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I could listen to Carver spout wisdom all day.

Amyway, even the spin statistics and polarisation statistics of quantum mechanics falls out naturally because of the substructure, except that it is in a slightly different form with slightly different experimental predictions for certain experiments, but it is consistent woth the bell tests and tripartite experiments that have been done.

The quanueffects are no issue to reproduce btw, lost most of what this comment was gonna cover, but an electron can be localized just fine as a veey small particle bouncing around, its wave nature can be perfectly well explained by a kind of guiding wave related to the mechanisms i referenced, but it is important to emphazize that this guilding wave is part of the electron as a phenomenon, and it only gives the right statistics when it has a very central role. Fir example in the double slit experiment it has to produce the right interference, and in the AB effect it has to react to changes in the potential not just the E B fields, and in atoms it has to produce the right harmonics for the orbitals. But that is not as hard as it sounds.

Man, i had a whole comment written about the gravitational mechanism and the mechanisms of the other forces, and how gravity is the same mechanism as the other forces, just related to angular momentum vs energy. Where gravity is primarily due to a flow of energy into and out of masses with entropy going up, driving the whole thing, and with the other components of the unified force, it has to do more with angular momentum being swallowed up and spit out. Was a few pages of text, but managed to delete it by accident. Maybe i'll type it out tomorrow. Anyway though you had some interesting takes in another video and figured id tell you a little bit of what i've been working on.

Hey mister beer, i habe a mechanism for how to soeed of light changes with gravitational potential. It is far too complicated to write out, but the jist is not too bad, the vacuum structure itself is not stable, it decays over time and eventually decays in a phase transition. It looses energy to smaller scale structure and its modes over time, everywhere, all the time. This is kind of a random string words to write down Without a lot of context, but the basic idea involves a thing called the vacuum structure that does that over time, it looses energy to different parts of the vacuum structure in processes like friction or equidistribution ect, every kind of process looses some energy to its sorroundings in some way. In this structure every particles and things like a black hole, or the structure that mediates interactions and so on are all just forms of this vacuum structure doing its thing, an electron for example is a very specific kind of configuration of this vacuum stuff. Now what the basic idea is, is that an electron for example is a configuration where this structure flows into a pointlike region, and the structure itself looses energy as it falls in, and radiates it out into deeper layers of structure, energy in=low entropy, energy out higher entropy, the existence of a structure like an electron would be increasing the rate at which the vacuum structure associated with our familiar friends, oarticles forces ect, inceases in entropy and its rate of decay. Forget about the details of how quantum predictions related to wave mechanics comes out right, that is solvable in a natural way, but now im just talking about a simplified kind of mechanism. So anyway, the particles we know and love are stable structures and have inetria and a gravitational potential because of this inceased rate of entropy increase, the configurations are just local minima, you just bust out some variational calculus and from the phase space of the vacuum structure you would find these configurations that are local minima and therefore have stability. But anyway, the trick is that this energy falling in, being transformed along the way and then reintroduced to space in a different form, causes the speed of light to change around the funnel so to speak. This is how it works in my theory, at a purely conceptual level, there is this flux of energy that is thrown into the hole and that constant rate manifests as the change in the speed of light. Now just ask what kind of basic mechanisms can change the speed of a wave propagating in a medium, whether it is transverse or longitudinal, for a solid it is pretty easy, but there are all sorts of mechanisms and effective potentials for smaller stuff to play around with. I have a more precise mechanism, but it is somewhat difficult to express in a comment that is reasonably short and readable. Its pretty obvious, the strength of the interaction between the little structures in the vacuum that carries to angular momentum in em waves and carries transverse waves even though it is more or less a fluid, because of a half way crystalized vortex structure, which is somewhat like a configuration of flow in a superfluid, where all the internal forces comes from acceleration and not motion, anyway it doesnt even have to be a pure superfluid, it just needs some similar properties to behave elastically under certain coordinates, and yeah you can actually male something dissipative look elastic by a coordinate transformation, don't ask me where i got that from, it is an invention of mine, all you need to do is not be a picky ether, basically you can do this to dissipation by decree very easily, where you just write in dissipative terms, instead of modeling dissipation as dynamical and essentially just a form of equidistribution. What you get then for example could be something as dumb as a billiards model with balls with some rolling resistance that roll around for a while but then they stop, but you can do a coordinate transformation to the time or distance coordinates along the way to keep momentum conserved, and the part of the derrivatives related to the friction term just vanish with respect to those changing coordinates, so we are using very special kinds of coordinates, that change over time as well, but there you go problem solved, dissipation successfully hidden, now for this system, ofc, we get to a point where to balls stop and we have infinitely compressed time to make it appear to still have that velocity approaching that configuration but that isnt the point, the point is that it is possible at all with special coordinates that change with time. This means you can get different notions of symmetry and thing like energies that are conserved for the same system. For example, the rest mass of my body could be decreasing all the time, and i would not notice that as all, if the change in my rest mass and the rest mass of everything else, changes in a form that makes the same equations of motion valid as if my rest mass is constant, in a complicated physical situation like me on the couch that kind of symmetry might be difficult to reproduce mathematically, it turns out not that hard but it feels weird starting off. The point is that this kind of symmetry can exist, and it means that we cannot differentiate certain kinds of non dissipative dynamics from dissipative versions that have the same bulk description in terms of motion and potentials. This is a curiosity when it comes to examples like the billiards, but for more realistic systems it gets a whole lot more interesting, you see an expanding universe is the perfect place for such a thing to be going on right under our noses. The reason is how rescaling works in relation to these sorts of funny coordinate transformations, let us say that im a ball that is floating through space, and all i can do is to measure the distance back to earth by bouncing a radar pulse at it and measuring the delay, but the universe is expanding, i can measure my velocity and my position with respect to earth over time. Lets say the expansion is just constant, well then i have my increasing times i measure, maybe it is 5 seconds and then it goes to 5.5 and then to 6.1, who cares about the details, the point is that there is one increase due to my velocity and one increase due to the expansion that depends on position over time. The further away i get, the more negligible the change in interval is due to my velocity, if it remains constant, in comparison with the delay from expansion, which grows over time with distance because the expansion is constant with time. Now thats really trivial and easy, no big revaluations there, its just how that works in expanding space with no friction. Now, if instead we have euclidian space, that is not expanding, and we start with the exact same speed, i will glide out into space and we wont have an identical physical situation obviously, but, if we postulate that over time, me, the ball shrinks, and the earth and all massive structures shrink in exact unison with no effects we can observe other than that rescaling physically, then we get a more similar situation, but there is one crutial difference, the measurements over time doesnt come out the same instead it changes by a fixed value each time, just lile in soace with no expansion, and now we can add a special friction term, to restore the symmetry between the two situations from my perspective, the ball floating in space, and that is a friction term, or alternatively you can change how quicn things evolve locally so it looks the same, but that is just another way to represent the situation. A physical friction terms is completely fine, it does the job perfectly fine. And the friction term just needs the right velocity dependence to be approximately or fully lorentz invariant locally. You can work that out just by solving it from the expansion representation, pretty simple, but the point is that this kind of friction, could be more or less unobservable, without purchase on the substructure and mechanisms of the vacuum structure.

00:01 The early days of semiconductors were about controlled electrical current 03:35 Utilizing the null principle for precise measurements without absolute galvanometer calibration. 09:19 Discovery of charge carriers based on Hall Effect 12:11 Radio waves enabled communication between ships and shore 17:36 Carver Mead experimented with controlled compositions of semiconductors. 20:34 Controlled chemical treatment revolutionized semiconductor conductivity 26:03 Transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductor crystal sets in early radio technology 28:39 Semiconductor innovation led to smaller, powerful receivers for radios. 34:19 Electron behavior in crystals leads to energy gaps 37:23 Mass and curvature effects on electron behavior 42:52 Shakti published a paper on impurities in selenium creating p-type semiconductor. 45:50 Early understanding of metal-semiconductor contacts led to key semiconductor device discovery 51:24 Invention of the transistor through controlled doping 53:54 Automated transistor manufacturing process revolutionized by Philco 59:08 Semiconductors revolutionized with sub-micron dimensions and increased speed. 1:01:41 Early semiconductor evolution enabled power switching technology. 1:07:10 Early innovations in integrated circuit technology and semiconductor devices 1:09:42 Implementation of logic using devices in series and parallel 1:15:21 Advancements in semiconductor technology have led to new ways of using devices and structures. 1:17:54 Potential resurgence of vacuum tubes in nano scale Crafted by Merlin AI.

Loved this video, intersection of rooting for freedom in business and science led to a miracle in industry, business and science.

I'm so glad I got a notification for this recording. I love Carver so much.

So good

❤

Even if we consider expansion is now falsified, I don't think that should affect the logic in this talk.

I’ve been thinking it was like this since I was a little kid I should have been put into a gifted program but instead was thrown into public school which killed my spirit and my ideas

I’m definitely biased in favor of engineers over theoretical physicists, since my dad was a mechanical engineer who worked on designing the Lunar Module at Grumman. The problem with theoretical physicists is summarized in the attitude expressed by Bohr when he famously said that the job of physicists is not to discover reality but equations that accurately predict the results of measurements. I suppose this is why the physics community will not consider revisiting Einstein’s 1911 variable speed of light idea. Relativity’s geometric spacetime based coordinate system “works”, so there is no need to consider revising it to reflect reality. Except that we are seeing it doesn’t work, since it doesn’t reflect what we are now seeing on a cosmic scale. So instead of going back to square one and exploring a VSL theory, the physicist club is doubling down on the Holy Scriptures of Special and General Relativity and postulating thee existence of “dark matter” and “dark energy” to explain the theory’s inaccurate predictions. The Ether based understanding of physics was immediately abandoned after a 100-year-old experiment failed to detect it, but the idea of a photon projectile idea of light following a ballistic trajectory through empty space at an invariable velocity is reaffirmed, in spite of the failure to detect the existence of any dark matter particle or dark energy. These unicorns must exist because Relativity is correct!

This talk gave me a great idea, thank you!

45:45 "100% of rest energy is gravitational potential. And every inertia is a gravitational vector coupling." I really enjoyed your lecture, and those were some wonderful experiments, but I'm not entirely sure how this claim follows. My understanding is that most of the energy in the rest mass of a proton is the energy that binds the 3 quarks together via the strong force. If there was only a gravitational potential, then the proton is at an energy minima.

Amazing!

Prof Mead restores my confidence in modern science.

Dear Prof. Mead, thank you for sharing your memories! This is so inspirational

Thanks for this inspiring talk!

I studied the history of neuromorphic computing as part of my '90's work in IP. Gilder wrote a book on Silicon Valley covering some of Dr. Mead's work. Read his interview in the LAT this week on his collective QED thoughts, and to me it stuck out his applied collective (thus presumably macro-scale) QM naturally never mentions gravity. I could spend hours explaining what's wrong with GR, and how getting gravity wrong obscures the basis of controllable entanglement and emergence of macro-scale superconductivity. Maxwell was mentioned quite a bit in the LAT article, but never Einstein. In my mind this highlighted what should eventually become obvious - Maxwell (and Gauss before him) didn't consider gravity variations whatsoever in EM but that never stopped Einstein from building on Maxwell's equations to come up with a grossly oversimplified, realistically non-quantizable (under EM rules) theory of matter and gravity pinned faithfully to a supposed constant light speed. Bending time just to have a slowed time with faster gravitational accelerations in higher gravity should have never been considered reasonable by Einstein followers, frankly. What seems to work fine in constant gravity can fail in wilder conditions, with "spooky" results. Atomic clocks are irregular photon phasing sources with regular photon color (Heisenberg rules for light) and unfortunately color is always less relevant than timing (phase) and "close" works better for horseshoes than laser beams. Forget those Popular Mechanics articles on GPS needing GR, it's military hearsay. Gravity-change-sped light has a higher frequency just like a faster rumble strip has a higher pitch. Conceptually simplest and most versatile way to reasonably incorporate negative energy into gravity is with a Planck-scale quantum showing zero net mass effect, formed by a resolution limit of EM energy enveloping a consequently-minimal volume of the so-called "true vacuum" having relatively negative energy density. The true vacuum thus forms a mass-wise self-neutralized Planck scale composite positive-negative energy particle, which at light speed may manifest as a dipole or bi-pole, a negative vacuum energy core substantially covered by an EM energy coating except at the leading (and possibly trailing) end. Upon contact with matter the longitudinal effect could thus be dominated by the pull of absorbed negative energy and the lateral effect governed by the push of expanding positive energy, the net effect of impact being an energy micro-tensor type of effect. All the "curvature of space" (as opposed to the curvature of light under gravity) is thus limited to Planck scale while macro-space stays flat (energy neutral, seemingly homogenous). Suppose with entanglement and superconductivity there is a temperature-dependent retroreflective "focus" in gravity flow between nucleons. Many aspects of this may make cold matter appear practically neuromorphic to some extent, with naturally saturable bidirectional positive gravity feedback flows possible, like mimicking evolution with Hebbian rules. The role of hydrogen nuclei in heavy organic molecules of life can begin to become apparent based simply on properties of heat resistant tethered protonic focus in extended inter-molecular couplings. The effective focus mechanism for the nucleon is ultra-simple - it's as if a nucleon forms three intersecting gravity flow mirrors capable of naturally settling into mutual perpendicularity if allowed by the environment. The Moire effect in graphene layers may reflect the performance of structures more fitting to systematically defocused gravity flows. Increased concentration from focus in gravity couplings may leverage on itself in gravitational flow rates, creating light-based flows supporting atom-to-atom links where light phase gets pulled forward up to some contextual saturation limit. The implications extend to "heat death" of the universe itself effectively being a periodic self-neutralizing extinguishable effect of inexorably growing gravitational energy flow focus in cooling matter. This is just some of my own perspective on gravity.

love this!

Absolutely brilliant story telling on crucial technology history.

Thanks Carver this is an incredible walkthrough