Enumerable
Enumerable
  • Видео 6
  • Просмотров 43 465
Trijections: Sometimes 3 is greater than 2 (#SoMEπ)
We prove two combinatorial identities using "trijections"--equivalence classes with size three--rather than standard "bijective" counting arguments. #combinatorics #trijection #bijection #math #somepi #someπ
The D.I.E. technique (for alternating sums): ruclips.net/video/aSu0OA40oWk/видео.htmlsi=wLOCMxDlgrMk28zz
Summer of Math Exposition: some.3b1b.co/
Music: Boreal - Asher Falero
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:10 - First Identity
7:04 - Second Identity
10:39 - Equivalence Classes
10:56 - Challenge: Fermat's Little Theorem & Outro
Просмотров: 6 158

Видео

Dixon's Identity
Просмотров 9 тыс.6 месяцев назад
We prove Dixon's Identity using an elementary sign-reversing involution with exceptions. We also give combinatorial interpretations for binomial and trinomial coefficients. #combinatorics #involution #math The D.I.E. technique: ruclips.net/video/aSu0OA40oWk/видео.html Discussion of a combinatorial proof of Dixon's Identity: math.stackexchange.com/questions/338682/a-combinatorial-proof-of-dixons...
Proofs to D.I.E. For
Просмотров 4,4 тыс.10 месяцев назад
We cover the sign-reversing #involution trick of enumerative #combinatorics, also known as D.I.E.: Describe, Involution, Exceptions. From Art Benjamin and Jenny Quinn An Alternate Approach to Alternating Sums: A Method to DIE for: scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1581&context=hmc_fac_pub Learn about binomial coefficients: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial...
A Bell-Derangement Identity (#SoME3)
Просмотров 663Год назад
A combinatorial exploration of the distribution of fixed points of random permutations. This is a follow-up to "A Slightly Deranged Theorem": ruclips.net/video/YzCH3xR675c/видео.html We make use of Bell Numbers and Derangements. Submitted for the Summer of Math Exposition #some3. #combinatorics #math #maths #derangements #bell #bellnumbers A hint to the challenge problem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
A Slightly Deranged Theorem
Просмотров 816Год назад
Given a random permutation, what's the expected number of fixed points? We give two proofs of the answer, one using the linearity of expectation and the other with a combinatorial argument involving derangements. #combinatorics #math #maths #derangements #probability
e ≤ 3 ...without calculus!? (#SoME2)
Просмотров 22 тыс.2 года назад
An injective/combinatorial proof that e is no greater than 3. Submitted for the Summer of Math Exposition #SoME2. Collaboration with tiusic.com/ Special thanks to: mobile. dontthinkmeat More on the binomial theorem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_theorem #combinatorics #math Due to a little miscommunication, we posted a duplicate video on Liam's channel: ruclips.net/video/myKkhVy74V4...

Комментарии

  • @bransonstephens5716
    @bransonstephens5716 2 месяца назад

    Negative weights! 🫠

  • @channalbert
    @channalbert 2 месяца назад

    No, babe! It's not what it seems. It's just a trijection, you see?

  • @cicik57
    @cicik57 2 месяца назад

    Isn't it 2 bijection in a row?

  • @Nerdwithoutglasses
    @Nerdwithoutglasses 2 месяца назад

    In case you only want to do algebra alone, the first formula can be derived by extracting terms of the function f(x)=(1+x)^(3n), simply calculate the average of function input roots of unity (z^3=1). This technique was demonstrated by 3b1b (Olympiad level counting)

  • @berlinisvictorious
    @berlinisvictorious 2 месяца назад

    I think I just found a perfectly good combinatorics channel, hope you keep it up as most seem to overlook these topics

  • @thiennhanvo2591
    @thiennhanvo2591 2 месяца назад

    I dunno buddy, is 3 greater than 2🤔

    • @nisonatic
      @nisonatic 2 месяца назад

      By ternary logic, the answer is "file not found."

    • @thiennhanvo2591
      @thiennhanvo2591 2 месяца назад

      ​@@nisonaticdamn

  • @alexsere3061
    @alexsere3061 2 месяца назад

    But wait, if n=1, don't we always just get one fixed point? Meaning that the variance is 0?

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      Yes! The formula we derived here only works for m ≤ n, and for a variance computation you'll need the 2nd moment, i.e. m=2. So yes, the variance will be 1 for n at least 2. And in that one case when n=1, the variance is indeed 0.

  • @hannahnelson4569
    @hannahnelson4569 2 месяца назад

    I... don't understand.

  • @joshuaiosevich3727
    @joshuaiosevich3727 2 месяца назад

    At 6:10 you can solve for D(n-k) directly by realizing that these derrangements must be the nth discrete differences of n!. That’s how I solved that problem one idle day. I can’t be the only one who’s seen that

  • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
    @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 2 месяца назад

    Hang on. Did Did use cards for the bell numbers because one of the bell numbers is 52?

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      Huh...I didn't even notice that. Just a coincidence--like how C(14, 6)=C(15, 5).

    • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
      @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 2 месяца назад

      @@enumerable345 C(14,6) equals C(15,5) because 10 times 9 equals 15 times 6.

  • @MDNQ-ud1ty
    @MDNQ-ud1ty 2 месяца назад

    A trijection is simply 3 bijections.

    • @masonskiekonto590
      @masonskiekonto590 2 месяца назад

      Isn't two enough? For sets A, B, C and bijections f: A -> B, and g: B -> C you have: - f^-1: B -> A - g^-1: C -> B - g•f: A -> C - f^-1•g^-1: C -> A

    • @MDNQ-ud1ty
      @MDNQ-ud1ty 2 месяца назад

      ​@@masonskiekonto590 No, if you do it that way you just have composition of bijections and the overall bijection is, while a bijection, is "fixed" in the sense that it has to follow gf. E..g, if h = gf then h(a) = gf(a). In the trijection we allow for an additional permutation/shuffling. It's like adding a 4th set D and then what you do will work. That is, with a trijection we are allowing for any h(a) != gf(a) but h(A) = gf(A) (and h be a bijection). That is, all around the triangle we want free bijections. If one is determined by the other we don't have the complete degree's of freedom that one expects from a trijection. (e.g., where there is no preferred starting point) Basically if you set h = gf in your example then imagine that, h is fixed but we find all possible bijections f and g then there is an h for each one. Call it H = {h | h = gf and f,g are bijections}. This set H is what we can choose for the 3rd side. if you let r ~ s mean r and s are bijections(on the same set). Then we want h ~ gf rather than h = gf. (we loosen the requirements that the map of the individual elements must be equal and only require the global nature of a bijection)

  • @gachanimestudios8348
    @gachanimestudios8348 2 месяца назад

    Ifff

  • @jonathanv.hoffmann3089
    @jonathanv.hoffmann3089 2 месяца назад

    Thanks for sharing it! 🙏📚🏆🥇🙏📚🏆🥇🇧🇷

  • @jonathanv.hoffmann3089
    @jonathanv.hoffmann3089 2 месяца назад

    🎉🎉🎉

  • @jilanwicaksono
    @jilanwicaksono 2 месяца назад

    The D.I.E. guy upload another video!!!

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      Not sure how I feel about that nickname. 😂

  • @scottgoodson8295
    @scottgoodson8295 2 месяца назад

    For even n, the second identity seems to sum to (-1)^(n/2)*C(n,n/2)/4^(n/2) or if we replace n with 2n (to clear most of the denominators), it would equal (-1)^n * C(2n,n)/4^n where C(n,k) is n choose k. I did not even attempt a counting proof of this, but I wonder how that would go...

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      I haven't fully worked it out, but I also figured it would be too much for this video. The counting argument would go something like... the trijection still cancels out most stuff. Then there are other mini-configurations we can put into trijection that also sum to 0 to cover more. Eliminate as many as you can this way, and the remaining configurations that don't balance all (this is a guess) have sign (-1)^(n/2). Count up the weights of anything that remains to get the RHS.

  • @dyllanusher1379
    @dyllanusher1379 2 месяца назад

    I love the Pascal triangle trick to figure out what you're looking at. Also, I know this sounds silly but so often I look at an identity and I go straight to counting lhs rhs, without actually stopping to think, what am I looking at and what is this identity saying! The way you broke down the first identity as 3 times every third item in the 3nth row of pascals triangle summing to the total of the row but it's over or undercounting has changed the way I will look at identities forever. Before diving into the problem, look at what the problem is asking. Thank you.

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      What a nice comment. Thank *you*, and keep counting!

  • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
    @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 2 месяца назад

    why is 14 choose 6 equal to 15 choose 5

    • @BridgeBum
      @BridgeBum 2 месяца назад

      Was this in the video? At any rate, pretty easy to just plug in these values into the formula and see it is true.

    • @Kettwiesel25
      @Kettwiesel25 2 месяца назад

      14 choose 6 = 14!/(8!*6!)=15!/(10!*5!) * (10*9)/(15*6)=(15 choose 5) * 1

    • @KrasBadan
      @KrasBadan 2 месяца назад

      (n k) = n!/(n-k)!k! (14 6) = 14!/(14-6)!6! = 14!/8!6! = 14!•15/8!5!•6•15 = 15!/8!5!9•10 = 15!/10!5! = 15!/(15-5)!5! = (15 5)

    • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
      @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 2 месяца назад

      @@KrasBadan amazing. can you use this to construct an equivalence between the two sets

    • @Kettwiesel25
      @Kettwiesel25 2 месяца назад

      @@MichaelDarrow-tr1mn Now can you find an equivalence which will always add a card to the 5 if all of them are lower than 15, while "splitting" the 15 into two cards that add up to 15 if 15 is part of the 5 cards.

  • @APaleDot
    @APaleDot 2 месяца назад

    Good video, but I don't like the terminology. A bijection uses bi- because it's both a injection and a surjection. That would suggest a trijection somehow adds another kind of -jection. I think "triple bijection" would be a better term for this relationship.

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      Well, it is kind of a jokey term, made up for this video. But-if you'll allow me to defend myself-I don't know that the Bourbaki group coined the word with the bi- prefix for that specific reason. An alternative, which generalizes better to tri-, is that there is a bijection between A and B if there's an injection from A to B and from B to A (Schröder-Bernstein), so a trijection would have a cycle of injections A to B, B to C, and C to A. Though this is motivated etymology on my part! :P

    • @MagicGonads
      @MagicGonads 2 месяца назад

      @@enumerable345 maybe we should worry about if that generalises to category theory properly too the equivalent of a bijection is an isomorphism, an injection a monomorphism, and a surjection an epimorphism, but it's not the case that a morphism that is both a monomoprhism and an epimorphism is automatically an isomorphism that makes me think that having a monomorphism from A to B and a monomorphism from B to A would not necessarily be the same thing as having a monomorphism from A to B that is also an epimorphism from A to B, but I don't know how to properly reason about this

    • @DanishHafiz-gt4sq
      @DanishHafiz-gt4sq 2 месяца назад

      man we all wanna reach samw height

  • @canaDavid1
    @canaDavid1 2 месяца назад

    Regarding the bonus problem: consider the set of all functions from Zp to Za, excluding constant functions. Now define an equivalence relation between two functions f and g if there is some x such that f(a) = g(a+x) for all a in Zp. One therefore sees that the equivalence classes are of size p, as they are all p cyclic shifts of the result. To show that all p are different, consider ftsoc some f where f(a+x) = f(a) [x ≠ 0] Then f(0)=f(x)=f(2x)=...=f((p-1)x). This is all the elements in Zp, hence f is constant. Contradiction. One could also imagine this as all sets of length p with elements from Za, which is the same.

  • @oliverjchiang
    @oliverjchiang 2 месяца назад

    Fourth!

  • @michaelearnest1983
    @michaelearnest1983 2 месяца назад

    Great video for a niche topic! Here's another problem which can be solved by a trijection. For any natural number n, prove that the sum of C(n + k, 2k) ⋅ 2^(n - k) from k = 0 to n is equal to (2^(2n + 1) + 1)/3, where C(a, b) = a! / (b! ⋅ (a - b)!).

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 2 месяца назад

      Ooh, I don't think I've seen that identity before! I'll save coming up with the trijective proof for an upcoming plane flight. (Also--fellow Mudder?)

    • @michaelearnest1983
      @michaelearnest1983 2 месяца назад

      @@enumerable345 Yes I am a mudder, class of '13 :^) I shouldn't be too surprised you went to HMC, since you've clearly studied under Prof Benjamin.

  • @caiodavi9829
    @caiodavi9829 2 месяца назад

    nice

  • @djridoo
    @djridoo 2 месяца назад

    Incredible video !

  • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
    @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 2 месяца назад

    Can you do a combinatorial proof that 10 choose 3 equals 16 choose 2?

  • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
    @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 2 месяца назад

    Can you do a combinatorial proof that 5 plus 17 isn't 24? I seem to keep making that association for some reason

  • @sillygoofygoofball
    @sillygoofygoofball 4 месяца назад

    woah

  • @pawebielinski4903
    @pawebielinski4903 6 месяцев назад

    I am officially amazed

  • @pawebielinski4903
    @pawebielinski4903 6 месяцев назад

    Very very nice

  • @AryanKumar-vo1ic
    @AryanKumar-vo1ic 6 месяцев назад

    If you can tell me where to find more such mathematical journals( like the one pinned in description of video) It would be great help.. Thank you sir.

  • @abhinavanand9032
    @abhinavanand9032 6 месяцев назад

    Doesnt the mapping need to be bijective

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 6 месяцев назад

      The involutions match up some subset of the total set. Where they're not defined, we call those the exceptions.

  • @warguy6474
    @warguy6474 6 месяцев назад

    i would rather DIE than count

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 6 месяцев назад

      Matching is so much easier than counting!

  • @BoppanaMath
    @BoppanaMath 6 месяцев назад

    Nice presentation of a nice method. At @1:20, you mention a possible proof by Doron Zeilberger. You might be referring to his paper on Dyson's conjecture (now a theorem): sites.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/mamarimY/zeilberger%20-%20a%20combinatorial%20proof%20of%20dysons%20conjecture%20-%20better%20scan.pdf.pdf. Dyson's conjecture contains Dixon's identity as a special case. Zeilberger cites a book by Cartier and Foata that has a combinatorial proof of Dixon's identity, but the book is in French, so I didn't read it.

  • @misraimburgos7461
    @misraimburgos7461 6 месяцев назад

    I was here at 1k subscribers and less than 5k views.

  • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
    @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 6 месяцев назад

    These trinomial coefficients... (a+b+c a,b,c)=(a+b+c a)*(b+c b). This can be used to make many identities, such as the Team-Leader identity from the derangement video i think?

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 6 месяцев назад

      There are indeed tons of analogous identities/proofs with trinomial coefficients.

  • @joebucket1471
    @joebucket1471 6 месяцев назад

    What software is he using to write the formulas and animate them ? Manim ?

  • @rasherbilbo452
    @rasherbilbo452 6 месяцев назад

    Holy cow, this is a criminally under-subscribed channel.

  • @archismanrudra9336
    @archismanrudra9336 6 месяцев назад

    That's amazing! That monstrosity at the end, well I had been bashing my head trying to understand the power series for the AGM iteration without using the integral technique, and it occurs there. And now I am wondering if that has a combinatorial interpretation, and more generally for hypergrometric identities

  • @corbinsmith5015
    @corbinsmith5015 6 месяцев назад

    Very cool video, I love sign reversing involutions

  • @caspermadlener4191
    @caspermadlener4191 6 месяцев назад

    I love homological combinatorics

  • @mMaximus56789
    @mMaximus56789 6 месяцев назад

    Me in my combinatorial class: DIE

    • @zyklos229
      @zyklos229 6 месяцев назад

      Underrated 😂

  • @Grateful92
    @Grateful92 6 месяцев назад

    It won't be wrong to call you Grant Sanderson of combinatorics (but I appreciate you as a unique individual and your efforts and time that you put to beautifully simplify maths) Should we expect to get a full playlist on combinatorics by you?

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 6 месяцев назад

      So kind, thanks! I definitely have ideas for a few more videos.

  • @caspermadlener4191
    @caspermadlener4191 6 месяцев назад

    Another, easier practise problem: Look at subsets of {1,2,3,...,n}, such that the average is an integer, of length k. This is f(k,n). What is f(1,n)-f(2,n)-f(3,n)-...-f(n,n), evaluated with order of arithmetic from right to left?

    • @michaelearnest1983
      @michaelearnest1983 6 месяцев назад

      That's a really cute problem! Thank you for sharing. Here is my solution, encoded with rot13. Gur qrfpevcgvba vf fhofrgf bs {1,...,a} bs nal fvmr jubfr nirentr vf na vagrtre, jurer gur fvta bs n frg vf qrgrezvarq ol gur cnevgl bs vgf fvmr. Gur vaibyhgvba, tvira n frg F jvgu nirentr n, vf whfg gb gbttyr gur cerfrapr bs n! Gur rkprcgvbany frgf ner gur frgf bs fvmr 0 naq fvmr 1. Gur fvtarq fhz bs rkprcgvbany frgf vf 1 - a, urapr gung vf gur jubyr fhz.

  • @AryanKumar-vo1ic
    @AryanKumar-vo1ic 6 месяцев назад

    love your work.

  • @amalirfan
    @amalirfan 6 месяцев назад

    No idea what I am watching, looks pretty though 🥺

  • @samueldeandrade8535
    @samueldeandrade8535 6 месяцев назад

    Brilliant ...

  • @karanshome
    @karanshome 6 месяцев назад

    Another vid, another banger 😮‍💨

  • @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn
    @MichaelDarrow-tr1mn 9 месяцев назад

    Can you do pi being at least 3?

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 9 месяцев назад

      Pi is a very geometry-inspired number, so it's pretty easy to see geometrically. Imagine a unit circle circumscribing a regular hexagon. The circumference (2 pi) is larger than the perimeter of the hexagon (which is 6). This does require that a "straight line" is the minimum length curve between two points--which is a bit nontrivial. But just because it's geometric doesn't mean there's no combinatorial angle--I'll think about it!

  • @suppositorylaxative3179
    @suppositorylaxative3179 9 месяцев назад

    What is the list of music used in this video

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 9 месяцев назад

      It's "Boreal" by Asher Fulero. I believe I looped it and slowed it down by about 20% for my use. That song is available in the RUclips Audio Library, so you can use it in your own videos easily.

  • @algobrax
    @algobrax 9 месяцев назад

    sorry my guy but i think u forgot to end your sentence at 0:48. Or is it a play on showing the word description at that moment on the screen? In the sense that " link in the description". But before you also displayed " link in the ... " on screen. Are you afraid of the word description? Regardless of that I enjoyed the video and at the end it was clear to me the hows and whats, keep up the work !!

    • @enumerable345
      @enumerable345 9 месяцев назад

      Yeah, that was supposed to happen--a sort of audiovisual joke. Thanks! I'm working on my next video, but there are a lot of new techniques I need to learn to animate it, so be sure to subscribe!