video, subbed. Short note on gyroscopic stabilisation (GS) though: longer round do not "respond negatively" to GS, but it is simply unfeasible to apply it. The sabot rounds were becoming longer and heavier, thus in need of much higher rotational speeds to stabilize them. This creates a few problems in itself: the extreme amounts of spin imparted on the projectile will create a lot of gyroscopic drift, and the rifling cannot be expected to survive for very long because of the extreme stresses. For these reasons it is more suitable to use fin stabilisation and a smooth bore gun. If a long spin stabilised projectile is not sufficiently spun it will tumble end over end, but it is not a product of the spin itself.
Well done. Concise, accurate and still basic enough for a beginner to understand without boring a veteran. Very glad I subscribed.
Now you just need a video on how to know when you’re being Gaijined and how to counteract that curse. Perhaps a step by step guide on appeasing the hamsters?
Would love to see it happen
*Well done. Concise, accurate and still basic enough for a beginner to understand without boring a veteran. Very glad I subscribed*
3:01 with subtitles, this mixture of TNT and amity makes the shells as powerful as nuclear bombs
I was on tanks for 7 years and learned from guys with cumulative experience in excess of probably 200years between then. Heat rounds push physics to the extreme. The insurgents in Iraq and the Taliban in Afghanistan had used this to great effect against armored vehicles using EFPs. The explosive force puts incredible pressure on the copper plate or cone, also compressing it into a single jet. The pressure alone is what causes the copper to actually liquefy and heat up. For a split second it is near its boiling point and will cut through the armor like a plasma jet. The tell is looking at the penetration and seeing the deposited copper. These also need a specific distance to be effective. If they are directly against the armor, no pen. Too far from it and the hot copper simply splatters on the surface like weld spatter. That's what the cages around vehicles and tanks are for and spaced armor as well. US troops in Iraq used 5gallon water cans over doors to completely negate EFPs before effective countermeasures were fielded. My MRAP had side armor and we still put a bunch of mess in and filled the space with full water bottles because of how effective water is at stopping anything and everything. It's non compressible unlike all other elements involved, and so it bleeds off an incredible amount of energy off any incoming projectiles or fragments.
Can you explain what you mean by specific distance? i thought HEAT round does not rely on firing distance like other kinetic based rounds?
@@Fae-Fey as in stand of, not range to target. There are a few shapes these ammo types use that are effective. In the front there's a sensor that when crushed detonates the explosives at the optimal distance to cause the most penetration on the target. Most have an active sensor when they are produced and some activate when fired from the gun or launchers. Stand of would've been a better term to use but many have a better understanding of the terminology of distance. When talking about range, distance, length and other words used to denote a physical measurement some clarification is sometimes needed. Probably should've added them into my explanation.
@@Fae-Fey and many KE rounds that are penetrating rods lose very little in way of energy or velocity over the course of their flight path, even out to 3,600m. They will lose some, but they are still very effective at longer ranges. KE rounds are also considered overpressure and will have more powder behind them for maximum velocity. These can reach 1,800m/s. Where as your typical HEAT leaves the gun at around 1,300-1,500m/s. The difference is seen in trajectory. If not for the atmosphere or any other forces besides gravity, a miss could send one of these rounds into low earth orbit. One reason the M829A4 cant go any faster than it does currently is because it's a segmented rod, having 2 pieces to defeat different protection systems or armor layouts. That also creates a problem when you go a little faster, the rod fails and comes apart. This isnt an every time, but it was enough to set the charge to the maximum. Also the only accurate simulations of what a DU APFSDS does on target have been when I was in the military and they had to use special commands to make it happen in the sim because the strange physics were unknown and many people have no idea that the DU actually burns it's way through armor. The only things that will save you is DU and Tungsten, or very thick and heavy steel armor. And if you actually manage to survive a penetration event by a DU rod, you will die from DU poisoning because you likely didnt hold your breath while getting out and away and while stripping down and taking a shower. Scary stuff to think about.
@@Deathbomb9 scary indeed
@@awashburn6944 went back and reread my comment. It appears a word was absorbed into the ether. It should say that DU burns on it's way through. Referenced to it being pyrophoric. As for shape charges we are both correct. It depends completely on the size of the cone, and the amount of chemical charge behind it. The heat that much larger shape charge devices will build up isnt transferred from the explosive. It comes from the forces and pressures of it forming into a "jet". I never said it was a plasma, I said like a plasma in trying to use common terms others could understand without having a full course of knowledge on the subject. The instantaneous temperature changes happen so fast on bigger cones (8-10in di.+) that it isnt commonly known about. The bigger ones do get very hot but it isnt what causes penetration. You are correct there. The heat produced during penetration also isnt enough to melt armor but the forces cause the deposits of copper as it punches through. The cone turned jet does heat up but that heat is also lost very quickly on smaller ones (sub 6in) the heat is just enough to cause the copper to reach a very soft taffy like consistency. There is more than plastic deformation happening. In the larger ones the copper does actually get hot enough to become a liquified jet.
You should be an audiobook narrator, i would buy them all! Great voice! Thanks for learning me about tank (rounds)
proximnity fuse was awesome its like a mini radar made strong enough to survive being fired with like vacum tubes. they had to make sure it didn't activate during travel so the switch to start it activates when they were spun reely fast from the rifeling. these fuses were also used in artilery to make airbust rounds as the radar can bounce off the ground too not just planes, so they didn't need to do the math to make timers work for airburst.
You’ve talked about shells such as APCBC that have explosive filler as adding to spall on the inside of the tank, but the spall truly doesn’t matter when you have even a tiny explosive filler as it would kill all of the crew inside of the tank due to overpressuization.
Another fun gimmick round is canister rounds (still used today) basically 1100 tungsten or steel ball bearings fired out similar to buck shot. At roughly 300 yards you have a wall of balls 100 feet across. Used as anti-personel round. These saw used in Iraq against insurgents inside cities where they tend to bunch up in groups.
The moment I saw Koala in the title giving explanation on tank shells, I was waiting patiently whilst gaining knowledge until BESH was mentioned and now I’m satisfied
0:11:14 "these shape charged rounds are also easily defeated by adding energy to the high energy copper jet most commonly through explosive armor which can not only disrupt the shape of the shaped charge but also further heat the copper jet into a plasma which no longer has the force and consistency necessary to erode through armor" eg the charged grid anti-RPG system that literally vaporizes the copper jet by simply heating it further.
Eh No... just NO!
The fuck have you been reading/smoking?
Well the recently announced Challenger 3 will have a smoothebore gun as well. A little sidenote: Tanks developed early in the cold war like the Leopard 1 or AMX 30 had very little armor purely because at the time HEAT ammunition was so prominent and easily went through a lot of steel that the idea was to make the tanks as light and fast as possible so they wont be hit in the first place.
Whoever was the loader on the centurion shooting earlier is a bloody legend loading evry few seconds
I was wondering the same thing.
Former tanker
1st Battalion 35th Armor
1st Armored Division,
C Company
3rd Platoon
M60A1
Erlangen Germany 1975-1978
Wow I totally gonna have a blast watching this
This was very informative! Great job!
I was looking for a video to clearly explain how APFSDS rounds worked (specifically why it had the jacket around it) and your video was the first one that actually explained it in a way that made sense to me. Plus all the other info about tank rounds was super cool too! thank you.
APHE in real life: disappointing in retrospect, advantages over regular AP minor if better at all.
APHE in War Thunder: literally satan.
The M735 APFSDS round I used to own (I was a cartridge collector) designed for the M68 105mm rifled cannon (used on the M60 MBT) featured a nylon(?) band to engage the rifling that actually could spin freely on the sabot thus minimizing rifling-induced rotation on firing.
Thank you, Wargaming, for putting only AP, APCR, HE, HESH and HEAT in World of Tanks.
War thunder is better
This video mentioned hardened steel cores, but it didn't go into penetrator materials, such as depleted uranium (DU) and tungsten (W). DU rounds are particularly interesting, because they are pyrophoric. While DU rounds are still in limited use, they have been phased out due to concerns over the radiological and chemical toxicity of uranium in the surroundings, endangering personnel and civilians in the area.
“Koala released new vid”
Me : I AM SPEED !!!
It went from a penetrating sledgehammer to a penetrating blowtorch.
But it got me wondering when I saw the APC round. Still a sledgehammer but a solution to the sloping armour. A quick fix to a new problem, maybe? It's all the failured experiments, the process of trial and error and quick fixes that were happening during war that's peaked my interest now.
Great channel by the way. I'll be keeping a keen eye on it from now on.
If the British army upgraded the Challengers main gun to a smooth bore gun. Do you think it would be feasible to develop a fin stabilised HESH round ( FSHESH round) ?
I was just about to ask the same thing, the fins would have to be canted though to impart spin instead of removing it
TLDR: No - wouldn't work
Using stabilising fins to intentionally SPIN the round rather than to STOP it spinning is a whole different kettle of fish. To STOP the spin just requires flat fins that create drag against that sideways momentum, but to actually START the spin you'd have to angle/curve the fins in such a way that they create that rotation like a fan blade, WITHOUT disrupting the course of the round and leading to inaccuracy.
What you'd have to do is use a smart ammunition that will unfold the curved fins, start the spin, but then immediately fold them back in again... by that point you're just suffering from diminishing returns
Given HESH has better performance against building as well as being a deep part of UK tank doctrine it would make sense and I like the acronym FSHESH.
@@ArmorCast What if we a go a bit further and develop tank-launched 🅱️ESH ATGM? There are HE warheads for pretty much every modern ATGM and I know some of them tend to spin.
@@komradearti9935 that source actually demonstrates exactly why it wouldn’t - installing fins that INDUCE a spin rather than stopping it would produce a massive amount of both drag, and torque. The drag is okay, if not ideal, because HESH is a CE round and is already a low velocity type anyway, but the torque will make it VERY inaccurate at medium to long ranges
6:04 Can we appreciate the dynamic response of the stabilizing system in this WW2 era MBT? When T-62 became a mature evolution of the T-55 around 1970 it wasn't even close to this level of keeping the gun on target while moving with significant cross-country speed.
7:25 Matsimus disagree but I still look at Chally 2 as a slow tank only at this up-armoring package and additional war-ready equippment. Without all of this it does not look bad compared to the 760HP in T-72
Fantastic Video i have watched many Vids about Tank Rounds one of the Best.
Thank you my friend, always means a tonne to get comments like this!
glad he finally got to the HESH. also not much on anti-personnel rounds
Why? It is the most useless round covered. Today only really useful against concrete bunker (and who still uses those?) even our light APC's have protection against the spalling fro the HEP round.
There is overlap between HE and APHE. Some “HE” still had a good amount of kinetic penetration
In theory yes. Kinetic penetration is mass*velocity (the actual shape and the materials also matter, but it is just a noversiplified version). So some higher velocity HE could have ,ore penetration, but they have a softer, and thinner frontal "cap", that cant penetrate mauch. plus the fuse will detonate upon impact. Whta you are reffering to is SAP, or SAPHE. It is basically an AHPE with thinner cap in the front than an actual APHE, and a different fuse, that detonates later than a nprmal HE, but sooner that APHE. Alos has the explosive mass between HE and APHE. Alos SAP mostly used on ships. As i know only a few tanks used it, and they were mostly prototype ones, like the SU-100Y (1-2 built and lost at stalingrad if i am correct), it's 130mm B-13 gun had HE and SAP (and other types like smoke, gas, etc)
“A variety of reasons, suffice it to say- physics” I’m stealing that line for my next class
Awesome video. Most presentations only cover 5 to 7 main types and are no where near as comprehensive. Good work!
I question the part about HEAT projectiles not liquefying because of not achieving the metal’s melting point.
Perhaps this temperature would not be sufficient in normal conditions, but you have to factor in the extreme pressure caused by the explosive and the resulting kinetic energy it imparts.
Do you have a reference for this? It is possible that the core remains a highly plastic solid, but the fact that the initial material must be surrounded by explosive in order to achieve the pressure required does make me wonder.
Liner material is heated to around 450-500 degrees C which is well below the melting point of the usual metals used in shaped charges. Pressures during jet formation and when it impacts the target are truly extreme, reaching millions of atmospheres which is well beyond the yield strength of the liner material and causes it to flow like an incompressible fluid. Apparently you can make a shaped charge liner from brittle materials like ceramic or glass, and while these might not be as effective as metals it does indicate that the mechanism of jet formation probably doesn't rely on plastic flow.
HESH is easily defeated by spaced/slat and composite armor. Composite armor often contains cavities or rubber which will decrease or completely remove the effect of HESH. Another thing is where you actually hit the target... Also, most modern MBTs have kevlar layer on the inside of the tank which greatly reduces spalling.
Wasn't most mbt guns smoothbore at the point of inventing APFSDS?
I thought fins were added just to stabilize APDS rounds in flight
Not in NATO service - the Russians started using smoothbore guns on the T-62, around the same time APFSDS became popular, but the primary gun on NATO tanks was still the L7/M68 gun used on the Centurions, Leopard 1 series, M60 and early M1 Abrams variants, Merkava, and variations of it could be found on the Italian OF-40 or French AMX-30
There's also the APCNR : like the APCR, but non-rigid. The core is surrounded by a "soft" body that deforms when it crosses through the barrel. Used in squeeze bore weapons.
Thumbs down : you never mentioned the gold/premium shells ! 😂 They are a must have in modern -gaming- wars
Great summary. I have missed a bit the effect of spaced composit armor and their effect on APDS rounds getting longer to not tumble before impact. Some illustrating images for spaced armor and cages such as on the striker APCs would have been great.
Spaced armor was made to defeat the HEP rounds. This is why almost every armed forces out side of the UK went smooth bore, as they become very niche rounds.
@@mike19k original spaced armour aka side skirts were made to stop anti tank rifles weirdly.
9:38 did that tanks middle smoke bomb fail? The 1 out of all of them that you’d hope would go off since it’s covering what he shot at lol!
There isn't one. Just in case they need to maintain visual contact and fire additional rounds on the primary target while avoiding direct opportunity for alternate possible targets to accurately respond.
@@eamonia The canister failed to explode or else they would not have one loaded there. You can see one canister fly out and just land on the ground
Kick arse. This was a great video. Thanks for sharing your knowledge.
Imagine a Abrams or T-72 gun(if it were rifled) firing a basic solid slug round, I wonder how it would perform))
Basically think of the M103 120mm gun.
the powder charge would need to be reduced or the barrel would blow up. modern tank guns are meant for firing light weight high velocity rounds if you fire solid steel slugs the round wouldn't leave the barrel fast enough and create overpressure due to the fast burning powder needed for sabot and heat rounds.
@@Erpyrikk modern tanks don’t only shoot apfsds they carry programmable HE and HEATFS
@@accept00 yes heat fs is a lot less dense of a projectile then a solid steel slug would be.
@@Erpyrikk No, modern barrels are really strong.
Really it probably wouldn't be drastically different than the 122 of the IS-2, obviously though without the benefits of rifling.
French did make 105mm Heat shell for their Amx-30 series that could be fired through a rifled gun, with none of the aforementioned negative effects.
Later They also discarded the use of rifled guns for economical and practical logistical reasons.
Other shells: chemical reactions that result in the destruction of enemy vehicle
AP shells: big boolet
APFDS - fast-moving metal rod accelerated by chemical energy from an explosion(deflagration) / HEAT round - much faster-moving metal rod accelerated by chemical energy from an explosion (detonation)
Another major limitation of HESH/HEP is velocity. If they hit faster than 750 m/s the plastic explosive is spread too far and thin to have sufficient concentration for adequate armor penetration. This came from a report on the M41 Walker Bulldog from US Army Ord. I dont remember the exact source but can try to dig it out of anyone cares or needs it. That seems to be the biggest reason the US abandoned the shell even in rifled guns as other shells were 50% higher velocity from the same gun and the aiming and technical challenges werent worth the advantages they brought.
6:13 when you have an ace loader
Seriously tho the footage actually looks slowed down a bit. Was this like some sort of autoloader experiment?
.
I think a key feature of most British tanks was their fast-firing ability although I'm not sure.
The m1 abrams had a recorded reload time of less than 3 seconds during the battle of 73 easting. If your loader is fresh and has a round in his arms ready to go, loading times drastically decrease. Gaijin just doesn’t bother to model this
The first video that talks about tanks and does not get bombarded by World Of Tanks, or War Thunder sponsers
I just watched the history in 1 minute video about yeah and I looked at this video and it was like De javu
im into that, so i knew it already, but you have a very simple and fast way to explain them!
A lighter steel jacket and a much heavier and denser steel core? I think the word you're looking for is "metal" not steel.
Even though the strength, hardness etc of steel can change greatly depending on its alloying and heat treatment, the density doesn't change much at all...
APCR rounds, so I understand, usually had aluminium jackets, not steel. Steel was used for the core of some but something like tungsten is better.
I haven't payed you nothing but that was the best thank you I've seen for RUclips work. If I didn't have to pay my rent I would further your cause my man.
Never any pressure to support, my guy, you'll always be able to enjoy ALL our content freely
No one :
Absolutely no one:
Me : “I want to know more about tank ammunition at 2 AM”
IKR
its the only way to play arma bra
Army: wake up you idiot you got to know everything about the tank
Me: but its 3 am
Army: yeah you dont need sleep you need tanks
Dead and tired meme
Explain well enough for me to show a rookie buddy, about tank ammo. Yes there may be some things off, and no there are others and name discrepancies, but it explains enough and the graphics are good... so all in all 👍
This guy throws around physics terminology like a kid throws around candy wrappers on Halloween.
i advise people to look at to look up armor penetration simulation as it shows how the shell penetrates armor, for example how capped and non-capped projectiles perform against angled armor
Press "🅱️ E S H" to pay respect.
Everyone seems to forget that the original HEAT round was a HE shell with thicker casing allowing more energy directed through the nose cone, creating a blast against the impacted armour. This is termed the Munro Effect, and penetration against armour was usually equivalent to the calibre; therefore a 75mm HEAT round could defeat 3 inches of RHA. Obviously as armour got thicker the calibre needed could not be fitted to most tank turrets and were relegated to artillery pieces. However, at the start of the Second World War British 25 pounder used this as their standard anti tank round and bunker buster.
Nope.. the shell body took no part in the formation of the jet. The 25lb AT round was a solid shot with a supercharge increment for the cart and was the reason a muzzle brake was added at an early point in the war. The performance of the 25pdr HEAT projectile was so poor due to it being spun that it was soon abandoned. Most of the early production was scrapped, however many empty shell were sectioned to make training aids to show the principle of the shaped charge. A lot of these ended up in training establishments and were seen by many people, hence the myth of the 25pdr HEAT!
One thing, I remember reading that the Challenger 3 (semi next gen upgrade for Challenger 2 tanks) is switching to the Smoothbore barrel, so globally there will be even less fleets able to use HESH. Probably won't be phased out like some of the shells mentioned for a decade or two but....
If anyone has more info or will correct me please advise.
Smart rounds and tech allow it's use
"sad 🅱️ E S H noises"
Something I wanted to bring up Flak cannons weren’t meant to shoot down aircraft outright. The flak was intended to rip up with wings of aircraft causing drag in flight to make the plane drop from formation and become easy prey for fighter planes. Outright downing was too inconsistent to become part of military doctrine until proximity rounds entered the fray.
It’s a shame you didn’t mention the French heat rounds.
Is there a fundamental operational difference in them compared to other HEAT effect weapons? Im now curious if you are serious or trolling. I have seen the French SS.11 missiles fired and they lit up a few refit Walker Bulldogs, and while that is no real accomplishment for any ATGM I didnt notice anything particularly special about them.
Never heard of em before but thats ingenious.
@@komradearti9935 I was meaning from a technical point compared to practicality. Yes that is a great way to fit more stable HEAT projectiles......or you could slap a few SS.11 missiles on the turret as well. Practically speaking training and small engagements will make the missile a better choice but over time the shell becomes better with missile expenditure. Honestly I view this weapon system as a technically ingenious system but still consider the HEP/sabot only ammo for rifles with adding 4 pack ATGM the better solution if needed.
@@komradearti9935 the French round had the same penetration as the heat FS but was way more accurate over distance.
Well detailed, I was surprised to learn why smoothbore cannons became the standard
I was about to ask where 🅱️ E S H was
HESH: Please don't go Chally, I can change!
Challenger 3: I'm sorry Besh, I have to move on. I've outgrown you.
Lol
"Puust pinetretion iffect"
This sounded like groundskeeper Willie was lecturing me about tank shells and i enjoyed it.
It's a great video but can we please stop spreading the myth of APC being designed vs angled armour? US testing revealed that APC is the worst ammo type to use against plates at greater than 45° obliquity, in a comparison of AP, HVAP and APC shells. Even HVAP performed better than APC. The cap was added to prevent shattering issues against hardened or face hardened armour that bare AP rounds had. FHA was very common in the interwar years, e.g the Panzer IV's frontal glacis was face hardened. Because of the cap, US and British 75mm APC rounds could penetrate that 80mm of FHA at 1.25km +/-.
Honestly, the explanation for APC is just generally lacking here. Koala probably should have done a bit more research for that part.
Not that I need to know what Tank Shells do, but thanks for explaining them
The wasted energy also applies to armor piercing rounds, so if it’s kinetic energy is spend spinning if it comes out of a rifled gun, vs if has no spin and all of its force is concentrated on the horizontal plane.
Best explanation I've seen yet!
Wonderful episode, subscribed
Good now I’m going tot use this abundantly useful knowledge into aid me in War Thunder
Great video. Well presented and illustrated. Thank you.
There is one Thing missing on the Capped AP Rounds. The Slug under the Cap is realy Hard Metal, so quite brittle , that Trends to simply crack on Initial impact. So the soft Metal Cap is There to soften These Initial impact force.
Drachinifiel Has that realy good explained in his Video about Naval Gun Rounds
This will come in handy next time I play Special Military Operation Thunder .
My man, Super fantastic video. I love that, your explanation is fantastic ...
these videos are awsome keep up the good work
You forgot about HESH ammunition (High Explosive Squash Head) rounds.
🅱️ E S H
Pretty much correct, with one error: Only a couple of tanks use rifled barrels. The fins are for general stabilizing, not to counter rifling. Almost all tanks in the world use smooth-bore cannons.
Only in the modern day. Throughout the Cold War, the vast majority of tank guns were rifled, such as the 105mm’s used on all NATO tanks like the M60 or AMX-30. The Soviet Union were the first to adopt smoothbore guns as standard, first on the T-62, before the T-72 standardised the 125mm smoothbore.
In the old 105mm rifles, fins of APFSDS rounds were in fact partly to counteract the torque imparted by rifling, while also keeping it on course. These rounds also typically had spinning rings around them which would rotate with the rifling of the gun, while the round itself would not spin nearly so much. This was one of the most significant design challenges faced by tank designers during the Cold War actually
The very first tanks were British and used Hotchkiss 57mm. L.40 6 pounder naval guns. The only shell available was "Steel Shell - For use against" or what is now referred to as APHE. The shell had a hard nose, base inertial impact delay fuse (Hotchkiss Mark XiV) and a 60% filling of Lydite explosive granules) This shell was scaled down for the later 47mm. L.31 & L.41 3 pounder tank guns and 40mm. L.52 2 pounder gun. The 2 pounder APHE shell failed to meet the WD stipulation of a 70% chance of penetration versus 25mm. of vertical RHA at 500 yards, in 1937. As a result, the British Army went over to solid shot.
The French went over to APC from 1934 onwards.
The Germans developed Klein Granate Rot Panzer (K.Gr.Rot.Pz) APHE shells for the 77mm. L.39 field gun to counter Allied tanks in WW1. This became the pattern for all guns of & above 75mm. through the 1920's & 1930's, with old stocks still being still in use during 1940, though its performance was mediocre.
For the 37mm. PaK.35/36, ammo development was as follows:
(1928) PzGr.18 APHE (hard nosed HE shell with 50% explosive filler) = Up to 44mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres.
(1935) PzGr. AP/T (solid shot with tracer) = Up to 55mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres.
(1939) PzGr.39 APCBC-HE (shot with very small tail end grenade) = Up to 65mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres.
(1940) Pzgr.40 APCR (tungsten carbide cored solid shot) = Up to 79mm. of RHA @ 0 degrees @ 100 metres.
The Soviets stuck with APHE, despite its average 30% reduction in penetrating performance versus solid shot, mainly because of its dual role of being effective against bunkers, buildings & structures.
The Japanese used both APHE & AP in their tanks, much for the same reasons as the Soviets.
The US used APCHE but quickly moved to APCBC & HVAP to counter improvements in German tank armour.
The British developed AP/T into APCBC/T and APCNR (has a cast iron core), finally developing APDS & HESH, in 1944.
The first combat use of HESH versus a tank was by a 95mm. 32 pounder howitzer armed Centaur, in 1944. The target is reported to be have been a Panther, in some sources and a Tiger II in others. The 95mm. 32 pounder gun was the only gun issued with HESH, during WW2, for use against bunkers & pill boxes.
Very nice video lineup...so nice that I've just subscribed. Cheers bud
I didn't look for this but it did get my curiosity
the shorter the barrle the thinner the HE steel casing which means more explosive payload. Longer barrles exert more pressure on the round that needs to withstand it, thus need it to be cased in thicker steel. That is also why early german tanks featured "Stummel" short 75mm guns, since their designated role was infantry assistance and not tank to tankk combat. 50mm long barrle Pz.IIIs were meant to do that and did it fairly well.
I love the Aussie accent Mr. Koala. Keep up the good work?
there are a few more Armor Types that would be interestening to cover
Britain where working on PISH shells (Penetration Intelligent Sqash Head) but gave up on it since it where a dead end
Russia developed a Tripple charge HEAT Shell to lower the effectiveness of NERA (3BK31)
Rheinmetall offers PELE Shells for calibers between 30mm up to 120mm (This one is quite interestening)
There are probably even more, but overall its a good video.
Not Me high af thinking this would be a war thunder video
Very informing excellent work💯🔥🔥🔥 👍💥💥
I was hooked as soon as i saw the Churchill VIIs xDD 😁😁😁 loved the video!! As a novice wwii buff this was so very helpful!
when you're so busy trying to work out what kind of round is coming towards you, you forget to duck.
Taking a drink every time you say "heat/HEAT" would be one hell of a drinking game
@7:38 notice the driver has left the hazard lights On. This is courtesy to warn passersby of the likelihood of big loud boom noises, revving engines, spinning tracks, flying mud, ejected shell casings, and other effects of war.
Very interesting, keep up the good work