The Mauser 98 also has a cone, it's inside the receiver ring, and the barrel seats up against it. The Springfield simplified the receiver by coning the barrel breech instead. Thanks for the video, I really enjoy watching them!
Hi Vincent - You're right - I checked some of my Mausers and the ramp is good and helps - although the bullet tip can hit the flat edge of the barrel - as you note - the Springfield does a better job and the pre-64 does the best job at feeding without obstacles for the bullet tip. Thanks for writing.
My father's gunsmith worked for Winchester before Pearl Harbor. Worked for Uncle Sam after that. He designed the bolt for then new model 70. He was a master craftsman and made some excellent rifles from Mauser actions my dad sent back from North Africa.
I was lucky to stumble across your Chanel a couple of months ago and since have appreciated bolt action rifles much more to the point I want a couple more. Thank you for your content.
Yes u are lucky to find this man's channel. He's the easiest to watch and listen to, wo being annoying. This man has tons of spot on firearms knowledge and shares it so freely for our benefits. I love this content and never get tired of learning the history of firearms design. Thanks 🙏 again
It just makes the Mauser even more impressive ... to get so much of it right the first time just doesn't happen very often. The control feed is genious.
Dear USOG. a few weeks back, you said "Barrel life = a few seconds" ....That statement tumbled in my mind like clothes in a clothes dryer. I have a steel rifle barrel, off a pattern 1914 that was a CENTURION .300 win mag re-chambering. This keepsake represents the best part of my life/hunting. The barrel is throat eroded, and accurate no longer. I put 2800 rds thru it over 25 years. average velocity, 3100 fps (180 gr) I am dyslexic, but i have some good days. I always thought of barrel life in round-count. After some serious sawdust smoke from my ears, I have determined my barrel life to be 2/3 of a second. This is based upon your premise that bullets pass through and fractions of a second. My estimation is 1/4000 th of a second through my 24 inch barrel. This is approximation on my part. Thank you for igniting my imagination. As I live vicariously through your thoughtful, insightful uploads.
Hi Phil, I am humbled by your kind words. It seems that many things are like a falling star; yet so bright and memorable in those short moments; or even less then that. All the best to you.
Thanks for the video. My first barrel job was a Springfield 03. I borrowed a lathe and the correct thread tool. Quite a learning experience for an amateur gunsmith. 50 years and many deer hunts later the old 25-06 will still make one hole with three at 100.
I am just starting my journey into bolt action firearms. I’ve spent years with semi autos, but now I find myself interested in the simplicity and accuracy of the bolt action rifles. Anyway, your channel is absolutely wonderful! So informative and I enjoy hearing your experienced opinions about the various actions and models of rifles! Keep up the great work! Thank you for sharing your expertise! 😀😊🙌
Thank you for displaying these sorts of barrels and actions. I'm only familiar with the Rem 700 and Tikka type of action. As you pointed out at the end, the Tikka is amazingly smooth.
My 2017 Winchester Model 70 Super Grade Maple 270 has the coned breech. I looked at my X-bolt 6.5CM and Remington 700 BDL 22-250, and neither of those have a coned breech, but more of a stepped down breech.
Hi RG - Thanks for verifying - maybe I was thinking of one of the pre-64 copies - which are the same as the pre-64 except for the coned breech. The Maple Grade is superb in looks and I'm glad they kept the feeding. The Remington is okay but I remember many times having to do the backup the bolt a bit and push again - with many bolt rifles - not only the Remington - if the bullet tip somehow hits a flat area at the back of the barrel.
Hey it's me again Mike. Another fine educational and entertaining video. Aside from things just being worn out, I always thought that the biggest feeding problems were caused by not operating the bolt vigorously enough (which a gunsmith educated me about a long time ago) and the relative shape of the cartridge. 300 H&H being the best ever and any of the ones with very little taper combined with shoulder angles that were almost square the worst. Think WSM or WSSM. I suppose I should add rimmed cartridges not aligned properly in the magazine which would be operator error. I have a Siamese Mauser 45-70 that whoever built it originally just didn't do a very good job. It wouldn't feed worth a tinker's damn. All it took was getting it to a good old time gunsmith who knew his business and happily paying for his service. Works like a charm now. Happy hunting boys and girls.
I must be getting old because for a field rifle I prefer an Mauser-esqu or model 70 classic or pre-64 style bolt rifle. It's what I prefer and I'm limited in choices being primarily a left hand user. The actual reason for this preference is mostly for the heavy duty extractor. I can't afford those euro straight pull rifles like that Blaser (highly overpriced), but do have lefty model 70 classic,
Being a gun collector myself like you but smaller scale I have many actions to try and have found the Sako’s for not being controlled feed on most of their actions feed very smooth! I do have and like my pre64’s and mausers but not needed in most hunts!
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns after losing my right eye I don't have any use for the bolt action rifle but then I never really did I prefer semi auto levers or the pump action rifles personally
I am a fan of Winchester model 70's made between 1980-1988. They are push feed. They are the smoothest, quietest bolt actions I have ever felt or heard. For instance, I just purchased a Sauer mod. 100. RUclipsrs falsely claim it has a super smooth action . Nothing could be further from the truth. The bolt "hangs up" and "drags" compared to my super smooth Win mod. 70's.
Hello Clasvi - They are fantastic rifles and so long as people don't seem to know - the prices remain sometimes ridiculously low. Good on you for seeing what's what. Good shooting.
My favorite rifle is the Winchester M70 pre ‘64. I thought it was a copy of the Mauser. I thought the Mauser had the cone breach. Thanks for the excellent video.
*Yes, that was interesting. I was not aware of multiple rifle makers using the coned breech. Due to limited exposure, I have only seen the 1903 or '03A3 and '03A4 Springfield using that coned breech. Your demonstration clearly showed the benefits of that feature. The new 'lugs in barrel' sort of system is also interesting.. I can easily see how that might gain some practical strength or more fully contain the cartridge. I will agree with you. If anything goes wrong or a cartridge gets stuck in that chamber of the R-8 or anything similar... getting a stuck cartridge out might be a minor challenge. Interesting stuff. Sometimes, it is amazing that people somehow got all of that to actually work.*
I had a friend who had an old Krag which had the slickest action I have ever seen. From what I have read, the actions received special heat treatment and the parts were very closely fitted.
Didn`t hurt the feeding sequence that the Krags only had one locking lug,making them pretty much irrelevant for modern high-pressure,high-velocity ctgs.
Hi Mike, you asked if this was interesting. For someone who sought perfection before taking a dangerous game bolt action to Zimbabwe this is awesome. There were historically significant posts by some of the sadly retired or expired master gunsmiths on the old AR and other forums…it is a vast topic ensuring reliable feeding, and unfortunately a tuned rifle might be specific to a particular cartridge manufacturer..keep up the great work. Charlie from NZ
When you were at the end giving your final praise of the pre-64 Model 70 saying "that pre-64 you can move it as slow you like. . ." I was waiting for a voice over cut of Walter Cronkite saying "And that's the way it is."
But that barrel at 18min has the lugs locking inside the barrel what ensures more accuracy to the system. It is a feature with an specific end in mind. "I'm a bad collector… I do not study the fabrication dates" was the most fun part of the video.
The smoothest turn bolt actions I have ever experienced are both '98 style Mausers. The best is my 1929 Persian Mauser, buttery smooth, and the other is my 1909 Argentine carbine which is very close to the Persian. My 1943 Lithgow No. 1 Mk III Enfield is also quite smooth.
There are 2 distinct advantages to having a barrel extension that the bolt locks into, instead of the barrel screwing into the receiver and the bolt locking up in the receiver. First, the barrel manufacturer can ream the chamber and cut the locking surfaces in the barrel extension without worrying about the receiver dimensions at all. IOW getting headspace correct depends on the barrel/barrel extension assembly and the bolt. The receiver is no longer part of that equation. Second, the receiver isn’t part of the chamber anymore. This means that the receiver can be made out of aluminum like my lightweight ‘81 BLR lever action rifle. Frankly, I don’t understand why some manufacturer hasn’t taken this AR approach and applied it to a budget bolt action rifle. The Browning BLR is a wonderful, modern rifle that just happens to be actuated by a lever. A bolt action with the same lockup design would be far easier to make than the rack & pinion mechanism of the BLR. Heck - it could even be disassembled by the end user! (As far as I can tell, disassembling a BLR qualifies as a very BAD IDEA because of the lever action timing.)
Thanks ChipsterB - Can be done and coming soon. Aluminum receiver; aluminum bolt body or polymer; steel bolt head - carbon barrel with steel locking lug recesses in a press fit barrel extension. Polymer stock. Maybe people would want such a thing. I agree on the BLR - I had some show up disassembled - getting the rack and pinion timed right again etc...is not a great idea.
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns The Fix rifle by Q is a $3,000+ bolt action AR in essence. But if they can make a $500 gas operated AR, why not a $500 bolt action? No gas block or tube, no carrier key, no buffer, no buffer spring…. I completely understand the lack of appeal aesthetically but it would be functional. Make it compatible with AR handguards, buttstocks, etc. and go to town. Just look at a “tactical lever gun” 🤢
Hi John - I checked the barrel of the new version on the pre-64 and it also has a coned breech - slightly different from the original - but still there. Good luck and good shooting.
Best feeding bolt action i have ever used is the #1 mk3 lee enfield......have never had a feed, failure extraction or ejection problem even when converted to a rimless caliber (7.62x51 ishapore in one case and a bsa factory 7x57 sporter)
Your vocabulary is brilliant. You must have had an education in a field of writing I.e." difficult to illuminate" Very prolecise with language its like listening to an early 19th century piece of literature. Lovely.
The 98 Mauser is a perfect example of German engineering. Almost every gun designed after it was partly designed by a bean counter accountant. This includes the pre 64 Model 70.
The receiver ring in most bolt action rifles has a cone, but I have feed polished feed ramps on rifles that should not have not been , and I'm talking many different mauserdbimandbbotherbmikkitary boot actions. About half are preffesionaly done in when made or when being rearsenaled and some the armourer or even individual soldier / would do. The M91/30 wartime production rifles did not have feed ramps so many soldiers would 1. Bend the tip of the mag follower or put in a type of feedramp by kind of copying the older pre war rifles. Controlled feed is nice but In modern rifles I would not say it's a must unless your going big game hunting. Some other rifles would also use the shape the mag feeder to do this. I was in the UK army cadets (not that long ago) and before I finished and moved to the zuSbthey changed to a Civilian .22lr modern rifle. On our range we had 2 types of converted .22lr SMLE one was a single loader the other had a magazine but the rifle was actually more heavy than a standard SMLE as it had the same barrel profile and no idea if it was a .22lr perminant insert or a .22lr barrel, you realy had to open and close the boot smartly for it to feed an eject, a crazy heavy .22lr but it was very accurate and the one with the 5 round mag was fast to fire. The most popular .22lr rifles we had where when a cadet died from a falling wall and as he loved shooting they purchased 2 very nice parkernhail new production (I think it was the 60s) Martini action target rifle with free floated bull barrel and some of the best iron sightdbi had used with probably the best adjustable stock for the time, It was kind of sad to see the memorial engravings if a 17 year old. We had 2 straight pull SA80A2s that where never really used one had an open sight one had a susat. But it was for familiarisation then we had a rack of standard issuie SA80A2 with Susats. We had a few older L1A1 wood stocked FAL rifles 2 "official conversion" 7.62x51 NATO SMLEs A few .303 SMLEs 1 Marini Endfeild in .303 and since we where in Wales it was kind of a favorate (the movie Zulu) For weapons familiarisation we had a Canadian 20" A2 style of M16 with a flat top but did have a carry handle (we realy liked those) An AK 100 series full length in 5.56x45 NATO One no idea where it was mad but a possible war prophy 7.62x39 milled Chinese spiker AK (For weapons familiarisation) A few 5 shot olympic style target pistols in .22LR Some standard issuie browning High-powers 1 Sterling SMG And one WW1 98 a few WW2 98ks, a 6.5 Caranco and a 6.5 Arisaka Then some obsolete caliber stuff like a martini Henry. We could shoot as much .22lr , 5.56 ,7.62 and 9mm NATO due to huge stockpiles and the fact it did not cost anything. We would sometimes get grates of surplus .303 some had hangfiresband where awfull some where OK. Would get a limited amount of 7.62x39 (I think it's why they got an AK in 5.56) If we wanted good .303, 7.62x39 or 8mm Mauser we had to all put some money in the pot to buy it usually Romanian steelcase or surpluss 8mm, Chinese steel case surplus 7.62x39 then new manufacture or newer surplus .303 that shit well but removing the corrosive salts was not fun. Ammo was allways a reasonable price since even if you have a firearms permit in the UK you can only have a certain amount of rounds (can have as much reloading components as you like) so no hearing or lack of ammo. But since it was the millitary they could buy tax free cheap in bulk. Even after moving to the US I have allways preferred Cock on close. But in the UK you could buy a decent Europian over and under that had nice wood with extractors and a single trigger with decent blueing bljustndosrse roll stamp (engraving) Many where sold with an oversized stock as you would get a gunsmith to fit the gun to you. A new good shotgun would be under 350usd If you got if from a dealer that could fit they would charge about 50 to fit, sand and engrave but if you wanted them to finish it it was another 30. I have never seen this service offered in the US but it does involve pointing a closed O/U at the gunsmith... In the US spark from the Turkish stuff they cost a fortune and so many shotguns still don't have ejectors, most still have 2 triggers and many still have hammers and that's new production.
Hello TF - Many bolt rifles have ramps that try to direct the cartridge into the chamber - Mausers often have them - and they work most of the time. The true coned breech though - works all of the time - there is no surface for the bullet tip to get hung up on. The Springfield has a sort of cone as well - which might be the semi-coned design you mention. Thanks for the note.
Amazing video! I checked with my two Mausers, and they behave a little differently. One is a 1923 Mauser 98 Waffenfabrik Oberndorf chambered in 6.5x55 Swedish. I can feed as slow as I like and the bullet goes straight to the hole in the barrel. The other one is the reworked Mauser 98 into the Kongsberg M67 target rifle chambered in 7.62x51 NATO, and this one is not perfectly going straight and the bullet touches the edge of the barrel and I can feel a little resistance there. Both actions are not particularly smooth compared to f.i the Tikkas. I can imagine three things here to explain this. One is the extractor is worn on the outside right on both my rifles so I guess that creates some resistance. The other thing is the thumb cut away where the Oberndorf bolt crashes a little but the Kongsberg don`t. Then the third thing is how loose the bolt is in the receiver maybe they had to make it like this to ensure function under all circumstances in the war trenches. Sidenote and a little off topic: The Kongsberg M67 target rifle was not preferred over the Kongsberg (and Steyr) Krag Jørgensen target rifle because of the krag had a very smooth bolt operation. But in the rain the Krag had a problem, it only had one locking lug in the front, and the wet cartridge would cause the cartridge to move slightly backwards causing a twist that sent the bullet up right or down, dont remember which it was. The Mauser did not have this problem and was therefore the preferred weapon in field outdoor shooting. So many shooters owned two rifles until the Sauer 200 STR came and replaced the two in 1990. Sorry this was so long post.
Hi Torbjorn, Thanks for the post - not too long at all : ) As you know I have a few Mausers and some feed well and some don't. Much seems to have to do with bullet shape of course - and how the ramp interacts with the shape of one or another bullet. I didn't know about the Krag in the rain. Quite interesting. Theoretically headspace should be the same; wet or dry - but who knows. The modern rifles are fantastically smooth - the Tikka etc... Those with polymer mags with polymer followers tend to feed less well as the plastic wears away - but a new magazine solves this. I still find the odd time that a particular bullet shape hits the back of the barrel - but not too often; I think it happens more than one knows as speed of operation makes the impact of bullet nose on barrel hard to notice. The deformed bullet tip would account for some of those mystery flyers we all experience from time to time. Thanks again and good shooting!
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns About the Krag there's a good Wikipedia article in norwegian I here used google translate on the subject of oil or water on the cartridge. It's rather long: "Hit point change All the locking mechanisms in the sliding case of the Krag are located in the three to six o'clock position, and are thus arranged asymmetrically. This makes the locking mechanism somewhat weaker and more susceptible to impact point change. The dedicated locking lug is located at the front of the breech head, and in addition there is an additional locking lug running along the breech. With the breech in the locked position, the main locking lug will be positioned on the underside at six o'clock, and the additional locking lug on the right side at just above the three o'clock position. The angle between the two locking lugs is actually less than 90 ° . As on most other cylinder lock rifles, the lever arm functions as an extra safety, but this too is in line with the longitudinal locking tab. With the Krag, it was often observed that the impact point was moved to the left and up if you shot outside in rainy weather so that the rifle and ammunition got wet, or if there was oil in the chamber. According to experience, the problem was greatest with heavy (thick) barrels used for competitive shooting. The phenomenon is due to less friction between the fired cartridge and the chamber causing more of the force from the recoil to go towards the breech head, which then twists to the side. With a dry chamber and dry cartridge, there will be good friction against the chamber walls and the phenomenon is hardly noticeable. Point of impact change due to changed chamber friction can also be observed on rifles with symmetrical locking if the locking lugs do not grip equally, but is more evident on the Krag due to the asymmetrical locking without attachment point on the left side."
The Krag is the smoothest bolt action I ever used. Likely due to the single locking stud? Thank you for sharing. Love learning new facts on rifles. I don’t know if that has anything to do with feeding or a separate issue.
I bought a brand new USRAC Model 70 Short Action Featherweight (chambered in .308 Winchester) around about 1990 and it had a coned breech. I sold it because the first shot from a cold barrel would always land in the same spot BUT 5 shots prone @100m would be 2-1/2” to 3” i.e. just under to slightly over 2.5 m.o.a. AND a 10 shot group would be ridiculous. If I cannot practise via positional shooting competitions, a bush hunting rifle is no use to me. NB For the benefit of anyone who is arithmetically challenged, 1 m.o.a. @100m = 29.09 mm; 2.5 m.o.a. @100m = 72.725mm; 2.5” = 63.5mm and 3” = 76.2mm. Another guy in our club had a USRAC Model 70 in 7x57 that was much better behaved.
Hi Michael - I know what you mean. I had this happen to me several times. I have no explanation. It isn't free floating, chamber problems, polishing the bore, or anything else. Some barrels...don't shoot. : ( But there are lots of barrels out there : )
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns Early days with hammer-swaging (hammer forging being a marketing term) appear to have been a painful experience for every company going down that route. I understand that Winchester Featherweight ‘hammer forged’ barrels had improved significantly before FN moved barrel production to South Carolina. The big problem with producing such a slender smooth-finished barrel by that method, seems to have been the removal of the mechanically-formed hard skin by that process which, according to a deceased gunsmith friend of mine, allowed the barrel to expand radially as it heated up. Sturm Ruger, as I recall, bought their first machine for shotgun barrel production and later purchased a larger machine for rifled barrel production. They have also steered clear of the extreme external machining required for the Featherweight barrel. The L42 Sniper rifle barrels were ‘hammer forged’ but traces of the process were left on the outside of the barrels, which tells you something about the British experimental test results when developing those barrels.
Does the bullet getting snagged affect accuracy? It seems like scoring the bullets would be bad, and some bullet types would be more prone to scoring than others.
It can affect accuracy. Soft lead point bullets where they have exposed lead for the tip of the bullet are most likely to be affected. Since most people hunt with rifles more than compete with them it is not an issue. Also the type of bullet you use for accuracy in competition are less prone to this form of damage. On a bolt gun the forces involved for most of the loading is not that great. On a semi-auto where you have fast, sharp, machine forces and a powerful spring doing the loading bullet damage is more likely. The Germans spent a small fortune to build a semi-auto 300 Win Mag sniper rifle that would not deform ammo. Like the Walther WA 2000. In the 1970's and 1980's they where $9000 to $12,500 rifles to do what a controlled round feed+coned breech face on a Pre-64 style Winchester Model 70 was doing at the time for under $400. You also have a higher chance of deforming the bullet when you feed from both sides rather than from a center feed single stack situation. Push feeds are more prone to damage the tip of a round as well.
Great video sir!! I am a great fan/collector/shooter of single shoot rifles. I have a question, if you have time sir. I would like to add a martini rifle to my collection, with that being said. I'm considering one of the newly manufactured Damko Martini rifles in 30-40 krag caliber. My question , is the martini action strong enough for the 30-40 krag? I don't understand fully how the martini action locks up and the bearing surfaces with regard to the breech block pivot pin geometry, and loading on the tip of the action operating lever. Thanks again for the great work ! Best regards, W Paul Graves.
Hello Paul, Thanks for asking. The Martini is quite strong; in some ways similar to a Savage 99 in that the bolt is raised by the lever and wedged in place against a significant locking ledge. I've owned Martini's in many calibers, including 7x57 and one 7X66 Vom Hoffe SE. I don't own a Damko but have heard from viewers that they put out a superb, strong action. I'm hoping to have one soon. Good luck and good shooting.
The post 64 is a fantastic rifle. I have one in .308 and have owned at least a dozen. Extremely accurate and reliable. One of the best values out there.
Hi Nicolas - Yes - I've had this happen many times. Press the button down and have someone take a brass rod and place the rod on the lip of the floor plate and tap the rod with a small hammer - the plate will slide/move and pop out. I hope : )
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns Thanks, that´s what I did, do you know how can I fix that problem? that way by just pressing the button the floor plate will eventually open.
The slickest feeding rifle we have is a pre 64 M70 in 300 H&H. Those long tapered rounds feed so well it is difficult to feel them chamber. It will also feed empty cases just as well as live rounds. One more added feature of this combination is you can put 4 in the magazine. It is the only belted mag cartridge that because again of the taper of the case will allow you to get a total of 5 rounds in the magazine. The short fat cartridges are not good for feeding out of a bolt action, and the limit capacity. Also they are very hard on the throats of barrels, and unless chrome plated will not have a long life. To get the performance out of them, the pressures have been raised to over 60K psi. Many of our older designs if loaded that heavy would outperform the shorties as well. There were reasons our manufacturers did what they did back in the day. IMHO these rules have been disregarded to sell new cartridges and new rifles to unsuspecting new buyers.
Excellent comment. That is all correct. Most or all of the principles of cartridge design and pressures, feeding etc...were well known by 1910. Increasing or decreasing cartridge length, pressure, bullet weight, action length, barrel length and weight etc... these are mostly marketing exercises - which are valid as well but for money related reasons as opposed to science.
The Mauser 98 also has a cone, it's inside the receiver ring, and the barrel seats up against it. The Springfield simplified the receiver by coning the barrel breech instead. Thanks for the video, I really enjoy watching them!
Hi Vincent - You're right - I checked some of my Mausers and the ramp is good and helps - although the bullet tip can hit the flat edge of the barrel - as you note - the Springfield does a better job and the pre-64 does the best job at feeding without obstacles for the bullet tip. Thanks for writing.
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns Thanks for the reply. Enjoy the videos.
Does it? I'll have to check mine....
My father's gunsmith worked for Winchester before Pearl Harbor. Worked for Uncle Sam after that. He designed the bolt for then new model 70. He was a master craftsman and made some excellent rifles from Mauser actions my dad sent back from North Africa.
Any time you share knowledge, I will tune in and watch . Thank you
Thank you - I'll keep going.
Thank you Dr. USOG!
I like that : ) Thanks!
I was lucky to stumble across your Chanel a couple of months ago and since have appreciated bolt action rifles much more to the point I want a couple more. Thank you for your content.
Thank you Todd - glad my channel is helpful.
Yes u are lucky to find this man's channel. He's the easiest to watch and listen to, wo being annoying. This man has tons of spot on firearms knowledge and shares it so freely for our benefits. I love this content and never get tired of learning the history of firearms design. Thanks 🙏 again
It just makes the Mauser even more impressive ... to get so much of it right the first time just doesn't happen very often. The control feed is genious.
You're right - one of the few perfect mechanisms of any kind; work and work well essentially, indefinitely.
Great video, thanks
Dear USOG. a few weeks back, you said "Barrel life = a few seconds" ....That statement tumbled in my mind like clothes in a clothes dryer. I have a steel rifle barrel, off a pattern 1914 that was a CENTURION .300 win mag re-chambering. This keepsake represents the best part of my life/hunting. The barrel is throat eroded, and accurate no longer. I put 2800 rds thru it over 25 years. average velocity, 3100 fps (180 gr) I am dyslexic, but i have some good days. I always thought of barrel life in round-count. After some serious sawdust smoke from my ears, I have determined my barrel life to be 2/3 of a second. This is based upon your premise that bullets pass through and fractions of a second. My estimation is 1/4000 th of a second through my 24 inch barrel. This is approximation on my part. Thank you for igniting my imagination. As I live vicariously through your thoughtful, insightful uploads.
Hi Phil, I am humbled by your kind words. It seems that many things are like a falling star; yet so bright and memorable in those short moments; or even less then that. All the best to you.
Absolutely fascinating and educational!
Thanks James
The smoothest feed I have found was on a 98K Mauser WW II "bringback", manufactured in 1943 by Steyr.
Hi Thomas - Superb - and they do have a ramp - which is something like the coned breech.
Thanks for the video. My first barrel job was a Springfield 03. I borrowed a lathe and the correct thread tool. Quite a learning experience for an amateur gunsmith. 50 years and many deer hunts later the old 25-06 will still make one hole with three at 100.
Thank you for showing us the different approaches taken by various manufacturers to the feeding mechanism. Very interesting.
The krag410 style rim is also a smooth bolt closer that we do not see as much today
Good reminder - you're right - the Krag is notably smooth.
Very instructive Mike, Thank You.
I am just starting my journey into bolt action firearms. I’ve spent years with semi autos, but now I find myself interested in the simplicity and accuracy of the bolt action rifles. Anyway, your channel is absolutely wonderful! So informative and I enjoy hearing your experienced opinions about the various actions and models of rifles! Keep up the great work! Thank you for sharing your expertise! 😀😊🙌
I'm a big fan of the claw extraction! Love the new type ,push pull design..simple,
Your videos are always educational, thank you!
Very interesting indeed. I had never thought about those details of barrel end shape. Noce collection of barrels too. Thanks.
Thanks Jon!
Thank you for displaying these sorts of barrels and actions. I'm only familiar with the Rem 700 and Tikka type of action. As you pointed out at the end, the Tikka is amazingly smooth.
My 2017 Winchester Model 70 Super Grade Maple 270 has the coned breech. I looked at my X-bolt 6.5CM and Remington 700 BDL 22-250, and neither of those have a coned breech, but more of a stepped down breech.
Hi RG - Thanks for verifying - maybe I was thinking of one of the pre-64 copies - which are the same as the pre-64 except for the coned breech. The Maple Grade is superb in looks and I'm glad they kept the feeding. The Remington is okay but I remember many times having to do the backup the bolt a bit and push again - with many bolt rifles - not only the Remington - if the bullet tip somehow hits a flat area at the back of the barrel.
Hey it's me again Mike. Another fine educational and entertaining video. Aside from things just being worn out, I always thought that the biggest feeding problems were caused by not operating the bolt vigorously enough (which a gunsmith educated me about a long time ago) and the relative shape of the cartridge. 300 H&H being the best ever and any of the ones with very little taper combined with shoulder angles that were almost square the worst. Think WSM or WSSM. I suppose I should add rimmed cartridges not aligned properly in the magazine which would be operator error. I have a Siamese Mauser 45-70 that whoever built it originally just didn't do a very good job. It wouldn't feed worth a tinker's damn. All it took was getting it to a good old time gunsmith who knew his business and happily paying for his service. Works like a charm now. Happy hunting boys and girls.
Great video. There is no place else a person can go to see such information. Very well done. Simply excellent.
Thank you Rick!
I must be getting old because for a field rifle I prefer an Mauser-esqu or model 70 classic or pre-64 style bolt rifle. It's what I prefer and I'm limited in choices being primarily a left hand user. The actual reason for this preference is mostly for the heavy duty extractor. I can't afford those euro straight pull rifles like that Blaser (highly overpriced), but do have lefty model 70 classic,
The new M70's are pretty much pre-64 in design in almost every way.
Thanks Aaron - Does the recent M70 come in left hand - I think so - that's what I'd take.
Thank you for your videos!!
You're most welcome Jensen.
Being a gun collector myself like you but smaller scale I have many actions to try and have found the Sako’s for not being controlled feed on most of their actions feed very smooth! I do have and like my pre64’s and mausers but not needed in most hunts!
Hi Edward - I agree - especially the earlier Sako rifles are fantastic.
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns after losing my right eye I don't have any use for the bolt action rifle but then I never really did I prefer semi auto levers or the pump action rifles personally
@@JamesBond-so1of And?
I am a fan of Winchester model 70's made between 1980-1988. They are push feed. They are the smoothest, quietest bolt actions I have ever felt or heard. For instance, I just purchased a Sauer mod. 100. RUclipsrs falsely claim it has a super smooth action . Nothing could be further from the truth. The bolt "hangs up" and "drags" compared to my super smooth Win mod. 70's.
Hello Clasvi - They are fantastic rifles and so long as people don't seem to know - the prices remain sometimes ridiculously low. Good on you for seeing what's what. Good shooting.
@Nick The new FN WInchester M70's are very good.
My favorite rifle is the Winchester M70 pre ‘64. I thought it was a copy of the Mauser. I thought the Mauser had the cone breach. Thanks for the excellent video.
*Yes, that was interesting. I was not aware of multiple rifle makers using the coned breech. Due to limited exposure, I have only seen the 1903 or '03A3 and '03A4 Springfield using that coned breech. Your demonstration clearly showed the benefits of that feature. The new 'lugs in barrel' sort of system is also interesting.. I can easily see how that might gain some practical strength or more fully contain the cartridge. I will agree with you. If anything goes wrong or a cartridge gets stuck in that chamber of the R-8 or anything similar... getting a stuck cartridge out might be a minor challenge. Interesting stuff. Sometimes, it is amazing that people somehow got all of that to actually work.*
Your closing line is excellent. And why did they want to? Must be a strong urge to new designs; yet the Mauser etc... remain the best.
I had a friend who had an old Krag which had the slickest action I have ever seen. From what I have read, the actions received special heat treatment and the parts were very closely fitted.
Didn`t hurt the feeding sequence that the Krags only had one locking lug,making them pretty much irrelevant for modern high-pressure,high-velocity ctgs.
Hi Mike, you asked if this was interesting. For someone who sought perfection before taking a dangerous game bolt action to Zimbabwe this is awesome. There were historically significant posts by some of the sadly retired or expired master gunsmiths on the old AR and other forums…it is a vast topic ensuring reliable feeding, and unfortunately a tuned rifle might be specific to a particular cartridge manufacturer..keep up the great work. Charlie from NZ
Thank you Charlie - I'll keep going. Good hunting and shooting!
When you were at the end giving your final praise of the pre-64 Model 70 saying "that pre-64 you can move it as slow you like. . ." I was waiting for a voice over cut of Walter Cronkite saying "And that's the way it is."
Thank you Trapdoor - I should do that somehow. Great man.
Thanks Mike, interesting video. Hope you're doing well.
Hi Petro - Thank you - I'm okay - hope you're doing well.
I really like this channel!! It's the most objective gun channel I know of!! :)
Thank you Tom - your words are much appreciated.
Very informational thank you
But that barrel at 18min has the lugs locking inside the barrel what ensures more accuracy to the system. It is a feature with an specific end in mind.
"I'm a bad collector… I do not study the fabrication dates" was the most fun part of the video.
Thanks Luis - maybe they'll add more lugs for more accuracy : )
@@UnitedStatesOfGunsBlaser did it already. That system is sweet. I just dislike R8 magazine and trigger; but, R93 got it.
The smoothest turn bolt actions I have ever experienced are both '98 style Mausers. The best is my 1929 Persian Mauser, buttery smooth, and the other is my 1909 Argentine carbine which is very close to the Persian. My 1943 Lithgow No. 1 Mk III Enfield is also quite smooth.
There are 2 distinct advantages to having a barrel extension that the bolt locks into, instead of the barrel screwing into the receiver and the bolt locking up in the receiver. First, the barrel manufacturer can ream the chamber and cut the locking surfaces in the barrel extension without worrying about the receiver dimensions at all. IOW getting headspace correct depends on the barrel/barrel extension assembly and the bolt. The receiver is no longer part of that equation. Second, the receiver isn’t part of the chamber anymore. This means that the receiver can be made out of aluminum like my lightweight ‘81 BLR lever action rifle.
Frankly, I don’t understand why some manufacturer hasn’t taken this AR approach and applied it to a budget bolt action rifle. The Browning BLR is a wonderful, modern rifle that just happens to be actuated by a lever. A bolt action with the same lockup design would be far easier to make than the rack & pinion mechanism of the BLR. Heck - it could even be disassembled by the end user! (As far as I can tell, disassembling a BLR qualifies as a very BAD IDEA because of the lever action timing.)
Thanks ChipsterB - Can be done and coming soon. Aluminum receiver; aluminum bolt body or polymer; steel bolt head - carbon barrel with steel locking lug recesses in a press fit barrel extension. Polymer stock. Maybe people would want such a thing.
I agree on the BLR - I had some show up disassembled - getting the rack and pinion timed right again etc...is not a great idea.
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns The Fix rifle by Q is a $3,000+ bolt action AR in essence. But if they can make a $500 gas operated AR, why not a $500 bolt action? No gas block or tube, no carrier key, no buffer, no buffer spring…. I completely understand the lack of appeal aesthetically but it would be functional. Make it compatible with AR handguards, buttstocks, etc. and go to town. Just look at a “tactical lever gun” 🤢
Thanks , very good.
Great display and eye opening!
Thank you!
Ive been looking for other rifles w coned breeches. This is exactly what i was needed to find out. Awesome 👍😎
Hi John - I checked the barrel of the new version on the pre-64 and it also has a coned breech - slightly different from the original - but still there. Good luck and good shooting.
Best feeding bolt action i have ever used is the #1 mk3 lee enfield......have never had a feed, failure extraction or ejection problem even when converted to a rimless caliber (7.62x51 ishapore in one case and a bsa factory 7x57 sporter)
Makes sense CFP - they run like an engine : )
Watched it again. Super good one 👌. Thank you 😊
Thank you John!
Always learn something with your videos, thanks a lot . And Some "funnel" too, eh? Haa gimme funnels every time !
: ) Thanks gr
Cool video thanks.
Thank you!
Your vocabulary is brilliant. You must have had an education in a field of writing
I.e." difficult to illuminate" Very prolecise with language its like listening to an early 19th century piece of literature. Lovely.
The 98 Mauser is a perfect example of German engineering. Almost every gun designed after it was partly designed by a bean counter accountant. This includes the pre 64 Model 70.
The receiver ring in most bolt action rifles has a cone, but I have feed polished feed ramps on rifles that should not have not been , and I'm talking many different mauserdbimandbbotherbmikkitary boot actions.
About half are preffesionaly done in when made or when being rearsenaled and some the armourer or even individual soldier / would do.
The M91/30 wartime production rifles did not have feed ramps so many soldiers would 1. Bend the tip of the mag follower or put in a type of feedramp by kind of copying the older pre war rifles.
Controlled feed is nice but In modern rifles I would not say it's a must unless your going big game hunting.
Some other rifles would also use the shape the mag feeder to do this.
I was in the UK army cadets (not that long ago) and before I finished and moved to the zuSbthey changed to a Civilian .22lr modern rifle.
On our range we had 2 types of converted .22lr SMLE one was a single loader the other had a magazine but the rifle was actually more heavy than a standard SMLE as it had the same barrel profile and no idea if it was a .22lr perminant insert or a .22lr barrel, you realy had to open and close the boot smartly for it to feed an eject, a crazy heavy .22lr but it was very accurate and the one with the 5 round mag was fast to fire.
The most popular .22lr rifles we had where when a cadet died from a falling wall and as he loved shooting they purchased 2 very nice parkernhail new production (I think it was the 60s) Martini action target rifle with free floated bull barrel and some of the best iron sightdbi had used with probably the best adjustable stock for the time, It was kind of sad to see the memorial engravings if a 17 year old.
We had 2 straight pull SA80A2s that where never really used one had an open sight one had a susat.
But it was for familiarisation then we had a rack of standard issuie SA80A2 with Susats.
We had a few older L1A1 wood stocked FAL rifles
2 "official conversion" 7.62x51 NATO SMLEs
A few .303 SMLEs
1 Marini Endfeild in .303 and since we where in Wales it was kind of a favorate (the movie Zulu)
For weapons familiarisation we had a Canadian 20" A2 style of M16 with a flat top but did have a carry handle (we realy liked those)
An AK 100 series full length in 5.56x45 NATO
One no idea where it was mad but a possible war prophy 7.62x39 milled Chinese spiker AK
(For weapons familiarisation)
A few 5 shot olympic style target pistols in .22LR
Some standard issuie browning High-powers
1 Sterling SMG
And one WW1 98 a few WW2 98ks, a 6.5 Caranco and a 6.5 Arisaka
Then some obsolete caliber stuff like a martini Henry.
We could shoot as much .22lr , 5.56 ,7.62 and 9mm NATO due to huge stockpiles and the fact it did not cost anything.
We would sometimes get grates of surplus .303 some had hangfiresband where awfull some where OK. Would get a limited amount of 7.62x39 (I think it's why they got an AK in 5.56)
If we wanted good .303, 7.62x39 or 8mm Mauser we had to all put some money in the pot to buy it usually Romanian steelcase or surpluss 8mm, Chinese steel case surplus 7.62x39 then new manufacture or newer surplus .303 that shit well but removing the corrosive salts was not fun.
Ammo was allways a reasonable price since even if you have a firearms permit in the UK you can only have a certain amount of rounds (can have as much reloading components as you like) so no hearing or lack of ammo.
But since it was the millitary they could buy tax free cheap in bulk.
Even after moving to the US I have allways preferred Cock on close.
But in the UK you could buy a decent Europian over and under that had nice wood with extractors and a single trigger with decent blueing bljustndosrse roll stamp (engraving)
Many where sold with an oversized stock as you would get a gunsmith to fit the gun to you.
A new good shotgun would be under 350usd
If you got if from a dealer that could fit they would charge about 50 to fit, sand and engrave but if you wanted them to finish it it was another 30.
I have never seen this service offered in the US but it does involve pointing a closed O/U at the gunsmith...
In the US spark from the Turkish stuff they cost a fortune and so many shotguns still don't have ejectors, most still have 2 triggers and many still have hammers and that's new production.
I think more makers should use the coned breech and controled round feed.
I agree John - the advantage is significant and for dangerous game hunters - can be serious.
Fantastic video. Your chamber face examples are all-or-nothing. Either coned or flat. Makes me wonder if any design is semi-coned.
Hello TF - Many bolt rifles have ramps that try to direct the cartridge into the chamber - Mausers often have them - and they work most of the time. The true coned breech though - works all of the time - there is no surface for the bullet tip to get hung up on. The Springfield has a sort of cone as well - which might be the semi-coned design you mention. Thanks for the note.
Amazing video! I checked with my two Mausers, and they behave a little differently. One is a 1923 Mauser 98 Waffenfabrik Oberndorf chambered in 6.5x55 Swedish. I can feed as slow as I like and the bullet goes straight to the hole in the barrel. The other one is the reworked Mauser 98 into the Kongsberg M67 target rifle chambered in 7.62x51 NATO, and this one is not perfectly going straight and the bullet touches the edge of the barrel and I can feel a little resistance there. Both actions are not particularly smooth compared to f.i the Tikkas. I can imagine three things here to explain this. One is the extractor is worn on the outside right on both my rifles so I guess that creates some resistance. The other thing is the thumb cut away where the Oberndorf bolt crashes a little but the Kongsberg don`t. Then the third thing is how loose the bolt is in the receiver maybe they had to make it like this to ensure function under all circumstances in the war trenches.
Sidenote and a little off topic: The Kongsberg M67 target rifle was not preferred over the Kongsberg (and Steyr) Krag Jørgensen target rifle because of the krag had a very smooth bolt operation. But in the rain the Krag had a problem, it only had one locking lug in the front, and the wet cartridge would cause the cartridge to move slightly backwards causing a twist that sent the bullet up right or down, dont remember which it was. The Mauser did not have this problem and was therefore the preferred weapon in field outdoor shooting. So many shooters owned two rifles until the Sauer 200 STR came and replaced the two in 1990. Sorry this was so long post.
Hi Torbjorn, Thanks for the post - not too long at all : ) As you know I have a few Mausers and some feed well and some don't. Much seems to have to do with bullet shape of course - and how the ramp interacts with the shape of one or another bullet.
I didn't know about the Krag in the rain. Quite interesting. Theoretically headspace should be the same; wet or dry - but who knows.
The modern rifles are fantastically smooth - the Tikka etc... Those with polymer mags with polymer followers tend to feed less well as the plastic wears away - but a new magazine solves this. I still find the odd time that a particular bullet shape hits the back of the barrel - but not too often; I think it happens more than one knows as speed of operation makes the impact of bullet nose on barrel hard to notice. The deformed bullet tip would account for some of those mystery flyers we all experience from time to time.
Thanks again and good shooting!
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns About the Krag there's a good Wikipedia article in norwegian I here used google translate on the subject of oil or water on the cartridge. It's rather long:
"Hit point change
All the locking mechanisms in the sliding case of the Krag are located in the three to six o'clock position, and are thus arranged asymmetrically. This makes the locking mechanism somewhat weaker and more susceptible to impact point change. The dedicated locking lug is located at the front of the breech head, and in addition there is an additional locking lug running along the breech. With the breech in the locked position, the main locking lug will be positioned on the underside at six o'clock, and the additional locking lug on the right side at just above the three o'clock position. The angle between the two locking lugs is actually less than 90 ° . As on most other cylinder lock rifles, the lever arm functions as an extra safety, but this too is in line with the longitudinal locking tab.
With the Krag, it was often observed that the impact point was moved to the left and up if you shot outside in rainy weather so that the rifle and ammunition got wet, or if there was oil in the chamber. According to experience, the problem was greatest with heavy (thick) barrels used for competitive shooting. The phenomenon is due to less friction between the fired cartridge and the chamber causing more of the force from the recoil to go towards the breech head, which then twists to the side. With a dry chamber and dry cartridge, there will be good friction against the chamber walls and the phenomenon is hardly noticeable. Point of impact change due to changed chamber friction can also be observed on rifles with symmetrical locking if the locking lugs do not grip equally, but is more evident on the Krag due to the asymmetrical locking without attachment point on the left side."
The Krag is the smoothest bolt action I ever used. Likely due to the single locking stud? Thank you for sharing. Love learning new facts on rifles. I don’t know if that has anything to do with feeding or a separate issue.
You're right - the Krag is incredibly slick
Any thoughts on R.F.Sedgley Springfields?
Excellent and an important part of American sporting rifle history.
I bought a brand new USRAC Model 70 Short Action Featherweight (chambered in .308 Winchester) around about 1990 and it had a coned breech. I sold it because the first shot from a cold barrel would always land in the same spot BUT 5 shots prone @100m would be 2-1/2” to 3” i.e. just under to slightly over 2.5 m.o.a. AND a 10 shot group would be ridiculous. If I cannot practise via positional shooting competitions, a bush hunting rifle is no use to me. NB For the benefit of anyone who is arithmetically challenged, 1 m.o.a. @100m = 29.09 mm; 2.5 m.o.a. @100m = 72.725mm; 2.5” = 63.5mm and 3” = 76.2mm.
Another guy in our club had a USRAC Model 70 in 7x57 that was much better behaved.
Hi Michael - I know what you mean. I had this happen to me several times. I have no explanation. It isn't free floating, chamber problems, polishing the bore, or anything else. Some barrels...don't shoot. : ( But there are lots of barrels out there : )
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns Early days with hammer-swaging (hammer forging being a marketing term) appear to have been a painful experience for every company going down that route. I understand that Winchester Featherweight ‘hammer forged’ barrels had improved significantly before FN moved barrel production to South Carolina.
The big problem with producing such a slender smooth-finished barrel by that method, seems to have been the removal of the mechanically-formed hard skin by that process which, according to a deceased gunsmith friend of mine, allowed the barrel to expand radially as it heated up. Sturm Ruger, as I recall, bought their first machine for shotgun barrel production and later purchased a larger machine for rifled barrel production. They have also steered clear of the extreme external machining required for the Featherweight barrel.
The L42 Sniper rifle barrels were ‘hammer forged’ but traces of the process were left on the outside of the barrels, which tells you something about the British experimental test results when developing those barrels.
I like them Brnosauerblasermatics.
I like that word! Seems presidential : )
Can you tell me : does the Husqvarna 1900 have a coned breech?
223 wssm.....well, now I want one!
Pretty amazing round Jon - hope you find
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns Thanks. Wishing you and your dear ones a happy and blessed Easter.
Very interesting and details
How about Mannlicher ?
All mine are flawless feeders
Does the bullet getting snagged affect accuracy? It seems like scoring the bullets would be bad, and some bullet types would be more prone to scoring than others.
It can affect accuracy. Soft lead point bullets where they have exposed lead for the tip of the bullet are most likely to be affected. Since most people hunt with rifles more than compete with them it is not an issue. Also the type of bullet you use for accuracy in competition are less prone to this form of damage. On a bolt gun the forces involved for most of the loading is not that great. On a semi-auto where you have fast, sharp, machine forces and a powerful spring doing the loading bullet damage is more likely. The Germans spent a small fortune to build a semi-auto 300 Win Mag sniper rifle that would not deform ammo. Like the Walther WA 2000. In the 1970's and 1980's they where $9000 to $12,500 rifles to do what a controlled round feed+coned breech face on a Pre-64 style Winchester Model 70 was doing at the time for under $400. You also have a higher chance of deforming the bullet when you feed from both sides rather than from a center feed single stack situation. Push feeds are more prone to damage the tip of a round as well.
Excellent explanation - the best is no bullet deformation - the pre-64 and kin accomplish that.
Cool, thank you. Good insight.
Great video sir!! I am a great fan/collector/shooter of single shoot rifles. I have a question, if you have time sir. I would like to add a martini rifle to my collection, with that being said. I'm considering one of the newly manufactured Damko Martini rifles in 30-40 krag caliber. My question , is the martini action strong enough for the 30-40 krag? I don't understand fully how the martini action locks up and the bearing surfaces with regard to the breech block pivot pin geometry, and loading on the tip of the action operating lever. Thanks again for the great work ! Best regards, W Paul Graves.
Hello Paul, Thanks for asking. The Martini is quite strong; in some ways similar to a Savage 99 in that the bolt is raised by the lever and wedged in place against a significant locking ledge. I've owned Martini's in many calibers, including 7x57 and one 7X66 Vom Hoffe SE. I don't own a Damko but have heard from viewers that they put out a superb, strong action. I'm hoping to have one soon. Good luck and good shooting.
I want 6arc mini Mausers to become the most popular rifle for the next 20years. I want Zastava to import more rifles to the states
Hope to see more 6arc rifles - and Zastava should be more available - I'm not sure what's happening.
Just wish you could give a little more love to some of the post 64 Winchester 70 push feeds. Millions out there were they really that awful?
The post 64 is a fantastic rifle. I have one in .308 and have owned at least a dozen. Extremely accurate and reliable. One of the best values out there.
Steep shouldered cartridges can accentuate clunkiness.
: )
Hi, do you know what can be the problem when the floor plate of a mauser k98 doesn´t want to open when you press the release plunger?
Hi Nicolas - Yes - I've had this happen many times. Press the button down and have someone take a brass rod and place the rod on the lip of the floor plate and tap the rod with a small hammer - the plate will slide/move and pop out. I hope : )
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns Thanks, that´s what I did, do you know how can I fix that problem? that way by just pressing the button the floor plate will eventually open.
whats that rifle, second up from the bottom on teh wall rack behind your face?
Thanks BH
@@UnitedStatesOfGuns BH? What is that.
Try a LEE - ENFIELD !
Hi Jim - Great idea : )
Mosin-Nagant not too smooth. In fact its downright clunky.
I guess they were mainly thinking of battlefield conditions; mud, blood, dirt etc... Still, it's not too bad IMHO. Thanks for the note.
I have a bayonet that fits a 303 i just don't have the gun to go with it.
Me too.
None of them comes close to Mannlicher
They are superb - you're right.
The slickest feeding rifle we have is a pre 64 M70 in 300 H&H. Those long tapered rounds feed so well it is difficult to feel them chamber. It will also feed empty cases just as
well as live rounds. One more added feature of this combination is you can put 4 in the magazine. It is the only belted mag cartridge that because again of the taper of the
case will allow you to get a total of 5 rounds in the magazine.
The short fat cartridges are not good for feeding out of a bolt action, and the limit capacity. Also they are very hard on the throats of barrels, and unless chrome plated will not have a long life.
To get the performance out of them, the pressures have been raised to over 60K psi. Many of our older designs if loaded that heavy would outperform the shorties as well.
There were reasons our manufacturers did what they did back in the day. IMHO these rules have been disregarded to sell new cartridges and new rifles to unsuspecting new buyers.
Excellent comment. That is all correct. Most or all of the principles of cartridge design and pressures, feeding etc...were well known by 1910. Increasing or decreasing cartridge length, pressure, bullet weight, action length, barrel length and weight etc... these are mostly marketing exercises - which are valid as well but for money related reasons as opposed to science.
Model 70 pre 64 hand made and silky smooth that's what killed em machines took over . End of story .
Capitalism
The rise of the machines - such a farce - there is no need. People are fine.