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Thanks for your interest. CD4049 is an inverting buffer from Texas Instruments. It can't replace an Op Amp. There are many cheap low-drift or zero-drift FET-input operational amplifiers from Texas Instruments or Analog Devices that can be purchased from Digikey or Mouser.

You’re welcome 😊 Glad that you liked this Push-Pull video. More Power Amplifiers & Voltage Regulators Videos are in ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4vWr-8XRBqxpi5idFDE9BV video playlist.

@geneglick3428 Glad that this video is helpful. Thank you for the comment. Here are a few related analog circuit videos: Sallen-Key Filter Design: LPF, HPF Frequency Response ruclips.net/video/KwUnQXbk7gM/видео.html Double Integrator Amplifier with single Op Amp ruclips.net/video/ZtGVJPIrsT8/видео.html Bode plot Frequency Analysis of Differentiator Circuit with Op Amp ruclips.net/video/BLVzuuqAlZs/видео.html I hope these videos are interesting as well.

@@STEMprof I was looking for a 2nd order integrator, but couldn't figure it out myself. I wonder how anyone thought this up? Anyway, after I understood what you did, I got to thinking about how it would behave in non-inverting mode. Kind of interesting that in non-inverting mode (Vin at the opamp non-inverting terminal, and then replace your Vin with ground). The result was not expected, Vo = 1 - (Z2/Z1)^2 where I was expecting 1 + (Z2/Z1)^2. I'm a fan of Maxima for computer algebra stuff. I used your equations, but changed it to a set of 3 simultaneous equations. Then asked Maxima to solve it. Here's what I came up with. It works for both inverting and non-inverting configurations. eq1 : (Vx-V2)/Z1 = (Vy-V2)/Z2$ eq2 : (V3-Vx)/Z1 + (0-Vx)*2/Z2 + (V2-Vx)/Z1 = 0$ eq3 : (V2-Vy)/Z2 + (0-Vy)*2/Z1 + (Vout-Vy)/Z2 = 0$ eq4 : solve([eq1,eq2,eq3],[Vout,Vx,Vy])$ define(Gain(V2,V3),fullratsimp(rhs(eq4[1][1])/Vin))$ print("Gain inverting mode=",Gain(0,Vin))$ print("Gain non-inverting mode=",fullratsimp(Gain(Vin,0)))$

Hi Luis, thank you for your comments. Happy to hear that the Capacitor multiplier videos were helpful. Thanks for sharing the good news that you have been able to analyze and understand how Gyrators work. Here are a few related circuit videos: GIC and NIC Impedance Converter with Op Amp ruclips.net/video/o6l_wztCACQ/видео.html Gyrator Op Amp Circuit as Impedance Converter Explained ruclips.net/video/jPudh9yqDH4/видео.html Best wishes!

@@MOSFETCMOS Thank you. Glad that you liked this capacitor Multiplier Circuit video.

Good point! Thanks for your interest and for sharing your insights.

My pleasure. Glad that you this Temperature Sensor Amplifier video is useful. Here are a few related videos: Thermometer Circuit Design with Op Amp and BJT transistor ruclips.net/video/55YsraFE0rg/видео.html Thermometer Sensor Circuit Explained ruclips.net/video/5jmbZ9ak6EI/видео.html I hope these videos are interesting as well.

You are very welcome! Glad that you like my channel and glad that these circuit videos have been helpful. I hope that you find helpful the following two videos about capacitance multiplier circuit: Capacitor Multiplier Op Amp Circuit: How does it work? ruclips.net/video/AwFvmSVNDrU/видео.html Variable Capacitance Multiplier Design with Op Amp ruclips.net/video/apFyV9BgGjM/видео.html I hope this is helpful

Thank you! Glad that you like this video :)

@hectorpalomino6252 Thanks for your interest in this channel. Operational Amplifiers have an impressively large range of practical applications in electronic circuits. To see examples of op amp applications watch ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt analog and op amp videos playlist. A near-ideal Op Amp has an extremely large open loop gain, very wide bandwidth, near-zero output impedance, practically infinite input impedance for both negative and positive input terminals with negligible voltage drifts and offsets. These features allow the op amp to realize a wide range of electronic circuits including oscillators, amplifiers, signal generators, voltage and current supplies, power amplifiers, sensors, data converters and many more.

@mostafanfs Thank you! Glad that you like this channel. I'd like to but there are many requests for detailed explanation. For more interesting circuits please browse the ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt playlist of 200+ circuit videos.

@TeslaFactory The design of Square wave oscillator with operational amplifier is discussed in the ruclips.net/video/vuMfW3U9WzY/видео.html video. For more examples see the ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4ee_0GL2EdguM-kLtJPxpU signal and waveform generator circuits playlist.

@@MrHeatification Thank you very much. Glad that you liked this Temperature Sensor Amplifier video. I hope you also enjoy the following related videos: Thermometer Circuit Design with Op Amp and BJT transistor ruclips.net/video/55YsraFE0rg/видео.html Thermometer Sensor Circuit Explained ruclips.net/video/5jmbZ9ak6EI/видео.html and EKG ECG Amplifier with Right Leg Drive Explained ruclips.net/video/1c7KGXPs4do/видео.html ... Thanks again 🙏

@@tristanboyle4450 You are welcome. Thanks for your interest and good question. By definition, a Power Amplifier is a circuit that considerably amplifies the power of input signal to a desired power level at its output high enough to drive a specific load (headphone, speaker, transmitters, etc.). More Amplifier examples are posted in my video Playlist (including 200+ circuit videos). I hope this is helpful.

@@STEMprof so would I be correct in saying that when you have an audio signal at line level it’s only voltage that varies so no powers transmitted so in this case to go from nothing to 2 W is a massive power gain. Is that the general concept?

@@tristanboyle4450 That's about right Tristan 👌. Any considerable power gain especially if driving low impedance output loads would qualify the circuit as a power amplifier.

@@STEMprof you can see the gaps in my understanding thanks so much for your time

@@tristanboyle4450 My pleasure. Glad that this video and discussions are useful.

@@fredflickinger643 Glad that this video is useful. Thanks for your interest and question. Please feel free to share your simulation results or observations 🙂 In case interested, here are a few related sensor amplifier videos: Thermometer Sensor Circuit Explained ruclips.net/video/5jmbZ9ak6EI/видео.html Strain Gauge Wheatstone Bridge Instrumentation Amplifier Explained youtu.be/io1yBcC Thermometer Circuit Design with Op Amp and BJT transistor ruclips.net/video/55YsraFE0rg/видео.html

Thanks for your interest in this video and sharing your thoughts. Temperature Compensation and linearization are discussed in the video. Here are a few related examples: Thermometer Sensor Circuit Explained ruclips.net/video/5jmbZ9ak6EI/видео.html Thermometer Circuit Design with Op Amp and BJT transistor ruclips.net/video/55YsraFE0rg/видео.html I hope these circuits are interesting as well.

Actually that project is "a ready to use with 3 (or 4) wires" of Pt100 3 wires: zero (GND) wires left as it is. Then, on the plus (high side) one wire , the supply, current wire - goes to R1, the sensing, voltage wire goes to + input of the op-amp. 4 wires: plus, high side as with 3 wires. Low side (GND): current wire goes to local GND of "two Zener diodes" (4V3 low pole) and sensing wire goes to local GND of 1K resistor. "local GND" means as close to GND of 4V3 Zener diode as possible and for 1k resistor as close as possible to its GND pole. 4 wires would be a bit artificial for that project, 3 wires is sufficient. The design is a bit counterintuitive as quadratic nonlinearity is compensated by linear (with offset) correction of the gain. I agree : over-engineered (in calculations, still simple design - a controversy), shows something obsolete as nowaday thermocouples and Pt100 amplifiers/conditioners in-one ICs offer amplification and linearisation, some ICs add ADC with SPI interface in one chip. Fully analog ICs make it using similar but a bit better compensation of Pt100 non-linearity. ICs with digital part inside don't care for non-linearity (compensated in analog way), the relevant linearisation is a part of inside software, a linearisation table. Anyway - a piece of good training and ... history. And very simple design, which may make it usefull (quick to be made)

@@marekrawluk Well said! Thank you for your interest in this circuit and for sharing your thoughts and insights. You have a good point about the learning aspect of these circuits. In line with that, here is one unique example of the application of PTC TempCo resistors to realize an Analog Power Raiser computer Circuit ruclips.net/video/Qe3cY9JSzYg/видео.html . I hope you also find it interesting,

Thanks for the 5.1 volt Zener Diode suggestion BZX55C5V1. While it has a low TC (Temperature Coefficient) of between +/- 0.02% per degree junction temperature change, it's TC is still 7-8x larger than the TX of series of 3.9v and 4.3v Zener Diodes recommended in the video. Thanks though for the good suggestion. 👍

@@STEMprof I looked at the TC values for the zeners in the video and the Vishay data sheet lists the TC as "typical" values, so the range is unknown.

@@h7qvi Good point. That's also needed to be taken into account.

@@fxsurgeon You are very welcome! Glad that you liked this PT100 RTD Amplifier video. Thanks for the comment and your kind words. 🙏

You're welcome! Glad that this DAC video is useful. For more circuit examples see the ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt circuit videos playlist.

Depends how and where it's wired in the target circuit. See more examples in ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt circuits videos playlist.

@@STEMprof Feedback from the voltage divider from the output of the power supply shows a signal on the oscilloscope with a lot of ripples and not completely DC, while the digital multimeter shows a single RMS value. I'm looking for an RMS circuit for this voltage. Or, if there is a more appropriate way, could you suggest how to deal with this type of feedback?

@@weyyylynn4144 Lots of ripple indicates that your lowpass filtering is not good enough in the design. I suggest increasing the value of capacitor. Also watch other alternative rectifier circuits and RMS meters in the playlist link I posted here.

@@STEMprof Thank you, sir. Your suggestions and videos help me a lot

Thank you! Glad that you like Voltage-controlled current source video. A related example is the Programmable Current Source Design with Op Amp, Zener Diode and Digital Potentiometer ruclips.net/video/R1x6B0TczWk/видео.html . I hope it is interesting as well.

Good question, it provides more stability while also short very high frequency noise components at the input of the circuit. See more sensor circuit examples in this video collection ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y7Ut9bm8TXAOhIWqL__FGlj. Thanks for watching.

Thank you! Good questions. This design method is not unique. There are many alternative techniques and methods to design these amplifiers. One reason for the higher bandwidth of the second amplifier stage is avoiding further magnitude drop at the upper passband edge of the first stage. As for the 27pf capacitor, it provides more stability while also shorting very high frequency noise components at the input of the circuit. More amplifier circuit videos are posted in ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y5679YAO-lFrNVYqV9XMNTr circuits playlist. I hope you like them as well.

Thanks for watching and your interest in this circuit. As briefly explained in 3:40 and onward, there are large DC decoupling capacitors at the input of the circuit that effectively kills DC indicating that we dominantly have a zero at origin in the circuit. Here is another audio amplifier example: Electric Guitar Amplifier to XLR Audio Signal ruclips.net/video/X4y8cwZdGEk/видео.html that might be interesting and helpful.

@mauricedemel6142 My pleasure. Glad that you liked this transistor feedback amplifier circuit video. Here is another example: Gain of Feedback Amplifier Example with JFET & BJT Transistors ruclips.net/video/NB1-mYglXsY/видео.html that you might find interesting. Thanks.

Thanks for watching and your good question. Starting my explanation at 13:01 in this video, I should've clearly mentioned that the virtual short of third op amp (feedback op amp) will enforce that its negative terminal (mid point between Vo1 and Vo2) have the same zero voltage as its grounded positive terminal as seen in the video. This results in mid point between Vo1 and Vo2 to be grounded and therefore in differential mode will result in Vo1 = -Vo2 since current flows from one Voltage to the other voltage through the resistors there are in between. I hope this further explanation answers your question. Here is another instrumentation amplifier video ruclips.net/video/9-MLqyewXW8/видео.html which explains a programmable Switched-Gain Instrumentation Amplifier.

@@STEMprof Thanks for your reply, I thought so, and also found that if we have the differential inputs v1 and v2 we would have vcm = (v1+v2)/2 and vd= v2 - v1, and by rearranging the 2 equations we have v1 = vcm - vd/2 and v2 = vcm + vd/2 which also leads us to the same conclusion.

You're welcome! Glad that the explanation was helpful.

My pleasure! Glad that you like this video. Sure, please share circuits you have in mind, and if it's within my expertise I'll analyze it in a video. The list of existing 200+ circuits videos are posted in ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt videos playlist. Thanks.

Thanks, Glad that you like my videos. Good question, the 10pf capacitor is just a stabilizer cap that is practically open circuit given that its impedance (1/jcw) is very large for the frequency range (bandwidth) of operation of this circuit. Hence it is just considered open for gain calculation. More amplifier circuits videos are posted in ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt video playlist.

Good question. Basically 5 = 4 -(-1) = 4 + j^2 where j^2=1. Here are a few more examples: Double spring-mass system analysis using Laplace Transform: ruclips.net/video/I5qTyPIo-xg/видео.html , Electric Circuit Analogy for Mechanical System: ruclips.net/video/997hfjGK3_w/видео.html Oscillation frequency of Tuning Fork using Laplace Transform: ruclips.net/video/CLY4f9RZo_U/видео.html Hope you find them helpful.

@t1d100 Thank you! My pleasure! You have a good practical point and I appreciate sharing your thoughts. I am assuming an Electret microphone in this Stethoscope Amplifier Circuit example. More Sensors Circuits Videos are posted in ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y4c7c-8KBjrwd7IyaZfWxyt video playlist.

You are welcome! Glad that you liked this Digital Stethoscope Amplifier video. I hope you also like the Electric Guitar Amplifier to XLR Audio Signal ruclips.net/video/X4y8cwZdGEk/видео.html and EKG ECG Amplifier with Right Leg Drive Explained ruclips.net/video/1c7KGXPs4do/видео.html Thank you.

You are very welcome. Glad that this Euler's formula video is helpful. You might also like the following related videos: Solving Euler Power Tower e^(π(√i)^(√2↑↑∞)) = ? ruclips.net/video/yUErUB7YVmM/видео.html Infinite Power Tower ruclips.net/video/JG1lg3aTig8/видео.html Algebraic Method vs Math Induction to solve Series ruclips.net/video/8E1VvXaqU-c/видео.html Is Tetration 2^(2↑↑2^2) ≥ 256^8^4 ? ruclips.net/video/AUTDU0iFVQo/видео.html And finally, here is the link to all Math videos playlist ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y5BUuxzrned72krSgRWhTOh Hope you find these math videos interesting 🙏

As explained in the video, yes, as long as the current through bias resistors is considerably larger than the base current of the corresponding BJT transistor. Here are a few more examples: Feedback Amplifier with JFET & BJT Transistors ruclips.net/video/NB1-mYglXsY/видео.html Feedback Amplifier with BJT: How to find DC Bias and AC Gain ruclips.net/video/6dLMxpLNKv4/видео.html I hope these feedback circuits videos are helpful.

Good question. I hope the following circuit videos answer your question: Feedback Amplifier with BJT: How to find DC Bias and AC Gain ruclips.net/video/6dLMxpLNKv4/видео.html Feedback Amplifier with JFET & BJT Transistors ruclips.net/video/NB1-mYglXsY/видео.html I hope these feedback circuits videos are helpful.

You are welcome! Glad that this Filter video is helpful.

Thanks for sharing your thoughts. I agree that one of the advantages of Zener diode connected between Vsupply and Resistor is better supply noise rejection for the reference current Iref. Given that reference current Iref = (Vs-0.7-Vzener)/R2 then sensitivity = delta_Iref/Iref = delta_Vs/(Vs-0.7-Vzener) which means sensitivity increases if Vs is reduced or if Vz is increased. In this example with Vs=10v , Vzener=4.7v , if 10 volt supply is increased 5% to 10.5V, then Iref=(10.5-0.7-4.7)/4.6k = 1.109 mA reflecting 10+% increase in current. Alternative design techniques are discussed in the circuit videos ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y48AAPxFaQlowim4-8gYoWz Hope this circuit playlist is interesting.

Glad that you liked this voltage controlled current source. Here are a few related circuit videos: On-Chip BJT Current Source Design ruclips.net/video/Rs7gEMk03dw/видео.html Programmable Current Source Design with Op Amp, Zener Diode and Digital Potentiometer ruclips.net/video/R1x6B0TczWk/видео.html hope there are useful as well.

www.youtube.com/@rolfts5762 You're welcome. And thanks for sharing your thoughts and good suggestions. To your point, there are many alternative ways and techniques to design and later this power amplifier circuit especially taking into account practical design considerations. For more stable high power amplifier designs I would recommend the following videos: ruclips.net/video/866MYibo8yE/видео.html designing a Push-Pull Power Amplifier with Sziklai/Darlington Transistor pairs, ---------- and also ruclips.net/video/C9Hse91r5sA/видео.html video of High Voltage Push-Pull Power Amplifier design with Op Amp and Darlington Transistors. Hope these are interesting as well.

You're welcome Sam. Glad that my channel is useful. Regarding the choice of Op Amp, as discussed in minute 18:00 in this video, I suggest CMOS low-noise op amps from Texas Instruments of Analog Devices with zero or near zero offsets and very low drift. I also suggest a decent slew rate which of course depends on the maximum input frequency in your applications. Also see the Texas Instruments Op Amp used in ruclips.net/video/HYqKQ-nUf5o/видео.html video. Alternatively, you might consider TI FET-input TLV9301 Op Amp or more expensive TI LMH6714 for higher frequency (say video applications). I hope this is helpful.

@@STEMprof thanks for your help .

Thanks for your interest and question. Sure, an example video ruclips.net/video/kk2c7Gk3nW4/видео.html discusses using Tempco resistor (temperature compensating resistor) with positive temperature coefficient (like a PTC thermistor). Here is also another circuit video example ruclips.net/video/Qe3cY9JSzYg/видео.html that explains Analog Computer that Raises signal to Power of signal with Temperature Compensation using PTC thermal sensor.

Mosfets are voltage-controlled devices and would not draw any significant current from the op amp output due to their very high gate input impedance. So the mosfets and resistors are the ones whose current handling are of concern.

@@christopherventer6391 Well-said, as long as the proper negative feedback and stable circuit is in place, then Op Amps outputs will converge to proper voltage values via negative feedback that will enforce virtual short for the positive and negative input terminals. thank you.

www.youtube.com/@chaochang1305 Good question, as long as the proper negative feedback and stable circuit is in place, then Op Amps outputs will converge to proper voltage values via negative feedback that will enforce virtual short for the positive and negative input terminals. Here is another example ruclips.net/video/NoNgQpbj77Y/видео.html of a gain control Op Amp output converging in real time to proper voltage value to electronically control the resistance of JFET transistor.

My pleasure! More circuit examples are posted in the circuit videos playlist ruclips.net/p/PLrwXF7N522y48AAPxFaQlowim4-8gYoWz .

www.youtube.com/@SteveRichfield Good question. Sure, the second order Differentiator vs the 2nd order Integrator discussed in ruclips.net/video/lOBaJ6BE_iE/видео.html video and in ruclips.net/video/BLVzuuqAlZs/видео.html that presents Bode plot Frequency Analysis of Differentiator Circuit with Op Amp. For your 12dB/octave design, I recommend considering ruclips.net/video/KwUnQXbk7gM/видео.html Sallen-Key Filter Design: LPF, HPF Frequency Response, and Damping Factor. I hope this is helpful.