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The conservation of a language depends on the family members, we should self create the speaking environment for the next generation children at home since they were borned. If family members talk their own heritage language, outside influence may not be able to have any effect. I have been practicing this for more than 30 years in a mandarin vast environment, it works! If children talk what is other than your heritage language, dont answer! and remind him/her to change back to your home heritage language. So, the method is simple. And, within a chinese environmet speaking mandarin, remember to use your own dialect to think in the job, and any text operation like reading, writing, typing(remember to use the best glyphic type chinese input method, the CangJie chinese input method. Never never use phonetic method like HanYuPinYin or ZhuYin bopomofo, with which your thinking language will be kidnaped by the PuTongHua/GuoYu/HuaYu.), only use mandarin when you need to speak or communicate with your colleagues or job coworkers. Even, with an english speaking environment, do the same thing! You know? English reading can be changed into your own chinese dialect to think in your mind(who can force you in you mind? it is your private space) and understand(only word translation level, grammar may not be able to be so successful and have to follow english grammatical order sometimes. This needs some practice). Here is a live example : mandarin native speaking wife and children speak cantonese to dad(automatically)! Job environment is english, and customers talk madarin/PuTongHua. Meeting not more that 10 heritage language speaking persons within 50 years but still keep fluently speaking ability in cantonese and Penang Hockien, no any degradation. I must, and have to ,and need to say , loss of heritage home language is the responsibility, and fault of parents who dont creat an heritage language for their children. We cant control the outside big environment but we can control ourselves and home environment. If there are curves and rugged roads on the mountain, the mountain will not turn to let you get a straight road, why won't you turn yourself to adapt to the curved and rugged roads, so that you will encounter a straight road. From the view point of a government, or a country's politic leader, it is understandable that the whole country to use one type of common language speech and writing will give the the lowest cost for country operation. It promotes effective communication, and hence the effective country administration. It is right for Chinese people with various dialects to need a common language to unite, especially facing strong political pressure from another race. But as what we see from policy implementation in china mainland is too severe. It even teach the children to snitch his own parents that dont talk PuTongHua at home. This is to eliminate dialects. The govornment in Taiwan also put the mandarin/PuTongHua as the national language GuoYu, but it is less severe compared with what mainland china does. Common language speech is needed for a society with many dialects of various ethnic groups for effective communication, but it is no right for any regime or party to eliminate a dialects used at the home of students which is a private space not relating to public. Language speech and writing is the carrier of culture. In western concept, their language is speech centric, the writing is derived from speech with alphabets as sounds symbol to form syllables and then word. Due to the variability and instability of pronunciation, the number of English spelling words has reached one million, according to a 2008 Singapore Straits Times report, while the number of Chinese words/characters has only been over 100,000 for thousands of years. Etomologically, English word "language" is from French word "langue" pronunced like "long gate" which means "toungue". On the other hand, concept of chinese language is reversed, it is writing centric, the chinese word is the character which is called zi4字, chinese words are single-charactered single-syllabled. Word is character, character is word(zi4字)(In modern computer technology, "character" is translanted as 字符=word symbol). To expand or derive new meaning, compound word formed from more than one character has a special term called 辭ci2(mainland china uses the word 詞is wrong. It is to imitate words in western languages(to abolish "character" concept) as part of the plan of latinized chinese which is another story on the tragic history of modern Chinese culture(a part of overthrowing the traditional culture and aim for totally westernization), Western languages or all spelling languages which are speech centric have no special or specific term as word on "writing" but to use the verb "write" to derive the gerund "writing". For eg, the word in malay is "perkataan" which is clearly derived from "kata" = say/speak. So, the fundation of chinese languages is writing words form which all chinese languages are derived. The word "language" in chinese have to be tranlated as speechwriting語文(the combination of speech and writing, not just understood as speech.) A feeling, If the common language speech is popular in chinese, I think it is no need for this video to make in engliah medium, it will be in PuTongHua/HuaYu. This video is made in english, I think a great reason is that many of the chinese are not chinese educated but english educated. Well, if Penang Hockien, or chinese in any other place of the world that their own dialects are not affected by HuaYu/PuTongHua but strongly affected by english just like the chinese in Singapore today, english has entered the home familty, parents do talk english with their children, then, may be 20 to 30 years later, singapore chinese will forget their Chinese identity.

I think it will be good if there is a section introducing how Chinese people refer to their own language. For example, in Malaysia, regardless of Cantonese/Hokkien/Hakka people. All of them refer to China as Tongsan/Tng Snua/Tongsan. China is refered with the character 唐 (tang2 in Mandarin, meaning Tang dynasty). Not just Malaya, all Chinatown in the world is called by diff Chinese people as 唐人街, the street/town of Tang people. Language is called 唐话 ,or Tng lang oa in Penang Hokkien. Chinese writing is called 唐字，or Tng lang ji in Penang Hokkien. Cantonese and Hakka also called like that

I am not sure did you cover how Russia refer to Chinese? It is "kitay" which is from Khitan, the most powerful country north of china in Song dynasty. Khitan people is not chinese anyway but this is how Russia refer it to

The conservation of a language depends on the family members, we should self create the speaking environment for the next generation children at home since they were borned. If family members talk their own heritage language, outside influence may not be able to have any effect. I have been practicing this for more than 30 years in a mandarin vast environment, it works! If children talk what is other than your heritage language, dont answer! and remind him/her to change back to your home heritage language. So, the method is simple. And, within a chinese environmet speaking mandarin, remember use your own dialect to think in the job, and any text operation like reading, writing, typing(remember to use the best glyphic type chinese input method, the CangJie chinese input method. Never never use phonetic method like HanYuPinYin or ZhuYin bopomofo, with which your thinking language will be kidnaped by the PuTongHua/GuoYu/HuaYu.), only use mandarin when you need to speak or communicate with your colleagues or job coworkers. Even, with an english speaking environment, do the same thing! You know? English reading can be changed into your own chinese dialect to think in your mind(who can force you in you mind? it is your private space) and understand(only word translation level, grammar may not be able to be so success and have to follow english order sometimes. This needs some practice. Here is a live example : mandarin native speaking wife and children speak cantonese to dad(automatically)! Job environment is english, and customers talk madarin/PuTongHua. Meeting not more that 10 heritage language speaking persons within 50 years but still keep fluently speaking ability in cantonese and Penang Hockien, no any degradation. I must, and have to ,and need to say , loss of heritage home language is the responsibility, and fault of parents who dont creat an heritage language for their children. We cant control the outside big environment but we can control ourselves and home environment. If there are curves and rugged roads on the mountain, the mountain will not turn to let you get a straight road, why won't you turn yourself to adapt to the curved and rugged roads, so that you will encounter a straight road.

Can you do one about the different name of Chinese people? It seem like I didn't get the memo that I am a Han Chinese. I have been brought up that I am a Tang Chinese. Now people seem to say I am Han and I don't know if I agree or not. How come I didn't get the memo and neither did my parents or my grandparents? Also sometimes when I call myself Malaysian Chinese 马来西亚中国人， i ticked off some people and they would tell me to go back to China. they say I must call myself Hua ren. Then I ask how come our malaysian newspaper is called 中国报？And how come we can call our Malaysian Indians 印度人 ? Don't they have to go back to India 印度 if a Malaysian Chinese calling himself 中国人 needs to go back to China? The names are so confusing and seem so divisive over a small matter. I suspect there is something deeper here because they go beyond just "correcting" another person's usage. And many years ago, one of my non Chinese friend asked me how come she heard another Chinese from Taiwan said, "I am not Chinese, I am Taiwanese". I don't know how to answer her. I thought people in Taiwan are Chinese. That's iike me saying "I am Fujianese not Chinese" . Huh..so oxymoronic. Fujianese are Chinese. I am so confused.

The podcast American voices, repesenting an entirely monolinguisti colonial nation asking these ignorant and frankly stupid questions about linguistic diversity in spoken language versus an academic tradition - without once referencing Latin or the Brittish class system made me switch off. Sorry.

literary language = 文言文(text-speaking text, or literally speaking text), this was the speech or vernacular language used in ancient chinese and was recorded in text documents since ancient time of china history. Each dynasty will have different writing style of text or articles. It was inherited from and derived from ancient time of china in HuangHe(Yellow River) area, or rather the Loess Plateau黃土高原 or Central Plain中原 as called in chinese martial arts novels, where the chinese civilization initiated(in fact this is one of the many civilizations appeared in china history, but it was the conqueror that conquered and unified all other regional civilizations) The dialects, or regional vernacular languages are from those conquered ethnicities. When the conquerer from central plain came and brought in his language especially the writing, the local languages of conquered ethnicities would mix with the new comer's language based on writng to give the new dialects. No matter cantonese, hockien, teochew, hainam, ...... are formed in the history in this way to become the different dialects of china. Penang hockien as well as the north malaya hockien is one branch of MinNan dialects from the ZanChow漳州 area of FuJian province, while south malaya hockien like those of malaca and singapore hockien are from ChuenChow泉州 area of FuJian province. Both are MinNan dialects.

dialects

❤❤❤.. Love You.. ❤❤❤

A very interesting and educating video👏👏👏👏👍👍👍👍. I am viewer in Sweden, as swedish as they come. I have as a keen interest in Chinese history as I have in the development of present day China. Learning about Hakka and Hokkien is part of that journey through Chinese hIstory. As odd as it might seem there are similarities between Chinese and Swedish migration. Late 1800:s to early 1900:s a large part of our population left for a better future in some country or other far away. Thing is that the swedish language they (not so many any more) speak or know today is an old swedish, their celebration of swedish traditions are much more rooted in old swedish traditions rather than how we celebrate them today in Sweden. I belive it is universal, no matter of your nationality, the further away you are from home the more important home becomes. Really appreciate this video. Although I am not planning to learn Hookien (struggling with Mandarin), I will check in to see if there are more videos like this one that will help me learn more about China and the Chinese, wherever they might be😊😊.

To differentiate between Qin and Qing , you can't just pronounce them in one tone. They will sound the same. For Qin you have to pronounce it in a short and raised tone. For Qing you have to pronounce it in a long and sort of sing song tone. That is why the Chinese writing could not use spelling system like western languages. If they do the writing will look like present day Vietnamese with all the tone marks.

Too wordy, so much preamble , how to follow. Good effort still.

in chinese ” 方言 “ mean regional language . some english stupid people translate it's as dialect, and this word 'dialect' become the norm .

I'm from Sarawak. I find Penang hokkien a bit difficult to understand 😊

I like the analogy of the Coffee, Milk and Ice to describe the groups. You first explained how "Peranakan" came about, and then the "Baba Nyonyas" as descendants of the former group. However, I defer in opinion. It is difficult to pin point when exactly the terms "Baba" and "Nyonya" came into existence and used to describe a community. Probably in the late Dutch colonial period of Melaka. This is because the same terms were also used in the Dutch East Indies. Anyway, before Baba-Nyonyas called themselves Baba-Nyonyas, they did not call themselves "Peranakan", they simply called themselves "Chinese". Even when "Baba" and "Nyonya" became terms to refer to the community, they still called themselves "Chinese". It became more distinct during the British era when the Brits were categorising the racial groups and classified those born in the Straits Settlements (Straits-born) vs the foreign Chinese. This impacted the social lives of the Baba-Nyonyas as they were now recognised by the Crown, and they proudly proclaimed their new status. There are distinction between Straits-born vs Straits Chinese: 1. Straits-born Chinese - refers to someone born in the Straits Settlement and has Chinese Origin. This includes both Baba-Nyonyas and even Chinese who are not of the Baba-Nyonya community, but born in the Straits Settlement. 2. Straits Chinese - refers to someone of Chinese Origin, living in the Straits Settlement. It includes those born in Straits Settlement and born else where, incl. China. In the past, the Baba-Nyonyas hardly referred themselves as "Peranakan", not until 1960s when the Straits Settlements were dissolved and the British left Malaya and Singapore. It then did not make sense to call themselves "Straits Chinese" because, there were no Straits Settlements, hence, adopting the term "Peranakan" was a better fit to describe the community because they still saw themselves different from the Sinkek. In its truest core, "Peranakan" was a term used by the Malays to describe someone (who isn't of native ancestry) born in the Nusantara region i.e. Malay world. It was initially more associated with the Jawi Peranakan and Bugis Peranakan communities. However, today, as these communities dwindled in numbers and the lack of any established associations, their descendants get subsumed into the wider "Malay" racial group. On the contrary, the Baba Nyonya communities are still very much known because of the presence of the Straits Chinese Associations (mostly headed by Baba Nyonya descendants). And because these associations substituted "Straits Chinese" with "Peranakan" in the 60s, the term has now became synonymous with them instead. Of course, in more recent times there have been interest to revive the other Peranakan-type communities. With this regard, I do not agree with your argument that there were waves of terminologies. I agree there were waves of migration, but it did not impact the use of the terms mentioned. It was more of socio-political and socio-economic factors that added complexity to the terms, and especially so for "Peranakan".

in china it was mao tse tung, that ask the chinese population to speak putonghua, instead of their local language. in taiwan, it's was chiang kai shek that force it's people, those that are not speaking their mother tongue of putonghua. to forbid them from speaking their own mother tongue language. in singapore it's was lee kuan yew that banned all local chinese from speaking their own mother tongue language, to speak only putonghua. as for malaysia chinese, maybe they just copy what others are doing. there is a hakka saying " 宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言。i'd rather sell my ancestral land than forget my ancestors' languages " . lee kuan yew was a hakka.

Dialects thier successive global transliterated maomao Kan ton nesse apa nue kahn tong toungues

In Taiwan Guo yu refer to Taiwanese hokkien similar to Zhang zhou hokkien.

Mandarin language as the main lingo, gels and unite Mainland Chinese well. 👍👍

May I ask 1. While all Msian Chinese schs teach in Mandarin from start, up today , HKong & Macao schs taught in Cantonese, not in Mandarin. Why so? 2. Do u know of any Chinese schs in the world that teach in any other dialects? 3. Apparently, most Chinatowns all over the world used to speak Cantonese, not until recently, how come?

While Mandarin, Putonghua .. grows in importance, rightly & necessarily so (for Chinese unity), I pray all dialects (Cantonese, Hokkien, etc) could be preserved & maintained. Not only the dialects but also their unique customs & individual cultures.

they can be called languages, but after formation of china, it become a dialect. Hakka is a subbranch from the Gan , there are smaller dialects , which are not a part of asean

The word menteri is borrowed directly in Malay ftom Sanskrit mantri (मन्त्री). Several sources credit the Portuguese as having borrowed mandarin from Malay and then applied the term to officials in other Asian countries. This latter account is quite plausible since the usage of menteri in Malay predates the arrival of Europeans in South east Asia.

Bravo to your hard work? TQ 4 sharing. Had learned much. Mandarin being the national or official language in China, hence it is called 'PU TONG HUA' (common language). Am I right? Mandarin has its written form & verbal sound (hanyupinyin). Cantonese has its own too, HK is an eg. Do Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew, FooChow, HengHua, etc., have their own? TQ Sir.

Very very true.

I love your work. In your research have you ever came across the LongDu dialect, it share a colloquial layer with Hokkien and the closest dialect I have ever heard to LongDu is the Teochow dialect.

Yes, Mandarin is a government official, and is. Portuguese word. If you heard Mandarin, you either were in a court, or in trouble with the law. Language of trade and business was Hokkien and Cantonese.

should train the two gwei lo AI podcasters in Chinese pronunciations. They sound too Western, giving colonialist vibes 😂😅

In 2023, US co, Meta, announced its new Hokkien (subdialect? translatior machine. See several websites & videos?! under relevant categories titles,

In the Philippines, Filipino-Chinese also called Lan Nang (Hokkien dialect). Are you familiar withe this? Thanks!

I was always confused between Hokkien and Hakka ^^

Great contents. Thank you for the knowledge 😊

Timothy, thank you for your research. Great work and very interesting. It is sad that nowadays the younger generations are losing the ability to speak in the dialects/languages of Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka etc. All they speak is only Mandarin. I think the parents are to be blamed. Yes while Mandarin is important these days, there’s no good reason to drop their “mother tongue” totally! So sad.

There is another aspect of analysis. All languages have several different sociolinguistic register level-- highly formal semi-‘formal regular semi-formal definitional informal slang vulgar swear/curse Between 2 speech systems, the more formal, like highly formal levels, have most similarities, like 2 dialects, with maximum no. of similar words, more like dialects, but swear levels use most different words, more like 2 different languages. Perhaps such 2 or more speech systems can be called langlects? or diaguages!

Good sharing…saya org Hokkien pun agak mencabar nak kenal gelaran keluarga yg agak jauh👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼

Hong Kong speaks Cantonese but learns and writes standard Chinese based on Mandarin. They protest against many things, but you won't see them trying to get rid of standard written Chinese. They have no problem with it. The average Hong Konger writes at a higher level in standard Chinese than the average Malaysian Chinese (the Chinese-educated ones), though they might not speak as well in Mandarin as the Malaysian Chinese. Mao Zedong, who was Hunanese, wrote eloquently in standard modern Chinese but his spoken mandarin remained atrocious throughout his life. He was in his late 20s by the time of the New Culture Movement and had grown up learning classical Chinese. Classical literary Chinese is not a separate language. It remains an essential part of any Chinese syllabus, even in Malaysia. There exists a continuum from the colloquial, informal vernacular to the literary, formal language, both of which can be, have been for ages and are still being used in writing. What happened with the fall of the Qing and subsequent language reforms was just a transition in preferred style of the standard written language, from a stilted, antiquated classical style to one that cleaved more closely to the mandarin in circulation (which is not the same thing as the Beijing dialect). The national anthem of the PRC is in vernacular Chinese whereas that of the ROC is classical up to this day. Both sides heavily promote mandarin. Mandarin itself has a separate genesis predating the New Culture Movement by many centuries. By the fall of the Qing, the larger part of China (the north and the southwest) already spoke some dialect of Mandarin natively. The new governments just came up with their respective new standard versions of Mandarin, which are but the latest iterations of Chinese language standardisation, just as previous dynasties had done. Vernacular Chinese literature (i.e. written as it would have been spoken) goes back at least to the time of Middle Chinese, a time where none of the Chinese dialects as they are known today existed. Here's a famous Chinese poem written in the vernacular from circa 600AD：“城外土馒头，馅草在城里。一人吃一个，莫嫌没滋味。" The language used is exactly the same as the Chinese spoken today, only the pronunciation back then would have been different to anything spoken today. This is 大白话, not 文言文 at all. There is more than 1000 years worth of vernacular literature! In fact, by the late 1800s, which is a few decades before the New Culture Movement, many of the classic vernacular Chinese novels had already been translated into baba malay by peranakans in Singapore and Batavia. The ROTK was published under the title "Chrita Dahulu-kala, Namanya Sam Kok, Atau, Tiga Negri Ber-prang: Siok, Gwi, Sama Gor di Jaman “Han Teow” " All the proper names were transliterated according to their Hokkien pronunciations, whereas the original work published in the Ming 500 years ago is in Mandarin of its time. These are popular works throughout China, regardless of local speech variant. All the dialects have continuously interacted with and received new influences from mandarin and other Chinese variants throughout the centuries.

There is no Hokkien language or dialect. the name of Hokkien is a name of a place or a name of a province in China, but not a name of language or dialect. In Fujian, there are many dialects spoke in different part of Fujian, and they are not understand each other. There are about 6 dialect spoke in Fujian Provice, such as Minnan Spoke in Xiamen, Quanzhou, and Taiwan, south east Asia, etc.. 闽语 闽语是福建省内使用最广泛的方言，主要包括闽南语、闽东语、闽北语、莆仙话等。闽南语主要分布在闽南地区和台湾省，使用人数众多。闽东语则主要分布在福建省东部沿海地区，包括福州话、福宁话等。 1. 闽南语即河洛语. 发祥于福建泉州。现主要分布地除闽南地区和台湾地区外，还分布于闽东北地区、浙东南区、及广东潮汕地区（揭阳、汕头、潮州）、汕尾海陆丰地区、粤西地区（湛江、茂名、阳江）、粤港澳大湾区（中山、香港）、海南岛及东南亚的大部分华人社群。 2. 福州话是闽东语的代表语言. 3. 闽北语主要分布于福建省北部古闽之建宁道建州（今建瓯）地区，以建瓯话为代表。闽北语的别称有闽北话、建州话、闽越语、建瓯话。 4.莆仙方言是闽方言的五大次方言之一，莆田话（莆仙话）的一种方言。莆仙语，又称兴化语、兴化话， 5. ‌客家语‌：主要分布在闽西的宁化、清流、长汀等地，使用人数相对较少，但在当地具有重要地位。

Hokkien ( Minan) originally from Henan China officials language being brought down south

One correction. The Teochews are from Guangdong province. They are just from the area bordering Fujian province, which explains why their language is more similar to Hokkien than to Cantonese.

😅😅

Hakka & Hokkien were used as imperial language in Tang & Song Dynasties. Mandarin (Putonghua) as it is today was the dialect spoken in Beijing. So it probably is a matter of which dialect was chosen as the 'national language' at different times in the history of China. The Chinese written characters however remained the same through time....

different language

Even today Chinese TV programs put standard Mandarin script subtitles on screen, allow dialect speakers to understand what is being said. The % of non Mandarin speakers is a lot smaller than it used to be, but the number of readers has increased.

Very good video on the different Chinese Languages and dialects. Thoroughly enjoy your video. Well done. PS__ I am Singapore Chinese Hokkien of Quanzhou group.!👍💪

It's so interesting to see your video Timothy and to read all the comments. Thank you for making the videos. I understand a lot more from your knowledge.

Many thanks for this wonderful resource - I have tried for a few years now to learn Penang Hokkien from a little book I bought many years ago but this course makes it much easier to learn

Many Incorrect informations about the Chinese history and Chinese language and the first Chinese school established in Malaya and Singapore. Sad to see that many of the younger English educated Chinese are out of touch with their Chinese roots and Chinese culture. .

You forgot See-Yup I don't know the spelling but it's pronounced that way. My grandmother was See-Yup and while my grandfather was away in the Pacific earning a living back around 1900, the Hakkas who were fierce robbers came and attack their home. So there was always ill feelings there. Bit like the Scottish clans. They are all Scottish but they battled each other and killed each other. So when my dad married my mum who is Hakka, she never had a chance. Without doing anything the animosity was there just because she was a Hakka. Mum learnt See-Yup. Hakka is not an easy dialect. In our town in Papua New Guinea up until 1965 the See-Yup, Hakkas and Cantonese communicated in Cantonese when in public. After 1966 the younger generation spoke English.

chinese is a term given by the west, same as the creation of china . all these were dialect or languages by the different major groups that were from south Pre-China.

章天亮：信仰的力量 和平的抗争 id14368490 IMG 3095 章天亮教授在发言。（林丹／全球退党服务中心） 飞天大学人文科学系教授章天亮以“信仰的力量 和平的抗争”为题发言指出，战胜邪教必须“知行合一”--知道之后要做，以非暴力的“人心革命”从根本上解体中共。《九评》发表后，兴起了和平的非暴力的不合作运动--退出中共及其相关组织。这是让中国转型最好的方式，而且代价最小，对社会的震荡最小。 章天亮说：可以想像一下：只要每个人都全部躺平，不给中共干活，中共就完了，并不需要真的流血牺牲--你只要全部躺平就可以。也就是说，退党对人的执行力的要求是最低的，最容易做到的。