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New technologies, new research tools. BIG SCIENCE doesn't want to eliminate the *BIG MUD* of noise in fundamental optical experiments. WHY? Let me suggest for schoolchildren and students on one's own to measure the Universe, dark energy, black holes, etc. To do this, I propose two practical devices. «laser tape measure *+reference distance* 1,000,000 m”» and «Michelson-Morley HYBRID Gyroscope». I am writing to you with a proposal for the joint invention of a HYBRID gyroscope from non-circular, TWO coils with a new type of optical fiber with a “hollow core photonic-substituted vacuum zone or (NANF)” where - the light travels 250000 (In a laser tape measure, the length of the optical fiber is fixed at 1000000 ) meters in each arm, while it does not exceed the parameters 84/84/84 cm, and the weight is 24 kg. Manufacturers of “Fiber Optic Gyroscopes” can produce HYBRID gyroscopes for educational and practical use in schools and higher education institutions. Einstein dreamed of measuring the speed of a train, an airplane - through the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1881/2024, and only then would the experiment be more than 70% complete. This can be done using a fiber optic HYBRID gyroscope. Based on the completion of more than 70% of Michelson's experiment, the following postulates can be proven: Light is an ordered vibration of gravitational quanta, and dominant gravitational fields adjust the speed of light in a vacuum. you can make scientific discoveries; in astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, higher theoretical physics,... (We are not looking for ether, we will see the work of gravitational quanta) The result is a «theory of everything» in a simple teaching device and a new tape measure for measuring the universe.

By determining the constancy of speed, all experiments and Michelson-Morley experiments are indirect and incomplete. If the Michelson-Morley experiment was carried out on a bus or airplane and was used to determine speed. only then will this experience be direct. Therefore, Einstein does not rely on the Michelson-Morley experiment. Question. Do you have an example of such direct experience? New technologies, new research tools. BIG SCIENCE doesn't want to eliminate the *BIG MUD* of noise in fundamental optical experiments. WHY? Let me suggest for schoolchildren and students on one's own to measure the Universe, dark energy, black holes, etc. To do this, I propose two practical devices. «laser tape measure *+reference distance* 1,000,000 m”» and «Michelson-Morley HYBRID Gyroscope». I am writing to you with a proposal for the joint invention of a HYBRID gyroscope from non-circular, TWO coils with a new type of optical fiber with a “hollow core photonic-substituted vacuum zone or (NANF)” where - the light travels 250000 (In a laser tape measure, the length of the optical fiber is fixed at 1000000 ) meters in each arm, while it does not exceed the parameters 84/84/84 cm, and the weight is 24 kg. Manufacturers of “Fiber Optic Gyroscopes” can produce HYBRID gyroscopes for educational and practical use in schools and higher education institutions. Einstein dreamed of measuring the speed of a train, an airplane - through the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1881/2024, and only then would the experiment be more than 70% complete. This can be done using a fiber optic HYBRID gyroscope. Based on the completion of more than 70% of Michelson's experiment, the following postulates can be proven: Light is an ordered vibration of gravitational quanta, and dominant gravitational fields adjust the speed of light in a vacuum. you can make scientific discoveries; in astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, higher theoretical physics,... (We are not looking for ether, we will see the work of gravitational quanta) The result is a «theory of everything» in a simple teaching device and a new tape measure for measuring the universe.

New technologies, new research tools. PHYSICISTS don't want to eliminate *BIG MUD* noise in fundamental optical experiments. WHY?❤? Let me suggest for schoolchildren and students on one's own to measure the Universe, dark energy, black holes, etc. To do this, I propose two practical devices. «laser tape measure *+reference distance* 1,000,000 m”» and «Michelson-Morley HYBRID Gyroscope». I am writing to you with a proposal for the joint invention of a HYBRID gyroscope from non-circular, TWO coils with a new type of optical fiber with a “hollow core photonic-substituted vacuum zone or (NANF)” where - the light travels 250000 (In a laser tape measure, the length of the optical fiber is fixed at 1000000 ) meters in each arm, while it does not exceed the parameters 84/84/84 cm, and the weight is 24 kg. Manufacturers of “Fiber Optic Gyroscopes” can produce HYBRID gyroscopes for educational and practical use in schools and higher education institutions. Einstein dreamed of measuring the speed of a train, an airplane - through the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1881/2024, and only then would the experiment be more than 70% complete. This can be done using a fiber optic HYBRID gyroscope. Based on the completion of more than 70% of Michelson's experiment, the following postulates can be proven: Light is an ordered vibration of gravitational quanta, and dominant gravitational fields adjust the speed of light in a vacuum. you can make scientific discoveries; in astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, higher theoretical physics,... (We are not looking for ether, we will see the work of gravitational quanta) The result is a «theory of everything» in a simple teaching device and a new tape measure for measuring the universe.

At 8:38 this is the field geometry of an actual engine I am building. Sir Roger Penrose and his work is very inspiring to me.

12:15 Einstein. Relativistic theory of the non-symmetric field (General Remarks, D). The Meaning of Relativity. Fifth edition. Princeton, 1955. “One can give reasons why reality cannot at all be represented by a continuous field. From the quantum phenomena it appears to follow with certainty that a finite system of finite energy can be completely described by a finite set of numbers (quantum numbers). This does not seem to be in accordance with a continuum theory, and must lead to an attempt to find a purely algebraic theory for the description of reality. But nobody knows how to obtain in basis of such a theory.” Pauli, RT, paragraph 22, Geometry of the Real World, "So far we have assumed that the form ds^2 is a definite form. In the real space-time world, this does not take place, since ds^2 in normal form has three positive and one negative term." On the “dark” invariance: 0.in RT the main invariant is the 4-interval (a mathematical description of the constant c), however, it could offer another invariant value based on another physical constant. 1.Comparing with Einstein's equations of 1915, we find a=-c^3/16πG. Strictly speaking, in order to determine the constant a, it was necessary to make a transition to the Poisson equation. Thus, a rigorous derivation of Einstein's equations can be given. The transition to the non-relativistic limit allows us to determine a constant factor for the integral of the gravitational field according to: R[(0)^0]=(4πG/c^2)p; Δφ=-pc^3/4a=4πGр. And a=(1/16π)m(pl)w(pl). 2.From Kepler's third law follows: M/t=v^3/G, where M/t=I(G)=[gram•sec^-1] is the gravitational current. By the way, in SR: I(G)=inv; this follows from the Lorentz transformations: m=m(0)/√(1-v^2/c^2) and ∆t=∆t(0)/√(1-v^2/c^2). Hence, obviously, we have I(G)=m/t=m(0)/t(0)=inv. 3.Therefore, the Poisson equation can be written as: ∆g(00)=8πGT(00)/c^4, where g(00) is the time component of the metric tensor (for a weakly curved metric the time component of the energy-momentum tensor: T(00)~=pc^2). This equation is true only in the non-relativistic case, but it is applicable to the case of a homogeneous and isotropic Universe, when Einstein's equations have only solutions with a time-varying space-time metric. Then the energy density of the gravitational field: g^2/8πG=T(00)=pc^2 [~=(ħ/8πc^3)w(relic)^4= =1600 quanta/cm^3, which is in order of magnitude consistent with the observational-measured data (~500 quanta/cm^3)], where the critical density value determining the nature of the model is: p=(3/8π)H^2/G. Hence it follows: g~πcH. 4.Expansion is a special kind of motion, and it seems that the Universe is a non-inertial frame of reference that performs variably accelerated motion along a phase trajectory, and thereby creates a phase space. And according to the strong equivalence principle: g=|a*|=πcH [=r(pl)w(relic)^2], and w(relic)^2=πw(pl)H. Thus H=1,72*10^-20sec^-1. {By the way, at t(universe)= πт(pl), w(“relic”) was =w(pl); at 1/”H”= t(universe)=380000 years, w(“relic”)/2π was =3.5*10^14 Hz} 5.Intra-metagalactic gravitational potential: |ф0|=πGmpl/λ(relic)=[Gm(pl)/2c]w(relic), where the constant Gm(pl)/2c is a quantum of the inertial flow Ф(i) = (½)S(pl)w(pl) = h/4πm(pl) (magnetic flux is quantized: = h/2e, Josephson’s const; and the mechanical and magnetic moments are proportional).Thus, the phenomenon can be interpreted as gravity/inertial induction. 5(a).The basic formula QG of the quantum expression of the Newtonian gravitational potential is: ф(G)=-Ф(i)w, where w is the frequency of the quanta of the gravitational (~ vibrational) field.} (b).“Giving the interval ds the size of time, we will denote it by dт: in this case, the constant k will have the dimension length divided by mass and in CGS units will be equal to 1,87*10^-27", Friedmann, (On the curvature of space, 1922). [The ds, which is assumed to have the dimension of time, we denote by dт; then the constant k has the dimension Length Mass and in CGS-units is equal to 1, 87.10^ ± 27. See Laue, Die Relativitatstheorie, Bd. II, S. 185. Braunschweig 1921.] c.Apparently, the following expression takes place: μ(0)ε(0)Gi=1, which means that Gi=с^2 where i is inertial constant, i=1,346*10^28[g/cm]; or k°=1/i=7,429*10^-29[cm/g]: k(Friedmann)/k°=8π; where k°=r(pl)/m(pl)=r(G)/2m(0); i=m(pl)/r(pl)=(1/c)m(pl)w(pl), w=[r(G)/r]w(pl). That is ф(G)=-[Gm(pl)/2c]w=-(½)[w/w(pl)]c^2=-(½)(√Għ/c)w=-Ф(i)w.* 6. And а*=-2πcа/M(universe), what is F=M(universe)а*=-2πса=-с^4/8G=-(⅛)F(pl). I(G)=M(universe)H=m(pl)w(pl)/8π=c^3/8πG=-2a (~ the "dark" const~inv), where M(universe)=E/c^2 is the full mass of the Universe, and the total energy E is spent on creating a phase-quantized space-time: m(pl)w(pl)=8πM(Universe)H { w(relic)^2=πw(pl)H. 7.That is: Δφ=-pc^3/4a= рс^3/2M(universe)H^2. And Δφ=4π[с^3/Gm(pl)w(pl)]H^2= 4πH^2; which is evidence of a phenomenon: spontaneous Lorentz transformations. 8.Thus; Δφ(0)/Δφ=w(pl)^2/H^2~10^126, where Δφ(0)=4πw(pl)^2; the best prediction. ---------------- *) - So, ф(G)=-[w/w(pl)]c^2/2, where ф(G) - is Newtonian gravitational potential, r(n')=nλ/π=(n+n')2r(pl)l , the corresponding orbital radius, w - the frequency of the quanta of the gravitational field (space-time); - obviously, the quanta of the field are themselves quantized: λ=(1+n'/n)λ(pl) = 2πc/w, where n'/n=M/2∆m: system gravity unpacking ratio, n'- the orbit number (n'=0,1,2,3…). 1.Obviously, on the horizon [r=r(rG), n'=0] the "door" is closed, however, the quanta [λ=λ(pl)] can go out singly and form the first and all subsequent half-orbits (n'=1,2, 3 ...) during the time t(0)=r/c=2nт, where т=1/w, т=((1+n'/n)т(pl), spending part of their energy on it each time. And it is this mechanism that provides the step-by-step formation of a variable gravitational field: variably accelerated expansion of spacetime as a phase space: |a|=g=πc^2/L, where L[=πr^2/r(G)] is the length of the phase trajectory (of course, the quanta coming through the "window" are also rhythmically restored: from the source- protouniverse). 2.Moreover, the parameter r(0)=r(G)-r(pl)=(2n-1)r(pl), defining the interval of the formation of the system, at n=0, when r=r(G)=0 (for example, the state of the "universe" before the Big Bang) turns out to be a quite definite quantity: r(0)=-r(pl). In the area [(-rpl) - 0 - (+rpl)] there is an implementation of external forces, "distance": (-rpl)+(+rpl)=0 (≠2rpl). 3.The phase velocity of evolution v'/π= r(pl)w/π; m(0)=(c/2G)rv', where v'=v^2/c. The angular momentum: L(p)=|pr|=n^2ћ [const for all orbits of the system; at n=1: L(p)=ћ] and moment of power: M(F)=dL(p)/dt(0)=nћw/2=-E(G)=E*, where t(0)=r/c, E*- energy of self-action. 4.The gravitational field is characterized by a spontaneous flow: J*=(v'/π )(1/4π) g^2/G, where v'/π- phase velocity of field evolution. 5.Entropy (here: a measure of diversity/variety, not ugliness/disorder) of the system: S=πε(pl)r(t)=(n+n')k, where k is the Boltzmann constant. Obviously, on the horizon entropy=min and with fundamental irreversibility, information is preserved (+ evolves, accumulates). 6.Accordingly, m=m(pl)/(1+n'/n), where m=ħw/c^2, is the quantum of the full mass: M=n'm [<m(0)]. The parameter mλ [=m(pl)λ(pl)=m(w)λ(w)=m(e)λ(e) ] cover entire spectrum of particles. Thus, m(0)=(n+n')m, where 2∆m=nm - mass defect; M/2∆m=n'/n: on the horizon m(0)=2∆m, M=0. 7.Thus, the total energy is spent on creating a phase-quantized space-time: E=E(0)-2∆E*, where E* is the energy of self-action of physical systems (=interaction with the proto-universe). In the general case(for the universe): 8πEH=ε(pl)w(pl), where H is Hubble's "constant". 8.Can be tested experimentally in the laboratory at the moment. The experimenter needs only two parameters; the mass (gram) of the body under study m(0) and the distance from its center (centimeter) r: so the energy of the quanta of the field ε(eV) ~1.83(m/r); the radiation flux J*[erg/cm^2•sec]~7.57•10^-27(m^3/r^5). 9.For example: A lead ball suspended on a strong chain from the ceiling of the laboratory can serve as a test body; at radius r=27,6 cm, ball mass is m=1т. The energy of quanta/photons of the field (photons are characterized by different parity and helicity, and it is not quite accurate to say that a photon has an integer spin equal to one) at a distance r from the center of the test body to the detector (practically on the surface of the ball) =66,3 keV. The flow: J*=4,5•10^-9 quanta/сm^2sec; this is a measurable flux for modern world-class gamma detectors. {On the Earth's surface, the frequency of the quanta of the Earth's gravitational field: w=2.57*10^34 Hz (~2.7 J); the flow: J(G)=0.3 MW/cm^2).}

Black Holes = Space travel potholes that *must be avoided at all cost.*

Most people don't know that Einstein said that singularities are not possible. In the 1939 journal "Annals of Mathematics" he wrote - "The essential result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the Schwarzchild singularities (Schwarzchild was the first to raise the issue of General Relativity predicting singularities) do not exist in physical reality. Although the theory given here treats only clusters (star clusters) whose particles move along circular paths it does seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases will have analogous results. The Schwarzchild singularities do not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light." He was referring to the phenomenon of dilation (sometimes called gamma or y) mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. It's the phenomenon behind the phrase "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". Time dilation is just one aspect of dilation, it's not just time that gets dilated. A graph illustrates its squared nature, dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light. Dilation will occur wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers. It can be inferred mathematically that the mass at the center of our own galaxy must be dilated. This means that there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. More precisely, everywhere you point is equally valid. In other words that mass is all around us. This is the explanation for galaxy rotation curves/dark matter. The "missing mass" is dilated mass. Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has recently been confirmed in 6 very low mass galaxies including NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 to have no dark matter, in other words they have normal rotation rates.

@Hyperduality : Dialectic rules under ever-onward Synthesis!

What does 2 dimensional gravity look like?

You lost me after the size of dimension to size of string ratio. And is the dimension size L really raised to the FOURTH power? Why?

in finland the more the more cloud the singer will gave loud, it is the best in finland, but i like more mozart

you must think sometimes with brains, its most difficult situation in your life

if you google robots sight from japan then follow ...

What do the Twistors of Roger Penrose and the Hopf Fibrations of Eric Weinstein and the "Belt Trick" of Paul Dirac have in common? It takes two complete turns to get down the "rabbit hole" (Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D) to produce one twist cycle (Quantum unit). Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature? (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Mass= 1/Length

Very good 👍👍👍

"Holographic Principle ... A quantum theory of gravity should be equivalently described by a non-gravitational theory in a space of lower dimension." Consider the MOND Principle: A quantum theory of gravity should provide a mathematical model that approximates not only quantum field theory & general relativity but also MOND's successful predictions in the MOND regime of applicability. Google "milgrom mond", "pavel kroupa dark matter", & "mcgaugh triton station". Let us assume that gravitational energy is conserved, all gravitons have spin 2, and dark-matter-compensation-constant = 0. How might MOND be explained in terms of supersymmetry? Assume that gravitons & gravitinos have empirically significant MOND charges & all other fundamental particles have empirically insignificant MOND charges. Is there a mathematical model using string theory & celestial holography that justifies MOND with MOND charges?

I see Roger I press like

Quad Step Helical Order produces this Twistor System why do Academics give the Quad Step System the Cold Shoulder.

Surface(cos(u/2)cos(v/2),cos(u/2)sin(v/2),sin(u)/2),u,0,2pi,v,0,4pi I suggest applying twistor theory to the above manifold.

Ironic but Penrose complained against string theory dealing with higher dimensions, but here you are he construct 6 dimensional model haha. On the other hand, his gluing is essentially a gauging procedure so he derive gauge theory just like string theory does. He doesn't realise this but he essentially indeed in the framework of string theory.

*Promo SM* ☹️

I feel like this is one of those scientists/mathematicians that go down as famous for fundamental discoveries, except that Penrose is alive in our era.

does not match with GR in the classical limit

Starts at 1:45

I enjoyed this very much. I've heard a lot about the dictionary that translates between the two sides but this is the first time I've seen a presentation that described this dictionary.

The tangent plane on the sphere is where the algebra happens. Instead of Pythagoren Theorm, it's the quadratic formula.

Roger Penrose: "But anyway, he was very useful to me." LMFAOOOOOO

Appreciated this Space time video

I came to nearly the same conclusions. Can hyperspheres be monopolar?

You have to have a PhD to understand the basics of this :)

I will save this and watch it later today. I have errands to run, but I appreciate this post very much.

You know, I SO wish I could find an introduction to this stuff that actually taught it from first principles. Everything I've been able to find is already just a little out of my reach, and I haven't been able to find the "ladder rungs" I need to cover the gap yet. 😞

This reminds me a lot of string theory, at least at a very high conceptual level. Both are derived by postulating that the fundamental unit is not a particular point, but is instead a complex, conformal surface created by worldlines.

I enjoyed the talk, until some very dishonest statements were made. around minute 42. 1) String theory has supersymmetry at VERY VERY high energies. Independent of string theory, there were phenomenological motivations to study possible existence of supersymmetry at LHC scales. So far these searches has not found any supersymmetry. But to state this somehow weakens the belief that string theory is correct is pretty crazy. It's like at Maxwells time, non-abelian Yang-Mills theories are discovered. People wonder whether beside U(1) gauge theory (electromagnetism), maybe SU(2) or SU(3) gauge theories could exist in nature. But since no experiment at the energy scales available in the 18-hundreds found evidence for non-abelian gauge fields, people should conclude the likelihood for them to be correct is low. String theory needs supersymmetry at energy scales MUCH MUCH MUCH higher than LHC. If (and massive if) string theory is correct, it would be convenient if the supersymmetry breaking scale would be around the LHC scale. But there is no physical reason to expect this, beyond hope (so we can detect it now). It would just have been lucky to coincide with the arbitrary energy scale politicians have agreed to fund in our lifetime. It's not just that it does not "falsify" String theory, it also does not even provide any "drawback" compared to before the search. 2) I wonder why it is claimed that String theory community "expected the cosmological constant to be negative", who expected that and based on what? Maybe many hoped so perhaps, due to the AdS/CFT correspondence but I have never heard anybody say that this is what string theory predicts or favours at those scale, ever. The holographic principle started with consistency thought experiments by 't Hooft and completely independent of String theory. Maldacena just found that String theory happens to satisfy this principle, and found concrete precise formulation of it on AdS space. But this is a limit where the principle can be studied in detail, a mathematical convenience. Finding that the universe is dS, is in not way changing anything. It's pretty dishonest claim. For example the claim "whenever you see AdS in a paper, it's the expectation that the cosmological constant in the world in negative". What a dishonest claim. People study all sorts of spacetimes, AdS in holographic settings as that's the only place it's under control. People are not claiming OUR universe is AdS in those papers. To use these examples and say "I think we should listen to nature", as a mean to dismiss String Theory is just dishonest and sleazy. I think there are significantly more honest and stronger arguments one can put forward against String Theory, but most of those apply equally strongly against Loop Quantum Gravity. I was enjoying the video until all these dishonest claims. I 100% agree when people criticise string theorist of overhyping and overselling their theory prematurely for decades, being dishonest about it. It's sad to see that Carlo is also taking to a dishonest approach.

Thank you Sir Penrose!

imagine .....if the great Leonard Euler was alive today....he would probably provide a solution....similar to loop quantum gravity....nice talk...short and concise....well done

Interesting, as this could describe “Worm Holes”. I’m not a physicist, but I am curious if the positive and negative hemispheres, could be obtained by the use of, synthetic materials, negative refractive indexed meta materials (left-handed electromagnetic rotation); and natural material, (right-handed electromagnetic rotation). Just a thought…

Very interesting, more detail would be nice...

Weinberg's argument that massless spin-2 implies gravity is false, as it assumes local interactions. The fact that the string theory graviton behaves as a proper graviton is not a trivial consequence of the fact that it is spin-2 and massless, but requires the full conformal and diffeomorphism invariance of the worldsheet to prove, as it requires local vertex operators that produce graviton states with the proper propagator (diffeo) and gauge invariance (conformal) to produce gravity. This is why Yoneya's argument, and that of Scherk and Schwarz, is so important--- it explains WHY the spin-2 particle is a graviton, and not a misplaced in mass spin-2 hadronic resonance.

Supersymmetry on the worldsheet is NOT A FORMAL TRICK, it is required to get rid of the fermion ghosts in the scattering, it must be a symmetry to get conditions which can cancel ghosts. The supersymmetry in space-time follows because the worldline of the superstring can be 'glued' to a null coordinate in light-cone quantization. There is no string theory supersymmetric on the worldsheet which is not also supersymmetric at high energies on the spacetime. It's not an accident, it's a real phenomenon in string theory, and likely in full quantum gravity. It can be broken at high energies, but it must be there.

String field theory is not the full theory, it's still perturbative. Only AdS/CFT is fully nonperturbative. There is a reason you have only 'perturbative' formulations, the states in the gravity theory are not locally defined. That's the major lesson of string theory for quantum gravity, you need to define states at asymptotic infinity, and define the theory starting from those scattering states (or their AdS analogues).

A very young researcher

Wonderful

Great lecture, thanks for sharing

abraxes

Amazing and beloved human. Thankyou

Lo trovo affascinante, qualunque cosa essa sia, non esistono parole che riescano compiutamente a descriverla. Soltanto stupore

Nice..

An amended Invisible/Holographic Principle

Brilliant lecture, thank you so much for uploading.